Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „After Shave”

Computer simulation is acknowledged as the third branch of Science. From the seminal work of Turner et al. (1956) [on Finite Elements, impressive improvements have been made in terms of software and hardware, so that, nowadays, there is no engineering device (in the broad sense of the word) that is not subjected to any kind of simulation. However, in the same way as there is a gap between theory and practice, at an industrial level there are still problems where, at the moment, numerical simulations are not used and instead, a hand-craft approach is applied. The mitigation of distortion in large aluminium forgings is one of these problems. Post-machining distortion is an open problem that affects every single large thickwalled aluminium forging assembled on an aircraft. The origin of distortion is the presence of residual stresses (RS) developed along the manufacturing chain, especially after the heat treatment of quenching. When machining takes places, it causes a redistribution at an internal level as the previous equilibrium state is broken by the material removal action. At a theoretical level, if the RS in a part are known in advance, a proper machining sequence could be planned with the aim to mitigate or counteract a warped geometry. This strategy is already implemented for parts machined from rolled plates, where RS can be considered as constant along the longitudinal direction. However, for forgings, RS are a function of the geometry and, as a result, a complex three-dimensional stress field is present. Important research efforts are done in order to predict RS numerically for forgings but still, the deterministic nature of numerical simulations are not able to capture the variable behaviour of distortions. At the moment, the current research direction looks at the distortion problem as something to avoid upwards in the manufacturing chain, it means, focusing the efforts in the steps before or during machining at latest. In the present thesis, we opted to follow the opposite direction, which means, how to proceed and handle distortion once it has arisen. To perform this task, the problem was first studied by conventional Finite Element Method (FEM), and then, by applying a non-intrusive Model Order Reduction (ROM) technique called Sparse Subspace Learning (SSL). The content of this thesis is structured as follows. In chapter 1 we introduce the distortion problem, followed by the definition and interconnection of the three main actors: residual stresses, distortion and reshaping. Then, a review of the available reshaping techniques is provided and finally, the challenges and perspectives for reshaping simulation are discussed. Chapter 2 presents two numerical models devoted to determine the residual stresses after quenching and plastic bending, respectively as the heat treatment is considered as the main source of residual stresses in aluminium forgings and the latter corresponds to the selected reshaping operation to be studied in this thesis. After its validation, both models are applied in the following chapters and they provide the reference solution to our problem. In chapter 3, we introduce the reshaping diagrams as a tool to assist the bending straightening operation. In addition, the residual stress free hypothesis is presented as an alternative to study the reshaping problem. This approach uses the distorted geometry as the main input to simulate the reshaping step by considering the part without residual stresses. Then, in chapter 4, a multiparametric study of bending straightening is provided with the aid of the SSL, so that the reshaping diagrams can be generalized for a previously defined set of parameters. Finally, as reshaping is an iterative and sequential procedure, in chapter 5, two consecutive bending straightening operations are simulated. Different reshaping strategies are studied and a methodology is provided to tackle in a more systematic way the open problem of reshaping.<br>Las distorsiones después del mecanizado de grandes piezas de aluminio son un problema recurrente para la industria aeronáutica. Estas desviaciones de la geometría de diseño se deben a la presencia de tensiones residuales, que se desarrollan a lo largo de la cadena de fabricación, especialmente después del tratamiento térmico de temple. Para restablecer la geometría nominal, es necesario realizar una serie de operaciones de remodelación muy manuales y que requieren mucho tiempo. El presente trabajo de investigación se centra en el desarrollo de herramientas eficaces de simulación numérica para ayudar a los operadores en el enderezamiento por flexión, que es una de las operaciones de remodelación más comunes. Para ello, se desarrolla un modelo de simulación de elementos finitos representativo de la cadena de fabricación, incluyendo el temple, el mecanizado y la remodelación, que permite predecir las tensiones y distorsiones residuales en piezas forjadas de aluminio de paredes gruesas. El modelo se valida con los datos experimentales que se encuentran en la literatura. A continuación, se introduce el concepto de diagramas de remodelación, una herramienta que permite seleccionar una carga de flexión casi óptima para minimizar la distorsión. Se muestra que el diagrama de remodelación no necesita tener en cuenta el campo de tensión residual, ya que su único efecto es desfasar horizontalmente el diagrama de remodelación por una cierta distancia. Por lo tanto, el comportamiento general que incluye un campo de tensión residual tridimensional real en una pieza forjada puede recuperarse desplazando el diagrama de remodelación libre de tensión residual por el desfase apropiado. Por último, se propone una estrategia para identificar el desfase sobre la marcha durante la operación de remodelación utilizando medidas sencillas de fuerza-desplazamiento. A continuación, se explora el uso de nuevas técnicas numéricas, especialmente la reducción del orden del modelo (MOR), con un doble propósito: i) acelerar el cálculo de los diagramas de remodelación; y ii) tener en cuenta varios parámetros del proceso, como la distorsión inicial o la configuración de la remodelación. Para ello, nos basamos en el método de Sparse Subspace Learning (SSL), un método MOR no intrusivo que permite reconstruir el espacio de solución directamente a partir de los resultados del modelo de elementos finitos. Con la solución paramétrica a mano, se puede encontrar la configuración óptima de remodelación en tiempo real, para minimizar la distorsión antes de lanzar la operación de remodelación real. Por último, se propone los primeros pasos hacia la ampliación de la metodología anterior, que combina los diagramas de remodelación y los métodos MOR, a un entorno multietapa en el que se realizan varias operaciones de corrección de la forma de manera secuencial.<br>La simulation numérique est reconnue comme étant la troisième branche de la science. À partir des travaux fondateurs de Turner et al. (1956) sur les éléments finis, des améliorations impressionnantes ont été apportées en termes de software et de hardware, de sorte qu’aujourd’hui, il n’existe plus aucun dispositif d’ingénierie (au sens large du terme) qui ne soit pas transcrit par une quelconque simulation.Cependant, tout comme il existe un fossé entre théorie et pratique, il existe encore des problèmes au niveau industriel où, pour le moment, les simulations numériques n’ont pas encore pris la place des approches artisanales. L’atténuation de la distorsion dans les grandes pièces forgées en aluminium est l’un des exemples.La distorsion post-usinage est un problème ouvert qui affecte chaque grande pièce forgée en aluminium à paroi épaisse assemblée sur un avion. Cette distorsion provient de la présence de contraintes résiduelles (RS) développées tout au long de la chaine de fabrication, en particulier après traitement thermique par trempe.Lorsque l’usinage a lieu, il provoque une redistribution à un niveau interne car l´état d’équilibre précédent est rompu par l’action d’enlèvement de matière. Au niveau théorique, si les RS d’une pièce sont connues à l’avance, une séquence d’usinage appropriée pourrait être planifiée dans le but d’atténuer ou de contrecarrer une géométrie déformée. Cette stratégie est déjà mise en œuvre pour les pièces usinées à partir de tôles laminées, où la RS peut être considérée comme constante dans la direction longitudinale. Cependant, pour les pièces forgées, les RS sont fonction de la géométrie et, par conséquent, un champ de contrainte tridimensionnel complexe est présent. D’importants efforts de recherche sont réalisés afin de prédire numériquement les RS pour les pièces forgées, mais la nature déterministe des simulations numériques ne permet toujours pas de saisir le comportement variable des déformations. Pour l’instant, l’orientation actuelle de la recherche considère le problème des distorsions comme quelque chose à éviter depuis le début de la chaine de fabrication, c’est-à-dire en concentrant les efforts dans les étapes précédentes, où au plus tard pendant l’usinage. Dans la présente thèse, nous avons choisi de suivre la direction opposée, c’est-à-dire comment procéder et gérer la distorsion une fois qu’elle est apparue. Pour réaliser cette tâche, le problème a d’abord été étudié par la méthode classique des éléments finis (FEM), et par la suite en appliquant une technique non intrusive de réduction de l’ordre des modèles (ROM) appelée ”Sparse Subspace Learning” (SSL).Le contenu de cette thèse est structuré comme suit. Dans le chapitre 1 le problème de la distorsion sera introduit, suivi de la définition et de l’interconnexion des trois acteurs principaux : les contraintes résiduelles, la distorsion et le redressage. Les techniques de redressage seront ensuite passées en revue pour finalement examiner les défis et les perspectives de la simulation du redressage. Le chapitre 2 présente deux modèles numériques consacres à la détermination des contraintes résiduelles après la trempe et le pliage plastique, le traitement thermique étant considéré comme la principale source de contraintes résiduelles dans les pièces forgées en aluminium. C’est dans ce cadre (origine majoritairement thermique des contraintes résiduelles) que sera étudiée l’opération de redressage sélectionnée dans cette thèse.Après leurs validations, les deux modèles sont appliqués dans les chapitres suivants où ils constitueront la solution de référence du problème. Dans le chapitre 3, les diagrammes de mise en forme sont présentés comme un outil d’aide à l’opération de redressement par flexion. En outre, l’hypothèse reste sans contrainte résiduelle est présentée comme une alternative pour étudier le problème de redressage. Cette approche utilise la géométrie déformée comme entrée principale permettant de simuler l’étape de redressage en considérant la pièce sans contraintes résiduelles. Le chapitre 4 montrera une étude multiparamétrique du redressement par flexion à l’aide du SSL.Les diagrammes de redressage seront généralisés pour un ensemble de paramètres préalablement définis. Le redressage étant une procédure itérative et séquentielle, le chapitre 5 explicitera la simulation de deux opérations consécutives de redressement par flexion. Différentes stratégies de redressage seront étudiées, et une méthodologie sera fournie pour aborder de manière plus systématique le problème ouvert du redressage.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent)<br>Tooth discoloration has increased the demand by patients to pursue aesthetic treatment options. Bleaching is considered a conservative approach in performing an aesthetic treatment for discolored teeth; however colour rebound and post-operative sensitivity are among the adverse effects associated with vital bleaching. In-office bleaching systems employ the use of high hydrogen peroxide concentrations. The effects of in-office bleaching agents on the degree of colour change and the gender differences in relation to bleaching outcomes are questionable. Post-operative sensitivity can be considered a bleaching side effect and the number of patients that experience it is unknown.Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the outcome of an in-office vital bleaching technique. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to evaluate the degree of colour change after vital tooth bleaching using a 35% hydrogen peroxide gel (Yotuel® Special, Biocosmetics Laboratories, Spain), using a spectrophotometer (CM-2600d Konica, Minolta) to measure the colour change at each intervention during the bleaching process, to assess the post-operative sensitivity during the first week of the intervention, to evaluate the patients' perception of the colour change and to compare it to the colour change (ΔE) expressed in numeric values and to investigate whether gender differences exist in relation to the outcome of the bleaching procedure. Materials and Methods: The maxillary anterior teeth of 22 patients comprising of 11 males and 11 females were bleached with a 35% hydrogen peroxide gel (Yotuel® Special, Biocosmetics Laboratories, Spain). Pre-treatment readings of the two maxillary central incisors using a spectrophotometer (CM-2600d Konica, Minolta) were obtained. Subsequent readings were obtained after scaling and polishing, before bleaching (which was used as a baseline reading), immediately after bleaching, one week and one month post-operatively. Patients were requested to complete a form regarding post-operative tooth sensitivity and their colour perception toward the bleaching treatment. Results: The quantitative effect of the bleaching material on tooth colour showed an increase in L* values and a decrease in a* and b* values, the changes were significant (p values ≤ 0.05) except for the mean value of b* one month after bleaching which was only significant between five and ten percent.The mean values of colour change measured as ΔE between baseline and after bleaching was found to be 3.4 which did not exceed the visible colour change perceptible clinically at a difference of 3.7 units according to the literature. However nine patients exceeded the visible clinical colour change immediately after bleaching. There was no gender difference in the ΔE values in the entire bleaching process. Tooth sensitivity is considered a bleaching side effect and in this study sensitivity was traced until the fifth day after bleaching. The mean value of patients' tooth sensitivity was found to be 1.73 in the first day on a 4 point visual analog scale. The mean value of patients' colour perception was found to be 2.14 immediately after bleaching on a 3 point visual analog scale. Spearman correlation tests showed a positive relationship between ΔE values immediately and one week after bleaching and a weak relationship one week and one month after bleaching. There was significant consistency in the patients‟ colour perception data immediately and one week after the bleaching process and a weak relationship between ΔE values and patients' colour perception one month after bleaching. Conclusion: Yotuel® Special, Biocosmetics Laboratories, (Spain) an in-office bleaching material consisting of 35% hydrogen peroxide was able to bleach patients' teeth with a perceptible colour change however the chalky white teeth desired were not obtained for all the patients. Tooth sensitivity was a temporary side effect.

PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO<br>COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>PROGRAMA DE SUPORTE À PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO DE INSTS. DE ENSINO<br>Após a experiência pessoal como psicoterapeuta no Hospital Universitário João de Barros Barreto na cidade de Belém do Pará, atendendo pacientes portadores de HIV/aids, este pesquisador deparou-se com casos em que os pacientes apresentavam em seus discursos autoacusações relacionadas ao diagnóstico. A partir desses casos, foi desenvolvida primeiramente uma dissertação de mestrado que se ocupava com a questão do trauma reinscrito pelo diagnóstico de aids e sua possível ressignificação. O projeto de doutoramento tem como motivação continuar as investigações sobre as subjetividades reconstruídas após o diagnóstico positivo para aids. Para tanto, esta pesquisa objetivou investigar a relação entre o sentimento inconsciente de culpa e o sentimento de vergonha, como propostos na teoria psicanalítica, e o sofrimento psíquico produzido com a comunicação diagnóstica positiva para HIV/aids. Falar de aids, nos dias de hoje, ainda é difícil. E falar de sexualidade relacionada à aids é bem mais complicado. Temas-tabu (sexo e morte, associados no diagnóstico da doença) e o imaginário sobre a epidemia de aids, sentenciaram ao longo de sua história grupos que foram condenados a pagar pelo pecado que trouxe a aids, colocando-a dentro de nossas casas. O preconceito ainda é muito forte em relação aos sujeitos portadores da doença, o que se manifesta por sentimentos de culpa e vergonha. Este trabalho visou, dessa forma, a contribuir para o desenvolvimento de saberes, articulando teoria e prática psicanalíticas levando em consideração a mulher, e sua inserção na cultura e sociedade, e pensando as formas de subjetivação envolvidas na temática da aids. Para que se discuta o impacto da aids, é preciso discutir a própria sexualidade. O que propôs com esse trabalho foi pensar os sentimentos de vergonha e culpa como mantenedores do laço e do pacto sociais e como o diagnóstico de aids é um evento que coloca em perigo não só a vida do sujeito como a vida social.<br>After personal experience as a psychotherapist at the University Hospital João de Barros Barreto in the city of Belém, treating patients with HIV / AIDS, the researcher came across cases where patients had self-incrimination speeches related to their diagnosis. From these cases, it was first developed one dissertation which dealt with the issue of trauma reinstated by the diagnosis of AIDS and its possible redefinition. The PhD project represents a motivation to continue the investigation into the subjectivities rebuilt after positive diagnosis of AIDS. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between the unconscious sense of guilt and a sense of shame, as proposed in psychoanalytic theory, and psychological distress produced with the positive diagnostic communication for HIV / AIDS. Talking about AIDS stills difficult nowadays. Furthermore, speaking of AIDS-related sexuality is much more complicated. Taboo subjects (sex and death associated with the diagnosis of disease) and the imaginary about the AIDS epidemic, sentenced over its history groups were ordered to pay for the sin that brought AIDS, placing it within our houses. Prejudgement is still very strong to subjects with the disease, which is manifested by feelings of guilt and shame. This work aims, thereby, to contribute to the development of knowledge, linking theory and psychoanalytic practice, taking into account the woman, and its place in culture and society, and thinking forms of subjectivity involved in the AIDS issue. In order to discuss the impact of AIDS, we need to discuss their sexuality. What has proposed with this work was to think of the feelings of shame and guilt as the bond holders and the social pact and how the AIDS diagnosis is an event that endangers not only the subject s life as social life.<br>Después de la experiencia personal como psicoterapeuta en el Hospital Universitario João de Barros Barreto en la ciudad de Belém del Pará, atendiendo a los pacientes con VIH / SIDA, el investigador encontró casos en que los pacientes tenían autoacusaciones en sus discursos relacionados con el diagnóstico. De estos casos, se desarrolló por primera vez una tesis que trata de la cuestión del trauma reintegrado por el diagnóstico de SIDA y su posible redefinición. El proyecto de tesis doctoral es la motivación para continuar la investigación sobre las subjetividads reconstruidas después del diagnóstico positivo de SIDA. Con este fin, esto estudio investigó la relación entre el sentimiento inconsciente de culpa y el sentimiento de vergüenza, como propone la teoría psicoanalítica, y la angustia psicológica producida con la comunicación de diagnóstico positivo para el VIH / SIDA. Hablar del sida, en estos días, sigue siendo difícil. Y hablar de la sexualidad relacionada con el SIDA es mucho más complicado. Temas tabú (sexo y la muerte asociada con el diagnóstico de la enfermedad) y el imaginario sobre la epidemia del SIDA, sentenciarona lo largo de su historia grupos que fueron condenados a pagar por el pecado que trajo el SIDA, colocándolo dentro de nuestra casas. El prejuicio es todavía muy fuerte en relación con los sujetos con la enfermedad, que se manifiesta por sentimientos de culpa y vergüenza. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo contribuir con ello al desarrollo del conocimiento, la integración de la teoría y la práctica psicoanalítica, teniendo en cuenta a la mujer, y su lugar en la cultura y la sociedad, y pensando en las formas de subjetividad involucrada en el tema del SIDA. Con el fin de analizar el impacto del SIDA, tenemos que hablar de la sexualidad. Lo que se ha propuesto en el presente trabajo ha sido pensar en los sentimientos de verguenza y de culpa como sustentadores de vínculos y del pacto social y de cómo el diagnóstico de SIDA es un evento que pone en peligro no sólo la vida del sujeto sino también la vida social.<br>Après l expérience personnelle en tant que psychothérapeute à l hôpital universitaire João de Barros dans la ville de Belém do Pará, au service des patients porteurs du VIH / SIDA, le chercheur a rencontré des cas où les patients avaient dans leurs discours des auto-accusations liées au diagnostic. De ces cas, il a d abord été développé une thèse qui traitait de la question du traumatisme rétabli par le diagnostic et de son éventuelle redéfinition. Le projet de thèse est la motivation de poursuivre l enquête sur les subjectivités reconstruites après diagnostic positif du SIDA. À cette fin, la présente étude a examiné la relation entre le sentiment inconscient de culpabilité et un sentiment de honte, comme proposé dans la théorie psychanalytique et la stresse psychologique produite avec la communication de diagnostic positif du VIH / SIDA. Parler du SIDA, de nos jours, est encore difficile. Et parler de la sexualité liée au SIDA est encore plus compliqué. Thème tabou (sexe et mort associés au diagnostic de la maladie), l imaginaire social du SIDA a fait que ces groupes ont été condamnés à payer pour le péché qu est le SIDA, tout au long de leur histoire, ces groupes ont été condamnés à payer pour le péché qu est le SIDA, le plaçant au sein de nos maison. Les préjugés sont encore très forts par rapport aux sujets atteints de la maladie, qui se manifestent par des sentiments de culpabilité et de honte. Ce travail visite ainsi à contribuer au développement des connaissances, liant la théorie et la pratique psychanalytique, en tenant compte de la femme, et de sa place dans la culture et la société, et des penser aux formes de subjectivité inhérente à la question du SIDA. Afin de discuter de l impact du SIDA, nous devons discuter de sexualité. Ce travail est proposé afin de penser aux sentiments de honte et de culpabilité comme détenteurs du lien et du pacte social et comment le diagnostic du SIDA est un événement qui met non seulement en danger la vie du sujet, mais aussi la vie sociale.

