Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / AGC SYSTEM

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „AGC SYSTEM”

Autor: Grafiati
Data publikacji: 11 września 2023

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "AGC SYSTEM"

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Ullah, Kaleem, Abdul Basit, Zahid Ullah, Sheraz Aslam i Herodotos Herodotou. "Automatic Generation Control Strategies in Conventional and Modern Power Systems: A Comprehensive Overview". Energies 14, nr 9 (22.04.2021): 2376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092376.

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Automatic generation control (AGC) is primarily responsible for ensuring the smooth and efficient operation of an electric power system. The main goal of AGC is to keep the operating frequency under prescribed limits and maintain the interchange power at the intended level. Therefore, an AGC system must be supplemented with modern and intelligent control techniques to provide adequate power supply. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of various AGC models in diverse configurations of the power system. Initially, the history of power system AGC models is explored and the basic operation of AGC in a multi-area interconnected power system is presented. An in-depth analysis of various control methods used to mitigate the AGC issues is provided. Application of fast-acting energy storage devices, high voltage direct current (HVDC) interconnections, and flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices in the AGC systems are investigated. Furthermore, AGC systems employed in different renewable energy generation systems are overviewed and are summarized in tabulated form. AGC techniques in different configurations of microgrid and smart grid are also presented in detail. A thorough overview of various AGC issues in a deregulated power system is provided by considering the different contract scenarios. Moreover, AGC systems with an additional objective of economic dispatch is investigated and an overview of worldwide AGC practices is provided. Finally, the paper concludes with an emphasis on the prospective study in the field of AGC.
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Ding, You Qing, i Pei Feng Wang. "Optimal Design for the Hydraulic AGC System of Thick Steel Plate Miller". Applied Mechanics and Materials 233 (listopad 2012): 196–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.233.196.

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This paper briefly describes the affecting factors and the key features of the hydraulic AGC system of thick steel plate miller. According to the research on the use and maintenance of the hydraulic AGC system of thick steel plate miller, the optimal design about the AGC servo cylinder, the system power source and the AGC servo control section of the hydraulic AGC system of thick steel plate miller has been given.
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Tang, Junci, Tie Li, Junbo Pi i Dai Cui. "Photovoltaic-grid control method based on self-gain system compensation". International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 17 (27.11.2021): 97–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/ctab090.

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Abstract The presence of decentralized production in modern electrical systems precludes traditional automatic generation control (AGC) strategies. Renewable energy production is highly dependent on the environment; for example, photovoltaic (PV) system, but its power generation is very unstable, which makes power grids containing PV systems face greater challenges. In this paper, we propose a PV-grid control method based on self-gain system compensation to reduce the negative effects of large fluctuations and uncertainties in solar energy production. First, the performance characteristics of solar modules are discussed and a multi-region model with a system with high penetration of solar systems is built. The AGC power is then displayed with different power variations according to different maximum power point tracking methods to analyze the uncertainty and variation of the PV output power and its effects on the AGC. We have also developed and implemented a compensation unit to eliminate the negative effects of PV power on AGC. Finally, the proposed method was demonstrated using the load from the example step as a disturbance variable to obtain a dynamic model of a dual-zone switched grid AGC with two PV systems based on a DMPC-distributed model. As a result of the simulation, the proposed method in this paper can guarantee the excellent properties of the dynamic behavior of the AGC system with large variations and high uncertainty of the PV system, and the validity of the proposed method have also been confirmed.
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Gwon, Han Na, i Kyung Soo Kook. "Dynamic-Model-Based AGC Frequency Control Simulation Method for Korean Power System". Energies 13, nr 19 (25.09.2020): 5052. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13195052.

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To fulfill the need of operating power systems more effectively through diverse resources, frequency control conditions for maintaining a balance between generators and loads need to be provided accurately. As frequency control is generally achieved via the governor responses from local generators and the automatic generation control (AGC) frequency control of the central energy management system, it is important to coordinate these two mechanisms of frequency control efficiently. This paper proposes a dynamic-model-based AGC frequency control simulation method that can be designed and analyzed using the governor responses of generators, which are represented through dynamic models in the planning stage. In the proposed simulation model, the mechanism of the AGC frequency control is implemented based on the dynamic models of the power system, including governors and generators; hence, frequency responses from the governors and AGC can be sequentially simulated to coordinate and operate these two mechanisms efficiently. The effectiveness of the proposed model is verified by simulating the AGC frequency control of the Korean power system and analyzing the coordination effect of the frequency responses from the governors and AGC.
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Potap, О. Yu, i А. V. Ivanichyk. "The accuracy of rolling thickness adjustment in conditions of high-frequency disturbances taking into account the speed of roll setting devices". Fundamental and applied problems of ferrous metallurgy 36 (2022): 299–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.52150/2522-9117-2022-36-299-307.

