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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "Affective empathy"
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Ziaei, Maryam, Lena Oestreich, David C. Reutens i Natalie C. Ebner. "Age-related differences in negative cognitive empathy but similarities in positive affective empathy". Brain Structure and Function 226, nr 6 (26.05.2021): 1823–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00429-021-02291-y.
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AbstractEmpathy, among other social-cognitive processes, changes across adulthood. More specifically, cognitive components of empathy (understanding another’s perspective) appear to decline with age, while findings for affective empathy (sharing another’s emotional state) are rather mixed. Structural and functional correlates underlying cognitive and affective empathy in aging and the extent to which valence affects empathic response in brain and behavior are not well understood yet. To fill these research gaps, younger and older adults completed a modified version of the Multifaceted Empathy Test, which measures both cognitive and affective empathy as well as empathic responding to both positive and negative stimuli (i.e., positive vs. negative empathy). Adopting a multimodal imaging approach and applying multivariate analysis, the study found that for cognitive empathy to negative emotions, regions of the salience network including the anterior insula and anterior cingulate were more involved in older than younger adults. For affective empathy to positive emotions, in contrast, younger and older adults recruited a similar brain network including main nodes of the default mode network. Additionally, increased structural microstructure (fractional anisotropy values) of the posterior cingulum bundle (right henisphere) was related to activation of default mode regions during affective empathy for positive emotions in both age groups. These findings provide novel insights into the functional networks subserving cognitive and affective empathy in younger and older adults and highlight the importance of considering valence in empathic response in aging research. Further this study, for the first time, underscores the role of the posterior cingulum bundle in higher-order social-cognitive processes such as empathy, specifically for positive emotions, in aging.
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Schwan, David. "DOES AFFECTIVE EMPATHY REQUIRE PERSPECTIVE-TAKING OR AFFECTIVE MATCHING?" American Philosophical Quarterly 56, nr 3 (1.07.2019): 277–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/48570636.
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Abstract Affective empathy has been variously characterized. First, I argue that we have reasons to prefer a narrower account of affective empathy, which requires the cognitive mechanisms of perspective-taking. Second, I mount a challenge to the standard account of affective matching thought to be required for affective empathy. On one widely held view, affective empathy requires an actual affective match between the subject and the target of empathy. I reject this view. While empathy often involves an actual match, we also count as empathizing with the target if we share the fitting state in their situation. This wider account better captures a number of plausible cases of empathy, and it also better explains why we care about affective empathy.
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Reniers, R., R. Corcoran, R. Drake, N. Shryane i B. Völlm. "The QCAE: A Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy". European Psychiatry 24, S1 (styczeń 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71073-9.
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Aims/objectives:A lack of empathy is associated with callous-unemotional behaviour, violence, aggression, criminality, and problems in social interaction. Empathy is, though, inconsistently defined and inadequately measured. We therefore set out to produce a new and rigorously developed empathy questionnaire that would have clinical and public-health relevance.Methods:Sixty-five questions, themed around cognitive empathy (the ability to construct a working model of the emotional states of others) and affective empathy (the ability to be sensitive to and vicariously experience the feelings of others), were administered to two independent samples of healthy volunteers (N1=640, N2=383), which were used to explore and validate the factor structure.Results:Principal components analysis revealed five factors from thirty-seven items. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed this structure. The hypothesised two-factor structure (cognitive and affective empathy) was tested by adding two second order factors, indicated by the five first-order factors, and provided the best and most parsimonious fit to the data (CFI=0.961, RMSEA=0.048). Cognitive Empathy encompassed Perspective Taking and Online Simulation; Affective Empathy encompassed Emotional Responsivity, Peripheral Responsivity and Emotional Contagion. Females scored significantly higher than males on Affective Empathy but not on Cognitive Empathy. The factors correlated significantly with measures of empathic anger, impulsivity, aggression, psychopathy, Machiavellianism and empathy as measured by the Basic Empathy Scale.Conclusions:The QCAE measures the distinct and specific components that make up cognitive and affective empathy. The factor structure was confirmed in independent samples and represents a valid tool for assessing cognitive and affective empathy and its subcomponents.
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Gerdes, Karen E., i Elizabeth A. Segal. "A Social Work Model of Empathy". Advances in Social Work 10, nr 2 (15.12.2009): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18060/235.
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This article presents a social work model of empathy that reflects the latest interdisciplinary research findings on empathy. The model reflects the social work commitment to social justice. The three model components are: 1) the affective response to another’s emotions and actions; 2) the cognitive processing of one’s affective response and the other person’s perspective; and 3) the conscious decision-making to take empathic action. Mirrored affective responses are involuntary, while cognitive processing and conscious decision-making are voluntary. The affective component requires healthy, neural pathways to function appropriately and accurately. The cognitive aspects of perspective-taking, self-awareness, and emotion regulation can be practiced and cultivated, particularly through the use of mindfulness techniques. Empathic action requires that we move beyond affective responses and cognitive processing toward utilizing social work values and knowledge to inform our actions. By introducing the proposed model of empathy, we hope it will serve as a catalyst for discussion and future research and development of the model. Key Words: Empathy, Social Empathy, Social Cognitive Neuroscience
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Voodla, Alan, Elen Lotman, Martin Kolnes, Richard Naar i Andero Uusberg. "Cinematographic High-Contrast Lighting Can Facilitate Empathetic Affective Mimicry". Projections 14, nr 1 (1.03.2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/proj.2020.140102.
