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1
Cunningham, Nathan W. "Drawing Down Bribery Risks: Complying with the FCPA While Doing Business in Afghanistan in 2014 and Beyond". Global Trade and Customs Journal 9, Issue 10 (1.10.2014): 464–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2014057.
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Changes in Afghanistan's security environment present challenges for western companies operating in Afghanistan; many will see an increased reliance on local partners, a higher tolerance of dangerous environments, and greater exposure to corruption risks. Given Afghanistan's entrenched culture of corruption, companies must minimize the corresponding risk under the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ("FCPA"). This article provides a primer on the FCPA's provisions to give compliance personnel guidance. It contains a description of certain payments demanded by the Afghan government from companies supporting U.S. government operations in Afghanistan to illustrate certain difficulties with doing business in Afghanistan as well as a description of the general characteristics of doing business in Afghanistan. It concludes with recommendations for companies doing business in Afghanistan.
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Atta, Ali Imran, Taimoor Akbar Chaudhury i Mustansar Abbas. "Taliban Annexation of Kabul and the End of US Involvement: Opportunities and Challenges for Islamabad". Contemporary Issues in Social Sciences and Management Practices 4, nr 4 (31.12.2023): 249–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.61503/cissmp.v2i4.100.
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Since the middle of the 1990s, Pakistan and the Taliban have maintained a positive relationship. Pakistan's aggressive actions as Afghanistan's eastern neighbor have contributed to the Taliban's recent takeover. After the Afghan government left office, there was a rise in anti-Pakistan sentiment. It is likely that India will end its structural presence and turn its borders against Pakistan. This study seeks to offer a thorough analysis of the effects of Pakistan's post-Taliban rule in Afghanistan. Pakistan is in a precarious position as a result of Afghanistan's quickly changing scenario and worries that terrorist bloodshed would increase if the Taliban are unable to unite other Afghan ethnicity and political parties to form a strong and stable government. For stability and peace in the region, Afghanistan must be stable as the peaceful, prosperous and stable Afghanistan ensures the collective security and stability of a whole South Asia and in particular, Pakistan. Moreover, the study put emphasis on the fact that Indian unnecessary involvement in Afghanistan is acting as a trouble maker to bring peace and stability in Afghanistan. Under the Taliban regime it is more likely that Indian involvement in Afghanistan will be minimized. Secondly when it comes to the geopolitical competition, international powers, in particular China and America will need to act wisely in the international affairs of South Asia.
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Zhiltsov, S. S. "The Problem of Water Scarcity in Central Asia: the Factor of Afghanistan". Post-Soviet Issues 10, nr 2 (4.09.2023): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2023-10-2-110-119.
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The article deals with the problem of water scarcity in the countries of Central Asia. Despite their efforts, the lack of water availability continues to persist. This increases tension in the inter-state relations in the region, as in recent years the countries increasingly face a shortage of water. Recently, Afghanistan has begun to influence the distribution of water resources in the region. Its actions are aimed at increasing abstraction of water resources from transboundary rivers of Central Asia. At the same time, Afghanistan has a right to act in this way. However, given the increasing shortage of water resources, Afghanistan’s policy may lead to new conflicts and exacerbation of relations with the Central Asian states.
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WARDAKI, MARJAN. "Rediscovering Afghan Fine Arts: The life of an Afghan student in Germany, Abdul Ghafur Brechna". Modern Asian Studies 55, nr 5 (7.05.2021): 1544–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x20000591.
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AbstractIn 1919, Afghanistan embarked on a series of reforms that led to the presence of Afghan students at various European universities, facilitating the circulation of peoples, ideas, and goods. Focusing on one of these cases, this article examines how an Afghan student engaged critically with ‘Western’ art and translated artistic ideas and technologies through the grid of Afghanistan's own history of the fine arts. Through an exploration of the work of Abdul Ghafur Brechna (1907–1974)—artist, music composer, poet, and writer—I argue that, despite his desire to train at German technical schools, Brechna translated, then connected, his Western training to restore Afghanistan's traditional visual and literary arts, making it problematic to define his oeuvre as purely ‘modern’ or ‘traditional’. The first aim is to situate Brechna within the intellectual milieu of Weimar Germany, placing emphasis on how he curated the course of his education to support his aims. By tracing out the evolution of his artistic knowledge to Afghanistan, the second part of this article connects his earlier training to the newly emerging scholars in Kabul who also grappled with national renewal and an ‘Aryan’ literary and cultural heritage. Lastly, I discuss his attempt to rewrite the history of the arts by closely analysing his visual and literary work, emphasizing in particular his attempt to reconnect to themes and genres that had previously been lost or neglected.
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Musawi, Sayed Zabihullah, i Jawid Ahmad Baktash. "Identification and Ranking of Cloud-Based Applications in E-Learning of Afghanistan: A Case of Public Universities". Elsya : Journal of English Language Studies 3, nr 2 (25.04.2021): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/elsya.v3i2.5796.
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Cloud-based Applications are suitable tools in the E-learning system, and they bring the most facilities in E-learning due to availability and on-demand self-services. During Covid-19 lockdown, while presential learning stopped and E-learning started. The Ministry of Higher Education has begun E-learning in public and private universities. Therefore, Afghanistan’s universities used Cloud-based Apps in E-learning, but these Apps are not identifying and ranking in the E-learning of Afghanistan. This study aims to identify and rank the Cloud-based Apps in terms of usefulness and effectiveness in E-learning using state-of-the-art, and its usage in public universities of Afghanistan. To get an accurate answer to the defined questions, mixed research was used. Therefore, an online questionnaire was distributed randomly to six public universities in six different parts of Afghanistan. The respondents were divided into two categories (lecturers and students) and asked to respond to Cloud-based Apps usage and effectiveness in E-learning. The responses were analySed using Chi-Square Tests. The result showed the most, low, and lowest useful Cloud-based Apps in E-learning. In conclusion, the research finding showed that Google Classroom was the most LMS, WhatsApp was the most mobile instant messaging, Gmail was the most E-mail server and Skype was the most video conferencing Cloud-based Apps in E-learning in most public universities of Afghanistan.
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Hassan, Neela. "Why Parents Sent their Daughters to School: A Qualitative Study of Girls’ Schooling in Kandahar Province, Afghanistan in 2018". Afghanistan 6, nr 1 (kwiecień 2023): 29–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afg.2023.0102.