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In the continuous mills, where the strip thickness at the entrance contains a high-frequency component caused by the eccentricity of the rolls of the previous cage, the effectiveness of AGC-systems for regulating the thickness of the rolled product depends on the speed of operation of hydraulic roll setting devices (HRSD). Analytical substantiation of the transfer functions of the AGC-system by the eccentricity of the rolls and by the thickness of the undercut, taking into account the real speed of the HRSD has been carried out. The frequency characteristics of the AGC-system are analytically determined. It has been proven that with the available speed of the HPD in the interval of rotation frequencies of the support rolls inherent in cold rolling (ω= 5 – 15 s-1), the amplitude-frequency characteristic (AFC) of the AGC-system is almost linear. AFC depending on the time constant T of the HRSD and the ratio of the modulus of rigidity of the rolling strip MΠ to the modulus of rigidity of the rolling stand МK varies within wide limits from A(5)=0.05 (at ω = 5s-1; T=0.01 s; MΠ/MK = 1) to A(15)=0.48 (at ω = 15 s-1; T = 0.01 s; MΠ/MK = 4). At the same time, the thickness variation at the outlet of the cage meets the requirements for thin cold-rolled products of high precision. It has been proved that under the conditions of regulation of the thickness of the rolling strip according to the AGC-algorithm the amplitude of the oscillations of the rolled thickness caused by the eccentricity of the rolls is smaller than the amplitude of the oscillations of the roll gap caused by the eccentricity and decreases with an increase in the rotation frequency of the rolls and the time constant of the HRSD according to a close to linear law. Such linearity creates the basis for the application of adaptive algorithms for determining the actual amplitude of fluctuations of the roll gap in automated systems for compensating the eccentricity of the rolls.
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Garg, Jitendra Kumar, Anita Khosla i Nizamuddin Hakimuddin. "AGC of a multi sources power system with natural choice of power plants". EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology 7, nr 1 (15.06.2019): 105–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24003/emitter.v7i1.342.

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This paper presents an application of optimal control theory in multi sources power system by considering natural choice of power plants participating in automatic generation control (AGC) scheme. However, for successful operation of large power system, the natural choices of generation suitable for AGC system are hydro and thermal power plants since gas and nuclear power plants are rarely participates in the AGC scheme. Therefore, this work presents design and implementation of proportional integral (PI) structured optimal AGC controller in the presence of hydro and thermal power plants by using state vector feedback control theory. Moreover, various case studies are identified to obtain: (i) Cost aspects of physical realization of optimal AGC controller, (ii) Closed loop system stability margin through patterns of eigenvalues and (iii) System dynamic performance. Further, results have shown that when optimal AGC scheme is implemented in power system, the dynamic performance of power system is outstanding over those obtained with genetic algorithms (GAs) tuned PI structured AGC controller. Besides, with optimal AGC controller, cheaper cost of control structure, increased in system closed loop stability margin and outstanding dynamic performance of power system have been found when lessening in hydro generation is replaced by generation from thermal power plants for various case studies under investigation.
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Ullah, Kaleem, Abdul Basit, Zahid Ullah, Rafiq Asghar, Sheraz Aslam i Ayman Yafoz. "Line Overload Alleviations in Wind Energy Integrated Power Systems Using Automatic Generation Control". Sustainability 14, nr 19 (20.09.2022): 11810. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141911810.

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Modern power systems are largely based on renewable energy sources, especially wind power. However, wind power, due to its intermittent nature and associated forecasting errors, requires an additional amount of balancing power provided through the automatic generation control (AGC) system. In normal operation, AGC dispatch is based on the fixed participation factor taking into account only the economic operation of generating units. However, large-scale injection of additional reserves results in large fluctuations of line power flows, which may overload the line and subsequently reduce the system security if AGC follows the fixed participation factor’s criteria. Therefore, to prevent the transmission line overloading, a dynamic dispatch strategy is required for the AGC system considering the capacities of the transmission lines along with the economic operation of generating units. This paper proposes a real-time dynamic AGC dispatch strategy, which protects the transmission line from overloading during the power dispatch process in an active power balancing operation. The proposed method optimizes the control of the AGC dispatch order to prevent power overflows in the transmission lines, which is achieved by considering how the output change of each generating unit affects the power flow in the associated bus system. Simulations are performed in Dig SILENT software by developing a 5 machine 8 bus Pakistan’s power system model integrating thermal power plant units, gas turbines, and wind power plant systems. Results show that the proposed AGC design efficiently avoids the transmission line congestions in highly wind-integrated power along with the economic operation of generating units.
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Peng, Daogang, Yue Xu i Huirong Zhao. "Research on Intelligent Predictive AGC of a Thermal Power Unit Based on Control Performance Standards". Energies 12, nr 21 (25.10.2019): 4073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12214073.

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In order to satisfy the growing demands of control performance and operation efficiency in the automatic generation control (AGC) system of a grid, a novel, intelligent predictive controller, combined with predictive control and neural network ideas, is proposed and applied to the AGC systems of thermal power units. This paper proposes a Bayesian neural network identification model for typical ultra-supercritical thermal power units, which was found to be accurate and can be used as a simulation model. Based on the model, this paper develops an intelligent predictive control for the AGC of thermal power units, which improves unit load operation and constitutes a novel, closed-loop AGC structure based on online control performance standard (CPS) evaluations. Intelligent predictive control is mainly improved because the neural network rolling optimization model replaces the traditional rolling optimization model in the rolling optimization module. The simulation results indicate that the intelligent predictive controller developed in the two-area interconnected power grid under CPS can, on the one hand, improve the load tracking performance of AGC thermal power units, and, on the other hand, the controller has strong robustness. Whether the system parameters change considerably or the AGC has different grid disturbances, the new type of the loop AGC system can still sufficiently meet the control requirements of the power grid.
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Adrian, J. L., C. C. Montgomery, B. K. Behe, P. A. Duffy i K. M. Tilt. "Cost Comparisons for Infield, Above Ground Container and Pot-in-Pot Production Systems". Journal of Environmental Horticulture 16, nr 2 (1.06.1998): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-16.2.65.