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AbstractDo cinematographic lighting techniques affect film viewers’ empathic reactions? We investigated the effect of high- and low-contrast lighting on affective empathy toward depicted actors. Forty one participants watched short clips of professional actors expressing happiness, anger, and disgust, and rated the valence and intensity of their own and actors’ emotional states. Affective empathy was assessed through the extent of the facial mimicry of actors’ emotional expressions and quantified through electromyographic activation of expression-specific facial muscles. We managed to elicit facial mimicry for happiness and anger, but not for disgust. High-contrast lighting further amplified empathic mimicry for happy but not for angry expressions. High-contrast lighting also amplified subjective feelings elicited by angry and disgusted but not happy expressions. We conclude that high-contrast lighting can be an effective means for influencing film viewers’ empathic reactions through the low road to empathy, even as the overall impact of lighting also relies on the high road to empathy.
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Decety, Jean, Kimberly L. Lewis i Jason M. Cowell. "Specific electrophysiological components disentangle affective sharing and empathic concern in psychopathy". Journal of Neurophysiology 114, nr 1 (lipiec 2015): 493–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00253.2015.
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Empathic impairment is one of the hallmarks of psychopathy, a personality dimension associated with poverty in affective reactions, lack of attachment to others, and a callous disregard for the feelings, rights, and welfare of others. Neuroscience research on the relation between empathy and psychopathy has predominately focused on the affective sharing and cognitive components of empathy in forensic populations, and much less on empathic concern. The current study used high-density electroencephalography in a community sample to examine the spatiotemporal neurodynamic responses when viewing people in physical distress under two subjective contexts: one evoking affective sharing, the other, empathic concern. Results indicate that early automatic (175–275 ms) and later controlled responses (LPP 400–1,000 ms) were differentially modulated by engagement in affective sharing or empathic concern. Importantly, the late event-related potentials (ERP) component was significantly impacted by dispositional empathy and psychopathy, but the early component was not. Individual differences in dispositional empathic concern directly predicted gamma coherence (25–40 Hz), whereas psychopathy was inversely modulatory. Interestingly, significant suppression in the mu/alpha band (8–13 Hz) when perceiving others in distress was positively associated with higher trait psychopathy, which argues against the assumption that sensorimotor resonance underpins empathy. Greater scores on trait psychopathy were inversely related to subjective ratings of both empathic concern and affective sharing. Overall, the study demonstrates that neural markers of affective sharing and empathic concern to the same cues of another's distress can be distinguished at an electrophysiological level, and that psychopathy alters later time-locked differentiations and spectral coherence associated with empathic concern.
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Demichelis, Olivia P., Sarah P. Coundouris, Sarah A. Grainger i Julie D. Henry. "Empathy and Theory of Mind in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Meta-analysis". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 26, nr 10 (20.05.2020): 963–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617720000478.
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AbstractObjective:A large literature now shows that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) disrupts a number of social cognitive abilities, including social perceptual function and theory of mind (ToM). However, less well understood is how the specific subcomponents of ToM as well as both the broader and specific subcomponents of empathic processing are affected.Method:The current study provides the first meta-analytic review of AD that focuses on both empathy and ToM as broad constructs, as well as their overlapping (cognitive empathy and affective ToM) and distinct (affective empathy and cognitive ToM) subcomponents.Results:Aggregated across 31 studies, the results revealed that, relative to controls, AD is associated with large-sized deficits in both cognitive ToM (g = 1.09) and affective ToM/cognitive empathy (g = 0.76). However, no statistical differences were found between the AD participants and controls on affective empathic abilities (g = 0.36).Conclusions:These data point to a potentially important disconnect between core aspects of social cognitive processing in people with AD. The practical and theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
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de Wied, Minet, Cora Maas, Stephanie van Goozen, Marjolijn Vermande, Rutger Engels, Wim Meeus, Walter Matthys i Paul Goudena. "Bryant's Empathy Index". European Journal of Psychological Assessment 23, nr 2 (styczeń 2007): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759.23.2.99.
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Abstract. The present study examined the internal structure of Bryant's (1982) Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents, a 22-item questionnaire measure of dispositional affective empathy. Third graders (n = 817), fourth to sixth graders (n = 82), and eighth graders (n = 1,079) were studied. Factor analyses revealed that the empathy index is multidimensional, encompassing two subscales. The same two-factor solution emerged in all samples. The first factor, labeled empathic sadness, showed good reliability in the two larger samples. Sex differences were established in each sample, with girls reporting more empathic sadness than boys. The second factor, reflecting attitudes rather than feelings, showed weak reliability in all samples, and poor differentiation between the sexes in the two younger age samples. The findings seriously challenge the validity of the 22-item empathy index. Improvement of the scale as a measure of affective empathy is indicated.
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Chung, Winnie, Sherilynn Chan i Tracy G. Cassels. "The Role of Culture in Affective Empathy: Cultural and Bicultural Differences". Journal of Cognition and Culture 10, nr 3-4 (2010): 309–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853710x531203.