Initial work presented in this dissertation on extrusion supports the findings of others with regard to standard die extrusion. In addition, comparisons between ram and screw extrusion results were made and are briefly discussed. In relation to wide sheet extrusion, unusual flow instabilities in the form of central line splitting of the extrudates were observed for the first time, indicating that the chocolate was weak in tension. Solutions for eliminating for flow defects are also presented and mathematical modelling provided insight into the flow mechanism. Post extrusion mechanical characterisation of the extruded chocolate was carried out by means of bending and indentation tests and the effect of processing conditions on the flexibility and hardness of chocolate extrudate was examined. The results showed the presence of a two-stage, post extrusion rehardening process, which was consistent with earlier findings. In terms of stamping, the process itself and the effect of processing variables on the shape formability and surface gloss formation in the chocolate product were established for the first time. Optimal conditions that contributed to the formation of well-defined products with high gloss finish were identified. Product demoulding was also found to be facilitated with the use of a Teflon die. Both the wide sheet extrusion and the stamping process were simulated by numerical models using the finite element codes Forge 3® and 2® respectively. In general, good agreement was achieved between the experimental and numerical results. Moreover, a preliminary, semi-analytical model was proposed to describe the mechanism of surface gloss formation during stamping.

The term “moral injury” has recently been introduced to describe psychopathology resulting from perpetrating or bearing witness to an event that transgresses deeply held moral beliefs, typically in relation to military service. Two studies examined relations between potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) during military service, self-conscious emotions, and negative mental health outcomes. The potential moderating contributions of social support and psychopathic personality traits on these relations were also assessed. A subset of 40 of the 501 veterans who completed a detailed on-line survey was also interviewed to gain a more thorough understanding of individual experiences. Veterans who had experienced higher numbers of PMIEs were significantly more likely to experience depression symptoms and suicidal ideation, as well as guilt and shame related to their military service, but high levels of social support decreased the likelihood of negative mental health outcomes and subsequent guilt and shame; psychopathic personality traits did not moderate these relations. Qualitative analysis of the interviews confirmed that social support plays a key role in the prevention of moral injury-related symptoms. Social support was crucial to reintegration after deployment for many veterans. Results indicate that adequate social support following PMIEs may reduce the likelihood of psychopathology. Implications of this study and future directions are discussed.

This paper examines changes in share price momentum by comparing the share price momentum before and after the ex-dividend date. The study was conducted using price data from shares comprising the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) Shareholder Weighted Top 40 Index on 30 June 2015. Share price momentum changes were considered over 10 business days, 21 business days and 90 business days before and after the ex-dividend date. The results of the study are as follows: The share price momentum tends to be positive before and after the ex-dividend date. On average, the share price momentum is positive more frequently before the ex-dividend date than afterwards. Comparing before and after ex-dividend date share price momentum, there was no statistically significant difference over 10 and 21 business days. When comparing before and after ex-dividend date share price momentum over 90 business days, a statistically significant difference exists. The reasons for the respective statistically significant and non-significant differences are speculative and are not addressed in this paper. These occurrences could be investigated as further areas of research.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent)<br>NiTi rotary instruments have shape memory and are highly flexible and super-elastic. These properties of the metal alloy allows for ease of root canal preparation to ultimately result in a root canal preparation that has a continuous taper, while canal shape and curvature is maintained. It must be noted that the NiTi rotary instrumentation may have an effect on root canal dentine, which may manifest as dentine damage. Different NiTi rotary systems on the market vary with regards to their design features and kinematics, which may influence dentine damage. The purpose of this in-vitro study was to compare the effect of four different NiTi rotary systems, as well as stainless steel files on root canal dentine. One hundred and eighty permanent human mandibular molar mesial roots were used for the study. The total samples were randomly divided into six groups, where one group (n=30) was left unprepared to serve as the control group. The remaining five groups were randomly assigned to a nickel-titanium rotary instrumentation system and one stainless steel hand file group. Group 1: Control group; Group 2: Stainless steel files group; Group 3: Wave One (Dentsply Maillefer) rotary group; Group 4: ProTaper NEXT (Dentsply Maillefer) rotary group; Group 5: iRaCe (FKG Dentaire) rotary group; Group 6: BT-Race (FKG Dentaire) rotary group.The root canal preparations were carried out according to the manufacturers' recommendations, after decoronation of the tooth crowns. Sodium hypochlorite (5,25%) and 17% EDTA was used as a root canal irrigant and a chelating agent during canal preparation. Each root segment was sectioned at 3mm, 6mm and 9mm from the apex. The root segments were observed under a stereomicroscope at 12x magnification and digital camera at 40 x magnification for the appearance of dentine damage. The images were observed by the author and an impartial second observer. Root segments were observed for the appearance of dentine damage (microcracks, craze lines or fractures), and samples were described as having 'dentine defect' or 'no dentine defect'. Data for the different groups were collected and results were calculated and the total incidence of dentine damage was as follows: Control group = 0% Stainless steel hand files group = 0% Wave One group = 56, 67% ProTaper NEXT group = 60% iRaCe group = 60% BT-Race group = 56, 67% There are no significant differences between the groups: WaveOne, ProTaper NEXT, iRACE and BT-Race. However, there is a significant difference between the four groups and the stainless steel group (p<0.0001).

Spaces and opportunities for women to share, reflect upon and explore their personal experiences of abortion, are limited by a range of social judgments associated with having an abortion. This doctoral research project investigates how 23 diverse Australian women made sense of their abortion experiences, in ways that left them feeling better (or fine)1 about themselves and their decision. Within the study, a holistic approach to women’s experiences of abortion is adopted and a range of dimensions are explored: physical, emotional, intellectual, social and spiritual. The phenomenologically-grounded research methodology employed in the study proceeded in two phases, designed to access the ways in which women generate meaning about their abortion experiences through stories and their bodily-felt senses. The first phase invited each woman to retell her abortion experiences and how she interpreted them, via an open-ended, semi-structured personal interview or an online survey/journal. The second phase included eight women from Phase I who returned to participate in an innovative Focusing and Art Process, designed to access each woman’s subjective bodily-felt sense of her abortion experiences. The findings show that women’s responses to abortion are varied and multi-layered. Participants had a range of ways of making sense of their abortion experiences, including: engaging with alternative discourses about abortion, ideological resistance and agency, developing personal symbolism and ritual, reviewing their existential beliefs and developing spiritual connections. Each of these had implications for how they felt about abortion and for how they lived their lives. Inviting women to connect with their bodily-felt experiences of abortion facilitated their access to a resourcefulness and a positivity that tends to be obscured through verbal accounts alone. By adopting a broader framework for abortion, which acknowledges bodily, existential and spiritual connection, women, as this study demonstrates, have the opportunity to develop their sense of what they value and what supports their growth.

The aim of this paper is to discuss the outcomes of neoliberal globalization from the perspective of labor in the developing countries, with a particular emphasis on the crises that followed the substantial liberalization in capital accounts in the 1990s. Although a lot has been said about the effects of capital account liberalization on the macroeconomic performance of the economies, less attention is paid to the different effects on labor vs. capital. This paper analyses the outcomes of neoliberal globalization for labor in nine developing countries, and focuses on the episodes of crisis as part of the general class struggle where the question on who will carry the burden of adjustment is a part of the struggle. The paper describes the corner stones of the regime of growth in the neoliberal era, by analyzing the trends in growth, investment, unemployment, and labor's share in income, and discusses the effects of the shocks generated by crises on these variables. We empirically test whether the lower wage share has had any effect on unemployment, as the neoclassical theory claims, or whether unemployment is primarily driven by the goods market conditions a la Keynes. An empirical analysis about the cyclical behaviour of labor's share is carried on to understand whether the crises episodes change the effect of demand on distribution. Since the source of growth can also be important on how the generated output is distributed, we also discuss the effects of investment performance on labor's share. Then we proceed with an analysis of the specific consequences of economic policy choices on distribution, in terms of exchange rate and fiscal policies. Finally we discuss the core stones of an alternative policy framework. (author's abstract)<br>Series: Working Papers Series "Growth and Employment in Europe: Sustainability and Competitiveness"

<p> The dominant theory of PTSD and, subsequently, current gold standard PTSD treatments are based on a model of dysregulated fear. However, a growing body of research suggests that other emotional responses, like shame, are important contributors to PTSD symptom maintenance. The current study sought to forward the trauma literature by using an experimental paradigm to test if trauma survivors, especially those distressed by an interpersonal (vs. non-interpersonal) trauma, experience shame in response to day-to-day experiences of fear. This experimental study used a pre-post between group design in which participants (N = 178) were randomized to receive either a fear or neutral emotion prime with postmanipulation state shame serving as the outcome measure. As predicted, the fear emotion prime interacted with PTSD symptom level to significantly predict postmanipulation state shame. Among participants who reported an interpersonal index trauma and received the fear emotion prime, those with high PTSD symptom levels reported significantly more postmanipulation shame than those with low symptom levels. Interestingly, among participants who reported a non-interpersonal index and received the fear emotion prime, those with high PTSD symptom levels reported significantly less postmanipulation shame than those with low symptom levels. Exploratory analyses did not implicate emotion regulation skill deficits in this relationship. This study contributes to the literature by demonstrating the relationship of shame to daily experiences of fear in the maintenance of PTSD symptoms, but further exploration into the dynamics of fear, shame, and PTSD represents a priority for the field of traumatology. This is, in part, because shame may impede the treatment and emotional processing of traumas in current gold standard exposure-based treatments.</p>