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Abstract A relatively new production system, Pot-in-Pot (PNP), offers many of the advantages of in-field (IF) and above-ground container (AGC) nursery production methods. Our objective was to compare their fixed and production costs. Hypothetical nurseries for the three production systems were synthesized to represent a 6 ha (15 A) nursery utilizing a 4 ha (10 A) production area to grow crapemyrtle (Lagerstroemia indica) over three years. Fixed costs were similar for IF and AGC systems at $350,000 with PNP system outlays $25,000 higher, largely due to socket pot cost. Total production costs for the three-year production cycle were similar for AGC and PNP at $500,000. The IF system was $50,000 less costly. Yet, on a per harvested plant basis, total cost was lowest for the PNP system ($21.52), compared to costs for the IF ($23.73) and AGC ($23.17). The PNP system had the highest total capital outlay and fixed cost, which related primarily to higher costs associated with purchasing and installing socket pots. The PNP system, however, was least costly on a per harvested plant basis due to less intensive, labor-saving cultural practices and the ability to grow larger plants quickly.
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Sharma, Gulshan. "Optimal AGC Design for Diverse Sources of Power Generations in each Area Using Output Vector Feedback Control Technique". International Journal of Engineering Research in Africa 45 (listopad 2019): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jera.45.99.

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In this paper an attempt is made to design the regulator for automatic generation control (AGC) of an interconnected energy delivery system to regulate the frequency and tie-power to original value for sudden change in the energy demand of the customers. The considered energy delivery system is having the power generation via thermal, hydro and gas sources and connected via means of parallel AC/DC tie-lines. Further, most of AGC studies focussed on regulator design using application of control theory such as optimal control to manage the balance between generation and load demand considering all system states. However, inreality it is hard enough to measure all system states and design effective regulator for AGC action. Hence in this paper efforts are made to design regulator for AGC problem using few states which are easily measurable and available in real situation of the system i.e. output vector feedback. The feasibility & stability of proposed AGC is tested for 1% change in power demand and compared with optimal AGC which is based on all system states using obtained system responses, feedback gains of control as well as closed loop eigenvalues.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "AGC SYSTEM"

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Křivanová, Jana. "Systém vzdělávání pracovníků ve společnosti AGC Flat Glass Czech, a.s". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-81332.

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The thesis deals with the workers' education of the company AGC Flat Glass Czech a.s. The first part describes the theoretical aspects of education and development of the employees in the firm -- the process of education, educational methods, trends in human resource development, efficiency and costs of training, the plans of succession. Further it characterizes the current state of education and development of the individuals from the perspective of the Czech Republic, and compares the results especially to the European context. The practical part analyses the current system of training and development of workers in the company based on the executed survey. The aim is to assess the current concept of education in the firm AGC Flat Glass Czech, a.s.
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GUPTA, NIDHI. "AUTOMATIC GENERATION CONTROL OF INTERCONNECTED MULTI AREA POWER SYSTEM". Thesis, DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, 2021. http://dspace.dtu.ac.in:8080/jspui/handle/repository/18414.

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Currently, power system operation and control with AGC are undergoing fundamental changes due to rapidly increasing amount of renewable sources, energy storage system, restructuring and emerging of new types of power generation, consumption and power electronics technologies. Continuous growth in size and complexity, stochastically changing power demands, system modeling errors, alterations in electric power system structures and variations in the system parameters over the time has turned AGC task into a challenging one. Infrastructure of the intelligent power system should effectively support the provision of auxiliary services such as an AGC system from various sources through intelligent schemes. Literature survey shows that performance of AGC of interconnected power system with diverse sources gets improved by changing in controller structure, using intelligent optimization techniques for controller parameters, adding storage system and by considering different participation of diverse sources in multi area power systems. Hence, proposing and implementing new controller approaches using high performance heuristic optimization algorithms to real world problems are always welcomed. Performance of many controllers depends on proper selection of certain algorithms and specific control parameters. Hence, the goal of the present study is to propose different types of new supplementary controller to achieve better dynamic performances in multi-area with diverse source power systems, namely two area power system with and without non-linearity and three area power system with optimal and energy storage system. Based on the extensive literature review on the control designs of AGC of interconnected power system, it has been felt that new control techniques for design of AGC regulators for interconnected power system including vi renewable sources. The main objective of the proposed research work is to design new AGC regulators and develop simple, robust and easy to implement as compared with the available control techniques. The problem of nonlinearity in interconnected power system with diverse sources has also been addressed with suitable control algorithms. The presented work is divided into nine chapters. Chapter 1 deals with the introduction of AGC of power system. Widespread review of the taxonomy of optimization algorithms is presented in this chapter. Chapter 2 presents a critical review of AGC schemes in interconnected multi area power system with diverse sources. Chapter 3 stresses on the modelling of diverse sources power systems under consideration. The main simulation work starts from Chapter 4. In Chapter 4, the study is firstly conducted to propose novel Jaya based AGC of two area interconnected thermal-hydro- gas power system with varying participation of sources. In Chapter 5, novel Jaya based AI technique is further employed on realistic power system by considering non linearities like Governor Dead band (GDB), Generation Rate Constraint (GRC) and Boiler dynamics. The study is done on Jaya based AGC of two area interconnected thermal-hydro-wind and thermal-hydro-diesel power system with and without nonlinearities by considering step load and random perturbation at different control areas. In Chapter 6, designing of Optimal AGC regulator for three different three-area interconnected multi source power systems has been planned. In each power system, optimal AGC regulators have been designed by using different structures of cost weighting matrices (Q an R). vii In Chapter 7, implementation of Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage System (SMES) in operation and control of AGC of three-area multi source power systems has been studied. Analysis of PSO tuned Integral controller for AGC of three area interconnected multi source power systems with and without SMES by considering step load perturbation at different control areas has bee done. Comparative performance of different bio-inspired artificial technique has been presented on AGC of three area interconnected power system with SMES. Chapter 8, presents AGC of three area multi source interconnected power systems by including and excluding Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) at step load perturbation in different control areas. In Chapter 9 - the performance of different control techniques presented for AGC of multi area interconnected multi source power system has been summarized and the scope of further work in this area has been highlighted.
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Frykskog, David, i Hjalmar Jonsson. "Construction of RF-link budget template for transceiver modelling". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Fysik och elektroteknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-162159.