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Afghanistan's history suggests that women's rights are integrally connected to cultural norms and political power. Known as the worst place for women and having the highest level of gender inequality in education, Afghanistan and its people are often portrayed in the Western media as passive and backward individuals with sexist and uncivilized cultural values. This study examines the questions of women's access to education in post-2001 Afghanistan based on the narratives and accounts of schoolgirls and their parents in one of the most insecure provinces of Afghanistan. The study was conducted in the summer of 2018. It draws on 18 semi-structured, in-depth qualitative interviews with schoolgirls and their parents in Kandahar, a southern province of Afghanistan that was the battlefield for the Taliban and American forces for over twenty years. The findings suggest that pragmatic reasons such as security, poverty, and access were the most significant barriers to girls’ education, challenging the traditional assumptions that perceive Afghan cultural values as the only obstacle to girls’ education. I argue that contrary to the stereotypical depiction of Afghanistan and its culture, local actors and cultural values played a vital role in promoting girls’ education.
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Barakzai, Homa, i Giangabriele Fini. "A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS: DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN AFGHANISTAN’S AND KAZAKHSTAN’S FINE ART OVER THE LAST HUNDRED YEARS". Bulletin of Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Construction 88, nr 2 (15.06.2023): 142–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51488/1680-080x/2023.2-16.
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This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the countries of Afghanistan and Kazakhstan. In terms of fine art, contemporary art, and painting, the study compares the two countries’ art history of the last one-hundred years with the aim to find similitudes and resemblances for the evaluation for an inclusion in a thematic conjunct exhibition. A Framework for Comparative Art Analyses is used to compare two Central Asian countries with ancient and rich art histories. Throughout history, Afghan and Kazakh art have merged and absorbed each other, and both have continued to improve and develop. First, the history of Afghanistan is taken into account. second, the history of Kazakhstan is considered. Then the elements of conversion and diversion are identified, and subsequently, a conclusion is drawn based on the parameters of the exhibition.
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McChesney, R. D., i Amin Tarzi. "The Life of Abdur Rahman, Amir of Afghanistan, G.C.B., G.C.S.I. Composition, Reception, and Influence on the Historiography of Afghanistan". Afghanistan 5, nr 1 (kwiecień 2022): 60–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afg.2022.0084.
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The fin-de-siècle Afghan amir, ‘Abd al-Rahman Khan (r. 1880–1901), is noted for many things, among which is the two-volume work The Life of Abdur Rahman, Amir of Afghanistan (1900), promoted by its editor, Sultan Mahomed Khan, and publisher as the amir’s “autobiography.” It was also said to have represented the amir’s authentic views on numerous topics—royal succession, administrative and judicial organization, economic policy, Afghanistan’s society, and the country’s international relations. That the work contained autobiographical elements is beyond question. However, The Life of Abdur Rahman (henceforward The Life), drew only selectively on known autobiographical elements and omitted or distorted much of what it drew from its main source, a “book of advice” ( Pandnāmah-i dunya wa dīn). A great deal of the historiography relating to this formative period in Afghanistan, especially its relations with the Russian and British empires, is based not on the amir’s own words but rather on those that Sultan Mahomed Khan put in his mouth and reflect the editor’s and not the amir’s thoughts. The Life has had a distorting effect on the historiography, both Euro-American and Afghan, of this period. The object here is to establish the autobiographical legacy of Amir ‘Abd al-Rahman Khan; the writing and publication of The Life and its translations, its reception by critics and scholars, and thus its impact on the writing of Afghanistan’s history. In a separate study, we deal in detail with Sultan Muhammad Khan’s treatment of the most important autobiography of the amir’s life up to his taking the throne in July 1880, his Pandnāmah-i dunyā wa dīn. 1
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Nadein, Konstantin S., Zubair Ahmed i Maxim Sergeev. "Distributional notes on Chrysomelidae from Pakistan and Afghanistan (Coleoptera)." Beiträge zur Entomologie = Contributions to Entomology 62, nr 1 (15.05.2012): 225–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/contrib.entomol.62.1.225-233.
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Die Verbreitungsdaten von 19 Arten aus Pakistan und 9 Arten aus Afghanistan werden präsentiert. Acht Arten werden als neu für Pakistan gemeldet: Coptocephala crassipes (Lefevre, 1876), Chloropterus ornatus Lopatin, 1984, Pachnephorus tesselatus Duftschmidt 1825, Macrocoma sacra (Lopatin, 1983), Macrocoma marquardti (Breit, 1913), Palpoxena pallida (Jacoby, 1896), Aulacophora impressa (Fabricius, 1801), und Chaetocnema belli Jacoby, 1904. Eine Art wird in Afghanistan neu nachgewiesen: Tituboea heptneri (Medvedev, 1957).StichwörterChrysomelidae, leaf beetles, Pakistan, Afghanistan, distribution, new records.
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Doll, Reinhard. "Eine neue Art der Gattung Taraxacum aus Afghanistan". Feddes Repertorium 86, nr 9-10 (18.04.2008): 507–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/fedr.19750860905.
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Harooni, Mohammad Zubair, Abdul Alim Atarud, Ehsanullah Ehsan, Ajmal Alokozai, Willi McFarland i Ali Mirzazadeh. "Gaps in the continuum of care among people living with HIV in Afghanistan". International Journal of STD & AIDS 33, nr 3 (15.12.2021): 282–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09564624211055299.
