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Ritz, Simon. "Senon-Amel (Meuse) : contribution d’une agglomération bipolaire à l’histoire du fait urbain dans le nord-est de la Gaule, du second âge du Fer au haut Moyen Âge". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0164.
Pełny tekst źródłaInterdisciplinary investigations combining prospection techniques (field survey, aerial photography, geophysics, Li¬DAR) and excavations (preventive and university-led excavations) have been carried out for almost 15 years on the ar¬chaeological site of Senon-Amel. They have revealed the bipolarity of this roman town, which is split into two urban cen¬tres located 1.5 km apart, simultaneously inhabited during most of the Antiquity, from the middle of the 1st century A.D. to the middle of the 4th century at least. This urban layout is very unusual among the roman towns of northern Gaul and thus needs to be explained. Its most striking feature is the duplication of public monuments: both urban centres include temples, public baths and a theatre. This thesis discusses the origin and evolution of the bipolar frame. It highlights the role of the integration of Gallic civitates into the roman provincial administration, and the impact of a religious economy in the shap¬ing of the city. These processes obviously have an interest per se – they contribute to illustrate the varied origins of urban features in norther Gaul –, but they also have broader implications. Indeed, the closeness of the two urban centres allows us to study quite precisely their specific features and their origins, thanks to the consistency of the documentation. This comparison reveals two very different urban trajectories: broadly speaking, evidence suggests that Senon was preceded by an Iron Age settlement, which stayed occupied during the roman period and expanded thanks to the existence of a wide range of crafts and trade activities. On the other hand, Amel seems to have been created at the beginning of the Empire as a sanctuary, which only later aggregated dwelling houses and other private facilities. The juxtaposition of these two urban entities is very unusual, but the mechanisms that drove their setting-up and further evolution are certainly common to many other roman towns. As a result, the case study of Senon-Amel evidences processes that are of more general significance
Millot-Richard, Clara. "Les économies du sel et du fer au Premier et Second Âges du fer entre la Lorraine et le Bade-Wurtemberg : marchés et modèles". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2022. https://ecm.univ-paris1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/820a2482-79cf-4a23-b0c4-d751d367eca0.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe subject of the present doctoral work is based on the observation made during the research we carried out for the Master’s degree, namely that archaeologists find it difficult to integrate economic approaches into their data. Indeed, they prefer to turn to social science, ethnography and geography than to economics which is not part of the resources they mobilise. Raw materials seemed to us to be a pertinent angle to start with because they make it possible to come to grips with the internal economic circuits of a chrono-cultural space. That is why we chose to study salt and iron in the geographical area encompassing Lorraine and Baden-Württemberg in the first and second Iron Ages (6th-1st centuries BC). Salt and iron are both crucial resources, each in their own way, with precise supply and demand mechanisms which lead to specific markets. We investigated what production and consumption data can reveal about protohistoric economies
Zanetta, Valérie. "La géohistoire des mines de fer de Lorraine". Nancy 2, 2002. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/NANCY2/doc132/2002NAN21019.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaWith this thesis, I have studied the evolution of Lorraine's mining landscape, from the nineteenth century to present day. But before all, I wanted to show the impact of mining on this landscape. In order to get to know it, I chose to start my work with an inventory of the present landscape, by defining the different parts which make it up. The only goal was to see what the present landscape looked like. In order to understand better what the evolution of this landscape has been, I decided to adopt a chronological process. My second part recounts all the evolution of this part of Lorraine ; I explained what was the original landscape and what it became with the beginning of the mining. Actually, at the end of the nineteenth century, the landscape of Lorraine was mainly agricultural. The iron ore was already known in Lorraine in the last centuries but it was a different type. The discovery of this iron ore was going to disrupt the landscape which became one of the most famous mining iron and steel regions of Europe. Little by little the landscape really became a mining landscape with the houses of the workers and the mining fittings on the surface. Unfortunately at the end of the sixties the mining work declined because of the competition from other countries like Sweden, Brazil or Mauritania, which had some open cast iron mines. The cost of production was lower and France preferred to buy its iron ore from these countries. Then, all the iron mines stopped their working and he mining Lorraine became a " disaster " region. In my last part I wondered what has become of the surface weren't important and only a few buildings still exist, which are now occupied by some small craft companies, the other mining places becoming industrial wastelands where the different mining cities try to attract new activities, which is very difficult, especially since the mining collapses which affected the landscape again. Finally we can say tha it is realyy amazing that such an important economic activity which made Lorraine one of the most important industrial regions of France and Europe, had such little impact on the landscape
Horikoshi, Koichi. "L'industrie du fer dans la Lorraine pré-moderne". Nancy 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN21010.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of the thesis is to grasp the iron production in Lorraine until 1630', that is to say, until the rupture of the Thirty Years' War. Above all, the author confirms that after the diffusion of the indirect process in the fifteenth century, the three humans factors - the lord, the ironmaster, the merchant - constitute the social and economic foundation on the iron industry. Particularly, the development in the second half of the sixteeth century consolidates this base. The lord supplies the raw materials (wood, ore, stream) and leases the forges to the ironmaster who manages them for the various terms. The latter is not a simple technical expert. He manages the whole of the establishment. The merchant participates also in the management of forges. The term of "marchand-maître de forges" indicates this new type of ironmaster who symbolizes the change of the iron industry in this period
Kinzounza, Jean-René. "La biogéochimie du minerai de fer de Lorraine". Nancy I, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10300.
Pełny tekst źródłaHamdadou, Elena. "Caractérisation rénovée du minerai de fer lorrain : application à une étude comparative des méthodes de valorisation". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NAN10083.