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AbstractEmpathy is essential for healthy relationships and overall well-being. Affective empathy is the emotional response to others’ distress and can take two forms: personal distress or empathic concern. In Western cultures, high empathic concern and low personal distress have been implicated in increased prosocial behaviour (e.g., Eisenberg et al., 1989) and better emotion management and peer relations (e.g., Eisenberg and Fabes, 1998). Various factors have been examined with respect to affective empathy, but the role of culture has received little attention. Previous work suggests that children from East Asian cultures compared to those from Western cultures experience greater personal distress and less empathic concern (e.g., Trommsdorff, 1995), but no work has specifically examined these differences in adolescents or individuals who identify as ‘bicultural’. The current research examines cultural differences in affective empathy using the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1980) in an adolescent and young adult sample (n=190) and examines how empathy relates to social-emotional health in bicultural individuals. Consistent with research on children, East Asian adolescents reported greater personal distress and less empathic concern than their Western counterparts. The bicultural individuals’ scores fell in between the East Asian and Western groups, but revealed significant differences from their ‘uni-cultural’ peers, demonstrating shared influences of community and family. Importantly, however, the relationship between affective empathy and social-emotional health in bicultural individuals was the same as for Western individuals. The current results provide an important first step in understanding the different cultural influences on empathic responding in a previously understudied population ‐ bicultural individuals.
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van der Mijl, Ruben C. W., i Ad J. J. M. Vingerhoets. "The Positive Effects of Parentification". Psihologijske teme 26, nr 2 (2017): 417–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31820/pt.26.2.8.
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The present study was designed to examine the relationship between parentification and choice of education: Psychology versus humanities. Additionally, we investigated the association between parentification, on the one hand, and cognitive and affective empathy as well as resilience, on the other. The rational for this study was the increasing evidence that parentification may not only induce several possible adverse effects but that it can also facilitate the development of some specific positive abilities (e.g., higher empathic skills and resilience). We compared 265 psychology students with 51 humanities students on the variables parentification, empathy, and resilience. Within the group of psychology students, we conducted hierarchical regression analyses on cognitive empathy, affective empathy, and resilience with parentification and possible confounders as predictors. Psychology students reported more parentification experiences in their families than the humanities students, but they did not score higher on empathy and resilience. Among psychology students, parentification was associated with higher resilience and higher cognitive empathy, while there was no connection with affective empathy. These findings partially support the hypothesis of specific mental growth in parentified children.
Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "Affective empathy"
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Hunter, Kirsten, i n/a. "Affective Empathy in Children: Measurement and Correlates". Griffith University. School of Applied Psychology, 2004. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20040610.135822.
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Empathy is a construct that plays a pivotal role in the development of interpersonal relationships, and thus ones ability to function socially and often professionally. The development of empathy in children is therefore of particular interest to allow for further understanding of normative and atypical developmental trajectories. This thesis investigated the assessment of affective empathy in children aged 5-12, through the development and comparison of a multimethod assessment approach. Furthermore this thesis evaluated the differential relationships between affective empathy and global behavioural problems in children versus the presence of early psychopathic traits, such as callous-unemotional traits. The first component of this study incorporated; a measure of facial expression of affective empathy, and self-reported experience of affective empathy, as measured by the newly designed Griffith Empathy Measure - Video Observation (GEM-VO) and the Griffith Empathy Measure - Self Report (GEM-SR); the Bryant's Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents (1982) which is a traditional child self-report measure; and a newly designed parent-report of child affective empathy (Griffith Empathy Measure - Parent Report; GEM-PR). Using a normative community sample of 211 children from grades 1, 3, 5, and 7 (aged 5-6, 7-8, 9-10, & 11-12, respectively), the GEM-PR and the Bryant were found to have moderate to strong internal consistency. As a measure of concurrent validity, strong positive correlations were found between the mother and father reports (GEM-PR) of their child's affective empathy, for grades 5 and 7, and for girls of all age groups. Using a convenience sample of 31 parents and children aged 5 to 12, the GEM-PR and the Bryant demonstrated strong test-retest reliability. The reliability of the GEM-VO and the GEM-SR were assessed using a convenience sample of 20 children aged 5 to 12. These measures involve the assessment of children's facial and verbal responses to emotionally evocative videotape vignettes. Children were unobtrusively videotaped while they watched the vignettes and their facial expressions were coded. Children were then interviewed to determine the emotions they attributed to stimulus persons and to themselves whilst viewing the material. Adequate to strong test-retest reliability was found for both measures. Using 30% from the larger sample of 211 participants (N=60), the GEM-VO also demonstrated robust inter-rater reliability. This multimethod approach to assessing child affective empathy produced differing age and gender trends. Facial affect as reported by the GEM-VO decreased with age. Similarly, the matching of child facial emotion to the vignette protagonist's facial emotion was higher in the younger grades. These findings suggest that measures that assess the matching of facial affect (i.e., GEM-VO) may be more appropriate for younger age groups who have not yet learnt to conceal their facial expression of emotion. Data from the GEM-SR suggests that older children are more verbally expressive of negative emotions then younger children, with older girls found to be the most verbally expressive of feeling the same emotion as the vignette character; a role more complimentary of the female gender socialization pressures. These findings are also indicative of the increase in emotional vocabulary and self-awareness in older children, supporting the validity of child self-report measures (based on observational stimuli) with older children. In comparing data from the