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Background Afghanistan adopted a “test and treat” strategy for all people living with HIV (PLWH) in 2016. In this study, we presented demographic and clinical characteristics of all people diagnosed between 2013 and 2019 and evaluated progress towards 90-90-90 UNAIDS targets and identified program gaps among PLWH in Afghanistan diagnosed in 2018. Methods We used clinical, behavioral, and demographic data from national HIV surveillance for 1394 patients diagnosed from 2013 through 2019. We also tracked 184 patients diagnosed with HIV in 2018 over 15 months to assess their enrollment in care, antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation, retention on ART, and viral suppression. Results Of 1394 patients diagnosed from 2013 through 2019, 76.0% were male, 73.7% were older than 24 years, and 33.4% acquired HIV through heterosexual sex. Of the 184 patients diagnosed in 2018, 94.6% were enrolled in care, 88.6% received ART, 84.2% were retained on ART for at least 12 months, and 33.7% received a viral load test. Of those with a viral load test, 74.2% were virally suppressed. Patients who were 35–44 years old (52.0%, p-value .001), acquired HIV through unsafe injection (62.5%, p-value .413), were co-infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) (60.0%, p-value .449), and with CD4 > 500 at diagnosis (64.7%, p-value .294) were less likely to be virally suppressed 12 months after diagnosis. Conclusion Nearly 95% of people diagnosed with HIV in Afghanistan in 2018 were linked to care and nearly 90% were on ART. Viral testing and viral suppression remain low with notable disparities for middle-aged patients, and possibly for those who injected drugs. Addressing barriers to HIV programs in Afghanistan, particularly for people who inject drugs (PWID), are urgently needed to reach the 90-90-90 global targets. Surveillance data on the number of people with undiagnosed HIV is needed to assess the first 90 target.
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Cordesman, Anthony H. "Afghanistan: Droht durch die „Friedensvereinbarung“ eine Vietnamisierung des Konflikts?" SIRIUS – Zeitschrift für Strategische Analysen 4, nr 2 (26.05.2020): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sirius-2020-2004.
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ZusammenfassungDie Vereinigten Staaten haben sich bemüht, eine Art „Friedensvereinbarung“ für Afghanistan mit den Taliban zu erreichen, die jedoch möglicherweise keinen Bestand haben wird. Es fehlt an einer klaren Strategie für Afghanistan, die über eine bloße Konfliktbeendigung, einen Waffenstillstand oder die Ausschaltung terroristischer Bedrohungen hinausginge. Ein Friedensplan für Afghanistan, der keine dauerhaften Regelungen in Bezug auf Regierungsbeteiligung, die Sicherheitskräfte und die Wirtschaft umfasst, wird zu einer Situation führen, die zahlreiche Gemeinsamkeiten mit jener Zeit aufweist, als die Vereinigten Staaten durch den Abzug ihrer Truppen aus Vietnam einen Frieden herbeiführen wollten – was letztlich zum Fall Saigons führte.
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Joffre-Eichhorn, Hjalmar Jorge. "The Memory Box-Initiative: Nonextractivist Research Methodologies and the Struggle for an Architecture of Remembrance in Kabul, Afghanistan". Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies 20, nr 4 (25.07.2019): 358–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1532708619863008.
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Over the past 10 years, the Afghanistan Human Rights and Democracy Organization (AHRDO), a Kabul-based civil society organization and arts-activism platform, together with various self-organized, local war victims associations, has fought an uphill battle to challenge Afghanistan’s entrenched culture of impunity and make a contribution to a more just, democratic and peaceful country from the bottom-up. The current article critically describes, theorizes, and poeticizes one particular aspect of this decade-long struggle, the so-called Memory Box-Initiative, inspired by Augusto Boal’s Aesthetics of the Oppressed. Challenging the fact that in many urban centers of Afghanistan, and in particular in the capital Kabul, a great number of public monuments and buildings are dedicated to war criminals, a veritable architecture of impunity, the aim of the initiative is the creation of a counter-hegemonic, victims-centered architecture of remembrance, taking place in a context of a highly contested Transitional Justice process. The main sections of the article address the following three issues: (a) the attempt by Afghanistan’s political, religious, and military elites to undermine the efforts of the country’s war victims to challenge the current culture of impunity by promoting a cityscape in the image of what they consider to be war heroes; (b) the response by the Afghan community of war victims in the form of the Memory Boxes and subsequent advocacy efforts in the public sphere; and (c) the embedding of the Memory Boxes within the larger framework of what is currently being theorized as “nonextractivist methodologies” as part of what is known as the Epistemologies of the South, as proposed by Boaventura de Sousa Santos. The article will conclude with a call for increased epistemological and methodological insubordination and the need for further research and, above all, experimentation in combining the Memory Boxes and the Epistemologies of the South in the global struggle for social and cognitive justice.
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Mangal, Farooq Jan. "Role of Media in Policy Making: Special reference to Afghanistan". International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Invention 7, nr 03 (14.03.2020): 5821–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18535/ijsshi/v7i03.01.
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Mass media (Radio, TV, print…) plays a crucial and vital role in information distribution and thus in the political market and public policy making. Theory predicts that information provided by mass media reflects the media’s incentives to provide news to different types of groups in society, and affects these groups’ influence in policy-making. The study emphasize on the role of mass media in political markets and its effect on public policy-making. It attempts to develop a theoretical relationship between mass media and public policy. The empirical studies have tried to assess the effect of media on policy outcomes.
Analysing various cases in Afghanistan, media influences policy makers and higher authorities to act in accordance of the suggestion and recommendations of media workers and institutions. In recent decades, policy makers have considered on media’s soft and proper demands based on their suggestions and recommendations, even many articles in Afghanistan’s constitution would be amended.
According to our findings, ‘Access to Information Law’, passed by president Ashraf Ghani, was a combine demand of policy makers, lawyers and media workers, who believed that legal information except the information that can harm national security should be accessible by locals and media workers through law. Similarly, Afghan Journalist safety committee developed a comprehensive policy against women Sexual harassment that will be discussed in the paper as a ‘Case Study’. Hence, the policy has been accepted by Government of Afghanistan and is implemented since then
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Mangal, Farooq Jan. "Case Study: Role of Media in Policy Making: Special Reference to Afghanistan". Integrated Journal for Research in Arts and Humanities 2, nr 6 (8.11.2022): 38–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.55544/ijrah.2.6.5.
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Mass media (Radio, TV, print…) plays a crucial and vital role in information distribution and thus in the political market and public policy making. Theory predicts that information provided by mass media reflects the media’s incentives to provide news to different types of groups in society, and affects these groups’ influence in policy-making. The study emphasize on the role of mass media in political markets and its effect on public policy-making. It attempts to develop a theoretical relationship between mass media and public policy. The empirical studies have tried to assess the effect of media on policy outcomes.
Analysing various cases in Afghanistan, media influences policy makers and higher authorities to act in accordance of the suggestion and recommendations of media workers and institutions. In recent decades, policy makers have considered on media’s soft and proper demands based on their suggestions and recommendations, even many articles in Afghanistan’s constitution would be amended.