Pełny tekst źródłaBlondel, François. "Approvisionnement et usages du bois en Auvergne, du Second âge du Fer au Moyen Âge". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCH021/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaWaterlogged woods are rare discoveries in archeology because of the conditions inherent in their conservation. When they reach us, they give a lot of data on the importance of this material for past populations.Auvergne is a privileged context for their conservation. Thousands of woods from fortuitous discoveries or archaeological excavations are dated from the Neolithic to the modern era, however the corpus covers mostly the Second Iron Age until the Middle Ages.The diversity of the woods enables a better understanding of different uses according to their respective destination.The state of conservation of many elements gives information about the different stages of shaping, from the felling of the tree to its implementation.Each wood is detailed specifically by field and category to be compared with the remains of other regions. The technological and typological approach is treated as exhaustively as possible.Taxonomic diversity documents collection practices and their evolution in a forest area impacted by humans.The contribution of dendrochronology informs the evolutions of supplies, mainly for the construction, and releases certain features of the silvicultural practices in the exploited forest stands
Roux, Dominique. "Protohistoire des piémonts pyrénéens : la transition âge du bronze - âge du fer et les phases anciennes du premier âge du fer entre Garonne et Ebre". Bordeaux 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990BOR30062.
Pełny tekst źródłaMilcent, Pierre-Yves. "Recherches sur le premier âge du fer en France centrale". Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010542.
Pełny tekst źródłaOur study is about the first iron age of auvergne and the oriental part of the Centre and Limousin regions. It is based on the thorough inventory of the documentation concerning the isolated finds, the settlements, the hoards and the cimeteries. The objective is to propose a new analysis on the first iron age in France with new data and without focusing more a cultural profile than another one (central France is at the junction of three big cultural areas). We have adopted a chronological plan. It include three parts. The first part is about the transition between the bronze and the iron age (800650/630 bc). This period starts with the changes that appears on 8th bc : full developement of iron metallurgy, transformation of settlement patterns and exchange networks, break in ritual deposit customs. The use of an aristocratic equipement of atlantic origin - espacially hallstatt sword - reveals the extent of strong changes in the elite society. During the middle step of the first iron age (650/630-510 bc), we are more documented on women compare with the previous period when men were preeminent. Rich feminin jewels, sometimes exotics, placed in founder burials, in ritual hoards, are the more visible features of this change. It seems to be the sign of an advantageous place for women in the aristocratic families structures. The increasing importance of the long distance exchange networks characterise the end of the first iron age (510-430 bc). South-west Germany and northern Italy have an influence on the elite evolution. Some of their members started to adopt funeral practices from those areas. The urban centre emergence of bourges is another spectacular consequence of those contacts. Yhe end of this phenomenon coincide with a cultural standardisation process all over Mid-Europe
Huot-Marchand, Guillaume. "La céramique de poêle en Lorraine au Moyen Age et au début de l'époque moderne". Nancy 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN21003.
Pełny tekst źródłaAppearing during the late Middle Ages in Alsace or Baden-Wurtemberg, the stove's ceramic was little studied in Lorraine, although it harbored a rich collection. From the ceramologic study of the thousands of fragments exhumed from many Lorraine sites and examination of many registers of accounts, a regional typo-chronology of medieval and modern stove's ceramics was elaborated, describing a very morphologically and technologically varied furniture, whose evolution, (with the progressive passage of stove's pots via a kind of truncated goblet, to stove's tiles, with varied iconography), being explained by the will of the artisans to increase the furnaces solidity and heat efficiency. Far from being an epiphenomenon, the use of stoves was widely diffused in Lorraine by the end of the Middle Ages which started from nearby regions being relayed by local workshops
Leroy, Marc. "La sidérurgie ancienne en Lorraine avant le Haut Fourneau : étude du développement historique et des conditions techniques de l'utilisation du minerai oolithique lorrain (La Minette) en metallurgie de réduction directe". Besançon, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BESA1020.
Pełny tekst źródłaProuteau, Rachel. "La céramique domestique du Premier Moyen âge (VIe-XIIème siècle) : l'exemple du sillon lorrain". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0145.
Pełny tekst źródłaFor twenty-five years preventive archaeology has enabled to find a significant number of rural and urban settlement sites from the Early Middle Ages , which were riche in ceramics.These completely new material has enabled to study for the first time household ceramics in the Moselle Valley. Whereas the essential part of knowledge used to concern funerary ceramic, it began possible to carry out the study of every day crockery. While Late Antique features still remain visible in some rough and smooth clay body vessels, 6th and 7th centuries are characterized by new shapes, probably coming from the Frankish area: carinate shaped vases and bowls, flared wall bowls, cups, flat based slightly decorated globular pots, with or without handle can be compared to the craft production in the outstanding Merovingian workshops such as Mayen, Huy and Maastricht.From the end of the 8th century, a morphological break occurs in domestic ceramic pottery. Closed shapes diversify (pots, pots with handles, with spouts, jugs) as well as in open shapes (skillet, bowls with pedestal base, curved bowls, goblets in the shape of a truncated cone, lids). Pots with handles or perforated neck are very decorated. They evolve towards more globular shapes with rounded bottoms.Stylistic influences introduced in the region from the 8th century reflect a strong impact of Belgium, the Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the Rhine Valley. This could be related to the Carolingian expansion which facilitated exchanges.Whereas the period between the 10th and 12th centuries usually means Revolution in Eastern Europe, it is surprising to find a large technical and morphological continuity in the different kinds of containers.The number of pots with handles decreases, whereas the pots with perforated neck for hanging are more numerous. Open shapes are limited to bowls, curved bowls and lids.Decorated ceramics are barely present, only a few pots and pots with handles can be found. Production is still typical of North-western Europe.It is not until the beginning of 13th century that a real revolution takes place in ceramics, leading to a new chronological and cultural area
L'Héritier, Maxime. "L' utilisation du fer dans l'architecture gothique : les cas de Troyes et de Rouen". Paris 1, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00295179.
Pełny tekst źródłaRivière, Christophe. "Une principauté d'empire face au royaume : le duché de Lorraine sous le règne de Charles II : 1390-1431". Paris 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA010601.