Objectives: To evaluate and compare the color of porcelain veneers with try-in paste in relation to porcelain veneers with permanent cement. Also, to evaluate and compare combinations of three different shades and thicknesses of porcelain veneers and three cement shades before and after final cementation. Additionally, to evaluate and compare the color of porcelain veneers with cured permanent cement before and after aging. Background: Porcelain veneers and ceramic restorations have become one of the most popular approaches in the anterior area due to their natural appearance and esthetics. However, more conservative approaches have led to thinner restorations with increased translucency. A potential drawback to these restorations is that any color change in the luting cement can become clinically visible, and possibly affect esthetic appearance. Methods: One hundred and eight specimens were cut from feldspathic porcelain blocs (Vitablocs Mark II for CEREC). Three different Vita 3D- Master 1M1, 2M2, and 3M1 shades were assessed. All specimens were 12 x 14 mm, with three different thicknesses of 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 mm. Light-cured resin cement (Variolink Veneer, Ivoclar Vivadent) with three different shades was used. The specimen color alone, with the try-in paste, and with pre-cured and post-cured resin cement was measured using a spectrophotometer (Color Eye 7000A), which measures CIE-L*a*b* values. Specimens were subjected to 30,000 cycles of accelerated aging (Themo-cycling, Sarbi Dental Enterprises Inc.). Color measurement for all specimens was performed again and ∆E values between groups been calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way and three-way ANOVA, with level of significant set at α=0.05, to assess differences between groups. This was followed by post hoc Tukey's tests. Results: Statistical analysis showed a significant difference between try-in paste and corresponding cured resin cement. Pre-cured and post-cured resin cement values showed a significant difference between cement shades. Moreover, statistically significant differences were found between post-cured cement and after 30,000 cycles of thermo-cycling. Conclusions: The final color of porcelain veneers was highly affected by the different shades of resin cement and by the thicknesses of the porcelain veneer. The use of higher ceramic thickness decreased the ∆E values when compared to thinner veneers. Also, color stability of ceramic veneer restorations luted with resin cement, was significantly influenced by the aging.

In this study, the goal is to predict the microstructure evolution during and after the hot working of a martensitic stainless steel with 13% chromium using a physically-based model in the form of a MATLAB toolbox. This model is based on dislocation density theory and consists of coupled sets of evolution equations for dislocation, vacancies, recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. The focus in this work is on the flow stress calculation and the effect of second phase particles on the strengthening mechanisms in the material at elevated temperatures. Recovery and recrystallization are also studied for this alloy during deformation and following stress relaxation. The experimental part of this work was performed with a Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulator over the temperature range of 850 to 1200°C. Samples were investigated later by a light optical microscope (LOM) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscope (EDS). Hardness test and phase isolation were also performed on the samples and the results are compared with the modeling results. The model can satisfactorily predict the grain growth, recovery, recrystallization, and flow stress for this alloy. Further investigation on the second phase particles showed that the measured mean size of carbides has a good agreement with what is obtained from the model and the hardness values. On the other hand, the modeled volume fraction of the carbides followed a slightly different trend comparing to hardness values, and phase isolation results at temperatures higher than 1000°C. Additionally, the Ms temperature and fraction of the martensite phase are calculated for quenched samples where the results are following the measured hardness values. Finally, the Zener-Hollomon parameter (Z) and its relation to the flow stress and the activation energy for deformation are defined. The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) kinetic is modeled and the fraction DRX was calculated at various temperatures and strain rates for this alloy.<br>I denna studie är målet att förutsäga mikrostrukturutvecklingen under och efter varmbearbetning i ett martensitiskt rostfritt stål med 13 % krom med hjälp av en fysisk baserad modell i form av en MATLAB verktygslåda. Denna modell är baserad på en teori för dislokationstäthet och bestårav kopplade uppsättningar av evolutionsekvationer för dislokation, vakanser, återhämtning, rekristallisation och kornstillväxt. Fokus i detta arbete är beräkning av flytespänningen och effekten av sekundärfaspartiklar på härdningsmekanismerna i materialet vid höga temperaturer. Återhämtning och rekristallisation studeras också för denna legering under deformation och efter spänningsrelaxation. Den experimentella delen av detta arbete utfördes med en Gleeble termomekanisk simulator inom temperaturområdet 850 till 1200°C. Proverna undersöktes senare med ett ljust optiskt mikroskop (LOM) och svepelektronmikroskop(SEM) utrustad med energidispersiv spektroskopi (EDS). Hårdhetstest och fasisolering utfördes också på proverna och resultaten jämförs med modelleringsresultaten. Modellen på ett tillfredsställande sätt kan förutsäga korntillväxt, återhämtning, rekristallisation och flytspänningen för denna legering. Vidare undersökning av partiklarna i sekundärfasen visade att den uppmätta medelstorleken för karbider har bra överensstämmelse med vad som erhålls från modellen och hårdhetsvärdena. Den modellerade volymfraktionen av karbiderna följde en något annorlunda trend vid temperaturerna högre än 1000°C jämfört med hårdhetsvärden och fasisoleringsresultat. Dessutom beräknas Ms temperaturen och fraktionen av martensitfasen för släckta prover där resultaten följer de uppmätta hårdhetsvärdena. Slutligen definieras Zener-Hollomon-parametern (Z) och dess förhållande till flytspänningen och aktiveringsenergin för deformation. Den kinetiska dynamiska rekristallisation (DRX) modelleras och fraktionen DRX beräknades vidolika temperaturer och töjningshastigheter för denna legering.

Four fatal shootings, during police interactions, of unarmed people-of-color occurred in the Portland, Oregon Metro Area from 2003 to 2010 calling into question from members of the community whether or not the officers involved and hence their representative police departments had been racially profiling. Of interest in this study is whether or not cutting edge anti-racial profiling police officer trainings have an impact on how officers in Oregon perceive members of racial minority groups. A review of literature found that previous inquiries into racial prejudice among police officers may be present and that previous efforts to address racial ethics in law enforcement have had mixed results on officer perceptions of race. Using Whiteness Theory an examination was undertaken in Oregon utilizing a mixed methodological approach to answer three questions; 1) Do police officers report their perceptions of people-of-color being impacted as a result of participating in a racial profiling training seminar?, 2) Do police officers from the state of Oregon express having held a perception of members of the racial / ethnic community as individuals prior to attending a racial profiling training?, and 3) Do police officers from the state of Oregon report having held a stereotyped perception of racial / ethnic community members before attending a racial profiling training? Findings include that some officers may be racially prejudiced and others not, but that the training, according to those participating was not impactful upon their personal perceptions of people-of-color for reasons that they saw none or little personal bias within themselves although the seminar they attended brought police - race issues back into their conscious awareness. Despite the training being well-received by all the participants they suggested the training title and description may have dissuaded other officers from attending who may have benefited from its content and format. Transferability of the data's findings is weak due to a small sample size and other limitations of the study discussed. Nevertheless, conclusions about the effectiveness of the racial-profiling-training-under-review's ability to impact these officers' perceptions and attitudes of people-of-color are made and recommendations for police and social policy as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.

Each year the Department of Defense spends over $10 billion on its science and technology development efforts. While deemed an investment by proponents (and beneficiaries) technology development programs are particularly vulnerable in times of budget cuts. As the government moves forward with efforts to reduce spending the Department of Defense will be pressed to sustain current levels of spending on technology efforts. This situation is similar to the post-Cold War phase in defense planning when savings in spending were sought as a peace dividend. This dissertation examines the Department of Defense efforts during 1989-1992 to define certain technologies as critical to national security. Inherent in the effort to identify critical technologies was the desire to articulate technology ideology; to establish asymmetries of power and resources; and to patrol the boundaries of policy and responsibility. The questions are: What are the ideologies associated with technology development planning? What are the discursive mechanisms used to secure and reinforce power? And, what evidence of boundary work and network construction emerges from the examination? First, I distill from four years of defense technology planning documentation the explicit ideologies, the ideologies masked in metaphor, and the discourse strategies used to secure and sustain power. Following the deconstruction of the discursive elements I use Science and Technology Studies tools including boundary work, boundary objects, the Social Construction of Technology, and network theory, to further understand the heterogeneous process of defense technology development planning. The tools help explain the mechanisms by which elements of Department of Defense technology development form a connected structure. Finally, the examination yields a spherical network model for innovation that addresses the weaknesses of prior innovation network models. I conclude that in the face of uncertain budgets, technology planning relies upon ideology, power strategies, and boundary-work to build a network that protects funding and influence. In the current budget climate it will be interesting to see if the strategies are resurrected. The examination should be of interest to both the Science and Technology Studies scholar and the policy practitioner. And hopefully, the review will stimulate further examination and debate.<br>Ph. D.

<p>Hårdgörning av trä syftar till att göra materialet hårdare. Detta går att åstadkomma genom komprimering, det komprimerade materialet tenderar dock att återgå mot sin ursprungsform då materialet utsätts för fukt om ingen låsning sker. Låsningen kan ske mekaniskt i en treskiktskonstruktion som motverkar träets fuktrörelser. Dessa skivor har dock visat sig vara instabila och tidigare försök har uppvisat deformationer i form av kupning. Denna undersökning syftar till att utreda förutsättningarna för att använda komprimerad asp samt att ta fram underlag för framtagning av en kommersiell produkt.</p><p>Praktiska tester har genomförts för att studera hårdhet, återfjädring och densitet hos det komprimerade virket. Vidare har treskiktsskivor tagits fram för att testa om det går att få en stabil konstruktion genom att variera tjockleken på spärrskiktet. Även skillnader i acklimatiseringstid och fuktkvotens inverkan för virkets återfjädring har studerats.</p><p>Resultaten visar på att aspens hårdhet efter komprimering blir i samma nivå som bok och ask, en låg fuktkkvot vid komprimering av materialet ger en låg återfjädring, komprimerat material har en längre acklimatiseringstid till jämviktsfuktkvot och materialet går att låsa tvärs fiberriktningen i en treskiktskonstruktion.</p><br><p>To make wood harder it can be densified. This can be achieved by compression, the compressed material tends to return to the original shape when it is exposed to moisture fluxations and if no form of fixation occurs. The fixation can be done mechanically in a three-layer panel construction which reduce movements in the timber. These panels have been found to be unstable and previous attempts have shown deformations in form of cupping. This study aims to evaluate the conditions for using compressed aspen wood, and to provide a basis for development of a commercial product.</p><p>Practical tests have been conducted to study hardness, springback and density of the compressed wood. In addition, three-layer panels have been developed to test whether it is possible to have a stable construction by varying the thickness of the buttom layer. Differences in acclimatisation time and the moisture contents effect on the springback has aslo been studied.</p><p>The results show that the hardness of aspen wood after compression is in equal levels with beech and ashes, a low moisture contet provides a low springback, compressed timber have a longer time for acclimatisation and it is possible to fixate the material in the direction across the grain in a three-layer panel construction.</p>

