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Ait-Helal, Warda. "Les composés organiques gazeux en périphérie de deux mégapoles, Paris et Los Angeles : sources, variabilité et impact sur l'aérosol organique secondaire". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10173.
Pełny tekst źródłaSecondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) impacts air quality and climate change. However, its ambient concentrations are still underestimated. A large discrepancy has been observed between estimations and observations of SOA in urban areas as well as in remote areas, since the sources and the nature of the SOA precursors, the Gaseous Organic Compounds (GOCs), and the SOA formation mechanisms remain unclear. The studies presented here aim (1) to characterize the GOCs, including important SOA precursors, in urban area by studying their determinants and their sources, and (2) to study the GOCs impact on the SOA formation in urban area. To answer these objectives, we studied GOCs measured at suburban sites of Paris and Los Angeles megacities, as part of the MEGAPOLI (summer 2009 and winter 2010) and CalNex (spring 2010) programs, respectively. From the study of the organic fractions of the particulate- and the gas-phases with air quality indicators and meteorological data, (1) we identified the GOCs determinants, (2) we identified their sources and quantified their relative contribution to the GOCs emissions according to the season, by implementing the source receptor model PMF, and (3) we estimated the impact of the GOCs on the SOA formation. In summer and in winter, the GOCs measured in Paris are strongly associated with the “remote” and “OVOCs” source profiles. The highest contributions to the emissions of GOCs measured in Los Angeles are associated to the anthropogenic source profiles. As for the SOA formation, these studies highlighted for the first time the importance of the Intermediate Volatility Organic Compounds (I-VOCs) in the SOA formation from their measurements in Paris
Maldonado-González, Ana-Lucia. "La contribution de l'organisation communautaire et des participants à un mode de gouvernance civique en environnement dans trois régions administratives du Québec". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20007.
Pełny tekst źródłaJouvaud, Magali. "Localisation des services aux entreprises et croissance des agglomérations". Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX32037.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis attempt to understand the location and distribution of producer services between agglomerations and their role in the economic growth of cities. Firstly, we analyse locational factors (market proximity, needs in human ressources, services and informations). We point out, with a typology of producer services according to their locational factors, that modalities of service delivery (servuction), type of firms and activities are determinant for explaining the different combinations of locational factors existing in this industry. Secondly, we examine the impact of location decisions in the urban system. Producer services are still very concentrated in the biggest metropolitan areas. Our analysis confirms that agglomerations which high concentration of producer services, grew faster. The relation between producer services and urban growth is explained by their role in the two major mechanisms of urban economic growth. We found that producer services are part of the economic base of agglomerations and generate multiplier effects as well as manufacturing mutipliers. A study of french metropolitan departments underline the favorable effect of producer services and their executive workers on employment productivity and productivity gains. Therefore, producer services importance differs according to cities but their effect is essential for explainning disparities in economic growth of agglomerations: they play a prime role for the structuration of the french urban system
Touchard, Ophélie. "L'action urbaine écologique de Bordeaux Métropole : le plafond de verre de la nature ou la conflictualité tacite des pratiques de l'aménagement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30004.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the light of the contemporary urban planning action, this Phd offers to examine the integration of ecosystems in the urban planning practices of Bordeaux Métropole (France). Relying on an interdisciplinary approach of urban planning and political science, this analysis is part of the research on the plural visions of Nature as an urban space and aims to improve understanding the current weakness of environmental policy actions. An action-research project (2014-2017) with the Communauté Urbaine de Bordeaux (nowadays Bordeaux Métropole) enabled to unfold an ethnographic immersion of urban planning public practices. The case of Bordeaux Métropole illustrates the contradictory management of the environmental challenge in urban areas. The increasing integration of ecological practices does not succeed in implementing a sustainable and operational dimension of spatial planning. There is a tacit and latent conflict of the ecological urban practices of what we could call an « Ecological Glass Ceiling ». Contemporary urban planning practices seems to encounter difficulties to characterize an ecological spatial policy framework which is nor a regulatory and dual zoning (natural areas), neither a wide and scientific concept (biodiversity). Through this Glass Ceiling hypothesis, we will thereby observe how urban ecosystems are still remained unconceived in the on-going urban planning practices
Saffour, Mouhamad-Hayan. "Présentation de documents d'urbanisme et de simulation paysagère en 3D : application à la région urbaine grenobloise". Paris 12, 2007. https://athena.u-pec.fr/primo-explore/search?query=any,exact,990002524970204611&vid=upec.