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This master thesis report details the process of developing a simulation platform for radio transceivers with a focus on analog receiver front end system design. The platform was implemented in the National Instruments VSS environment for the company Ericsson AB.
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Fleming, Robert Swope. "The end of the Intel age". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/67553.

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Thesis (S.M. in Engineering and Management)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2011.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 108-111).
Executive Summary - The End of the Intel Era. Today, Intel is nearly synonymous with computers. In the past thirty years nearly all personal computers and the great majority of servers have shipped with a processor based on Intel's x86 architecture, of which Intel is the dominant vendor. Yet the past few years have seen a subtle yet remarkable convergence of different industry trends that very well may topple the semiconductor giant. For the past three decades, computers have largely assumed the same shape and form, regardless of their task. Laptops, desktops, and servers have all been based on the same open modular architecture established by IBM. Yet this is not likely to be the case going forward. The past decade has seen the rise of embedded computing, perhaps best epitomized by smartphones and tablet computers. Instead of the standard PC architecture where individual components can be easily exchanged, embedded devices are typically modular designs with highly integrated physical components. Independent functional units, all designed by independent companies, are integrated onto the same piece of silicon to achieve system cost and performance targets. Instead of a standard x86 processor, each device category likely has a chip optimized for its specific application. At the same time that the form of computing is changing, we are witnessing a redistribution of where computing power resides with Cloud Computing and data centers. These have ordinarily been the province of Intel based machines, but data centers have moved from using standard off-the-shelf PCs to custom designed motherboards. Again, we are seeing a shift from the modular personal computer architecture to one that is customized for the task at hand. Another concern for Intel is that the standard metrics by which products compete are in flux. For both embedded systems and data centers, the operational costs and constraints are starting to outweigh the initial outlay costs. An example is the industry shift from overall performance to system power efficiency. Intel has been a relentless driver of processor performance, and this is a significant change of focus for its R&D divisions. Of all Intel's competitors, ARM best represents the magnitude of these challenges for Intel, and is well positioned to take advantage of all these trends. Their business model of licensing their design is well suited for a world with customized architectures, and their extensive experience in low power embedded devices has given them an advantage over Intel in processor power efficiency. Intel is heavily invested in its existing vision of the market. They have always maintained a manufacturing process advantage through tremendous investments in new foundries, and have long championed the open PC modular architecture. Time will ultimately show if Intel is capable of meeting these growing challenges. Yet it is clear that in order to do so, it must make radical changes to itself. One may ask if it is even the same company that emerges.
by Robert Swope Fleming.
S.M.in Engineering and Management
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Nylander, Åsa. "Sensorfusion för ACC-System". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-8341.

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Genom att fusionera (sammanföra) data från olika sensorer kan ett resultat uppnås som ger mer än de enskilda sensorerna var för sig. Här utreds vilka sensorer och sensorfusionsmetoder som kan vara aktuella att använda för Scanias adaptiva farthållare (ACC). Den adaptiva farthållaren anpassar det egna fordonets hastighet inte bara till en förinställd hastighet utan även till framförvarande fordons hastighet. Scanias ACC-system använder idag en radar för måldetektering.

Det finns ett antal algoritmer och arkitekturer som passar för sensorfusionssystem beroende på nivån hos sensordatan och användningsområdet. Minstakvadratmetoder kan användas då data ska matchas mot en fysisk modell, ofta med lågnivådata. När tillgänglig data är på den nivån att den används direkt för att fatta beslut kan sannolikhetsmetoder användas. Intelligent fusion består av kognitiva modeller som avser härma den mänskliga beslutsprocessen. Till detta passar data på hög nivå.