GEM-VO and GEM-SR, this study found that for negative emotions the consistency between facial emotions coded and emotions verbally reported increased with age. This consistency across gender and amongst the older age groups provides encouraging concurrent validity, suggesting the results of one measure could be inferred through the exclusive use of the alternate measurement approach. In contrast, affective empathy as measured by the two measures; the accurate matching of the participant and vignette character's facial expression (GEM-VO), and the accurate matching of the self reported and vignette character's emotion (GEM-SR); were not found to converge. This finding is consistent with prior research and questions the assumption that facially expressed and self-appraised indexes of affective empathy are different aspects of a complex unified process. When evaluating the convergence of all four measures of affective empathy, negative correlations were found between the Bryant and the GEM-PR, these two measures were also found to not converge with the GEM-VO and GEM-SR in a consistent and predictable way. These findings pose the question of whether different aspects of the complex phenomena of affective empathy are being assessed. Furthermore, the validity of the exclusive use of a child self report measure such as the Bryant, which is the standard assessment in the literature, is questioned. The possibility that callous-unemotional traits (CU; a unique subgroup identified in the child psychopathy literature) may account for the mixed findings throughout research regarding the assumption that deficiencies in empathy underlie conduct problems in children, was examined using regression analysis. Using the previous sample of 211 children aged 5-12, conduct problems (CP) were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1999), and the CU subscale was used from the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD; Caputo, Frick, & Brodsky, 1999). Affective empathy when measured by the GEM-PR and the Bryant showed differing patterns in the relationship between affective empathy, CU traits and CP. While the GEM-Father reported that neither age, CU traits nor CP accounted for affective empathy variance, the GEM-Mother report supported that affective empathy was no longer associated with CP once CU traits had been partialled out. In contrast, the Bryant reported for girls, that CU traits were not found to have an underlying correlational relationship. It can be argued from the GEM-Mother data only that it was the unmeasured variance of CU traits that was accounting for the relationship between CP and affective empathy found in the literature. Furthermore, the comparison of an altered CU subscale with all possible empathy items removed, suggests that the constructs of CU traits and affective empathy are not synonymous or overlapping in nature, but rather are two independent constructs. This multimethod approach highlights the complexity of this research area, exemplifying the significant influence of the source of the reports, and suggesting that affective empathy consists of multiple components that are assessed to differing degrees by the different measurement approaches.
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Hunter, Kirsten. "Affective Empathy in Children: Measurement and Correlates". Thesis, Griffith University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366612.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Empathy is a construct that plays a pivotal role in the development of interpersonal relationships, and thus ones ability to function socially and often professionally. The development of empathy in children is therefore of particular interest to allow for further understanding of normative and atypical developmental trajectories. This thesis investigated the assessment of affective empathy in children aged 5-12, through the development and comparison of a multimethod assessment approach. Furthermore this thesis evaluated the differential relationships between affective empathy and global behavioural problems in children versus the presence of early psychopathic traits, such as callous-unemotional traits. The first component of this study incorporated; a measure of facial expression of affective empathy, and self-reported experience of affective empathy, as measured by the newly designed Griffith Empathy Measure - Video Observation (GEM-VO) and the Griffith Empathy Measure - Self Report (GEM-SR); the Bryant's Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents (1982) which is a traditional child self-report measure; and a newly designed parent-report of child affective empathy (Griffith Empathy Measure - Parent Report; GEM-PR). Using a normative community sample of 211 children from grades 1, 3, 5, and 7 (aged 5-6, 7-8, 9-10, & 11-12, respectively), the GEM-PR and the Bryant were found to have moderate to strong internal consistency. As a measure of concurrent validity, strong positive correlations were found between the mother and father reports (GEM-PR) of their child's affective empathy, for grades 5 and 7, and for girls of all age groups. Using a convenience sample of 31 parents and children aged 5 to 12, the GEM-PR and the Bryant demonstrated strong test-retest reliability. The reliability of the GEM-VO and the GEM-SR were assessed using a convenience sample of 20 children aged 5 to 12. These measures involve the assessment of children's facial and verbal responses to emotionally evocative videotape vignettes. Children were unobtrusively videotaped while they watched the vignettes and their facial expressions were coded. Children were then interviewed to determine the emotions they attributed to stimulus persons and to themselves whilst viewing the material. Adequate to strong test-retest reliability was found for both measures. Using 30% from the larger sample of 211 participants (N=60), the GEM-VO also demonstrated robust inter-rater reliability. This multimethod approach to assessing child affective empathy produced differing age and gender trends. Facial affect as reported by the GEM-VO decreased with age. Similarly, the matching of child facial emotion to the vignette protagonist's facial emotion was higher in the younger grades. These findings suggest that measures that assess the matching of facial affect (i.e., GEM-VO) may be more appropriate for younger age groups who have not yet learnt to conceal their facial expression of emotion. Data from the GEM-SR suggests that older children are more verbally expressive of negative emotions then younger children, with older girls found to be the most verbally expressive of feeling the same emotion as the vignette character; a role more complimentary of the female gender socialization pressures. These findings are also indicative of the increase in emotional vocabulary and self-awareness in older children, supporting the validity of child self-report measures (based on observational stimuli) with older children. In comparing data from the GEM-VO and GEM-SR, this study found that for negative emotions the consistency between facial emotions coded and emotions verbally reported increased with age. This consistency across gender and amongst the older age groups provides encouraging concurrent validity, suggesting the results of one measure could be inferred through the exclusive use of the alternate measurement approach. In contrast, affective empathy as measured by the two