According to our findings, ‘Access to Information Law’, passed by president Ashraf Ghani, was a combine demand of policy makers, lawyers and media workers, who believed that legal information except the information that can harm national security should be accessible by locals and media workers through law. Similarly, Afghan Journalist safety committee developed a comprehensive policy against women Sexual harassment that will be discussed in the paper as a ‘Case Study’. Hence, the policy has been accepted by Government of Afghanistan and is implemented since then.
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Lerner, Judith A. "A prolegomenon to the study of pottery stamps from Mes Aynak". Afghanistan 1, nr 2 (październik 2018): 239–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afg.2018.0016.
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That Afghanistan has been a cultural crossroads is no better demonstrated than by its glyptic art. The designs and styles of the seals used to sign, authenticate and secure documents and packages reflect the artistic and religious traditions of the Hellenistic, Iranian, and Indian worlds. A particular category of seal design is, to my knowledge, known only from impressions on the exterior of clay vessels; they occur at a number of sites in Afghanistan. Their designs differ in style and imagery from the glyptic art of the regions and cultures that produced seals used for authentication purposes and thus suggest that they were carved specifically to mark or decorate ceramics. Recently, a number of potsherds with such seal impressions have been salvaged at the major Buddhist site of Mes Aynak, 40 km southeast of Kabul. Some share motifs with stamped pottery from other sites in Afghanistan, but others are unique. This article is a preliminary exploration of the subject matter and style(s) of the Mes Aynak pottery stamps.
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Ghani, Bilquis, i Lucy Fiske. "‘Art is my language’: Afghan cultural production challenging Islamophobic stereotypes". Journal of Sociology 56, nr 1 (8.11.2019): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783319882536.
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Afghans and Afghanistan have, since September 11, risen to prominence in Western popular imagination as a land of tradition, tribalism and violence. Afghan women are assumed to be silent, submissive, and terrorised by Afghan men, who are seen as violent patriarchs driven by an uncompromising mediaeval religion. These Islamophobic tropes also inform perceptions of Afghans seeking asylum. In transit, identities are further reduced; asylum seekers lose even a national identity and become a Muslim threat – criminals, terrorists or invaders. These narrative frames permeate political discourse, media, and reports of non-governmental organisations (seeking donor funds to ‘save’ Afghan women). Drawing on fieldwork in Afghanistan and Indonesia, this article looks at how Afghans in Kabul and Indonesia are using art and other forms of cultural production to challenge over-simplified hegemonic narratives in the West, to open spaces for dialogue and expression within their own communities, and to offer a more nuanced account of their own identities.
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Oster, Jan. "Verstößt die Urheberrechts-Richtlinie gegen die Medienfreiheit?" UFITA 84, nr 2 (2020): 358–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/2568-9185-2020-2-358.
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Die Urheberrechts-Richtlinie 2001/29/EG verstößt gegen die Medienfreiheit gemäß Art. 11 Abs. 2 EUGRCh und Art. 10 EMRK. Die Ausnahmen und Beschränkungen der Urheberrechts-Richtlinie können einen angemessenen Ausgleich zwischen den Rechten des Urhebers und der Medienfreiheit im Einzelfall nicht gewährleisten. Der vorliegende Beitrag erläutert diesen Befund am Beispiel der urheberrechtlich privilegierten Berichterstattung über Tagesereignisse gemäß Art. 5 Abs. 3 Buchst. c) Var. 2 und des Zitatrechts nach Art. 5 Abs. 3 Buchst. d) Urheberrechts-Richtlinie im Lichte der Entscheidungen „Funke Medien“ (bzw. „Afghanistan-Papiere“) und „Spiegel Online“ (bzw. „Reformistischer Aufbruch“).
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Aldrovandi, Cibele, i Elaine Hirata. "Buddhism, Pax Kushana and Greco-Roman motifs: pattern and purpose in Gandharan iconography". Antiquity 79, nr 304 (czerwiec 2005): 306–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00114103.
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The authors show how the Gandharan art of early first millennium Afghanistan used Greek and Roman motifs to give an international context to Buddhist sculpture and reduce tension at home and with the neighbours.
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The Lancet. "Afghanistan: the international community must act". Lancet 398, nr 10314 (listopad 2021): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02535-6.
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Cryer, R. "The Fine Art of Friendship: Jus in Bello in Afghanistan". Journal of Conflict and Security Law 7, nr 1 (1.04.2002): 37–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcsl/7.1.37.
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Cambon, Pierre. "Pakistan / Afghanistan". Arts asiatiques 75, nr 1 (2020): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arasi.2020.2071.
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Cambon, Pierre. "Pakistan / Afghanistan". Arts asiatiques 73, nr 1 (2018): 105–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arasi.2018.2001.
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Cambon, Pierre. "Pakistan / Afghanistan". Arts asiatiques 74, nr 1 (2019): 98–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/arasi.2019.2033.
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Cahill, Susan. "The Art of War: Painted Photographs and Australia’s “War on Terror”". RACAR : Revue d'art canadienne 39, nr 2 (9.12.2014): 71–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027750ar.
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De novembre 2008 à décembre 2010, l’exposition Framing Conflict : Iraq and Afghanistan est présentée dans un grand nombre d’institutions culturelles et militaires à travers l’Australie. Organisée par le Australian War Memorial et sous l’égide du commissaire Warwick Heywood, elle est principalement composée d’huiles sur toile de lin réalisées par le duo d’artistes australiens Lyndell Brown et Charles Green. Leurs oeuvres s’appuient sur une série de photographies prises en 2007 pendant leur « embarquement » (« embed ») en tant qu’artistes officiels du War Art Scheme, au sein de la Australian Defense Force basée en Afghanistan et au Moyen-Orient. J’examine ces peintures réalisées sur commande par Brown et Green dans le but d’explorer la façon dont ces artistes complexifient les attentes par rapport à l’art commandité par l’État et les récits officiels de l’histoire militaire australienne. Pour ce faire, j’effectue un rapprochement entre une analyse de ce que les tableaux dépeignent et la manière dont les artistes ont négocié leur rôle en tant qu’héritiers d’une mémoire de l’art militaire, et ce, en lien avec leur propre pratique esthétique, leurs croyances politiques, et le contexte plus large du rôle de l’Australie dans « la guerre au terrorisme » internationale.