Pełny tekst źródłaOur research is integrated in a project document of communication in urban planning. This project aims at the creation of a game of regional development, applied here to the guidance plan of the Grenoble urban region which includes five sectors (agglomeration, Voironnais, Bievre, south and Gresivaudan). Since the end of 80's, this region has known an important mutation (high economical and demographical growth), particularly the Gresivaudan valley which was moulted in "little Silicon Valley". However, the area is highly vulnerable to floods' risks, in particular in the agglomeration and the valley of Gresivaudan, because of their strong urbanization and their geographical situation. We tried to develop a methodology, allowing an interactive 3D simulation. It offers the possibility to simulate the development of the project in its real environment to know its impact on the landscape. The landscape finds a new operational use in regional development, especially in the idea of conservation of the environment, with reference to the concept of sustainable development. The proposed methodology uses the GIS (Geographic Information Systems) combined with CAD systems and RV technology. Indeed, the use of these technologies allows realization of a new way of understanding the geographic information and to meet the needs of its users. The experiment of this instrument is carried out on Crolles city, in the Gresivaudan sector proposing two scenarios (densification and di-densification) which are the main elements of a method of forward-looking landscaped. They are based on the continuation of the tendencies of 1982 to 1999. Crolles is one of the most dynamic sectors of the Gresivaudan valley because of its economic and industrial evolution, particularly in the field of the nanotechnologies
Kabil, Hala. "Images satellitaires et indicateurs environnementaux : application urbaine à l'agglomération de Strasbourg entre 1984 et 2001". Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2010/KABIL_Hala_2010.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe urban development, linked to the growth of population, causes important changes in geographic space. The consequences of urban development have significant impacts on the environment and natural resources. Thus long term observation and relevant analysis tools are required as the use of indicators to assess urbanization consequences. Our goal is to take advantage of multispectral satellite imagery in a process of environmental assessment at the level of the city of Strasbourg. Indicators constructed from satellite imagery might be considered as an interesting spatial approach to study the urban area where the environmental, economic and social issues the most important. The proposed indicators are focused on land surface temperature, abundance of vegetation and impervious surfaces. Their calculation is based on multispectral images processing from Landsat-5&7 on two levels: the analysis of reflectance from vegetation indices and impermeability of soils and the analysis of thermal radiation to calculate the temperature surface. The results of this thesis highlight the potential of multispectral images for a better understanding of the relationship and the exchanges between city and its environment. Analyses of the spatial and temporal variability of spatial indicators enable the description of a given environmental state of the city. The interaction between these indicators can produce a synthetic indicator that provides a spatial vision approximate of areas that may reveal some impacts of the city on its environment
Mehdi, Lotfi. "Structure verte et biodiversité urbaine. : l'espace vert : analyse d'un écosystème anthropisé". Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR1804.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis research work focused firstly on the analysis of the green structures, their spatial organization, evolution, management and uses in the area of greater Tours. Secondly, we analyzed the influence of the anthropological activities, particularly management operations and users' practices, on the communities of the lawns of public green spaces. Thirdly, we examined the effect of the urban gradient on the botanical composition of urban afforestations.The spatial analysis of the evolution of the green structures of Tours has demonstrated that green spaces which were not protected by a special status (heritage site, ecological value, flood-risk area, etc.), have disappeared, been split up or become highly artificial. This work highlights the spatial structure of the floristic communities according to the gradient of frequencies in lawns, and the urban gradient in the case of wooded areas. In the presence of intensive management, as with urban lawns, the effect of the environment's variables appears to be reduced
Sangaré, Issa Bakary. "Assainissement urbain, organisation des villes et développement écologique : vers "l'autonomie durable" ?" Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR2028.