Pełny tekst źródłaMoulis, Cédric. "Bâtir en Lorraine méridionale (XIe-XIIe siècles) : chantier et mise en œuvre des matériaux". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORR0184/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThanks to steps forward on art history regarding the Romanesque architecture in the Lorraine region, this thesis revisits a number of sites in terms of archaeological issues related to the art of building. Fourteen monographs of churches, abbeys or castles, plus a hundred or so sites explored in the ancient diocese of Toul, make it possible to understand the use of building materials, primarily stone and wood. This can be done along nine themes related to construction: how to define location, proportionate, extract, cut, assemble, build, vault, scaffold, cover. This work highlights the know-how of architects, quarrymen, stonecutters, masons or carpenters involved in projects that have been neglected as they are often too modest to attract the attention of researchers.In fact, this topic has not been so far the subject of substantial studies for the geographical area and the chronological period involved. We have highlighted buildings for which plan and volume vary from one place to the other, although they all fit well with the known Romanesque canons. Specificities are prevalent in the Toul area, the Saintois or the Vallage. They are distinguished first by the density of remains in comparison with the rest of the Lorraine. This testifies to the vitality of these three entities during the 12th century in particular. It seems also related to the lithic resources available in these sectors.Examination of the materials and locations of available resources in the area highlights an economy based on short distribution channels, whereas materials rarely come from more than five kilometers away from the construction site, with the possible exception of pine wood and mortar. Physico-chemical analyzes have completed the research. They have often made it possible to reconsider the datings proposed by art historians, aging the buildings by several tens of years.On the sites themselves, we often provide the first observations in the archeology of buildings carried out so far, especially for rural buildings of low volume or for parts of buildings which are difficult to access, either in ruin or still in use. In light of these explorations, a new field of research is emerging and has to extended: the use of wood in the masonry and the carpentry. More traces remain than thought of at the beginning of the investigation. In a more general way, we notice an evolution in the technicality of the building sites, and their rationalization, which encompasses first the religious buildings at the end of the 11th century, before extending to the castle construction during the 12th century, and later to the small country churches. From a similar perspective, we demonstrate that local know-how is more often used than grand architectural concepts developed on more prestigious buildings and in regions of more political importance.We have also taken special care to put the Man and his gesture back in the center of the construction process. Most of the time, studies in this area are concerned with motivations and consequences of an action, be it political, artistic or editorial. We have focused more on technicality. How to go from motivation (the will to build) to realization (reception of the finished work) ? More than the point of arrival, it is the process that has been at the center of our concerns. Thus, we can imagine the position of the stonecutter in front of his stone, the position of his hand, the movement he infuses to the tool. How to organize the facings and how to differentiate the first stone laid from the last? How to respond to architectural constraints ? How to develop the scaffolding ? Here again, certain local peculiarities have appeared, probably showing a movement of workers to the various sites according to the opening of the construction works. Finally, our work brings new heuristic tools to the attention of researchers making the reading of the wall facings less tedious and more rational
Veber, Cécile. "Les dépôts de bronze du bronze final IIIb en Lorraine, Sarre et Luxembourg : approche technique". Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOL021.
Pełny tekst źródłaHecker, Anne. "Quelles réaffectations pour les voies ferrées désafectées? : le cas de la Lorraine". Paris 4, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA040100.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn France, and therefore in Lorraine, the railways network has been contracted during the twentieth century : more than 1200 km open to travellers traffic has disappeared in this only area. Today, the value of those abandoned corridors, frequently damaged through lack of care, is a debatable point for professional of local and regional planning. This point presents a growing keenness and urgency aspect. Are still they as a whole a patrimony ? On the other hand, can we recognize each railway as a capital ? And which part could they play in today’s society ? Several transformations can be observed, and particularly the full of promise “green ways” : those trails, established on various paths, are used for transport and spare times of no-motorized persons. Thanks to their specific qualities, abandoned railroads seem to fit this kind of transformation, which are yet often realized on other paths (towpath, forest road …). Nevertheless, the evolution of each railroad, its geographical, historic or economic environment, just as circumstances of its construction and abandonment are responsible of inequalities between those corridors looking for a conversion. Only detailed studies of Lorraine’s abandoned railways can help concerned professionals to test their patrimonial values and their abilities to be transformed, especially into green ways
Ferraresso, Ivan. "La maison en Lorraine, du Moyen Âge à la Renaissance (XIIIe-XVIe siècles)". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0353.
Pełny tekst źródłaUntil now the buildings of the 13th-16th centuries in the Lorraine region have not yet been investigated systematically by modern building research. Only the profane architecture of the city of Metz has been studied occasionally. In the rest of the study region, the domestic building constructed during the late Middle Age is remaining still largely unknown, without any doubt resulting from a lack of its visibility. It is evident that the bad state of conservation is remarkably hampering modern methodological building research. This has forced us to modify our scientific approach by integrating sociological concepts, the architectural language and the evidence of important chrono-historical developments. The regional bibliography dealing with this subject is evidencing that the anthropo-historical approach has largely influenced former studies and analysis. Today, modern research is taking profit from a much more developed scientific documentation, which is based on a systematic inventory, architectural studies and results from archaeological excavations. The stock of the inventoried buildings is without any doubt reflecting the socio-political developments of the Lorraine region between the 13th and the 16th c. AD. In this work the building’s architecture was studied from three different viewpoints to understand their today’s socio-cultural value: the surviving and persisting elements deriving from older architectural practices, the abandonment of practices and techniques and, not to forget, the local architectural and technical Know-how. This approach has allowed identifying the archetype of the domestic building in the Lorraine region between the 13th and 16th centuries and its heritage within the known historical building stock
Fevre, Danielle. "Le fer et la porte au Moyen âge dans le Royaume de France et en Roussillon : (XIIe-XVe siècle)". Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA1008.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe purpose of this work is to locate and to understand the role of the iron affixed on doors in the Middle Ages. A volume is dedicated to the inventory ( the most complete possible) of all the still visible medieval ironwork in the old Kingdom of France and in Roussillon, even on some furniture. We have to admit that the corpus so constituted gathers almost exclusively doors of churches. The other volume tries to draw up a chronological table of the lay out of the iron on doors in connection with the evolution of the work of the wood. A chapter is dedicated to the techniques of forge (extraction of the iron and the shaping). It appears that all the iron serves essentially as element of cohesion, reinforcement and sometimes protection, a part only being hinges. It is very present in the second half of the XIIth and first half of the XIIIth century. Then it loses of the importance and is gradually going to disappear during the XIVth century. Beyond the technical aspect, the artistic value of the iron on the door of church is far from being unimportant. This one had to participate in the decoration in the same way as the reliefs affixed on the outer walls, the capitals or the eardrums. Furthermore, the function of the door of separation between the inside of the building and the outside world conferred it a particular role and the door could carry a message translated in the iron. Finally, the representation of doors in the medieval imaging and the transcription of ironwork in the drawing are also called to mind