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>機械工程研究所<br>100<br>The aim of this study is to assess clinical bone defects between an implant and jaw bone after dental implantation by examining the mode shape of structures. Different severity of bone defects was evaluated through structure resonant frequencies and corresponding mode shapes of the implant and jaw bone by using numerical analysis and experimentation. This study consists of two parts. First, the assumption of two kinds of boundary conditions, bonding and rubbing, was applied to simulate osseointegration in the clinical dentistry and the in-vitro bone defect model, respectively, in finite element analysis. Natural frequencies and their mode shapes of the implant/jaw were computed by the modal analysis. During the harmonic analysis, the response displacement versus frequency of implant in the buccolingual and mesiodistal directions were defined. Secondly, the structural resonant frequencies were measured by the acoustic excitation-displacement response procedure, and then this result was compared with using the detection of Osstell mentor. The simulation results show that the structure local mode corresponding high-frequency resonance can be used to examining bone imperfection remarkably. Limited by extremely tiny response displacement, measuring dynamic range of the capacitive displacement sensor, the acoustic excitation-displacement response measurement can only acquire the structure global mode of the mandible corresponding to low-frequency resonance. In addition, Osstell mentor can assess bone defects effectively. Therefore, the above-mentioned simulations and experimental results prove that the local mode is promising to evaluate the defect severity for the osseointegration of dental implantation.

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>企業管理研究所<br>100<br>China is the largest emerging market with the fastest growing rate and increasing importance. The dividend preference of China listed companies attracts attention in theoretical and empirical fields. Moreover, Chinese government implementes the split share structure reform in 2005, which may have influences on dividend preference. Our sample observations include all companies listed on the Shenzhen and the Shanghai Stock Exchange during the years 2001-2010 and the Logit and OLS regression models are used to investigate what is the dividend preference of non-tradable shareholders, state-owned shareholders and legal person shareholders before and after the split share structure reform and how the second largest shareholder affects the dividend preference of controlling shareholders before and after the split share structure reform. The empirical results show that the dividend preference of non-tradable shareholders, state-owned shares and legal person shareholders change from cash dividends into stock dividends after split share structure reform. The second largest shareholder will collude with controlling shareholder before and after the split share structure reform.

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>財務金融學系碩士班<br>106<br>Lots of researchers supported that the announcement of share repurchases was good news for investors. Share repurchases might be a sign that the value of repurchasing firms was underestimated or a signal of optimistic expectation for the future. Also, share repurchases could solve agency problem, improve capital structure and avoid earnings be diluted. Share repurchase is a vital mean of capital operation and dividend policy. However, the leverage effect and the degree of financial constraint should not be ignored when we exam the long-term stock price performance after share repurchases. This paper used WW index to separate whole sample into constrained and unconstrained two groups. Then, Fama & French three-factor model was applied and it told that these factors were significantly strong in explaining stock returns. Next, the financial constrained factor was put into panel data regression and was proven to be significant in explaining stock return. Finally, this paper used cumulative average return (CAR) and buy-and-hold abnormal return (BHAR) to calculate and compare the long-term abnormal return for each two groups. The result shows that in Taiwan, the listing companies in manufacturing industry had positive abnormal return after share repurchases. Also, the unconstrained firms had better long-term stock returns.

碩士<br>國立中山大學<br>機械與機電工程學系研究所<br>96<br>The fatigue-induced solder joint failure of surface mounted electronic devices has become one of the most critical reliability issues in electronic packaging industry. Prediction of the shape of solder joints has drawn special attention to the related development and engineering applications. Numerous solder joint models, based on energy minimization principle and analytical methods, have been proposed and developed. The methods are extensively utilized to the shape design of solder joint. However, it is important to find a suitable method to real applications. Herein, a series of experiments with different geometric parameters of SAC405 solder joints were carried out and the results were compared with the prediction by Surface Evolver Program. The changes of geometric shape with respect to different parameters of solder joint were also discussed. The influence of the geometric parameters, such as volume of solder joint, package weight, solder surface tension, and gravity force to the shape of solder joint were investigated. Two experiments with SAC405 solder balls were carried out. One is to observe the different reflowed geometry shape of solder balls with various volumes, and another is to observe the different reflowed geometry shape of solder balls with various loadings on them. The results show that the models made by Surface Evolver program are very similar to the real shapes observed by experiments, and the differences are between -3% ~ 6.5%. Thus, the results show that the predicted shapes are satisfactorily suitable. Finally, the predicted models by Surface Evolver program were also put into the ANSYS program, and preceded the fatigue life prediction due to thermal cycling tests. The comparison of the effect on fatigue life with respect to different geometry shapes is illustrated. The results show the shape of solder ball due to high loadings is better than that in thermal cycling tests.

碩士<br>中原大學<br>會計研究所<br>99<br>One of the financial statement’s functions is to provide information of firms’ financial performance to investors for decision making. The main purpose of this study is to analyze about the association among returns, earning per share, and cash flows before and after restatement. The empirical research of this study shows that after restatement the association between returns and cash flows increases and the association between returns and earning per share decreases. The study finds, after restatement, investors place more weight on the cash flows component of earnings, as compared to the accrual component of earnings. In addition, the study divide sample into two group: voluntary restatements and mandatory restatements. Compared to voluntary restatements, mandatory restatements focus more on revenue recognition, related-party transactions and fraud, reasons concerned with higher motivations for earnings management. We find that investors place more weight on the cash flows component in the mandatory restatements. The empirical results suggest that investors rely less on earning per share and more on cash flows in company valuation after a restatement, which may be due to a lack of trust and confidence in the company’s financial accounting system.

碩士<br>中山醫學大學<br>生物醫學科學學系碩士班<br>104<br>Background: According to the statistics, the prevalence level of myopia has reached over 90% of the population in Taiwan. The methods of control myopia include Atropine, multifocal spectacle, and overnight orthokeratology. Orthokeratology is a temporally non-surgical correction of refractive errors. The special design of orthokeratology lens can offset the patient’s refractive error when patient sleep. Due to the lens design, cornea is reshaped and thickness changed. Cornea reshaping causes the thickness changes in central and peripheral region and thus inducing high order aberration. Purpose: In this study, we will investigate the change of corneal central and peripheral thickness and ocular high order aberration associate with overnight orthokeratology. Methods: This analysis is a retrospective study of patients with myopia who had undergone Ortho-K treatment. Before the treatment, patients would receive a comprehensive ocular-visual examination; it includes the refractive errors, best visual acuity, corneal curvature, corneal eccentricity, topography and Wavefront aberration. Patients were examined before OK treatment,7 days and 30 days post lens wearing. Each examination include slit lamp examination, corneal curvature, lens fitting assessment, fluorescein pattern , refractive errors, best visual acuity, corneal eccentricity, Wavefront aberration, topography and pachymetry. Results: There are 19 subjects, 37 eyes (12 females, 7 males, mean age 11.31 ± 2.27 year-old). Mean spherical equivalent power (SER) is -3.27 ± 1.62 D. Corneal Apex refractive power has significant changed after wearing Ortho-K lens (p < 0.05). Corneal refractive power of nasal 1 mm (N1), temporal 1mm (T1), temporal 2 mm (T2), superior 1 mm (S1) and inferior 1 mm (I1) become significantly flatter after Ortho-K treatment (all p < 0.05). But there are no significant differences in corneal thickness change (p > 0.05). High order aberrations have significantly increased after treatment, especially Spherical aberration (all p < 0.05) and Coma aberration (all p < 0.05). Defocus aberration has significantly decreased after 30 days Ortho-K treatment. The change of Spherical aberration is positively correlated with OK Target Power (p < 0.05), the change of corneal apex refractive power (p < 0.05) and the change of the difference of corneal apex and mid-periphery refractive power (p < 0.05). The change of Coma aberration is significantly correlated with corneal asymmetry (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In this study, it proves ocular high order aberrations will be increased by the corneal reshaping after wearing Ortho-K lens, especially Spherical aberration and Coma aberration. In conclusions, there is a positive correlation between Target Power of orthokeratology and Spherical aberration. Coma aberration is correlated with corneal asymmetry. The more temporal decentration, the more Coma aberration.

碩士<br>東吳大學<br>會計學系<br>93<br>The legislation of Financial Holding Company Law relaxed the restrictions of the cross running business of the financial institutions. The financial industries can establish a financial holding company to own different financial subsidiaries. Financial subsidiaries create operating performance and promote the ability of competition through common marketing, operating places, operating facilities, operating staff, information alternative manipulation, and products combination. For this reason, this study will discuss whether financial holding company can increase market route and promote market share through cross running business and cross selling. The credit ratings corporation considers not only quantitative but also qualitative information when rating the issuers of the securities. The credit ratings corporation will offer a simple sign that represents the credit strength after professional rating. Therefore this study will discuss whether the subsidiaries of financial holding company can promote market position through cross selling, or obtain the supports of financial holding company to increase the financial ability, so that the credit ratings corporation promotes the level of the credit ratings. We investigated the differences between the subsidiaries of financial holding company and those of the non- financial holding company with Mann-Whitney U Test and Wilcoxon Singed-Rank Test. We used bank, bill, security, and insurance corporations from 2000 to 2004 as samples, except market share of insurance corporations from 2000 to the third quarter of 2004. This study found that the “security” subsidiaries promoted apparently both in term of market share and credit ratings. The “bill” subsidiaries didn’t promote significantly both in term of share market and credit ratings. The “bank” subsidiaries promoted apparently in term of share market, but not credit ratings. The “product insurance” subsidiaries promoted apparently in term of share market, but “life insurance” subsidiaries didn’t. The “insurance” subsidiaries didn’t promote significantly in term of credit ratings.