Pełny tekst źródłaLajoie, Gilles. "Analyse de l'environnement urbain : exploitation du carroyage pour la statistique spatiale". Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUEL093.
Pełny tekst źródłaAfter having specified the notion of "grid square", we first point out the advantages of this method for the geographical an analysis and its adjustment for the spatial information use; in the same time we evaluate the qualitative and quantitative informations loss. Among the examples of cartography based on grid squares, the British National Grid System remains so far the only national case. Then, we present the example of Rouen from the first steps at a pace of 750m to 500m, to the actual configuration. We precise the modications made on the algorithm of data transfer from the geographical partition to the grid square thanks to the application of a inhabited areas bit map. This is realised with the ventilation of social-demographic INSEE data from the last three censuses. The extend to data base by grid square is the logical result of the experience of rouen: a collaboration beetween different organisms allows the environmental and social variables gathering in order to draw a better frame of urban environment. Finally, we approach the contribution of remote sensing to the bosom of the data base by grid square as a parallel source of data. In conclusion, we present some tools for the analysis of the data base by grid squares. We validate this new geographical information by applying usual data process (ACP. CAH), then we expose specific tools (analysis of contiguous areas, variograms). Finally, we test this geographical data base through to the modelization of intra-urban dynamics with the P. Allen's model applied to the Greater Rouen, which confirm the great advantages of this data structure
Gagné, Guillaume. "De l'autoroute Dufferin-Montmorency au boulevard urbain Du Vallon : quels changements?" Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18710.
Pełny tekst źródłaEl, Haddad Imad. "Fraction primaire et secondaire de l'aérosol organique : méthodologies et application à un environnement urbain méditerranéen, Marseille". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10029.
Pełny tekst źródłaTougher particulate matter regulations around the world and especially in Europe point out the need of source apportionment studies in order to better understand the different primary and secondary sources of organic aerosol, a major fraction of particulate matter that remains not well constrained. The work carried out in this thesis takes part of the FORMES project whose main objective is the source apportionment of the organic aerosol using different approaches, including mainly CMB modelling, AMS/PMF and radiocarbon (14C) measurements. The aerosol characterisation was performed within two intensive field campaigns conducted in two contrasted urban environments: Grenoble during winter and Marseille during summer. The present work focuses on the Marseille case study that presents a particularly complex environment, combining an intense photochemistry to a mixture of primary emissions including shipping and industrial emissions. Primary organic carbon (POC) apportioned using CMB modelling contributed on average for only 22% and was dominated by vehicular emissions accounting on average for 17% of OC. Even though, industrial emissions contribute for only 2.3% of the total OC, they are associated with ultrafine particles and high concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and heavy metals such as Pb, Ni and V, which most likely relate them with acute health outcomes. Whereas in Grenoble the organic aerosol was dominated by wood burning smoke (70% of OC), this source was negligible in Marseille contributing for less than 1% of OC. The main result from this source apportionment exercise is that 78% of OC mass cannot be attributed to the major primary sources and remains un-apportioned; this fraction is mostly associated with secondary organic aerosol. Radiocarbon measurements suggest that more than 70% of this fraction is of modern origins, assigned predominantly to biogenic secondary organic carbon (BSOC). Therefore, contributions from three traditional BSOC precursors, isoprene, α-pinene and β-caryophellene, were considered using a marker based approach. The aggregate contribution from BSOC derived from these precursors was estimated at only 4.2% of total OC. As a result, these estimates underpredict the high loading of OC. This underestimation can be associated with (i) uncertainties underlying the marker-based approach, (ii) presence of other SOC precursors and (iii) further processing of fresh SOC, as indicated by organosulfates (RSO4) and HUmic LIke Substances (HULIS) measurements. This HULIS can contribute up to 40% of the unattributed OC
Jégou, Anne. "Territoires, acteurs, enjeux des dynamiques de durabilité urbaine : le cas de la métropole parisienne". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00681586.