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Makhmudova, Malika, i Muhayyo Makhmudova. "ISLAMIC STYLE IN LANDSCAPE DESIGN ON THE EXAMPLE OF ANCIENT GARDENS OF THE TEMURID PERIOD". SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 5 (20.05.2020): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol5.4990.
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The article considers the history of the creation and development of the Islamic garden, the characteristic features of landscape gardening art in the Islamic style through the prism of the development of ancient gardens of the Temurid period, in particular, on examples of gardens in Central Asia, Afghanistan and India, and other countries, including their perspectives development, as well as proposals for the creation of modern landscape design. Today, with the urbanization and the growth of cities, less territory remains for the green zone, therefore one of the main problems throughout the world is the preservation of the environment, and especially landscape architecture. Gardening art has come a long way and many masterpieces have been irretrievably lost. Today, all aspects of the history and development of Islamic-style gardens and parks are still not disclosed. For this reason the issue of studying traditional Islamic-style gardens and, of course, reviving the traditional park-building culture of the Temurids and Baburids era was raised in Uzbekistan to create a green environment of historical sites and national parks. As a result of the research, the following were considered and identified: the history of the development of Islamic landscape design, the types of gardens in the Islamic style, the history of the creation of various gardens, their names, planning and compositional solutions, characteristic features, decorative techniques for building gardens in Central Asia, Afghanistan, India, technical and water devices used in the Temurid Gardens, as well as the importance of the Temurids dynasty in creating gardens and parks in Afghanistan and India. The conducted research, the experience of designing and creating Islamic gardens in Central Asia, Afghanistan, India and other countries will allow using the recommendations aimed at creating a modern garden in the Islamic style not only in Uzbekistan, but in other countries.
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Davenport, Meredith. "Review: Afghanistan: Between Hope and Fear, by Paula Bronstein". Afterimage 44, nr 4 (1.01.2017): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aft.2017.44.4.46.
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Mock, John. "Khandut revisited: Monuments, shrines, and newly discovered rock art in Wakhan District". Afghanistan 1, nr 2 (październik 2018): 282–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afg.2018.0018.
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In 1972, a brief article titled “Khandud, Village de la Vallée du Wakhan” appeared in Afghanistan 25. The subsequent decades of conflict precluded any follow-up research in Wakhan. The current article, based on field work from 2004 to 2016, examines the present condition of the sites described in 1972, offers a revised analysis of their significance, and introduces newly discovered rock art that connects Wakhan with the Saka culture of Central Asia and illustrates indigenous traditions of the Pamir-Hindukush ethnolinguistic region.
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Rooney, Jane. "Crown act of state and detention in Afghanistan". Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 71, nr 2 (14.08.2020): 109–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v71i2.314.
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The Serdar Mohammed litigation signalled a decisive change in judicial attitude towards scrutiny of extraterritorial executive action in armed conflict. The most significant indicator of a change in judicial attitude was the reinstatement of the act of state doctrine in the private law claim in tort. Act of state bars tort claims against the Crown when the Crown acts outside of its territory. The UK Supreme Court characterised act of state as a non-justiciability doctrine. The article argues that the UK Supreme Court exercised extreme deference in its adjudication of the act of state in the private law claim. This deference was then mirrored in the reasoning employed in the public law claim under the Human Rights Act 1998, departing from international and domestic standards on detention in armed conflict.
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Daulatzai, Anila. "Acknowledging Afghanistan". Cultural Dynamics 18, nr 3 (listopad 2006): 293–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0921374006071616.
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Saud, Adam, i Muaz Ullah Khan. "Geo-Politics of Afghanistan under Taliban Regime:". Central Asia 91, Winter (20.01.2023): 39–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54418/ca-91.181.
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Abstract
Taliban seized power in Kabul on 15th August 2021 after the abrupt pulling out of US and NATO forces from Afghanistan. Taliban assured international community about the human rights protection, women education, freedom of media, and no use of Afghan soil by terrorists against any other country. These assurances appraised international community not to oppose their regime. However, after more than a year has passed, future of Afghanistan is still uncertain. This study tries to analyse the geo-politics of Afghanistan after the fall of Kabul to Taliban. It tries to explore the reasons for non-confrontationist policies by the neighboring states as well as regional powers. Qualitative methodology with secondary sources has been used in this research. Findings of the research reveal that despite assurances by Taliban regime, Afghanistan is gradually plunging into the similar situation of 1990s. However, from regional integration perspective, there are high hopes that it can act as bridge between Central and South Asia and China with the Persian Gulf. Regional countries must contribute for the peace and development of Afghanistan by supporting the people of Afghanistan to decide their future. Afghanistan can either be a roundabout or a dead end street for the regional states that depends on the region’s policies towards it.
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Balcerowicz, Piotr. "Pre-Islamic art of Afghanistan and Pakistan. A survey of research interest". Art of the Orient 7, nr 1 (31.12.2018): 171–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/aoto201811.
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Bekmurat, R. B., i А. Ye Serikkaliyeva. "Analysis of China's investment in Afghanistan". BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University.Political Science. Regional Studies. Oriental Studies. Turkology Series. 139, nr 2 (2022): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6887/2022-139-2-139-150.
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Throughout history, Sino-Afghan relations have been considered friendly. Afghanistan illustrates many security problems for China. First, Afghanistan, which was plunged into a series of wars and conflicts, suffered from protracted wars and instability, and was left with an underdeveloped economy and a poor population. These situations not only deprived Afghanistan of peace and stability but also had a negative impact on border regions and countries. Although, as neighboring countries, China and Afghanistan are connected by a very short length, the insecurity in Afghanistan remains a constant problem for the Chinese government since Afghanistan has become one of the largest sources of drug trafficking to China. Secondly, the country’s internal security and stability are particularly vulnerable to the spread of terrorism and extremism from Afghanistan. Thirdly, instability affects the activity and security of Chinese investment projects. In view of the constant threat of terrorism, China will take decisive steps to strengthen security measures and intensify economic ties. In resolving the Afghan problem, China will act at the international and regional levels so that the Afghan issue meets the geopolitical and economic interests. This article analyzes China’s investment activities in Afghanistan and provides an overview of the relations between the two countries in historical retrospect with an emphasis on China’s national interests and policy in Afghanistan. The authors consider the statements of the parties after the withdrawal of the United States troops, analyze the channels of humanitarian ties, and give cases on the largest investment projects of China in Afghanistan. The article identifies the main motives and goals of Beijing’s investment policy in Afghanistan, with an emphasis on changing the agenda of relations between the two countries after the recognition of the Taliban by Beijing.