碩士<br>國立臺灣科技大學<br>營建工程系<br>106<br>In this study, UDEC software is used to investigate the effects of stress and deformation of horseshoe shape tunnel on unjointed, single joints and two orthogonal jointed rock masses. Whether the rock mass is plastically damaged and the safety factor is calculated to evaluate the safety of the rock mass. First, the horseshoe shape tunnel excavation was carried out on four different overburden depths (K=1) and four different initial stresses (K=0.5, 1, 2, 3). Next, discussing the case where the variation of joint dip angle is for a single joint through the right angle shale disk (K=1), and the two orthogonal jointed rock mass are at four different initial stresses. Finally, compare with orthogonal jointed rock mass with no joints and a single section. The results of this study show that when a single joint passes through the corner, the joint angle between β=15~75˚ the axial stress is large and the plastic zone is produced. The distribution of stress, displacement and plastic zone of two orthogonal jointed rock masses is roughly the superposition of the single joint β=45 ̊ and 135 ̊ trends. Within the scope of the analysis of this study, the most plastic failure was caused by two joint distributions and K=3.

The knee joint is unique in its design and it is thought that its articular shape is the main driver of biomechanical behaviour. Although the shape of the bony knee is acknowledged to change with osteoarthritis, the specific relationship between shape changes and function is not well understood. Deep flexion, specifically kneeling, is an ideal testing environment for the tibiofemoral joint because it is both a difficult and a desirable activity for people with knee osteoarthritis. Total knee replacement (TKR) is a surgery which attempts to restore the articular shape in order to enhance function. However, the influence of implant design on kneeling kinematics is unclear. This thesis examines the role of knee shape on kneeling kinematics before and following total knee replacement. The four aims of this thesis were to: 1) describe and quantify the main modes of shape variation which distinguish end-stage OA from age- and sex-similar healthy knees; 2) determine whether bony shape can predict deep kneeling kinematics in people with and without OA; 3) examine the published literature to determine whether there are any differences in contact patterns as a function of TKR design; and 4) to prospectively compare the six-degree-of-freedom kneeling kinematics of posterior-stabilised fixed bearing, cruciate-retaining fixed bearing and cruciate retaining rotating platform designs. Statistical shape modelling identified differences between osteoarthritic and healthy bony knee shape. Specifically: large expansions around the femoral cartilage plate; expansion and depression at the medial tibial border; and an area of corresponding bony expansion on the posterior aspect of the medial femur and tibia. Statistical shape modelling and image registration derived six degree of freedom kinematics were used to test for associations between knee shape and kneeling kinematics. The kinematic variability was described using bivariate principle component analysis. While we found weak associations between knee shape and kinematics, BMI and group (OA vs Healthy) also predicted kneeling kinematics. This indicates that factors other than bony shape are important in predicting kneeling kinematics. The third study was a systematic review with meta-analyses using quality effects models which characterised the influence of TKR implant design on kneeling contact patterns. The review found posterior stabilised designs were different to cruciate retaining designs, but the heterogeneity was high limiting any firm conclusions. The final study was a prospective randomised clinical trial examining the influence of TKR design on kneeling kinematics. The study found that posterior-stabilised fixed-bearing and cruciate-retaining rotating-platform designs had higher maximal flexion compared to cruciate retaining-fixed bearing designs. Furthermore, posterior-stabilised fixed-bearing femoral components were more posterior and the cruciate-retaining rotating-platform was in more external femoral rotation throughout flexion. However, there was substantial between-patient variability. This research breaks new ground around which aspects of bony shape are altered in osteoarthritis and how these shapes, and prosthetic design, influence kneeling kinematics. Furthermore, the methodologies employed in this thesis provide new ways of describing the variability in complex shape and kinematics datasets, which may contribute to the identification of therapeutic efficacy. Knee shape is considered to be an important driver for normal movement. However, the results of this thesis indicate that there are potentially other factors, including soft-tissue properties and patient-specific movement strategies, which might influence the kinematics of deep kneeling. The message for surgeons and other clinicians is that bony shape and TKR design are not the primary drivers of functional performance and that kneeling should be on their radar as an activity to which their patients should aspire.

碩士<br>國立中央大學<br>企業管理學系碩士在職專班<br>100<br>Listed companies in Mainland China are very different from those in Western countries in that most of them are state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and have unique characteristics. This study examines whether the effects of corporate governance on cash holdings for Chinese listed firms have changes caused by the split share structure reform. The sample includes the data between 2001 and 2009 collected from the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges. The empirical results show that, after the reform, both the proportion of independent directors and the insider ownership are significantly and negatively related to corporate cash holdings, implying that some of the corporate governance mechanisms are enhanced after the reform. However, the state ownership still has a positive correlation with cash holdings after the reform.

碩士<br>義守大學<br>護理學系<br>106<br>Objective: The objective of this study was to investigate how the shame and the perceived social stigma of facial disfigurement or dysfunction caused by oral cancer surgery affect social interaction. Other factors related to shame, social stigma, and social interaction in oral cancer surgery patients were also investigated. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 383 patients diagnosed with oral cancer were recruited from a general hospital in southern Taiwan. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews and structured questionnaires administered from February 1 to November 30, 2017. Outcome measurements included Social Interaction Scale (SIS) score, Shame and Stigma Scale (SSS) score, personal characteristics, and medical related variables. Statistical analyses included independent t-test, one-way analysis of variance, Pearson correlation, and stepwise regression. Results: The statistical analyses revealed a strong positive association between SIS score and SSS score. That is, the difficulty of social interaction increased as the shame and perceived social stigma of facial disfigurement and dysfunction after oral cancer surgery increased. Additionally, SSS scores significantly differed by occupation, cancer stage, tumor location, surgical procedure type, and consumption of tobacco, alcohol, and betel nut. The SIS scores significantly differed by age, occupation, cancer stage and surgical procedure. Stepwise regression analysis revealed that five factors accounted for 34.7% of the total variance in social interaction anxiety after oral cancer surgery: tumor resection with lymph node dissection plus reconstructive surgery (22 %), cancer stage IV (5.1%), occupation ( 3.8%), tumor resection plus lymph node dissection (2.3% ) and use of tobacco, alcohol, or betel nut (1.3 %). Six factors accounted for 55.2% of the total variance in social interaction anxiety after oral cancer surgery: shame of appearance (32.9%), social and speech concerns (18.8 %), , cancer stage IV (1.3%), marital status (1.0 %), perceived social stigma (6%), and tumor sites in the tongue, mouth floor and hard palate (5 %). Conclusions and clinical applications: This study provides initial evidence that surgical procedure type, cancer stage, and occupation affect shame and stigma of facial disfigurement and social dysfunction after oral cancer surgery. Therefore, healthcare professionals responsible for treating these patients should consider these factors when planning interventions for social reintegration of these patients.

碩士<br>國立彰化師範大學<br>企業管理學系國際企業經營管理<br>101<br>Due to the protected monopoly and neglect of channel management and brand building, the products’ market share of Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor (TTL) Corporation has been declined substantially after the full liberalization of the market. By the year of 2012, Japan Tobacco International has replaced TTL Corporation as the first place in Taiwan’s cigarette market with the most successful marketing strategy by deep plowing channel services to eventually creating brand loyalty. This study uses qualitative research methods based on the reports on 2011 and 2012 of Taiwan’s tobacco products market by Nielsen Company to analyze all types of channel sales data and branding building strategies. Through the focus groups from tobacco manufacturers and retailers along with the discussions by scholars and experts, some conclusions and recommendations are made for Taiwan Tobacco and Liquor Corporation to strengthen its tobacco products market channel management and brand building for substantial growth.

Classification: F276, F830<br>Based on a review of the background of non-tradable share reform and on the relevant documents on the tunnelling behaviour of majority shareholders and corporate governance, this thesis first undertakes a comparative analysis of governance mechanisms that restrain the tunnelling activities of Chinese listed companies before and after the share reform. Second, by using related transactions as the proxy variables of tunnelling, we could judge the changes in tunnelling activities before and after the share reform through the analysis of the relationships among absolute scale, relative scale and structural changes in related transactions and the share reform. Third, an empirical test was conducted to determine whether the tunnelling behaviour of related transactions decreased after the share reform. Results showed that the tunnelling effect of related transactions weakened after the share reform. The tunnelling effect of related transactions with controllable shareholders was not different from that of other related transactions as a whole. Finally, from the empirical research on the joint effect of share reform and corporate governance on tunnelling behaviour, we found that ownership counterbalance, institutional shareholding and independent directors did not have an effective function in restricting related transactions after the share reform. The share reform had a significantly adverse effect on related transactions by forming either total assets or total debt. This thesis appreciates the positive results of the share reform. As for tunnelling behaviour, more system defects may have to be eliminated, so we propose several countermeasures.<br>Esta tese baseia-se na revisão do quadro legal da reforma das acções não transaccionáveis e em estudos relevantes sobre o comportamento de “tunnelling” por parte de accionistas maioritários. É feito um estudo comparativo dos mecanismos de governação que limitam as actividades de “tunnelling” por parte das empresas chinesas cotadas, antes e depois da reforma. Em segundo lugar usam-se as transacções relacionadas como estimativa para o “tunneling”, avaliando as mudanças de comportamento após a reforma, através da análise das relações entre dimensão absoluta, dimensão relativa e e mudanças estruturais em transacções relacionadas. Em terceiro lugar foi feito um teste empírico para determinar se o comportamento de “tunnelling” das transacções relacionadas decrescia após a reforma. Os resultados confirmam um decréscimo da actividade de “tunnelling” após a reforma. O efeito das transacções relacionadas por parte de accionistas com posição de controlo não diferia de outras transacções relacionadas. Finalmente, o estudo empírico do efeito conjunto da reforma legal e da governação empresarial sobre o comportamento de “tunnelling” permitiu concluir que o equilíbrio da propriedade, os investidores institucionais e os directoresindependentes não tiveram um papel significativo na restrição de transacções relacionadas após a reforma. A reforma teve um efeito adverso significativo nas transacções relacionadas através da formação de activos totais ou da dívida total. Este estudo regista os resultados positivos da reforma do quadro legal das acções. Para controlar o fenómeno de “tunnelling”, é necessário eliminar mais deficiências do sistema, pelo que sepropõe um conjunto de contra medidas.