Dechezleprêtre, Thierry. "La basse vallée de la Seine au second âge du fer : une approche di territoire". Paris 1, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA010698.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaggi, Pascal. "Les mineurs de fer au travail (1945-1975) : les évolutions du travail ouvrier dans les mines de fer de Lorraine". Nancy 2, 2006. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/prive/NANCY2/doc367/2006NAN21018.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Labour Process and the Iron Miners analyses the daily work of workers in the iron mines of the Lorraine region from 1945 to 1975. It uses contemporary documents from the period in which the mines operated and - more importantly - oral history interviews with ex-workers, allowing this thesis to discuss the individual and collective aspects of the miner's trade. Previous historiographical developments in the history of mining are considered : to these, this thesis introduces the innovation of concentrating on the iron-miners and their labour, noting how their work led many of the transformations of mining. Through research using previously-ignored archives and publications which have rarely been examined by historians (principally technical journals for mining engineers), the thesis demonstrates that the iron-miner's trade never became technologically backward. In fact, this was a sector marked by its modernity, even at the moment of its disappearance : it was a trade which prefigured the great economic and social transformations of the late twentieth century and early twenty-first century
Escudé-Quillet, Jean-Marie. "Du complexe pyrénéen au complexe sud-aquitain : la fin de l'âge du Bronze et l'âge du Fer de l'Aquitaine méridionale : fin de l'âge du Bronze - courant du IVe siècle avant notre ère". Toulouse 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998TOU20062.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe study of Bronze Age end and Iron Age of southern Aquitaine (9th - course of 4th century B. C. ) has been developed according to three axes. Results of two recent excavations have led to the definition of five sequences in Aquitaine Iron age. Bronze Age end and Iron Age beginning (9th - 7th century B. C. ) have been isolated in Lamarque-Pontacq 24 tumulus. Its particularities (presence of funeral-pyre at hillock basis) have allowed a sites group with identical configurations. Iron age from beginning until course of 4th century, has been isolated from Ibos A. 64. I tumulus excavation results. The presence of fifty nine burials has allowed a chronotopographic study of their repartition. Seven groups, identified by their burial period, have been brought to the fore. Secondly, taking into account the whole vestiges discovered in southern Aquitaine, we have been able to define its geographic boundaries. It extended between southern Pyrenees, north and east Adour, and on the eastside, until la Neste. It seems that it did not reach Atlantic Ocean. Metallic vestiges are characterized by a large utilization of iron fore weapons and ornamental objects. Vessels have an original decor made up by different arrangements of slots. At last, the data synthesis allowed tackling identity and relationships of south Aquitaine with its neighbourhood. If, during middle Bronze Age, this region was cut off from southern exchange flows, it is totally included in Pyrenean complex since recent Bronze Age. This new situation has led to oriental influences emergences, grand-basin I being a classical example. More recently, in Iron Age apogee, these first influences will decrease in aid of Aquitaine influences and especially peninsular ones. In fact, since 4th century B. C. , all burial vestiges will come from Celtiberian regions, situated between the Duero and the Jalon
Verna, Catherine. "Le temps des moulines : le fer et son exploitation du comté de Foix à la vicomté de Béarn (fin du XIIe siècle - fin du XVe siècle)". Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010700.
Pełny tekst źródłaArnoux, Mathieu. "Etudes sur la production, le travail et le commerce du fer dans la Normandie médiévale (XIe-XVe siècles)". Paris, EHESS, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990EHES0052.
Pełny tekst źródłaWilligens, Marie-Pierre. "Structures d'habitats à L'Age du Fer en région Rhône-Alpes". Besançon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BESA1018.
Pełny tekst źródłaCollon, Pauline. "Évolution de la qualité de l'eau dans les mines abandonnées du bassin ferrifère lorrain : de l'expérimentation en laboratoire à la modélisation in situ". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004521.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the last twenty years, the closure of iron mines of Lorraine led to progressive flooding of the workings. The consequences on groundwater are a modification of flowpaths and a degradation of the quality of water. In this context, the aims of this work were to characterize the evolution of the quality of groundwater during and after the flooding, to determine its causes and to give the bases of a water management aid tool. A knowledge synthesis on mining drainage, and most specifically on chemical mechanisms that are the cause of it, was realised. We then focused on the particular case of the Lorrain Iron Basin (LIB). An experimental study was conducted in laboratory on rock samples collected in mines of the northern part of the LIB. This work included a mineralogical study, closed reactors tests, with monitoring of gas composition, and leaching columns experiments. This study allowed us to characterize the evolution of the water quality when the water is in contact with rocks of the LIB : nature, duration and probable mineralogical origin of the pollution. Based on these results, a kinetic chemical model was built, and integrated in an ideal stirred tank reactor model. These simulators reproduce the concentrations observed in water at the end of the closed reactors tests and during the leaching columns experiments. We proposed a scenario for explaining the evolution of water chemical content in contact of LIB rocks. Finally, on this basis, a numerical simulator was built in order to reproduce the evolution of the quality of water at the overflow point of the southern sector of the LIB, abandoned since 1995
Berranger, Marion. "Le fer, entre matière première et moyen d'échange, en France du VIIe au Ier s. Av. J. -C. : approches interdisciplinaires". Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010689.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuichard, Vincent. "Arvernes et Ségusiaves au second âge du fer : contribution à l'étude des sociétés gauloises de France centrale". Dijon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DIJOL019.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis is a compilation of studies that consider several aspects of the archaeological evidence available in the north of massif central (France) for the period of the late iron age (3rd-1st centuries B. -C. ) : "typo-chronology" of several categories of artefacts (namely pottery, coins, jewelry), spatial cultural divisions (through funeral practices and pottery), and evolution of the Gallic society subsequent to the appearance of the oppida (at the turn of the 2nd and 1st centuries) and to Romanization. We defend that the most important social change of the period (and the one the bene fit of which was amplified after the roman conquest) for this region is not the one induced by oppida but the slow organization of society started in the 3rd century: the setting up of stable commercial routes and large size open settlements, the stabilization of regional political entities (the Caesar's civitates) and of a political elite
Orengo, Lionel. "Forges et forgerons dans les habitats laténiens de la Grande Limagne d'Auvergne : fabrication et consommation de produits manufacturés en fer en Gaule à l'âge du Fer". Dijon, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001DIJOL020.