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Mufti, Nasser. "Kipling’s Art of War". Nineteenth-Century Literature 70, nr 4 (1.03.2016): 496–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2016.70.4.496.
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Nasser Mufti, “Kipling’s Art of War” (pp. 496–519) This essay looks at the British empire’s most ambitious years, when it saw Britain and its settler colonies as belonging to a global nation-state, most commonly referred to as “Greater Britain.” The apex of this imperial-national imagination came with the outbreak of the Second Anglo-Boer War, which jingoists like Arthur Conan Doyle and Rudyard Kipling celebrated as a civil war because it was seen to be a conflict between the “blood brotherhood” of empire: Britons and Boers. Hence the characterization of the Boer War as “the last of the gentleman’s wars” or “a sahibs’ war,” because it was said to be fought between the civilized fellow-citizens of the British empire. But Kipling also had to confront the fact that British and Boer tactics were decidedly “ungentlemanly” at the war front. I turn to his short story “A Sahibs’ War” (1901), which is especially concerned about the “gentleman’s war” in South Africa looking identical to anticolonial wars in Afghanistan and Burma, which in Kipling’s mind were barbaric frontier conflicts. Kipling registers this ambivalence between civil and colonial war in the language of his story, which strategically puns across English, Afrikaans and Urdu/Hindi. These translingual puns make legible and sensible the tensions between the intra-national and extra-national, domestic and foreign, civil and imperial that characterized Greater British discourse at the turn of the century.
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Yao-Tian, Fan, i Wang Li. "Parsing China’s geostrategic designs in the post-war Afghanistan". International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 20, nr 3 (30.09.2022): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2022.20.3.70.1.
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China boasts prolonged history of relations with Afghanistan. Throughout the 2010s, China has seen Afghanistan as a key part of what can be described the dynamically transnational “Belt-Road-Initiative”. Now with the Taliban takeover of the country, the question arises how China would be able to play a premier role in the post-war Afghanistan while trying to shun itself to be embroiled into the geopolitical mire as the superpowers did in history? The current study addresses two questions through an analytical-empirical approach to how China will realize its geostrategic design in Afghanistan. First, what are China’s objectives which are supposed to differ from those of the USSR and the USA? Second, why would China likely succeed in the country where the superpowers had failed before? Over the past decades, China has geared up its strategic ties with Russia, Pakistan, Iran, known as the Eurasian partners on the Afghan issue, and Central Asian states which are either the neighbors of Afghanistan or the member states of the SCO. Since Beijing endorses multilateralism and inclusive partnership in foreign affairs, it will unlikely act alone on the issue of Afghanistan. Rather, China is supposed to work on it through triple-level platforms–the Eurasian partners, SCO member states with border proximity of Afghanistan and the multilateral organizations such as the U.N. and the G-20–to fulfill its geostrategic designs in Afghanistan.
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Aigner, Bernhard. "Digitalisierungsprojekte zu Afghanistan". Bibliotheksdienst 55, nr 12 (1.11.2021): 881–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bd-2021-0122.
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Zusammenfassung Dieser Aufsatz liefert einen kurzen Überblick über das afghanische Bibliothekswesen. Im Zentrum stehen dabei zwei Digitalisierungsprojekte. Nach dem Einmarsch der US-Truppen folgten bald auch US-amerikanische Bibliothekar*innen zur Aufbauhilfe. Zudem wurden zahlreiche Öffentliche und wissenschaftliche Bibliotheken gegründet. Mit der „Digital Foundation Strategy for Afghanistan“ der afghanischen Regierung für die Jahre 2019 bis 2022 hätte wieder eine neue Entwicklungsstufe des Landes erreicht werden können. Durch den Abzug der NATO-Truppen und der Rückkehr der Taliban steht dies alles jedoch nun auf der Kippe.
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Kłagisz, Mateusz M. P. "Pro-Regime Posters in the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan". Iran and the Caucasus 25, nr 2 (25.06.2021): 208–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20210209.
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The article discusses three Afghan posters as a source of information on the political system between 1978 and 1992 and its internal dynamics. The posters are an integral part of Afghan visual culture and at the same time they are an inseparable element of the broader propaganda culture developed by communist parties. Consequently, such categories as unity, utility and wishful thinking characteristic for the socialist realist art and propaganda put the posters in the broadly understood phenomenon of Orwellian newspeak. To discuss their Orwellian dimension theoretical tools developed by Umberto Eco have been applied.
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Rošker, Jana S. "Introduction". Asian Studies 9, nr 1 (7.01.2021): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2021.9.1.7-9.
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This issue of the journal Asian Studies will examine the cultural, social and intellectual legacies of the various Asian regions. Its geographical scope extends from China to Iran and from Afghanistan to Fujian. It examines different aspects of history, from classical and modern intellectual history to art, political and gender history. It clearly shows that the history of this vast and diverse region is complex.
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Rošker, Jana S. "Introduction". Asian Studies 9, nr 1 (7.01.2021): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2021.9.1.7-9.
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This issue of the journal Asian Studies will examine the cultural, social and intellectual legacies of the various Asian regions. Its geographical scope extends from China to Iran and from Afghanistan to Fujian. It examines different aspects of history, from classical and modern intellectual history to art, political and gender history. It clearly shows that the history of this vast and diverse region is complex.
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Meharry, J. Eva. "The archaeology of Afghanistan revisited". Antiquity 94, nr 376 (17.07.2020): 1084–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.15184/aqy.2020.96.
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The discipline of archaeology in Afghanistan was at a turning point when the original editions of The archaeology of Afghanistan and the Archaeological gazetteer of Afghanistan were published in 1978 and 1982, respectively. The first three decades of modern archaeological activity in Afghanistan (1920s–1940s) were dominated by French archaeologists who primarily focused on the pre-Islamic past, particularly the Buddhist period. Following the Second World War, however, Afghanistan gradually opened archaeological practice to a more international community. Consequently, the scope of archaeological exploration expanded to include more robust studies of the prehistoric, pre-Islamic and Islamic periods. In the 1960s, the Afghan Institute of Archaeology began conducting its own excavations, and by the late 1970s, national and international excavations were uncovering exciting new discoveries across the country. These archaeological activities largely halted as Afghanistan descended into chaos during the Soviet-Afghan War (1979–1989) and the Afghan Civil War (1989–2001); the Afghan Institute of Archaeology was the only archaeological institute continuing operations. The original editions of the volumes under review were therefore timely and poignant publications that captured the peak of archaeological activity in twentieth-century Afghanistan and became classic texts on the subject.