碩士<br>樹德科技大學<br>經營管理研究所<br>98<br>The archery equipment has been unceasingly developed and innovated. With regard to the skills of archers and the applications of equipment, the subtle differences are frequently crucial to affecting victory or defeat. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of different draw lengths and different brace heights on bow’s vibration and shaft shape after shooting. This experimental study utilizes a mechanical arm to control the process of archery shooting, an accelerate meter to take the message from bow vibration, and an infrared receiver in the shaft’s shooting path to capture its initial velocity. In archery shooting measurement, the mechanical arm shoots 12 arrows at each draw length and brace height. The data were processed and analyzed by Pearson’s product-moment correlation and average line graphs. Results: 1. Draw length is negatively related to bow vibration. 2. In the circumstance of different draw lengths, no consistent changes are noted on bow vibration with brace heights altered. 3. This study shows a positive relation between draw length and arrow velocity and a negative relation between brace height and arrow velocity. 4. Draw length is positively related to numbers of deviated fletching arrows; brace height is negatively related to numbers of deviated bare arrows. 5. In the circumstance of different draw lengths, consistent changes are noted on the full draw pounds with brace heights altered.

碩士<br>國立臺灣大學<br>財務金融學研究所<br>103<br>There is a so-called “Ex-right Effect” In Taiwan stock market, which means that the stock prices tend to have abnormal changes before and after the ex-dates, leading to abnormal return on ex-dates. Meanwhile, stocks with “high stock dividend” in China’s A-share market are also extremely popular in recent years. In Taiwan, the imputation tax system has been implemented since 1998. And starting from 1/1/2013, the investors in Taiwan must pay a 2% National Health Insurance (NHI) supplementary premium for any single dividend receipt higher than 5,000 NTD. Also from 1/1/2013, China established a new tax policy to differentiate the individual income tax on dividend income based on the holding period of the related shares. This paper studied the companies which announced cash or stock dividends during 2013-2014 period in both Taiwan and China’s A-share market, to prove whether investors can earn after-tax excess return, by buying shares on the day before the ex-dates, and selling on the ex-dates, both at the closing price. The results show that significant positive abnormal return on the ex-dates exists in Taiwan stock market. But net of round trip transaction costs, security transaction tax and the incremental income tax, only individual investors with marginal tax rate at 5% and below could have significant positive excess return. While in China’s A-share market, the average abnormal return on the ex-dates is significantly negative, therefore investors in A-share market cannot make profit by taking the one-day holding strategy. Additionally, for the reasons that caused the abnormal return on ex-dates in Taiwan market, the conclusions of this paper support the Hypothesis of Bargain Hunting proposed by Lee (1991, 1994): The higher the stock dividend rate, the lower the stock price after the ex-right (ex-dividend), letting investors to believe that the stock is underpriced, therefore attracting more buying forces and resulting in the abnormal return on ex-dates.

abstract: Private placement is an important financing tool for listed companies in China, and the lock-up arrangement is its supporting system. The Efficient Market Hypothesis suggests that, if investor expectations are unbiased, there will be no abnormal fluctuations in the stock prices of listed companies before and after the unlocking day. However, around the time of the unlocking of private placement shares, the stock prices generally show a V-shaped pattern. Through the empirical analysis of the Chinese A-share stocks from May 8th,2006 to December 31st, 2016, I found that from the 40th day before the unlocking day to the 90th day after, the stock price showed an evident first-downward-then upward trend. The lowest price appeared near the unlocking day. Meanwhile, the greater stocks fall before the unlocking day, the greater prices rise after that. The characteristics of the distinctive difference between the stock prices before and after the unlocking day can provide investment opportunities. By reviewing research on investor behavior, this paper suggests that the V-shaped pattern can be explained by the influence of investors’ psychological factors on their trading behavior. The general performance of the stocks before the unlocking day is negative due to the increasing uncertainty perceived by investors. After the unlocking day, the uncertainty gradually disappears and the stock rebounds. In addition, I found that stock returns during the lock-up period, shareholder background, and the length of lock-up period also had significant impacts on the V-shaped price trend.<br>Dissertation/Thesis<br>Doctoral Dissertation Business Administration 2018

碩士<br>淡江大學<br>國際商學碩士在職專班<br>98<br>Since a long time ago, Public Share Bank had always managed steady, and its customer base is quite huge, the deposit quantity is also quite high, and it has a lot of branches. All of the above are Public Share Bank’s advantages. Therefore, it is very suitable to develop the wealth management business extremely. If it can discover itself merits after this Finance Tsunami, it will have to be able to develop the wealth management business strongly in the future. This study was considered that the bank wealth management business was altogether composed of the four perspectives. They are the organizational structure, the human resources, the marketing mix and the information technology application. The study is depending on the exterior environment analysis and its internal environment analysis, moreover, depending on the SWOT analysis. According to the present management model of wealth management business of T bank (the case bank), the study forms four big strategies according to the above four perspectives, they are including of the effective organizational structure strategies, the properly human resources strategies, the innovation marketing mix strategies and the advanced information technology application strategies. Finally, the study makes some suggestions to the case bank under the four perspectives.

碩士<br>南華大學<br>旅遊管理學系旅遊管理碩士班<br>102<br>The rapid development of science and technology in recent years thanks to the gift of transportation, sightseeing tours internationally becomes hot and fast-growing countries in the world are all deliberately strengthen tourism resources development and marketing campaigns to attract more international tourists coming to increase foreign exchange earnings. Continental Travel Act since October 1, 2013 implementation of all its domestic and international tourism market travel arrangements are consistent specification mainland tourist groups shall not be unreasonably cheap tour, shall cause a specific shopping trip and expense items such acts, nor through shopping, tourism projects at their own expense to obtain rebates and strong small fees received improper benefits. Miss Mission to Taiwan market due to the impact of tourism law into the consolidation transition period, the travel industry in the past, groups of low-cost operation, will have to reflect the cost of fare hikes, the number of mainland China to Taiwan in the short term, especially low-cost community group potential will be reduced; but in the long run, mainland tourism law for the sound development of cross-strait tourism has a positive effect. These sightseeing opportunities includes shipping, transportation, catering, hotels and other tourism products, such as specialty, Souvenir, etc., dominant and recessive opportunities. Economic index represents the people's spending power, which directly affect to tourist hotels and related industries most affected, after this study, tourism stocks listed on the index performance with the new law mainland tourists travel to Taiwan to explore the relevance of the number of relevant results for the government in the formulation of policies and promotion policy as, the industry adjust the reference operating strategies, academic research related to the topic.

碩士<br>國立臺北大學<br>國際財務金融碩士在職專班<br>94<br>ABSTRACT A Study on the Announcement Effect and Value Change of Banks in Taiwan after Merger – with Example of the Merger of Specific Government Share and Private Bank by Hsieh, Juei-Yuan June 2006 ADVISOR(S): Dr. GOO, YEONG-JIA Dr. CHEN, DAR-HSIN DEPARTMENT: EXECUTIVE MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION IN INTERNATIONAL FINANCE MAJOR：INTERNATIONAL FINANCE DEGREE：MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION After going through the economic globalization in 1980s and 1990s, mergers have been widely practiced to meet operating demands and maintain competitive advantages. Local enterprises in Taiwan, to expand the market under fierce global competition, enter new markets, and improve the organizational structure, have begun the process of merging. As the global trend changes in the 21st century, the profit target and merger effect have been questioned, and the concept of anti-merging is emerged. Division and sale of merged companied become the trend. Enterprises are becoming specialized. The merge of banking businesses in Taiwan have aroused controversies. Therefore, this study intends to identify possible aspects of value creation based on the merger of banks in Taiwan, in order to find out early signs of success in merger. The empirical method adopted in this study was event study method. The samples were banks listed in the Taiwan Securities Exchange, announced merging from 2001 to the end of 2005, and completed the process of merging. This study, based on the Information Theory, discusses the announcement effects on the stock prices of acquirer and acquired banks, as well as on the joint venture state-private and private banks, and the long-term stock price changes, in order to serve as references to the banks. The results are as follows: 1. The announcement effect on the stock price: The announcement has significant negative effect on the acquirer bank and positive effect on the acquired bank. The decline in the stock price of the acquirer bank and rise in the stock price of the acquired bank is because the acquired bank has to hand out the right of management, so the share-for-share exchange ratio may have premium and is reflected on the stock price. 2. The announcement effect on the joint venture state-private and private banks: The announcement has insignificant effect on the acquirer bank for acquiring joint venture state-private banks. The announcement effect was significantly positive prior to the announcement and significantly negative afterwards, thus, the effects offset each other. It is because the acquiring of joint venture state-private banks has no effect on investors. The announcement has significant negative effect on the acquirer bank for acquiring private banks. It is because investors hold negative attitude toward acquiring of private banks. The announcement has significant positive effect on the acquired joint venture state-private banks. It is because investors believe that the management of joint venture state-private banks has no efficiency, and the merger could utilize the unrealized potentials, thus, the stock price of acquired joint venture state-private banks would increase. There is no significant effect on acquired private banks because the acquiring of joint venture private banks has no effect on investors. 3. The long-term value change: The longer-term values of banks acquired by financial companies, such as Cathay United Bank, E.Sun Bank, Taishin Bank, and China Trust, are increased, except for Taipei Fubon Bank. The result indicates that acquiring private banks has positive effect on the overall shareholders’ values, but acquiring joint venture state-private banks has uncertain effect.