Pełny tekst źródłaLe, Dreff Thomas. "Productions céramiques et échanges au Second âge du Fer dans le sud-ouest de la France". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20047.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the Second Iron Age, the Southwest of France showed a particular socio-economic situation in a space where goods, men and ideas were circulating. Many peoples were in contact there, including two major ethnic groups, the Celts and the Aquitains. Although pottery is by far the most abundant furniture found in the settlements of this period, we do not know well its chaîne opératoire and its way of circulation. First, this Phd research focused on restudying the ceramic production based on potters’ workshops, as the Southwest concentrated the most numerous workshops in Celtic Europe. Wasted pieces of furniture have been found in these workshops and suggest that local ceramics encountered there did not necessarily represent the overall production. This ceramic has been analysed thanks to a discriminant protocol, including a focus on macro-traces. This approach has underlined the conditions in which these pieces of ceramic can be considered to be the reflection of the whole workshops’ production. Pottery has also been analysed from a technological, typo-chronological and stylistic point of view. In the area of Toulouse, we have extended the study to consumption sites (grouped settlements and rural settlements), which allowed us to study not only the relationships between these sites, but also between the pottery’s workshops within that area. Through the study case of Aiguillon type stamped jars, the question of the regional circulation of ceramic productions has been approached in a more concrete way thanks to petrology analysis. Finally, the history of the societies of Southwestern France has been reevaluated through the PhD research by paying a particular attention to potters’ social status, to the role played by pottery’s workshops in the economy of the ceramic production, and to unsolved issues about the facies of the material culture in the area
Mathiot, Dimitri. "Les occupations rurales à l'âge du fer entre la Somme et le delta Meuse-Rhin : organisations spatiales, spécificités régionales et marqueurs culturels". Lille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL30014.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn the Iron Age North-Western Europe area, the settlements are exclusively rural. Despite this, their forms can be relatively different and evolve during time. Three types of settlements are identified : open settlements without building remains, enclosed settlements and farms with "byre-houses". At the beginning of the period, the settlements move in the country with a generational-rythm. The main functions identified are mainly domestic. But the study of the vessel and the presence of other activities, such as metal production, enable the identification of different statues. Starting the IIIrd c. BC, the housings are "settled" in the landscape. The emergence of enclosure of the main re-buildings of the houses are indications about this new organisation of the landscape. The diversity of the functions from a settlement to another brings to light a process of specialisation of the production of goods. The geographical distribution of these different forms of housing highlights different cultural groups. Their identification is, nevertheless, relatively difficult. This is due to the fact that the area covered by them is not the same than the areas covered, for example, by the "ceramic groups"
Serrières, Loïc. "Habitats et sociétés à l'âge du Fer dans les Alpes du Nord et le sillon rhodanien". Grenoble 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2009GRE29007.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Iron age (from 800 BC to 0) of the French departments of Haute-Savoie, Savoie, Drôme and Isère is underestimated in comparison to the recent studies ran in the neighbouring regions. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the last millennium BC in these departments is essential because of their location. Buffer zone between continental and Mediterranean Gaul, Dauphiné and Savoy represent the link: between Gaul and Italia, between Celts, Etruscans and Romans. From the Alps to the Rhône, from the mountains to the plains, different landscapes stand out, opened to the outside. The concept of "cultural area", independently of the ethnicity notion, permits a better understanding of the rhodanian and alpine societies in spite of a limited and often old documentation. If Archaeology distinguishes different features in the material culture, it also reveals the presence, nature and evolution of the elite, by the study of funeral documents. The perched settlements materialize a particular management of the territory. These two phenomena, considered together, show very distinct socio-political evolutions. In the first Iron age, four different cultural areas can be distinguished : a "Jura/Léman" area, in present Haute-Savoie, particularly dynamic during the Hallstatt D ; a "Northern Alpine" area in the inner valleys whose development seems to be dependent on the trade between Gaul and Italia; a "Northern front" in middle Rhône valley and Northern Isère which contrasts with the Southern area in "Drôme provençale". The appearance of a male warrior elite in 325 disrupts this cartography. This takes place, arter a notable hiatus (400-325), in the Jura/Léman and Northern areas. In Haute Savoie, this phenomenon might begin two generations before the warrior graves in Isère which testify the persistence of a military elite fifty years after the Roman conquest. The territory of this warriors group corresponds to the indications of ancient authors concerning the location of the Allobroges, the so-called Foreigners or Exiled
Gorgues, Alexis. "Economie et société dans le nord-est du monde ibérique et ses marges (250/25 av. J. -C. )". Toulouse 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU20099.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this study is a qualtitative evualation (a substantivist one, following K. Polanyi's investigations tradition) of the economics systems developed by the societies of the last three centuries of the Iron age, in a geographical area including Catalonia and eastern Aragon in Spain, and the currents departements of the Orientals Pyrenees, Aude, Hérault, Ariège and Haute-Garonne in France; the northern and western boundaries of this study area were delimited on the evidence of the use of the "iberian levantine" script. After having introduced the area of study and discussed the elements in relation with chronology (especially homogenizing the differents dating systems used in the differents regions studied), the investigation will follow a chronological way, aiming at the definition of the bases of the economies of the Iron age (VI th c. BC-IIIrd c. BC), their state at the very beginning of the roman conquest (between –250 and –200), and its effects (between –200vand –25)
Fougeron, Jérôme. "Effondrement et affaissement des mines de fer en Lorraine : rôle de la couverture et de la morphologie". Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL023N/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe events which have occurred in the lorrain iron basin during this last decade came to underline problems generated by mining industrial cessation and concession surrender like people or goods security. In this study, we studied the role which can play the geomorphology on the mechanical behaviour of overburden in relation with the violent collapse and progressive subsidence phenomena. We have examined valley and tray situations with the presence of vertical fractures and postponed valley situation through 2D (UDEC) and 3D (FLAC3D) modelling. Next, we simulated the fracture development in a mine pillar through a continue (FLAC) and discontinue (PFC) approach. These numerical modellings allow to apprehend the overburden role in a concern for hazard zone control
Menez, Yves. "Le Camp de Saint-Symphorien à Paule (Côes d'Armor) et les résidences de l'aristocratie du second âge du Fer en France septentrionale". Paris 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA010711.