Pełny tekst źródłaCarré, Marie-Noëlle. "Gouverner la métropole par les déchets : Service urbain, action publique territoriale et écologie urbaine à Buenos Aires". Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01054708.
Pełny tekst źródłaBangui, Thierry. "L'habitat des quartiers aéroportuaires des métropoles africaines (Bamako, Bangui, Brazzaville et Dakar) : l'exemple de Bangui (Rép. Centrafricaine)". Aix-Marseille 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX10076.
Pełny tekst źródłaBatisse, Julien. "Responsabilité sociétale et ancrage territorial d'une entreprise de services urbains : le cas de Lyonnaise des Eaux". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BOR30049/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn a context of contemporary reflections on the sustainability of urban water utilities, we focus on Lyonnaise des Eaux’s corporate social responsibility strategy as a contribution to putting into words and implementing sustainable development in this sector. This work aims at analyzing on the one hand the causes, processes, goals of Lyonnaise des Eaux CSR strategy and understanding on the other hand the impact of these strategies on the company’s territorial embeddedness. CSR's territorial impetus is expressed via a global-local interaction process leading to the regionalization of Lyonnaise des Eaux CSR strategy and, its local embodiment through sustainable development projects. Based on the example of water management in the Bordeaux metropolis, we have studied and conducted two sustainable development projects within the company, one focused on water poverty management and the other focused on sustainable management of domestic water consumption. Exploring the feasibility conditions of these CSR projects highlights the opportunities for the company to meet the challenges of the territory by limiting the impact associated with its business or generate specific resources necessary for its integration into local innovation systems. The territorial approach of corporate responsibility strategy shows that it also appears as a negotiated interface used by Lyonnaise des Eaux for its adaptation and action at different scales
Touchard, Ophélie. "L'action urbaine écologique de Bordeaux Métropole : le plafond de verre de la nature ou la conflictualité tacite des pratiques de l'aménagement". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BOR30004/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the light of the contemporary urban planning action, this Phd offers to examine the integration of ecosystems in the urban planning practices of Bordeaux Métropole (France). Relying on an interdisciplinary approach of urban planning and political science, this analysis is part of the research on the plural visions of Nature as an urban space and aims to improve understanding the current weakness of environmental policy actions. An action-research project (2014-2017) with the Communauté Urbaine de Bordeaux (nowadays Bordeaux Métropole) enabled to unfold an ethnographic immersion of urban planning public practices. The case of Bordeaux Métropole illustrates the contradictory management of the environmental challenge in urban areas. The increasing integration of ecological practices does not succeed in implementing a sustainable and operational dimension of spatial planning. There is a tacit and latent conflict of the ecological urban practices of what we could call an « Ecological Glass Ceiling ». Contemporary urban planning practices seems to encounter difficulties to characterize an ecological spatial policy framework which is nor a regulatory and dual zoning (natural areas), neither a wide and scientific concept (biodiversity). Through this Glass Ceiling hypothesis, we will thereby observe how urban ecosystems are still remained unconceived in the on-going urban planning practices
Aminot, Yann. "Étude de l'impact des effluents urbains sur la qualité des eaux de la Garonne estuarienne : application aux composés pharmaceutiques et aux filtres UV". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14161.