Två lösningar, för två olika sensoruppsättningar, har tagits fram. Båda lösningarna är uppbyggda av bayesiska nätverk. Det första nätverket fusionerar data från den befintliga radarenheten med data från en kamera som detekterar vägmarkeringar. Resultaten visar att filbyten kan upptäckas tidigare i och med fusionen. Det andra nätverket använder sig av två radarenheter, den ursprungliga samt en likadan enhet till, vilket resulterar i ett bredare synfält. Nätverket avgör vilka mål hos respektive radar som kan anses vara samma matchade mål. Informationen kan användas för att öka redundansen i systemet samt för att upptäcka mål tidigare än förut.


By fusing data from different sensors a result can be achieved that is worth more than the data from each sensor by itself. Which sensors and sensor fusion methods that could be used in Scania's adaptive cruise control system (ACC) is investigated. The ACC system adapts the vehicle's speed not only to a driver decided set speed but also to the speed of preceding vehicles. Scania's ACC system uses a radar for target detection.

There exists a number of algorithms and architectures fit for use in sensor fusion systems. Which one to use depends on the level of the data to be fused and on the field of application. Least square methods are used when matching data to a physical model, data to be used is often at a low level. When working with data at decision level, probability methods are favored. Another example is intelligent fusion, cognitive methods intending to mimic the human decision process. Suitable data is data at a high level.

Two solutions, for two different sensor sets, are proposed. Both solutions are made out of Bayesian networks. The first one fuses data from the existing radar unit with data from a camera which detects lane markings. The results show that lane changes can be detected earlier thanks to the fusion. The second network uses two radar sensors of the same kind as the first, resulting in a wider field of view. The network decides which ones of each radars targets that are the same matching targets. This information could be used to increase the redundancy of the system and to detect targets earlier.

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Bredberg, Linus. "Kortdistansradar för ACC-system". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Science and Technology, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11290.

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I denna rapport redogörs för en implementering av fusion mellan kortdistanssensorer. Syftet med denna implementering är att erhålla Stop & Go-funktionalitet till den adaptiva farthållaren som idag finns som tillval i Scanias lastbilar. Adaptiv farthållning, ACC, är en funktion som automatiskt anpassar fordonets hastighet ifall detta kommer ikapp ett annat fordon som färdas långsammare än den inställda hastigheten. Scanias system använder sig idag av en långdistanssensor som ser långt men har smalt synfält. Genom att komplettera denna med kortdistanssensorer, som ser kort men brett, kan önskvärt synfält i närområdet för att säkert kunna implementera Stop & Go-funktionen uppnås. Sensorfusion bygger på principen att två eller fler sensorer som ser samma sak ger en mer korrekt bild av verkligheten än en enskild. Fusionen kan genomföras på många olika sätt. I rapporten beskrivs tre metoder övergripligt; Bayesiska nätverk, auktionsalgoritmen samt Gating. I implementeringen används gatingmetoden.

Initialt implementeras en målspårningsalgoritm med kalmanfilter. Efter uppdatering av sensormjukvaran väljs dock denna bort eftersom sensorernas interna målspårning då anses som tillräcklig. En modell med sensorfusionen och målselekteringen byggs i Simulink och programmeras sedan in i en hårdvaruenhet. Syftet med detta är att kunna utvärdera funktionen i ett prototypfordon. Inledningsvis rapporteras enbart korrelerade mål från modellen. För mer kontinuerlig målföljning, främst i kurvor, implementeras därefter en algoritm som även tar hänsyn till enskilda sensorers observationer. Dessa accpeteras dock först efter en viss valideringstid eftersom denna information har lägre konfidens än korrelerade mål.

Provkörningar visar att målföljningen fungerar väl. En stor svårighet har varit att sålla bort stillastående mål från rörliga, främst i låga farter. Detta eftersom sensorernas hastighetsangivelse har låg precision vilket medför att ett stillastående mål kan rapporteras som ett långsamt rörligt.


In this thesis report an implementation of fusion between short range radars is described. The purpose of this implementation is to obtain Stop & Go functionality for the adaptive cruise control which is offered as an option in today’s Scania trucks. Adaptive cruise control, ACC, is a feature that automatically adapts the vehicle speed if it should catch up to another vehicle moving slower than the desired set speed. For this application Scania today use a long range sensor that has a long but narrow field of view. By complementing this sensor with short range sensors, which have short but wide fields of view, the desired field of view in the short range area can be obtained. This is necessary in order to be able to safely implement the Stop & Go functionality. Sensor fusion is based on the principle that two or more sensors overlooking the same area give a more accurate impression of reality than a single one. The fusion can be conducted in several ways. In the report three different methods are briefly described; Bayesian Networks, the Auction Algorithm and Gating. In the implementation the gating method is applied.

Initially a target tracking algorithm using Kalman filter is implemented. However, after software updates in the short range sensors this algorithm is no longer used. This is because the improved tracking made internally by the sensors is considered to be sufficient, hence making an external tracking algorithm redundant. The sensor fusion and the target selection are implemented in a Simulink model which is later programmed into a hardware unit. The purpose of the latter is to be able to evaluate the functionality in a prototype vehicle. Initially, only associated targets are reported from the model. In order to obtain a more continuous target tracking, mainly while driving in curves, observations made only by single sensors are also considered. However, these measurements have lower level of confidence than the associated targets. Therefore these measurements first have to be validated for a certain period of time before they are approved.