Pełny tekst źródłaDumas, Antoine. "Le premier âge du Fer en vallée de Garonne et sur ses marges : dynamiques chrono-culturelles et territoriales". Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BOR30043/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe objective of this PhD research is twofold. First, it aims to synthesize the available knowledge on the Early Iron Age period on the studied area. Secondly, it deals with the analysis of modes and dynamics of settlement during this period and in this geographical area. The research process is made of several steps. The first one consists in the development of relational database made from the inventory of available data. Then, a chronological framework is established form a precise typological analysis of the pottery and some others categories of artefacts (weapons, jewelry, tools…). The typo-chronological study of the material found on burial sites and settlements allows to define a specific regional chronological framework which is independent from the main continental chronological systems. Lastly, the spatial analysis based on this chronological framework aims the identification and study of the sub-regional facies and their evolution throughout time and secondly, the search for reccurent spatial organization patterns. The archaeological facies are studied with multivariate data analysis and, as starting dataset, the typology of the artefacts and their localization in space. The spatial organization is studied with diverse analysis methods within a GIS (Geographic Information System), using complementary approaches (settlement hierarchy, viewshed of the hillforts, relations between burial and domestic sites…)
Fischer, Claire-Elise. "Apports de l’archéogénétique à l’étude des groupes du Second âge du Fer en France : Approche multi-scalaire". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0332.
Pełny tekst źródłaIn Europe, and more precisely in France, the Iron Age is divided into two periods: the First (800-400 BC) and the Late Iron Age (400-25 BC). This one is often associated with Celtic cultures, which have been shown to be unified through the study of Celtic art. But this apparent unity is now being questioned through recent archaeological work. While cultural diversity is well known from an archaeological point of view, it is still poorly addressed from a biological point of view. The aim of this work is to provide an unprecedented palaeogenetic and palaeogenetic analysis of individuals from three necropolises in northern France, distributed along the Seine valley, a major axis of exchange between the English Channel and Burgundy. A total of 106 haplogroups, 87 mitochondrial haplotypes and 15 paternal lines were characterized. Furthermore, 12 genomes with low coverage were obtained. At the local level, a systematic comparison of the data obtained with the available biological and archaeological records was carried out, which revealed different ways of functioning. The necropolis of Urville-Nacqueville (Normandy) appears to have a cosmopolitan population, while the one of Gurgy "Les Noisats" (Yonne) is most likely being used by a local community. The cases of Barbuise "Les Grèves de Frécul" (Yonne) and Urville-Nacqueville also reveal the complexity of the social organization of these Iron Age groups through the organisation of the funeral space. Although these necropolises host diverse communities, they share a high mitochondrial diversity, an absence of grouping based on maternal ties and a low diversity of paternal lines. These results form a cohesive set of evidence supporting a patrilocal matrimonial system and a patrilineal filiation, consistent with the data in the literature. At the regional level, the results show that sites located in the lower Seine Valley share more affinities with groups in the south of England, while those in the upper Seine Valley are closer to the populations of eastern France and occupy an intermediate position between the north and south of France, highlighting a genetic structure of these groups based on their location along this river axis. Finally, on a continental scale, the results show that the Iron Age communities of Western Europe form a consistent genetic cluster and show genetic continuity with the Bronze Age groups. The data obtained are consistent with archaeological hypotheses that focus on an economic, political and/or climatic transition to explain the Bronze Age to Iron Age transition, in agreement with the local evolution of the groups as perceived at the genetic level
Horard-Herbin, Marie-Pierre. "L'élevage et les productions animales dans l'économie de la fin du second âge du fer à Levroux (Indre)". Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010565.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis thesis is an archaeozoological study of an important site located in the center of Gaule, Levroux (Indre), and the work which has been done is based on the study of 200 000 animals bones. The purpose of this study is to show the importance of the various animal production in the economy of the second iron age. This site has been occupied for a very long period, from la Tène c2 until the gallo-roman period : this situation provides an unique opportunity to investigate on the contribution of the breeding of the animals and on the evolution of this contribution. This study allow to demonstrate an important transformation and also a specialization of the economic system during the second and the first century b. C. The main characteristics are the development of a local trade and also of a long distance trade both being based on the living animals, and on the animals productions (specially meat). Our conclusion joints out that the relationship between humans being and animals has determinated most of the social and economic transformations which occurred in the society of the second Iron Age
Disser, Alexandre. "Production et circulation du Fer en Lorraine (VIe siècle avant J-C - XVe siècle ap. J-C)". Thesis, Belfort-Montbéliard, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BELF0242/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaLorraine was, during the 19th and 20th c., one of the most important ironmaking areas worldwide, relying on the use of a sedimentary ore, the Minette lorraine. Paradoxically, it has long been thought that no iron was produced using this ore before the modern era. A research program initiated 25 years ago totally renewed our perception of its metallurgical history. Production activities were indeed sporadically performed since the Iron Age, before drastically increasing during medieval times. Research performed allows a first apprehension of the ironmaking activities’ forms in Lorraine and their evolution through successive periods, put into perspective in the European context. Iron trade and circulation remain however largely unknown, due to the lack of historical sources. A first insight of the trade networks relative to iron products extending throughout Lorraine and its fringes is exposed in this thesis, contributing to the perception of the use of iron in different periods.A methodology recently developed by the Laboratoire Métallurgies et Cultures and Laboratoire Archéomatériaux et Prévision de l’Altération, relying on the chemical characterization of smelting slags and slag inclusions entrapped in iron products, was employed to that purpose. This interdisciplinary work also offers new developments in the multivariate statistical treatment