Pełny tekst źródłaUbiquitous presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is of great concern. In this Ph.D. work, occurrence and fate of these organic contaminants were studied in the estuarine Garonne River, receiving treated effluents of the Bordeaux urban area (France). After developing and validating the analytical methods for multi-residue detection of 53 pharmaceuticals in water and sediment, composition and variability of the Bordeaux wastewater treatment plant influents and effluents were characterized. Presence of analytes in river water, suspended solids and sediments was then investigated on a periurban river located in the suburbs of Bordeaux. Besides, a long-term monitoring of estuarine Garonne River revealed the relative importance of local and upstream inputs and clearly showed a seasonal in-situ degradation of certain pharmaceuticals. This degradation was further confirmed and examined through batch experiments simulating the mixing conditions of wastewater and estuarine river water, highlighting the importance of suspended solid concentration in biodegradation rates
Desvaux, Pierre. "L'arraisonnement des milieux urbains : .analyse des flux cataboliques au Caire (Egypte) et à Lyon (France)". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAH028/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis intend to formulate a qualitative analysis of urban metabolism based on the study of waste circulations in Cairo (Egypt) and Lyon (France). I propose here an analytical framework centered on multiple social and technical infrastructures allowing the circulation and transformation of matter to overlook assumptions of incommensurability of Northern and Southern urban contexts. Catabolic flows are presented as a way of encompassing the whole of the process of the « social death of things » understood as a practice of protection from the hygienic and critic hazards of waste. Such flows are deployed by an effort of enframing urban milieus through heterogeneous practices of coding and overcoding. Those notions help me to identify an western form of urbanization relying on an engineering of urban milieus (mesologic engineering). This theoretical frame is thought as a « third term » allowing a discussion between cases oftenly considered as incommensurable because of teratological understanding of urban development in the South. The idea is to set up what Souleymane Bachir Diagne calls an « universalism of translation » in line with postcolonial inquiries of a necessary renewal of urban theories through the study of southern urban experiences. Starting there, catabolic flows are studied through the analysis of enframing practices in Lyon and Cairo in the context of contemporary capitalist metabolism
Dournel, Sylvain. "L'eau, miroir de la ville : contribution à l'étude de la requalification urbaine des milieux fluviaux et humides (Bassin parisien, Amiens, Orléans)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ORLE1128.
Pełny tekst źródłaMany agglomerations are engaged in sustainable urban policies, focusing on lifestyle, development of green space, social melting-pot and local identity. With these objectives in mind urban areas, originally built beside water, find ready-made sites in their catchment area rivers and wetlands to apply and experiment large projects. These will be studied under the name of “urban requalification”. The diversity in policy approach, evident amongst the greater metropolitan area of Paris, shows variability in the concrete manifestations and end results.The recent re-discovery of waterways in the city comes after many years of planners turning their back on it. Therefore a geohistorical approach to the links between the city and it’s wetlands is required. This will allow the urban requalification process to be integrated into a perennial heritage strategy which prioritises a focus on landscape. This study, of Amiens and Orleans situation, highlights the singular configuration between the landscaping of the wetland and the history of urban centres.The interaction between the different actors, essentially within the public sector sphere, engaged in urban requalification of wetlands will be examined. In fact, the specificity of wetlands functions obliges a reassessment of the tools and procedures of urban management as well as the various modes of governance. Consequently the place of water in urban strategy needs to be defined, the translation onsite described and the attractiveness potential through communication campaigns and public events outlined
Aminot, Yann. "Étude de l'impact des effluents urbains sur la qualité des eaux de la Garonne estuarienne : application aux composés pharmaceutiques et aux filtres UV". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14161/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaUbiquitous presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is of great concern. In this Ph.D. work, occurrence and fate of these organic contaminants were studied in the estuarine Garonne River, receiving treated effluents of the Bordeaux urban area (France). After developing and validating the analytical methods for multi-residue detection of 53 pharmaceuticals in water and sediment, composition and variability of the Bordeaux wastewater treatment plant influents and effluents were characterized. Presence of analytes in river water, suspended solids and sediments was then investigated on a periurban river located in the suburbs of Bordeaux. Besides, a long-term monitoring of estuarine Garonne River revealed the relative importance of local and upstream inputs and clearly showed a seasonal in-situ degradation of certain pharmaceuticals. This degradation was further confirmed and examined through batch experiments simulating the mixing conditions of wastewater and estuarine river water, highlighting the importance of suspended solid concentration in biodegradation rates