Tese no âmbito do Doutoramento em Psicologia, especialidade em Psicologia Forense e apresentada à Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra.<br>Introdução: Os traços psicopáticos (Grandiosidade/Manipulação–GM; Frieza/Insensibilidade emocional–FI; Impulsividade/Irresponsabilidade-II) estão ligados às formas mais precoces, estáveis e severas de comportamento antissocial, sobretudo quando associados à Perturbação do Comportamento (PC). Contudo, ainda não existe consenso relativamente à conceptualização dos traços psicopáticos em crianças/jovens, não sendo claro se o modelo multifacetado da psicopatia é mais benéfico do que considerar apenas os traços de FI. Embora alguns autores sugiram que os traços psicopáticos possam ser uma estratégia adaptativa em ambientes psicossociais hostis, a investigação sobre as raízes evolucionárias da psicopatia é escassa. Aumentar a investigação nesta área é crucial de modo a clarificar estas trajectórias etiológicas. Finalmente, a investigação no tratamento dos traços psicopáticos é limitada, sobretudo em amostras forenses, não existindo intervenções especificamente desenhadas para o seu tratamento. A Terapia Focada na Compaixão (TFC) tem sido proposta como uma abordagem evolucionária promissora no tratamento dos traços psicopáticos. De forma a colmatar estas lacunas, esta tese procurou responder a três questões de investigação: (1) Qual a melhor forma de conceptualizar os traços psicopáticos em crianças/jovens?; (2) Poderão os traços psicopáticos ser uma estratégia adaptativa perante determinadas circunstâncias de vida?; e (3) Será que intervenções específicas poderão alterar os traços psicopáticos? Método: Esta tese incluiu seis estudos e o PSYCHOPATHY.COMP, um programa individual baseado na TFC que foi especialmente desenhado para reduzir os traços psicopáticos e o comportamento antissocial. Os estudos foram conduzidos em diferentes amostras; i.e., amostras comunitárias de rapazes e raparigas e amostras forenses de rapazes. Diversas medidas de autorrelato foram utilizadas para avaliar os traços psicopáticos e outros construtos em estudo. Os participantes da amostra forense foram ainda avaliados com uma entrevista clínica estruturada e os dados relativos ao risco de reincidência e ao comportamento disruptivo foram recolhidos dos seus processos na justiça. Resultados: Recorrendo a um desenho transversal, o Estudo I procurou responder à primeira questão de investigação. Uma Análise de Perfis Latentes baseada nos traços GM, FI e II foi realizada numa amostra forense e numa amostra comunitária. Os resultados mostraram a existência de perfis de baixos, médios e altos traços psicopáticos em ambas as amostras. Os perfis psicopáticos da amostra forense diferenciaram-se em variáveis relevantes: psicopatologia, risco de reincidência e agressividade. O Estudo II (uma revisão compreensiva sobre as raízes evolucionárias da psicopatia) e os estudos transversais III/IV tiveram como objetivo responder à segunda questão de investigação. Usando diferentes amostras (comunitárias de rapazes/raparigas e forense de rapazes) e um conjunto de medidas de autorrelato, os Estudos III/IV testaram um modelo evolucionário que incluiu a relação entre o impacto de experiências precoces traumáticas e os traços psicopáticos e ainda os efeitos indirectos da vergonha e do coping disfuncional com a vergonha nessa mesma associação. Foi ainda testada a invariância do modelo entre sexos na amostra comunitária e entre rapazes da comunidade e da amostra forense. Os resultados sugeriram que o impacto de experiências precoces traumáticas se associava direta e indirectamente aos traços psicopáticos. Com algumas diferenças, este modelo explicou parcialmente os traços psicopáticos nas diversas amostras. Os estudos longitudinais V/VI procuraram responder à última questão de investigação, testando a eficácia preliminar do programa PSYCHOPATHY.COMP. O Estudo V mostrou que o programa foi eficaz na redução dos traços psicopáticos e do comportamento disruptivo num jovem detido com elevados traços psicopáticos (avaliação pré/pós/follow-up). Através de um ensaio clínico (avaliação pré/pós-tratamento com grupo de controlo), o Estudo VI mostrou a eficácia do programa na promoção da adesão terapêutica e na redução dos traços psicopáticos em jovens detidos, considerando quer a mudança grupal quer a mudança individual.<br>Introduction: Psychopathic traits (Grandiose/Manipulative–GM; Callous/Unemotional–CU; and Impulsive/Irresponsible-II) are linked to the most early, stable, and severe forms of antisocial behavior, especially when associated with Conduct Disorder (CD). Still, there is a lack of consensus about the conceptualization of psychopathic traits in children/youth. It is still not clear whether a multifaceted model of psychopathy is more beneficial and accurate than CU traits alone. Although some authors proposed that psychopathy can be seen as an adaptive strategy to deal with harsh rearing scenarios, there is a lack of research on the evolutionary roots of psychopathic traits. Increasing research on this topic is necessary to clarify these etiological pathways. Finally, research on the treatment of psychopathic traits is scarce and limited, mostly in young offender samples. There are no psychotherapeutic interventions specifically developed and tested for the treatment of psychopathic traits. Compassion Focused Therapy (CFT), an evolutionary-based therapy, seems to be suitable to treat psychopathic traits. In an attempt to fill these gaps, this thesis aimed to answer three research questions: (1) What is the best way to conceptualize psychopathic traits in children and youth?; (2) Can psychopathic traits be seen as an adaptive strategy towards certain life circumstances?; and (3) Can specific and tailored intervention efforts change psychopathic traits? Method: This thesis comprises six studies and the PSYCHOPATHY.COMP program, an individual CFT-based intervention specifically designed to target psychopathic traits and antisocial behavior among young offenders. The studies were conducted in distinct samples of youth; i.e., community samples of boys and girls and forensic samples of male youth. Several self-report measures were used across studies, assessing psychopathic traits and other key variables. Forensic participants were also assessed through a structured clinical interview and the recidivism risk and disruptive behavior data were collected from their record files. Results: Study I presents a cross-sectional design aimed to answer the first research question. A Latent Profile Analysis based on GM, CU and II traits was performed with forensic and community samples of male youth. In both samples, results showed the existence of low, average, and high psychopathic traits profiles. The psychopathic profiles within the forensic sample differed on key variables including psychopathology, recidivism risk, and aggression. Study II (a comprehensive review on the evolutionary roots of psychopathic traits) and cross-sectional Studies III/IV aimed to answer the second research question. Using a set of self-report measures and community samples of boys and girls and a forensic sample of male youth, Studies III/IV tested an evolutionary model involving pathways linking the impact of harsh rearing experiences to psychopathic traits as well as the indirect effects of external shame and maladaptive shame coping strategies in that association. The invariance of the model across boys and girls from community settings and across boys from forensic and community samples was also tested. Results suggested that the impact of harsh rearing experiences was directly and indirectly linked to psychopathic traits. This model partially explained psychopathic traits in community and forensic samples, although differences were found across groups. Longitudinal Studies V/VI aimed to answer the last research question, testing the preliminary efficacy of the PSYCHOPATHY.COMP program. The clinical case study reported in Study V showed that the program was effective in reducing psychopathic traits and disruptive behavior over time (pre/post/follow-up assessment) in a detained youth with a high psychopathic profile. Using a controlled trial design (pre/post-test with a control group), Study VI supported the efficacy of this intervention in promoting therapeutic engagement and in reducing psychopathic traits among detained youth, considering both change at a group level as well as change at an individual level. Conclusions: Concerning the first research question, findings indicated that the multifaceted model of psychopathy may be more valuable for research and clinical practice than considering CU traits alone. Regarding the second question, findings suggested that psychopathic traits can be conceptualized as evolutionary rooted responses to deal with harsh rearing scenarios. Finally, answering the last question, findings indicated that the PSYCHOPATHY.COMP program was able to reduce psychopathic traits, disruptive behavior, and to promote therapeutic engagement among detained youth. Although early conceptualizations emphasized the appearance of sanity and the lack of emotional experience as core features of psychopathy, findings suggested that psychopathic traits can be seen as an adaptive strategy that disguises central emotional dysfunctions, acting as a mask of invulnerability that hides deep suffering. Overcoming this mask by building a compassionate motivation seems both an adequate therapeutic strategy and a fundamental therapeutic goal in the rehabilitation of young offenders. The promising treatment outcomes of the PSYCHOPATHY.COMP program supported its use as part of the rehabilitation policies of the juvenile justice system, potentially reducing the costs that psychopathic traits have on young offenders and on the society.

碩士<br>國立臺北教育大學<br>台灣文學研究所<br>94<br>The purport of this thesis is to explore and discuss how Taiwanese cultural workers face and manage with the policy of official language during 4 years(August 15, 1945 to December 7, 1949) after World War II. It is also to discuss if this process of managing combined the consciousness of Taiwan and China with delicate change. The research method of this thesis is including the historical situation thread of thought, confirmable historical data and text analysis. It is to discuss the sublime words with deep meaning concealed in texts by Taiwanese cultural workers. The full text adds up to five chapters. Chapter one is the introduction. Narrating research motivation and purpose is at first. Secondly, it defines research range and explain the important noun. Then it describes the research method and introduction of historical data. It reviews of related research of Taiwan language policy at initial stage after World War II by present academic circles. Chapter two arranges politicization of language. It is to discuss how the language in the initial stage after World War II become a tool to scramble for power by officals and how Taiwan cultural workers fight in language policy. How to clear up the hegemony of China(mandarin) and distinguish the self and the other is also been discussed. Chapter three discusses how the literature activity tackles language policy, reflecting ideology. It explores the influence of language policy to literature activity and psychology of Taiwanese writer at first. Secondly, it explores the Taiwanese writer’s works, reflecting the language problems and the meaning between lines. Elucidating on the form of the works and relevant controversy is the last part, explaining how Taiwanese writers present their latent but not apparent consciousness of Taiwan by the works. Chapter four explores what is the role of language policy in country identification. It describes improper language policy is helpless in official China consciousness shape of nationalism construct. Instead, it leads the possibility of intensification of Taiwan identification. Chapter is the conclusion, stating improper language policy of initial stage after World War II and derived relevant problems which resulting in the consciousness shape of Taiwan fighting with China. In addition, it has deep meanings in formulation of “the law of national language development” while looking forward to every ethnicity Taiwan unitedly today.