Test runs indicate that the target tracking works as intended. One major difficulty has been to separate stationary targets from slow moving ones, especially in low speeds. This is due to the fact that the sensors’ speed measurements are fairly inaccurate. Therefore a stationary target could be reported as a slow moving one.

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Valentin, Vinagrero Israel. "Money flows in the Internet ecosystem : strategic opportunities for telecom operators and other Internet agents in the digital age". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/90696.

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Thesis: S.M. in Engineering and Management, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, System Design and Management Program, 2014.
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Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references.
The question about where the money goes is something really interesting for all the companies in the Internet ecosystem. While there is a huge interest, no clear answers have been provided, partially because the ecosystem keeps changing. This thesis aims to answer this question by looking at how consumers spend their money in the different parts and services associated to the Internet. Besides looking at the money that consumers spend, this research also looks at the money that is in the ecosystem in things such as online advertising, which has been seen as one of the sources of revenues for many companies. Three countries have been evaluated in this thesis, to show the situation in different parts of the world. US, UK and Spain have been the chosen countries and the comparison of the results gives a very good idea of the situation in Europe and US. A quantitative analysis has been done including six main categories: wireless, wireline voice, wireline video, wireline broadband access, ecommerce and online advertising. The results show big differences in expenditures among three different countries and analyze the potential reasons. Finally, the research also aims to identify new business opportunities for telecomm operators associated to the different categories identified in the quantitative analysis. Given the current status of the Internet ecosystem, most of the business opportunities imply the creation of partnerships with Internet companies, so these recommendations could be also applicable to Internet companies.
by Israel Valentin Vinagrero.
S.M. in Engineering and Management
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McBride, Claire. "Sectoral systems of innovation : assessing the effect of firm age and strategic intent on system fit". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/77518/.

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Innovation is fundamental to the firm and ultimately to national economic growth and stability. Systemic support for identified sectors assumes that innovation depends not only on how individual firm and non-firm actors perform but also on the dynamics of their interaction as parts of a system. To date, research within the Sectoral System of Innovation framework perceived fit as a function of enablement between the firm and the system based on industry type. This is problematic as assuming firms are homogenous overlooks the impact of critical micro level contingencies such as age and strategic intent in achieving fit, and in turn enabling innovation. Consistent with theory that organisational performance is a function of the fit between two or more factors within a system, this thesis departs from previous macro and meso system-level approaches by undertaking a micro level analysis of how fit is mediated by age and strategy contingencies in two contrasting sectors. Using interview and survey data of Irish software and manufacturing engineering companies, this represents the first empirical analysis of contingency-based system fit. This study reveals a detachment between the universality implied in the design of Sectoral Systems of Innovation and the heterogeneity of firm context. Importantly, this finding provides strong evidence supporting previously intuitive calls for policy makers to place greater emphasis on firm dynamics. The findings in relation to firm age and strategic intent demonstrate that the nature of value creation hinges significantly on firm-level contingencies. This new departure extends current thinking on Systems of Innovation by clearly demonstrating the effects of firm-level characteristics, adding to the explanatory breadth of the existing framework. This contribution to theory has important implications for both firm managers and policy makers, enabling more effective interventions in their efforts to drive and support innovation outcomes.
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Irvin, Jeffery L. "Paradigm and praxis : seventeenth-century mercantilism and the age of liberalism /". Connect to full text in OhioLINK ETD Center, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1230755671.

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Wallstedt, Carl, i Erik Norrbelius. "Modell för dimensionering av AGV-system inom tung industri". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-14902.

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Interest in the implementation of AGV-systems (Automated Guided Vehicle) has in recent decades increased. The reason is that it allows companies to perform reliably and secure internal transport while reducing the need of personnel. It is one of todays most advanced and complex material handling system that can independently make their own decisions regarding flow paths and traffic control. An AGV-system consists of transport units carrying cargo from point A to point B, and communicates using a computer. The purpose of this study is to develop a model on how to proceed in order to design an AGV system in heavy industry. The model is tested by a case study of a company in the metal industry to determine if the model works and gives the correct result. Relevant literature has been collected through scientific articles, books. In order to find relevant information, a flow mapping on Billet preparation of Sandvik AB was performed. The information was summarized in a situation analysis. In order to design the AGV system, we found that analytical approach and simulation was according to the literature's most successful approaches. By using these methods in the theoretical model and adjust their performance against one another the results from the model should be a sufficiently accurate reflection of the design needed to serve the Billet preparation.
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Książki na temat "AGC SYSTEM"

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Tom, Shanley, i MindShare Inc, red. AGP system architecture. Reading, Mass: Addison Wesley, 1999.

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Gutzmann, Hans, Siegfried Kanowski, Hannelore Krüger, Roland Urban i Luc Ciompi. Das AGP-System. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70566-3.

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Guy, William, i Thomas A. Ban, red. The AGP System. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-82514-9.

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Dzatko, Dave. AGP system architecture. Wyd. 2. Reading, Mass: Addison Wesley Longman, 2000.

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The age reduction system. New York: Rawson Associates, 1986.

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E, Pesando James, i Brown Robert L. 1949-, red. Canadian benefit system issues. Brookfield, Wis: International Foundation of Employee Benefit Plans, 1987.