Ait-Helal, Warda. "Les composés organiques gazeux en périphérie de deux mégapoles, Paris et Los Angeles : sources, variabilité et impact sur l'aérosol organique secondaire". Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10173/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSecondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) impacts air quality and climate change. However, its ambient concentrations are still underestimated. A large discrepancy has been observed between estimations and observations of SOA in urban areas as well as in remote areas, since the sources and the nature of the SOA precursors, the Gaseous Organic Compounds (GOCs), and the SOA formation mechanisms remain unclear. The studies presented here aim (1) to characterize the GOCs, including important SOA precursors, in urban area by studying their determinants and their sources, and (2) to study the GOCs impact on the SOA formation in urban area. To answer these objectives, we studied GOCs measured at suburban sites of Paris and Los Angeles megacities, as part of the MEGAPOLI (summer 2009 and winter 2010) and CalNex (spring 2010) programs, respectively. From the study of the organic fractions of the particulate- and the gas-phases with air quality indicators and meteorological data, (1) we identified the GOCs determinants, (2) we identified their sources and quantified their relative contribution to the GOCs emissions according to the season, by implementing the source receptor model PMF, and (3) we estimated the impact of the GOCs on the SOA formation. In summer and in winter, the GOCs measured in Paris are strongly associated with the “remote” and “OVOCs” source profiles. The highest contributions to the emissions of GOCs measured in Los Angeles are associated to the anthropogenic source profiles. As for the SOA formation, these studies highlighted for the first time the importance of the Intermediate Volatility Organic Compounds (I-VOCs) in the SOA formation from their measurements in Paris
Dournel, Sylvain. "L'eau, miroir de la ville : contribution à l'étude de la requalification urbaine des milieux fluviaux et humides (Bassin parisien, Amiens, Orléans)". Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00925925.
Pełny tekst źródłaCzerkauer-Yamu, Claudia Hedwig. "Strategic planning for the development of sustainable metropolitan areas using a multi-scale decision support system : the Vienna case". Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA1041.
Pełny tekst źródłaA sustainable and sustaining planning strategy is globally important for metropolitan areas. Sustainable planning addresses the development of strategies to reduce the use of resources, increase economic efficiency and improve integration of social aspects (e.g. pedestrian-friendly environments, well-balanced public and private transport modes, efficient street networks, land use, movement economy; access for all to jobs, retail, services; healthcare, culture and leisure). In contrast, splinter development (e.g. urban sprawl) involves damage to nature and generation of an increasing volume of traffic (these are the main criticisms following a study by Newman and Kenworthy (1989) on the relationship between settlement density and energy consumption). Interestingly, the overly compact city also has this effect as it may generate traffic flows for accessing green and leisure areas, or changes of residence due to a favouring of sites that lie farther away from the centre than the inhabitants’ current places of residence. Households not only consume urban amenities integrated into densely populated areas, but also aspire to have access to green and leisure areas. Schwanen et al. (2004) showed that households usually optimize their residential choice with respect to accessibility to various types of amenities, which is inherently linked to the frequentation rate of these amenities (daily, weekly, monthly, and occasional) (c.f. spatial practice of people). Moreover, on an urban scale, over-compactness causes ecological problems such as a lack of green wedges for supplying the city with fresh air (urban microclimate).Thus, we aim to find a solution for managing dispersed development which marries the twin elements of green and built-up space in a highly efficient manner. This solution also needs to incorporate dynamic aspects of a city as well as minimizing traffic costs and emissions. Based on the observation that urban space is founded on the principle of fractal geometry, it seems interesting to explore to what extent fractal geometry may be drawn upon for solving the spatial antagonism of compactness and urban sprawl.The decision support system “Fractalopolis” developed herein allows an articulation of green areas and urbanised space based on the underlying hierarchical concept, thus providing leisure areas in the neighbourhood of urbanised space but avoiding fragmentation of open landscape. In addition, this concept introduces hierarchy of centres and sub-centres on a metropolitan scale, allowing accessibility to daily, weekly, monthly and occasionally frequented facilities to be improved. Larger distances are accepted for less frequented amenities
Gey, Adrien. "L'évolution des rapports ville nature dans la pensée et la pratique aménagistes : la consultation internationale du Grand Paris". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01002384.