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Winkelmann, S. "Some remarks about the origin of BMAC female deities". Archaeological News 32 (2021): 69–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2021-32-69-99.
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The article deals with the question of the origin of the BMAC deities found in the high art of Margiana and Bactria especially in glyptic art, for which there are no local precursors in Turkmenistan or Afghanistan. By analyzing the art of the Kerman or Jiroft culture of Southeast Iran, especially the seal finds from Konar Sandal and the intercultural style objects, the direct antecedents of the BMAC pantheon in Southeast Iran could be demonstrated. Both regions have an almost identical pantheon of female deities with similar attributes, same stylistic features and identical attitudes, and they share a common myth that is depicted in the art of both regions. Nevertheless, the goddesses in the BMAC undergo modifications in representation, which concerns hairdo and costumes, but which is particularly evident in the altered depiction of attribute animals, which are now often fused together, and the increased depiction of winged gods and attribute animals.
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Haidari, M. M. F., A. S. Gul, T. V. Bobrovskaya i E. V. Kuzina. "IMPACT OF A HEALTHY WORKING ENVIRONMENT ON CARPET WEAVING INDUSTRY GROWTH". Economics Profession Business, nr 4 (8.12.2023): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/epb202361.
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The art of carpet weaving is an area of culture which development traces back to a century-old tradition in the countries of the East. This industry has survived to present day and plays a significant role for the economies of Central Asia and Iran, making up a large share of their export supplies. The scientists from different countries study the history of carpet weaving goods in the context of their cultural and artistic peculiarities: ornaments, signs, symbols, etc. However, this industry is primary considered as a source of creating objects of decorative and applied art. Only a few researchers address the current economic problems of the industry, in particular, the issues of labour organization and working conditions.
Technology and organization of handmade carpet making and working conditions of craftsmen in Afghanistan have not changed much for many centuries: one carpet is created within 2-4 months by backbreaking work of a group of 3-5 Afghan craftswomen. The industry faces significant competition from cheap artificial carpets from Pakistan. Experts note a drop in the export potential of carpet weaving in Afghanistan, and some even talk about the problem of fading of the ancient craft traditions in the country. These circumstances determined the relevance of the topic.
The article describes the findings of the fieldwork-based research devoted to investigating the impact of a healthy working environment on the carpet weaving industry growth. The aim of this study is to identify the factors affecting a healthy working environment and establish the correlation between them on the example of carpet weaving industry.
The findings are the results of the survey conducted in all carpet weaving companies in the Akchakh district of Jawzjan province in northern Afghanistan. This rural region has an ancient tradition of carpet weaving.
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Mardiani, Reni. "Syiar Dalam Alunan Syair: Nasyid Seni Dakwah Islam di Bandung Tahun 1990-2004". Al-Isnad: Journal of Islamic Civilization History and Humanities 2, nr 2 (30.12.2021): 14–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22515/isnad.v2i2.4853.
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This research explains the art of nasyid music as an art of Islamic dakwah in Bandung from 1990 to 2004, which was initially introduced as a chant to give speeches for Islamic student activists along with the spirit of defending Palestine and Afghanistan. This research uses historical method, namely topic choice, heuristics, source criticism, interpretation and historiography. The results of this study show that in its development nasyid is considered an art of music to offer resistance to Western music which affects young people, especially in urban areas. Nasyid has become a modern Islamic music which has become one of the alternative music streams to convey Islamic preaching in addition to the art of entertainment, so that nasyid has become an influential dakwah art for the people of Bandung, especially young people, many of whom are more familiar with Islam until they migrate. In 2004 nasyid in Bandung experienced ups and downs in which nasyid became a national festival, but nasyid began to be neglected due to the existence of popular Indonesian musicians who began releasing religious albums.
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Ansari, Rahmat. "POLITIK SEKURITISASI KONTRA-TERORISME GLOBAL AUSTRALIA PASCA 9/11 HINGGA TERPILIHNYA KEMBALI PERDANA MENTERI HOWARD". Jurnal Asia Pacific Studies 3, nr 2 (16.01.2020): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/japs.v3i2.1344.
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Abstact
Prime Minister Howard as a dominant actor in Australia’s securitization process of counterterrorism post 9/11. The securitization then resulting activation of Article IV of ANZUS alliance treaty. This study utilizes securitization framework through speech act conducted by Prime Minister Howard. It argues that speech act carried out by Prime Minister Howard in some occasions by speech in Australian Embassy in The United States, at the cabinet meetings, and parliament hearings. As the result, the process of securitization obtained a legitimacy for extraordinary measures in form of military support on global terrorisme eradication campaign. This study using kualtitative methods with data limits since 9/11 and Prime Minister Howard reelection in 2001.
Keywords: Securitization, Terrorism, ANZUS, Afghanistan Invasion.
Abstrak
Perdana Menteri Howard sebagai aktor dominan dalam proses sekuritisasi kontra-terorisme Australia pasca 9/11. Sekuritisasi tersebut kemudian menghasilkan aktifasi Pasal IV perjanjian aliansi ANZUS. Kajian ini menggunakan kerangka sekurtisasi melalui speech act yang dilakukan oleh Perdana Menteri Howard. Kajian ini berpendapat bahwa proses sekuritisasi melalui speech act yang dilakukan dalam beberapa kesempatan pidatonya di Kedutaan Australia di Amerika Serikat, pada rapat kabinet khusus dan pada debat bersama parlemen. Pada akhirnya berhasil memperoleh legitimasi untuk dilakukannya tindakan luar biasa atau extraordinary measures dalam bentuk dukungan militer pada invasi Afghanistan untuk pemberantasan jaringan terorisme global. Kajian dibahas menggunakan metode kualitatif yang membatasi data sejak 9/11 hingga terpilihnya kembali Perdana Menteri Howard pada pemilu 2001.