of chemical information, and contributes to answering the issues raised at the beginning of this work.A geochemical reference set, comprised of a pre-existing database and new information gathered on archaeological surveys performed during this work, was set up. It provides a new perception of the chemical diversity characterizing iron smelting activities within Lorraine and its fringes. Geochemical production sets were emphasized in doing so. Several iron consumption contexts were then considered, offering the possibility of shedding light on iron spreading networks during ancient times in Lorraine. A statistical approach, relying on the use of both descriptive statistical analyses and predictive modelling, was applied to that purpose. It was beforehand tested by studies performed on workshops for which the use of a given ore is attested by archaeological records.Results allow enlightening, sometimes against formerly formulated hypotheses, the practices in terms of the iron’s trade through different periods, facing our current knowledge about iron production modes. Benefiting from newly gathered information, discussions about the role played by ironworking activities among ancient societies are initiated
Neveu, Elsa. "Evolution des agricultures dans le nord-ouest de la france de l'âge de bronze à l'époque romaine". Thesis, Nantes, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NANT2041/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe lack of archaeobotanical datas in North-Western France was highlighted by several papers and national studies conducted by the National Institut of Preventive Archaeology. Most of the first analysis were carried out in Calvados, where the major crop seemed to be pulses. The archaeobotanical datas also confirmed the presence of cultivated oat and pulses in storage pits in these dwellings during Late Iron Age. The first aim of this research was to conduct new studies and collect datas in Brittany, Normandy and Loire region. The data base includes 29 sites and 510 samples from 327 structures. The issue of this PhD focus on agrarian systems, crop production and its changes. The agrarian practices were investigated by inferring the weed flora composition and its ecological characteristics. The chronological frame covers a time span from the Bronze age until the Roman period. The results reveal common trends and dynamics with the Northern France and Europe. For example a diversification process of the cultivated species is confirmed from the Late Bronze Age. Moreover several components are identified as being specific to these regions during Late Iron Age. For example: the abundance of pulses in Calvados; the limited rate of naked wheat; the likely cultivation of Bromus; the rise of Oat and Spelt; hulled Barley or Emmer as the main crop of sites from Armorican Massif or Paris Basin. The results indicate intensive cultivation practices and diversified crops. During Iron Age, there are more differences between sites and cultural systems
Dufraigne, Jean-Jacques. "Recherches sur la céramique de tradition bronze final IIIB et du premier âge du fer de la Drôme : contribution à l'étude de la naissance de l'âge du fer dans le Sud-est de la France". Aix-Marseille 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991AIX10057.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe drome has delivered some ceramics generaly assigned to the period of the transition late age bronze early iron age. The ceramic study permits of several conclusions. In the viii th century, this region was a zone of contacts between 2 cultural facies. In the north, the settlements of moras, st-uze belong a alpin facies close to the swiss and french facies. In the south, the settlements of saou, donzere and trente-pas belong to a southern facies, close to the provence and languedoc facies. This inclination is valid for the settlements of the earliest iron age in le pegue and donzere of the viith century. The documents import the birth of the iron age in the south-east of france. The vases of moras and saou are decorated with animal figures, which may be compared with italic examples from ameno, dated by fibula from iron age. This type of decoration may constitue a serious features to identify the beginning of a new age. It shows the distortions between the chronological system proposed for languedoc and northern france. Finally, in viiith century, the representations of riders and chariots testifig the existence of warior aristocracy, which will be developed in the early iron age. However, we have still to determine the reasons of the emergence, the nature of their power, the composition of their society. The solutions to these questions may lead to a better knowlegde of their economy
Fassion, Franck. "Occupation humaine et interactions sociétés-milieu dans les massifs du Livradois-Forez ( massif central, France) de la fin du second Âge du fer au haut Moyen âge". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30459/30459.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe purpose of this thesis is to identify human occupation and exploitation of the environment of marginal territories in the Livradois-Forez, which include the cities of Arverne, Segusiave, and Vellave, and to investigate the regional integration of these localities from the second Iron Age to the Early Middle Age. This thesis is conducted from a dynamic, diachronic, and systemic perspective, and utilizes a landscape archaeology approach to explore the relations between societies, in particular their economies, and the environment. The research presented crosses archaeology and the environmental sciences in order to increase knowledge of the setting in which these societies evolved and the possible human influences on it, but it also identifies social-economic and cultural processes. The completion of this project required three stages: first, the integration of research and syntheses developed from research programs in which I collaborated; second, the synthesis of the archaeological data; third, the acquisition of new data through archaeological field surveys and through the analysis of plant macrofossils from peatlands. Four sectors that reflect key components of the landscape have been used. As far as possible, research in each sector included archaeological surveys and paleoenvironmental research. Interdisciplinary archaeological, paleoecological, and geoarchaeological studies, combined with GIS, exhibit a heterogenous development that can be seen in two economic cycles: the first, from the Second Iron Age to the High Roman Empire; the second, from the Late Roman Empire to the Early Middle Age. For each economic cycle, human land use and the exploitation of the environment reflect strategies and social-economic choices driven by topography, climate, and available resources (particularly agricultural resources, but also the presence of wood and ore). The proximity of routes of communication reflects important pools of population and the centers of the three cities. Each stage of environmental exploitation is marked by an increase of erosion, peat initiation, and changes in the use of the oldest peatland. Finally, this border area seems to be integrated into the regional economy.
Campmajo, Pierre. "Les gravures rupestres de Cerdagne (Pyrénées Orientales) de la fin de l'Âge de Fer à l'époque contemporaine : corpus, approches chronologique, spatiale et culturelle". Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0037.