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The space-age solar system. New York: Wiley, 1988.

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National Information & Referral Support Center (U.S.) i United States. Administration on Aging, red. Enhancing today's I&R systems to meet tomorrow's challenges: A system improvement planning guide. [Washington, D.C.?]: National Association of State Units on Aging, National Information & Referral Support Center, 1995.

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National Information & Referral Support Center (U.S.) i United States. Administration on Aging., red. Enhancing today's I&R systems to meet tomorrow's challenges: A system improvement planning guide. [Washington, D.C.?]: National Association of State Units on Aging, National Information & Referral Support Center, 1995.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., red. Arcjet system integration development. [Washington, DC]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1994.

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Części książek na temat "AGC SYSTEM"

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Shankar, Ravi, Utkarsh Raj i Anjali Singh. "ISA-Based PI + FODN AGC of Multi-source System". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 113–21. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5546-6_10.

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Akshay, Rachakonda Shri Rama, i Rajesh Joseph Abraham. "AGC in a Deregulated Interconnected Power System with STATCOM and Energy Storage System". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 277–87. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9008-2_26.

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Ganthia, Bibhu Prasad, Anita Pritam, Krishna Rout, Siddhartha Singhsamant i Jayashree Nayak. "Study of AGC in Two-Area Hydro-thermal Power System". W Advances in Power Systems and Energy Management, 393–401. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4394-9_39.

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Gorripotu, Tulasichandra Sekhar, Rabindra Kumar Sahu i Sidhartha Panda. "Application of Firefly Algorithm for AGC Under Deregulated Power System". W Computational Intelligence in Data Mining - Volume 1, 677–87. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2205-7_62.

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Ayyarao, Tummala S. L. V., L. Venkata Sureshkumar i D. Vijaya Kumar. "Support Vector Machine-Based Dynamic Cyber-Attack Detection in AGC System". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 343–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8439-8_28.

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He, Hongliang. "Research and Design of Computer AGC Control System in Hydropower Plant". W Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 838–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00214-5_104.

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Saini, Rita, Girish Parmar, Rajeev Gupta i Afzal Sikander. "SFS/PI Approach for AGC of Two Area Interconnected Thermal Power System". W Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 91–102. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5089-8_9.

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Mishra, Dillip K., Tapas Kumar Panigrahi, Asit Mohanty i Prakash K. Ray. "Integrating Concentrating Solar Plant-Based System in Multi-area AGC Using LabVIEW". W Information and Communication Technology for Competitive Strategies, 675–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0586-3_66.

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Saha, Debdeep, Rajesh Panda i Bipul Kumar Talukdar. "AGC Based Market Modeling of Deregulated Power System Employing Electric Vehicles and Battery Energy Storage System". W Computational Intelligence in Pattern Recognition, 458–68. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-3089-8_44.

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Gorripotu, Tulasichandra Sekhar, Halini Samalla, Ch Jagan Mohana Rao, Ahmad Taher Azar i Danilo Pelusi. "TLBO Algorithm Optimized Fractional-Order PID Controller for AGC of Interconnected Power System". W Soft Computing in Data Analytics, 847–55. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0514-6_80.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "AGC SYSTEM"

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Guo, Jiaren, Xiting Wang, Ying Xu, Hang Li i Shiguo Jiang. "Intelligent decoupling in AGC-AFC system based on CMAC model". W 2013 25th Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ccdc.2013.6561296.

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Mahasathyavathi, M., B. Ambika i N. Kamaraj. "Agc For Multisource Deregulated Power System". W 2018 National Power Engineering Conference (NPEC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/npec.2018.8476743.

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Miao, Jiangtao, Xiaolan Yao, Jiaxin Zhang i Siwei Yang. "Application of ADRC in hydraulic AGC system". W 2014 33rd Chinese Control Conference (CCC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chicc.2014.6896021.

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Cao, Qipeng, Lei Chen, Faqi Yan, Wei Xiong, Chunming Wang i Yiwei Zhang. "Research on AGC Assessment Criteria’s Adaptability". W 2018 International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/powercon.2018.8601858.

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Abraham, Rajesh Joseph, D. Das i Amit Patra. "AGC of a hydrothermal system with SMES unit". W 2006 IEEE GCC Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ieeegcc.2006.5686181.

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Zhao, Liye, Changjun Li i Hongbao Li. "Reference Level Optimization for AGC in OFDM System". W 2010 6th International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing (WiCOM). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wicom.2010.5600182.

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Rasolomampionona, D. D. "A modified power system model for AGC analysis". W 2009 IEEE Bucharest PowerTech (POWERTECH). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ptc.2009.5281946.

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Dar, S. Zahid Nabi, i Shailendra Baraniya. "Application of Ultrabattery to AGC of Power System". W 2021 2nd International Conference for Emerging Technology (INCET). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/incet51464.2021.9456306.

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Wu Wen-Bo, Jia Yu-Fu i Gao Chuang. "A novel single-neuron smith-predictive AGC system". W 2010 International Conference on Computer Application and System Modeling (ICCASM 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccasm.2010.5622699.

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Xiang, Xingyu, Zhonghai Wang, Dan Shen, Genshe Chen i Khanh Pham. "A Smart Hybrid AGC Scheme for Satellite System". W 2020 IEEE Aerospace Conference. IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aero47225.2020.9172548.