measures; the accurate matching of the participant and vignette character's facial expression (GEM-VO), and the accurate matching of the self reported and vignette character's emotion (GEM-SR); were not found to converge. This finding is consistent with prior research and questions the assumption that facially expressed and self-appraised indexes of affective empathy are different aspects of a complex unified process. When evaluating the convergence of all four measures of affective empathy, negative correlations were found between the Bryant and the GEM-PR, these two measures were also found to not converge with the GEM-VO and GEM-SR in a consistent and predictable way. These findings pose the question of whether different aspects of the complex phenomena of affective empathy are being assessed. Furthermore, the validity of the exclusive use of a child self report measure such as the Bryant, which is the standard assessment in the literature, is questioned. The possibility that callous-unemotional traits (CU; a unique subgroup identified in the child psychopathy literature) may account for the mixed findings throughout research regarding the assumption that deficiencies in empathy underlie conduct problems in children, was examined using regression analysis. Using the previous sample of 211 children aged 5-12, conduct problems (CP) were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ; Goodman, 1999), and the CU subscale was used from the Antisocial Process Screening Device (APSD; Caputo, Frick, & Brodsky, 1999). Affective empathy when measured by the GEM-PR and the Bryant showed differing patterns in the relationship between affective empathy, CU traits and CP. While the GEM-Father reported that neither age, CU traits nor CP accounted for affective empathy variance, the GEM-Mother report supported that affective empathy was no longer associated with CP once CU traits had been partialled out. In contrast, the Bryant reported for girls, that CU traits were not found to have an underlying correlational relationship. It can be argued from the GEM-Mother data only that it was the unmeasured variance of CU traits that was accounting for the relationship between CP and affective empathy found in the literature. Furthermore, the comparison of an altered CU subscale with all possible empathy items removed, suggests that the constructs of CU traits and affective empathy are not synonymous or overlapping in nature, but rather are two independent constructs. This multimethod approach highlights the complexity of this research area, exemplifying the significant influence of the source of the reports, and suggesting that affective empathy consists of multiple components that are assessed to differing degrees by the different measurement approaches.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Applied Psychology (Health)
Full Text
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Hardy, Carter. "A Phenomenological Approach to Clinical Empathy: Rethinking Empathy Within its Intersubjective and Affective Contexts". Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6855.
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This dissertation contributes to the philosophy of empathy and biomedical ethics by drawing on phenomenological approaches to empathy, intersubjectivity, and affectivity in order to contest the primacy of the intersubjective aspect of empathy at the cost of its affective aspect. Both aspects need to be explained in order for empathy to be accurately understood in philosophical works, as well as practically useful for patient care in biomedical ethics.
In the first chapter, I examine the current state of clinical empathy in medicine including professional opinions about empathy, the dominant definition being employed, and the problems that arise from this definition. By trying to define empathy in a way that is useful to the current presuppositions in medicine, clinical empathy aligns with simulation theory, which has three problems: the discrepancy between the way empathy is defined and the way it is explained, the lack of diversity that this theory of empathy allows in our understanding of others, and the lack of affective understanding and affective engagement involved in the patient-physician interaction. These three problems are used to derive three questions that are important for any theory of empathy: (1) What is the phenomenon being explained? (2) What is the intersubjective context of empathy? (3) What is the affective dimension of empathy? The best theory of clinical empathy can be formulated by answering these three questions as they relate to phenomenological theories, which are more attuned to overcoming presuppositions.
Chapters two and three each examine a different phenomenological approach to empathy from opposite extremes in their theories of intersubjectivity. Husserl and Stein begin from an isolated, transcendental subject that needs empathy to bridge the gap between itself and others, while Scheler begins from a primary intersubjectivity in which self and other are undifferentiated, making empathy a largely unnecessary skill. Despite their strongly opposed positions, and the acknowledgement that their theories of intersubjectivity necessitate their theories of empathy, I argue that both fail to understand the affective dimension of empathy. Husserl and Stein leave no room in empathy for it to be an affect, while Scheler prioritizes affects that reunite subjects, but leaves empathy itself as a non-affective skill.
Chapter four explains Gallagher’s interaction theory as a more moderate approach to the relation between empathy and intersubjectivity. He draws on the insights of the other two theories, but conceives of empathy as a multi-leveled phenomenon that allows for an understanding of others. While this theory does aid in addressing the intersubjective context of empathy in a way that best solves the first two problems with clinical empathy, interaction theory still fails to fully address the affectivity of empathy, maintaining empathy as a largely cognitive ability. Gallagher does acknowledge the affective core of empathy, but he does not explain the way in which it is affective. In response to this problem, I explain Anya Daly’s application of Merleau-Ponty’s theory of reversibility to affectivity as a possible solution to the problematic gap in Gallagher’s theory.
Chapter five focuses on theories of clinical empathy in order to address the neglected affective aspects of empathy, and respond to the problem of detached concern. The problems caused by detached concern are explained, as well as why the theories discussed in the middle chapters are still unable to solve them. This is done in two parts. In the first part, I explain the basis of this issue in the cognitive/feeling divide, as explained in the philosophy of emotion. Then, I give a brief overview of the phenomenology of affectivity to be used as a guide to the affectivity of empathy. In the second part, I examine three theories of clinical empathy that attempt to solve the problem of detached concern, noting their strengths and weaknesses based on their similarities to phenomenological approaches to empathy and affectivity.
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Persson, Björn. "Subclinical Psychopathy and Empathy". Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för kommunikation och information, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-8492.