Pełny tekst źródłaWith its 9940 engravings established on forty sites, the Cerdagne possesses a corpus plentiful enough to approach the problems of chronology which arise with this type of vestiges. The most ancient engravings date from the Iberic period in the end of the 3rd century BC, with writings as chronological tracers. The central Middle Age is also perfectly recognized thanks to the clothes and weapons of men and the harnesses of animals. The chronological approach, also has to take into account the phenomena consecutive to the duration of sites. Some of them indeed, show nearnesses or even mixing of motives, a priori from different periods. Envisaged like markers of territory, the sites can be understood according to their relations with specific points of the landscape. Finally, this approach on the specificity of the places of engravings can back up or at least allow to define better a symbolic approach
Bouyer, Mathias. "La construction de l'Etat Barrois (1301 - 1420)". Thesis, Nancy 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN21026.
Pełny tekst źródłaDuring the 14thcentury, the principality of Bar progressively turns into a genuine State. The prince relies largely on its seigniorial legacy. The dynasty is unchallenged. The domain, rather large for the region, is efficiently ruled and defended, in spite of insuficient ressources. In building the State, the prince can rely on an important network of obedient liegemen, an emergent elite of commoners, mainly financers and scholars, but slightly less on a weak Church which, incidentaly, does not have a proper financial support. Since 1301, the prince is a liegeman of the king of France for the "Barrois Mouvant". The king tries to introduce some elements of sovereignty but meets failure, except for judiciar appeals. He can nevertheless count on the prince of Bar who, in addition to being a faithful liegeman, is a true french lord, raised in the royal court and, after 1364, brother-in-law of the king. The shaping of the State has thus a french influence. The sovereignty of the prince of Bar can nearly express itself in its entirety, even in the "Barrois Mouvant". The central government grows thanks to the establishment of secretaries and of an Court of account. The Household, witness of the splendour of the prince, grows too. The State asserts itself in exercisinig justice for which the local administration is strenghened. To deal with the debt of the prince, a new tax system is introduced. This State has to face the neighbouring principalities for the hegemony over the region, but the forces being equal a statu quo is maintained: the matrimonial union between the principalities of Bar and Lorraine is an inevitable evolution
Matterne, Véronique. "Agriculture et alimentation végétale durant l'âge du fer et l'époque gallo-romaine en France septentrionale". Paris 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA010595.
Pełny tekst źródłaPagès, Gaspard. "La métallurgie du fer en France méditerranéenne de l'Antiquité au début du Moyen Âge : jalons d'une approche interdisciplinaire". Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00357391.
Pełny tekst źródłaDes inventaires bibliographiques précis sont dressés pour envisager le problème dans son ensemble et faire état des connaissances acquises par le passé, mais cette thèse s'ancre principalement sur les études inédites et détaillées de douze contextes métallurgiques dits témoins et significatifs de problématiques propres. Ces derniers sont documentés par l'ensemble des données archéologiques et, spécialement, sur la base d'une description rigoureuse des aménagements, du tri de près de vingt-huit mille pièces métallurgiques – objets et scories – et de l'analyse archéométrique de cent soixante-neuf d'entre elles.
Cette thèse est structurée autour des trois grandes activités qui se dégagent de la chaîne opératoire de la métallurgie du fer directe : la production du matériau fer – la réduction directe du minerai –, la fabrication des objets – leur forgeage – et le commerce du matériau fer sous une forme semi-finie – la circulation des demi-produits. Ainsi, à travers l'évolution de ces trois types d'activités économiques, il est possible de mettre en évidence les choix et les comportements qui ont été adoptés pour un même exercice des cadres antiques à l'orée de la réforme carolingienne pour, au final, contribuer à une meilleure connaissance de la société de l'époque romaine au début du Moyen Âge en Gaule du Sud.
Čučković, Zoran. "La mémoire du paysage : structuration des espaces protohistoriques de l'interfluve Seine-Yonne (France) et de l’Istrie-Kvarner (Croatie)". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UBFCC002.
Pełny tekst źródłaA space cannot be inhabited without inhabiting its history. Such history is endured as the contingency of historical processes, but it is also handed down as collective memory.This thesis provides an analysis of European Bronze and Iron Age landscapes and territories from the perspective of social memory (end 3rd –1st millennium BC). Four studies, covering two study areas are presented: the interfluve Seine-Yonne (Parisian Basin) and the peninsula of Istria with Kvarner Bay, on the shores of the Adriatic Sea (Croatia).The case studies are grouped under two main themes. The first theme examines memorial landmarks, necropoles in particular. How were these places used and maintained, what was their purpose? It follows that besides commemorating the past, burial places were used to maintain and model social time.The second theme turns to territory, namely its institutionalisation. During the later Prehistory, the appropriation of space must have been intimately related to economic and other everyday practices, but the hold over such space was often expressed through the maintenance of necropoles; as if the hold over present passed through the hold over the past. What was the character of such territories, through which practices were they maintained? Two studies grouped in this section rely on visibility analysis in order to evaluate the visual impact of memorial and landmark structures (burial mounds and hillforts). This approach provides clues on the “landscape discourse”, maintained through various, conspicuous interventions in the landscape
Troubady, Murielle. "Circulation et diffusion monétaire chez les Turons et les Carnutes au second âge du Fer". Thesis, Tours, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUR2015.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe celtic coinages of peoples turon and carnute never been a synthesis more go deeper, so we made our subject of study. Our speech is on apperance and development of money in the average Loire. This zone is fundamental for the understanding of the functioning of the systems of exchanges in Gaul but also between the Mediterranean Sea and the North of Europe in final La Tène. These networks of exchange were revealed when a typo- chronological reference table was established for every territory whilst focussing on the origin and function of the money as well. We were able to shed light on the precocity of potin and bronze coinages as well as emission zones that have changed between the second and the first century before our era
Gateau, Fabienne. "La chaîne de la Nerthe et son piémont nord (Bouches-du-Rhône) : archéologie de l'espace rural du premier âge du fer au Moyen Age". Aix-Marseille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX10031.
Pełny tekst źródłaColliou, Christophe. "La métallurgie par réduction directe à l'est de la Seine-Maritime : études pluridisciplinaires sur la production du fer de la Protohistoire à la fin du Moyen-Âge". Rouen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ROUEL012.
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