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Raporty organizacyjne na temat "AGC SYSTEM"

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Wang, Wenbo, Xin Fang, Hantao Cui, Jinning Wang, Fangxing Li, Yijing Liu, Thomas Overbye, Mengmeng Cai i Chris Irwin. Cyber-Physical Dynamic System (CPDS) Modeling for Frequency Regulation and AGC Services of Distributed Energy Resources. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), sierpień 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1882191.

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Ross, James H. Automated Arc Welding System. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, marzec 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada232890.

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Ciardullo D. J. i J. Brennan. THE AGS BPM SYSTEM UPGRADE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), styczeń 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1151318.

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Kern, G. System and Battery Charge Control for PV-Powered AC Lighting Systems. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), kwiecień 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5939.

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Grauer i Chapman. L52330 Development of an Active Air Control System. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), marzec 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010447.

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Develop an active air control system that, when installed on a turbocharged-engine system, will reduce NOX emissions below the levels of the system alone. While the turbocharged-engine system allows the natural gas compression industry to decrease pollutant emissions via increased air flow, the physics of the system and the environments in which these systems operate restrict further advancements. A new model, the Charge Air Integrated Manifold Engine Numerical Simulation (CAIMENS). The CAIMENS model was used to: Quantify the effects of charge air imbalance between cylinders in terms of NOX production; Illustrate that an imbalance in mass air flow creates a one-to-one imbalance in corrected trapped equivalence ratio Reveal a 5% to 12% imbalance in air flow present in the candidate Cooper GMV engine which correlated to a 65% to 92% imbalance in NOX production; and Provide detailed information that led to the specification of a mass air flow (MAF) sensor coupled with an air flow balancer (AFB), comprising the Active Air Control (AAC) system. The research team proceeded by working with the ERLE team to select cylinder liners for the NGML air flow bench, and then expanded the air flow bench from one cylinder to two cylinders. The specified AAC system was installed on each of the two cylinders. The research team then conducted a series of experiments to evaluate and fine tune the AAC system. The AAC system was able to correct up to a 12.4% air imbalance. The end point of the project was an AAC system that could, with some engineering effort, be applied to field engines. Benefit: The resulting technology was an active air flow control system consisting of an AFB integrated with a MAF sensor. The AFB has characteristics analogous to that of a throttle plate used in a carbureted internal combustion engine.
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Hseuh H. C., A. Feltman, W. Zhang i J. Gabusi. The AGS Cold Cathode Gauge System. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), lipiec 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1151191.

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Lawson i Thompson. L52100 Hot-Spot Protection for Impressed Current Systems. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), wrzesień 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010153.

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As pipeline coating and associated cathodic protection (CP) systems age, areas along the pipeline inevitably develop that fall below a prescribed CP criterion. In efforts to meet an adequate CP criterion, engineers often resort to supplementing their existing CP system with magnesium anodes at these "low" potential areas resulting in a "hybrid" cathodic protection system consisting of an impressed current CP system (ICCP) supplemented with magnesium (Mg) anodes. This often achieves the desired result i.e. the potential measured over the pipe becomes more negative. However, there remain several unanswered questions concerning the real benefits to the polarization level of the pipe and the overall effect on the impressed current cathodic protection system. The primary objective of this PRCI project was to develop a better understanding of the relationship between ICCP systems and Mg anodes installed as hot-spot protection. This understanding will assist CP engineers in the design and operation of effective, economic CP systems.
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Baader, Franz, i Marcel Lippmann. Runtime Verification Using a Temporal Description Logic Revisited. Technische Universität Dresden, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.203.

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Formulae of linear temporal logic (LTL) can be used to specify (wanted or unwanted) properties of a dynamical system. In model checking, the system’s behaviour is described by a transition system, and one needs to check whether all possible traces of this transition system satisfy the formula. In runtime verification, one observes the actual system behaviour, which at any point in time yields a finite prefix of a trace. The task is then to check whether all continuations of this prefix to a trace satisfy (violate) the formula. More precisely, one wants to construct a monitor, i.e., a finite automaton that receives the finite prefix as input and then gives the right answer based on the state currently reached. In this paper, we extend the known approaches to LTL runtime verification in two directions. First, instead of propositional LTL we use the more expressive temporal logic ALC-LTL, which can use axioms of the Description Logic (DL) ALC instead of propositional variables to describe properties of single states of the system. Second, instead of assuming that the observed system behaviour provides us with complete information about the states of the system, we assume that states are described in an incomplete way by ALC-knowledge bases. We show that also in this setting monitors can effectively be constructed. The (double-exponential) size of the constructed monitors is in fact optimal, and not higher than in the propositional case. As an auxiliary result, we show how to construct Büchi automata for ALC-LTL-formulae, which yields alternative proofs for the known upper bounds of deciding satisfiability in ALC-LTL.
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Syphers, M. J., L. Ahrens, W. van Asselt i J. M. Brennan. The AGS {gamma}{sub t}-jump system. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), wrzesień 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10194866.

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Welch, K., H. Hseuh i J. Tuozzolo. SOME COMMENTS ON THE AGS VACUUM SYSTEM. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), październik 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1151199.

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