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Psychopathy is a severe personality disorder that results in antisocial, manipulative, and callous behavior. The main diagnostic instrument for assessing psychopathy is the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. This thesis will introduce the psychopathy construct, including what is known as subclinical psychopathy. Subclinical psychopathy refers to individuals who exhibit many of the characteristics of psychopathy, except for some of the more severe antisocial behaviors. This constellation of traits allows the subclinical psychopath to avoid incarceration. The fundamental difference between clinical and subclinical psychopaths is a major question in the field of psychopathy and is the main theme of this thesis. Impaired empathy is one of the key aspects of psychopathy and it may be a significant factor in both clinical and subclinical psychopaths. Subclinical psychopathy may be related to a moderated or altered expression of empathy. Hence, the empathy construct is a secondary concern in this thesis. This thesis has two aims: (a) to argue that the conceptualization of subclinical psychopathy is flawed and needs revision in accordance with less ambiguous criteria; and (b) to present data in support of the hypothesis that subclinical psychopaths have intact, or even enhanced, cognitive capacities in contrast to clinical psychopaths.
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Robinson, Emily V. "Ability of Offenders with Psychopathic Traits to Simulate Cognitive and Affective Empathy". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2013. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc283859/.
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The accurate assessment of psychopathy constitutes a critical component of forensic assessments addressing offender populations. Among the core characteristics of psychopathy, the interpersonal component of deception and empathic deficits are prominently observed in offenders with psychopathic traits. Given the negative consequences of being classified as a psychopath, offenders may be likely to minimize their psychopathic traits. In particular, no research has investigated whether offenders with psychopathic traits are able to simulate empathy in an effort to mask their cognitive or affective empathy deficits (e.g., lack of remorse about offenses). The present study aims to contribute to the literature with regard to the simulation of empathy. Using a mixed between- and within-subjects design, 81 male detainees were placed into (a) a low psychopathy group, (b) a moderate psychopathy group, or (c) a high psychopathy group based on the Psychopathy Checklist – Revised. For the within-subjects component, all offenders answered empathy questionnaires under genuine and simulation conditions. Results indicate the sample possessed cognitive empathy, but did not display affective empathy under genuine instructions. Under simulation instructions, participants significantly increased their scores on several empathy measures. The implications of simulated empathy and comparisons between groups regarding simulation abilities are discussed.
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Meeken, Luke. "Art Education and the Encouragement of Affective and Cognitive Empathy in Early Childhood". VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3194.
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This study constructs a theoretical framework for exploring the relationship between art education practice and the development of empathy in early childhood. In this study, I construct a schema for the experience of empathy in kindergarten-aged students, derived from the work of Martin Hoffman, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, and Vittorio Gallese, which acknowledges both the affective and cognitive dimensions of the experience of empathy. This schema is examined within the context of aesthetic and artistic experience, as distinguished from each other by John Dewey. I articulate several ways that art education’s cultivation of subtle aesthetic perception may encourage affective empathy, and its cultivation of imaginative cognition may encourage cognitive empathy. Suggestions are made for projects and practice in the early childhood classroom.
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Francis, Kathryn B., M. Gummerum, G. Ganis, I. S. Howard i S. Terbeck. "Alcohol, empathy, and morality: acute effects of alcohol consumption on affective empathy and moral decision-making". Springer, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/17169.
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YesRationale: Hypothetical moral dilemmas, pitting characteristically utilitarian and non-utilitarian outcomes against each other, have played a central role in investigations of moral decision-making. Preferences for utilitarian over non-utilitarian responses have been explained by two contrasting hypotheses; one implicating increased deliberative reasoning, and the other implicating diminished harm aversion. In recent field experiments, these hypotheses have been investigated using alcohol intoxication to impair both social and cognitive functioning. These studies have found increased utilitarian responding, arguably as a result of alcohol impairing affective empathy. Objectives: The present research expands existing investigations by examining the acute effects of alcohol on affective empathy and subsequent moral judgments in traditional vignettes and moral actions in virtual reality, as well as physiological responses in moral dilemmas. Methods: Participants (N = 48) were administered either a placebo or alcohol in one of two dosages; low or moderate. Both pre- and post intervention, participants completed a moral action and moral judgment task alongside behavioural measures of affective empathy. Results: Higher dosages of alcohol consumption resulted in inappropriate empathic responses to facial displays of emotion, mirroring responses of individuals high in trait psychopathy, but empathy for pain was unaffected. Whilst affective empathy was influenced by alcohol consumption in a facial responding task, both moral judgments and moral actions were unaffected. Conclusions: These results suggest that facets, beyond or in addition to deficits in affective empathy, might influence the relationship between alcohol consumption and utilitarian endorsements.
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Portela, Manuel. "Geographies of Empathy: Affective reconfigurations of Cities, Objects & Places". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Jaume I, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/664137.