Pełny tekst źródłaFrança, Acioli Edane de Jesus. "Catadores e a indústria da reciclagem em Belém, Amazônia". Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030093.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe destination of the trash produced by society is invisible to the eyes of the majority of the population worldwide. A tropical metropolis like Belém discards nearly 2000 tons per day of waste in the landfill Aurá, largest Amazonian open-air dumps and only place of disposal of all the waste produced in the region of Belém. Same way that waste, the 2000 scavengers that survive of manure from that city society are also little known and even invisible. The central aim of the thesis is to analyze the dynamics of socio-territorial organization of the production chain of recyclable materials in the region of Belém and the process of inserting the work of scavengers in that industry. It Aims to understand the complexities of this market and the productive potential of recycling, in addition to analyzing the consequences of the closure of landfills in Brazil: the disappearance of “grooming”, which can be replaced or not the work of “separate collection” in the cities. Methodologically broke the dialectical understanding of reality, in which the phenomena are related to each other, contradictory and constantly changing shape. I resorted to the technique of action-research as research and social intervention instrument, conducted through field work over three years of immersion in the locus and the subject of study to decipher the working world of scavengers and language specific of the recycling market. They are held open interviews with key actors and documentary research, but the main source of data was empirical. It is considered that the closure of the Aurá landfill in 2014 is a problem the city of Belém and its population, as it comes to finding the solution for the treatment of tons of trash that local company produces each day more and create alternative work and income generation for the scavengers who will have to leave the landfill. The possibility of recycling is tought like a business, but also like as solidarity economy capable of unifying the country the movement of goods, services and techniques in the hands of scavengers and scavenger’s networks to generate income and dignity for millions of workers that are the basis of this recycling industry
O destino dos resíduos produzidos pela sociedade é invisível aos olhos da maioria da população no mundo inteiro. Uma metrópole tropical como Belém descarta por dia quase 2000 toneladas de resíduos no lixão do Aurá, maior lixão a céu aberto da Amazônia e único local de destinação de todo o lixo produzido na região de Belém. Do mesmo jeito que os resíduos, os 2000 catadores que sobrevivem dos dejetos da sociedade dessa cidade também são pouco conhecidos e até invisíveis. O objetivo central da tese é analisar a dinâmica de organização socioterritorial da cadeia produtiva dos materiais recicláveis na região de Belém e o processo de inserção do trabalho dos catadores nessa indústria. Visa entender a complexidade desse mercado e o potencial produtivo da reciclagem, além de analisar as consequências do fechamento dos lixões no Brasil: o desaparecimento da “catação”, que pode ser substituído ou não pelo trabalho da “coleta seletiva” nas cidades. Metodologicamente partiu-se da compreensão dialética da realidade, na qual os fenômenos se relacionam de forma recíproca, contraditória e em constante transformação. Recorre-se à técnica da pesquisa-ação enquanto instrumento de investigação e de intervenção social, realizada por meio de trabalho de campo de mais de três anos de imersão no lócus e no tema de estudo para decifrar o mundo do trabalho dos catadores e a linguagem específica do mercado da reciclagem. Realizam-se entrevistas abertas com atores-chave e pesquisa documental, mas a principal fonte de dado foi a empírica. Considera-se que o fechamento do lixão do Aurá em 2014 é um problema da cidade de Belém e de sua população, pois se trata de encontrar a solução para o tratamento das toneladas de lixo que a sociedade local produz cada dia mais e de criar alternativas de trabalho e geração de renda para os catadores que sairão do Aurá. Avalia-se a reciclagem enquanto possibilidade de economia solidária capaz de unificar pelo país a circulação de bens, serviços e técnicas nas mãos das redes de catadores e de gerar renda e dignidade para milhões de trabalhadores que estão na base dessa indústria da reciclagem