Kata Kunci: Sekuritisasi, Terorisme, ANZUS, Invasi Afghanistan.
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Cahill, Susan. "Battleground: War Rugs from Afghanistan". Journal of Modern Craft 2, nr 2 (lipiec 2009): 229–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2752/174967809x463169.
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Brancaccio, Pia, i Xinru Liu. "Dionysus and drama in the Buddhist art of Gandhara". Journal of Global History 4, nr 2 (lipiec 2009): 219–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022809003131.
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AbstractThis essay examines the relationships existing between Dionysian traditions of wine drinking and drama that reached the easternmost part of the Hellenistic world, and the Buddhist culture and art that flourished in Gandhara (Eastern Afghanistan and Northern Pakistan) under the Kushan kings between the first and third centuries CE. By piecing together archaeological, artistic and literary evidence, it appears that along with viniculture and viticulture, Dionysian rituals, Greek theatre and vernacular drama also became rooted in these eastern lands. Continuous interactions with the Graeco-Roman world strengthened these important cultural elements. At the beginning of the Common Era Dionysian traditions and drama came to be employed by the Buddhists of Gandhara to propagate their own ideas. The creation of a body of artworks representing the life of the Buddha in narrative form along with the literary work of Ashvaghosha, may be an expression of the same dramatic format that developed locally along with a strong Dionysian ritual presence.
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Susilowati, Ida, Muh Zulfadillah Alvarezel, Rafif Ibnu Widyadana i Syahril Ady Fahlanda Siregar. "Analisis Probabilitas Sikap Indonesia Terhadap Pemerintahan Taliban Di Afghanistan Tahun 2021". JOURNAL of LEGAL RESEARCH 4, nr 2 (28.02.2022): 413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jlr.v4i2.25015.
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Shortly after the withdrawal of US troops in Afghanistan, the Taliban quickly occupied the Afghan capital, Kabul. President Biden's decision to withdraw these troops from Afghanistan has attracted a lot of attention from various parties. Indonesia as a Muslim-majority country of course needs to determine its attitude towards the Taliban's rule. This journal analyzes the probability of Indonesia's attitude towards the Taliban government after the withdrawal of US troops in Afghanistan. The method used is descriptive qualitative with literature study data collection techniques. The results show that Indonesia tends to focus on establishing peace and upholding the rights of every citizen in Afghanistan. This is viewed from the principle of Indonesia's foreign policy which is "Free and Active" as well as the concept of norms and identity in the constructivism paradigm.
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Tuychiyeva, O. "Russian Native - Maga Rahmani: The First Female Writer of Afghanistan and Her Tadhkirats". Bulletin of Science and Practice, nr 4 (15.04.2023): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33619/2414-2948/89/81.
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This article discusses about Maga Rahmani who native Russian woman from Afghanistan was and who wrote very meaningful tadhkirats. Maga Rahmani was very first woman scholar who got involved in creative research. Her works contain much valuable information and facts concerned with the system of government in Mavarannahr, Iran, Afghanistan, and India. Also, some of her tadhkiras is an important source in studying the issues related to the Baburid period and the role of princesses in public policy and literature. The information provided by Maga Rahmani serves as an important source in covering the reforms carried out to improve the governance of the period, and in evaluating the poetry and art of the period under study. In her tadhkirat, Maga Rahmani focuses on the Baburids, mainly on the life and work of Akbarshah, Jahangir Mirza, Shah Jahan, and the queens of that period, Gulbadan Begim, Nurjahon Begim, and Zebunniso Begim. In turn, the tadhkirat of “Pardaneshinone suhanguy” is very valuable in studying the role of Baburi and Timurid princesses in public policy. This article research about life, works, activities of Maga Rahmani as well as the information can be obtained or felt about the political system, economical condition and cultural lifestyle of Afghanistan in XX century’s first half part.
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Dasadwiastaning, Valentia Nadya. "Woman Violence in Afghanistan and The Return of Taliban in Contagious Violence Perspektive". Jurnal Syntax Transformation 4, nr 11 (26.11.2023): 112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/jst.v4i11.848.
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This research shows that contagious violence is playing important role in spreading violence against women in Afghanistan. This research argues that it is important to pay attention on how violence expose a subject, when it happened and who ie exposed by violence at that time. It is important also to produce immunity amidst society in Afghanistan. It is important to prevent wider transmission of violence in Afghanistan. Contagious violence and immunity theory shows that Taliban is the Host of violence that needs to overcome. Taliban massively spreading violence to disrupt immune system of anti violence in Afghanistan. Hiding the prove and preventing report activity will causes horrible silent spreading of violence. This research also shows that tracing and immediate response to any violence act is needed to cut off chain of contagious violence. Finding violence cluster and directly intervene is needed to prevent the subject who already exposed becoming more violent than perpetrator. Produce immunity system and direct intervention into all cluster of violence amidst society is more effective than urging Taliban to stop violence itself.
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Ivanenko, Aleksey I. "Semiotic Aspects of Afghan Tattoos". Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, nr 4 (15.10.2022): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v192.
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This article presents a semiotic analysis of Afghan tattoos done by Soviet soldiers in memory of their service in Afghanistan, when the Limited Contingent of Soviet Forces was deployed there (1979– 1989). As the material the author used photos of tattoos posted on six thematic websites. These tattoos were compared with similar sailor, prison and foreign military tattoos. The research found an essential difference between Afghan and prison tattoos and a strong influence of Western tattoo art on the former. At the same time, Afghan tattoos have unique forms of visual representation of the Soviet– Afghan War, which consist in using Islamic calendar, Arabic script, images of Soviet military vehicles and numerous Afghan toponyms. Interestingly, Afghan tattoos contain no official Soviet (hammer and sickle) or Eastern Orthodox (cross, angel, church, icon) symbols. Instead, we can see various animalistic images (eagle, tiger, wolf) and regimental identity insignia. Standing out among unofficial Soviet symbols represented in Afghan tattoos is the image of an eternal flame. Additionally, the research identified different modalities of perception of this war in tattoo art and Soviet/Russian cinematography: as a rule, films demonstrate the fatality of the Soviet–Afghan War, while in soldiers’ tattoos we observe a pronounced commemorative aspect and pride in their service in Afghanistan. On the whole, Afghan tattoos are an important cultural projection for understanding Soviet spiritual culture.