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A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Information Management, specialization in Geographic Information SystemsThis work addresses the development of digital technologies from the perspective of corporeal and embodied encounters. It offers a critical view of the openness and smartness of cities, at the same time that propose a novel approach to create cities of attentiveness, delight, intensity and meaning. It consists of a study of what becomes called Geographies of Empathy, as means of affective translations (Pedwell, 2014). Empathy is addressed as a conjugation of multiple ontologies that can be defined as a ’becoming together’. Empathy that takes place as forms of aesthetic experiences, collective conditions and structures of feelings (B. Anderson, 2014). By presenting three interactive experiments and three explorations, it addresses the empathic relations that reify everyday practices. A focus on how mundane objects and urban places are experienced in encounters, provide an analysis of the mediation of affects, feelings and emotions. The multidisciplinary approach in the process of research is performed by the application of concepts from Science and Technology Studies, Cultural Geography, Media Studies, Urban Studies and Human-Computer Interaction. This work takes the form of a dialectical inquiry between the empirical/propositional and the theoretical/critique. By one side, it discusses the role of interaction design and the ethics and aesthetics of socio-technical assemblages in cities. By the other, it addresses the political effects and consequences of empathic relations in the advent of urban development and the practices of designing urban interactions. Este trabajo aborda el desarrollo de las tecnologías digitales desde la perspectiva de los encuentros entre cuerpos. Asimismo, ofrece una visión crítica sobre las ciudades abiertas e inteligentes, al mismo tiempo que propone un enfoque novedoso para crear ciudades bajo los principios de atención, intensidad, deleite y sentido. Consiste en un estudio de lo que llamamos Geografías de la Empatía, como forma de versiones afectivas (Pedwell, 2014). La noción de empatía es abordada como una unión de múltiples ontologías que pueden ser definidas como una ‘existencia conjunta’. Empatía, tiene lugar en diversas formas formas de experiencia, estéticas, condiciones colectivas y estructuras de sentimientos (B. Anderson, 2014). Con la presentación de tres experimentos interactivos y tres exploraciones, se aborda las relaciones empáticas que reifican las prácticas cotidianas. El foco sobre cómo los objetos mundanos y los lugares urbanos se experimentan en los encuentros, proporciona un análisis sobre la mediación de los affects, los sentimientos y las emociones. El enfoque multidisciplinario en el proceso de investigación se realiza mediante la aplicación de conceptos de los campos como los Estudios de la Ciencia y Tecnología, Geografía Cultural, el Estudios Culturales, Estudios Urbanos e Interacción Humano-Computadora (HCI). Este trabajo toma la forma de una indagación dialéctica entre lo empírico/proposicional y lo teórico/crítico. Por un lado, se analiza el papel del diseño de interacción, junto con la ética y la estética de los ensamblajes socio-técnicos en las ciudades. Por el otro, aborda los efectos y las consecuencias políticas de las relaciones empáticas en el advenimiento del desarrollo urbano y las prácticas de diseño de interacciones urbanas.
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Newman, Jane Ann. "Affective empathy training with senior citizens using Zazen (Zen) meditation". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/186497.
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As an individual moves into the later years of life, he or she is prone to loss of interpersonal skills and support from others. Affective empathy is considered to be a skill which assists individuals in building interpersonal relationships and thereby increasing support from others. Zazen (Zen) meditation is proposed to increase affective empathic responses. The current study involved 19 senior citizens, ages 60-77 (six males and 13 females) randomly assigned to either a control group or an experimental group. The experimental group received zazen (Zen) meditation training and the control group received an irrelevant activity (mathematical exercises). Each group received the activity for five days, three hours per day. Affective empathy was measured pretest and posttest. The pretest was the Emotional Empathic Tendency Scale (Mehrabian & Epstein, 1972) and posttest was the Empathic Concern subscale of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (Davis, 1980, 1983c). Analysis of the data produced statistically nonsignificant findings. Larger numbers and/or longer training times may provide significant findings in future studies. The levels of affective empathy (i.e. low, intermediate, high scorers) were not considered in the current study but attention to these variables in future research and in training for affective empathy using zazen (Zen) meditation is recommended.
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Olsson, Sandra. "En jämförelse mellan rollspelare och icke-rollspelare med avseende på empati : En kvantitativ studie om bordsrollspel, kön och empati". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för sociala och psykologiska studier (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-71302.
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Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka hur kön och rollspelande relaterar till affektiv och kognitiv empati. 204 personer deltog i föreliggande studie genom att besvara en elektronisk enkät och 192 ifyllda enkäter analyserades. Mätinstrumenten som användes för att undersöka empati och sensorisk föreställningsförmåga var IRI och PSI-Q. Två 2x2 ANOVA utfördes för att undersöka hur kön (man och kvinna) och rollspelande (rollspelande och icke-rollspelande) relaterar till upplevd grad av affektiv och kognitiv empati. Det fanns en signifikant interaktionseffekt mellan kön och rollspelande avseende affektiv empati. Manliga deltagare uppvisade ungefär lika hög affektiv empati oavsett om de spelade rollspel eller inte. Kvinnliga icke-rollspelare uppvisade högre affektiv empati än kvinnliga rollspelare. Det fanns en signifikant huvudeffekt av kön avseende kognitiv empati. Kvinnorna uppvisade högre kognitiv empati än männen. Det fanns även en signifikant huvudeffekt av rollspelande avseende kognitiv empati som erhöll att rollspelare uppvisade högre kognitiv empati än icke-rollspelare. Den aktuella studien kan medföra nytta för framtida forskning och bidra till idéer om tillvägagångssätt för att lära ut kognitiv empatisk förmåga.The purpose of the present study was to investigate how gender and role play relate to affective and cognitive empathy. 204 people participated in the present study by answering an online survey and 192 completed questionnaires were analyzed. The instruments that were used to measure empathy and sensory imagery were IRI and PSI-Q. Two 2x2 ANOVA were performed to investigate how gender (male and female) and role playing (role playing and non-role playing) relate to perceived degree of affective and cognitive empathy. There was a significant interaction between gender and role playing regarding affective empathy. Male participants showed equal degree of affective empathy regardless of whether they role played or not. Female non-role players showed higher affective empathy than female role players. There was a significant main effect of gender on cognitive empathy. The women showed higher cognitive empathy than men. There was also a significant main effect of role playing with regard to cognitive empathy, role players showed higher cognitive empathy than non-role players. The current study can bring benefits to future research and contribute to ideas of approaches to teach cognitive empathy.
Książki na temat "Affective empathy"
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Cooper, Bridget. Empathy in education: Engagement, values and achievement. New York, NY: Continuum, 2011.
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The science of evil: On empathy and the origins of cruelty. New York: Basic Books, 2011.
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Wallon, Philippe. La relation thérapeutique et le développement de l'enfant: Émotions, interactions et contagion affective. Toulouse: Privat, 1991.
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Swift, Martin. Empathy and psychiatric nursing: Practice-setting and gender as contextual variables affecting nurses' empathic response. [s.l: The Author], 1995.
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Anger, rage, and relationship: An empathic approach to anger management. Hove, East Sussex: Routledge, 2008.
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White, Boyd. Aesthetics, Empathy and Education. Lang Publishing, Incorporated, Peter, 2013.
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White, Boyd. Aesthetics, Empathy and Education. Lang Publishing, Incorporated, Peter, 2013.
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Mossner, Alexa Weik von. Affective Ecologies: Empathy, Emotion, and Environmental Narrative. Ohio State University Press, 2017.
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Pedwell, C. Affective Relations: The Transnational Politics of Empathy. Palgrave Macmillan Limited, 2014.
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Pedwell, C. Affective Relations: The Transnational Politics of Empathy. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "Affective empathy"
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Maibom, Heidi L. "Affective empathy". W The Routledge Handbook of Philosophy of Empathy, 22–32. New York : Routledge, 2017. |: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315282015-3.
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dos Santos, Andeline. "Affective Attunement". W Empathy Pathways, 253–68. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08556-7_13.
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Davis, Mark R. "Perceptual and Affective Reverberation Components". W Empathy, 62–108. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003165095-3.
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Keen, Suzanne. "from Affective Trollope". W Empathy and Reading, 193–204. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003264071-17.
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Pedwell, Carolyn. "Conclusions: Empathy and its Afterlives". W Affective Relations, 183–90. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137275264_7.
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Pedwell, Carolyn. "Introduction: Empathy, Emotional Politics and Transnationality". W Affective Relations, 1–43. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137275264_1.
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Pedwell, Carolyn. "Economies of Empathy: Obama, Neoliberalism and Social Justice". W Affective Relations, 44–69. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137275264_2.
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Pedwell, Carolyn. "Affective (Self-) Transformations: Empathy, Mediation and International Development". W Affective Relations, 70–92. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137275264_3.
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Pedwell, Carolyn. "Affective Translation: Empathy and The Memory of Love". W Affective Relations, 119–50. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137275264_5.
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Pedwell, Carolyn. "Circuits of Feeling in The Age of Empathy". W Affective Relations, 151–82. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137275264_6.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenia konferencji na temat "Affective empathy"
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Surma-aho, Antti, Claudia Chen, Katja Hölttä-Otto i Maria Yang. "Antecedents and Outcomes of Designer Empathy: A Retrospective Interview Study". W ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97483.
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Abstract A growing body of research suggests that to uncover key needs and create successful designs, designers must holistically and empathically understand end-users. However, despite the existence of empathy frameworks and guides in design, little empirical work has investigated what influences and results from empathy, i.e. its antecedents and outcomes, at the project level. Further, the distinct roles of affective and cognitive empathic processes are rarely recognized in design, even though they are commonly addressed in psychology research. To begin filling these research gaps, this paper presents a thematic analysis of 10 semi-structured interviews with product and service designers. The designers described a variety of techniques and situations that had enabled them to cognitively understand their users’ perspectives and that had caused affective reactions, ranging from consciously searching for analogous experiences in the designer’s own life to feeling concern for users after observing difficulties in their everyday lives. While cognitive empathy and the resulting accuracy of user understanding was perceived to motivate design changes and thus the creation of more beneficial designs, affective empathy was connected to increased acknowledgement of user problems and motivation to help users. The results describe empathy in a design context and highlight differences between distinct components of empathy.
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Yalcin, Ozge Nilay. "Evaluating Empathy in Artificial Agents". W 2019 8th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acii.2019.8925498.
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Salmi, Aleksi, Jie Li i Katja Holtta-Otto. "Facial Expression Recognition as a Measure of User-Designer Empathy". W ASME 2022 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2022-88924.
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Abstract In human-centered product design and development, understanding the users is essential. Empathizing with the user can help designers to gain deeper insights into the user experience and their needs. However, capturing real time empathy during user interaction and the degree to which empathy enhances user understanding remains unclear. To narrow this gap, this study aims to explore the use of facial expression recognition during a videotaped user interview as means to capture empathy. Mimicry and synchrony have been shown to be predictors of empathy in cognitive psychology. In this study, we adapt this method to 46 user-designer interviews. The results show that the user and designer show mimicry in their facial expressions, which indicates that affective empathy can be captured via facial recognition. However, we find that the user’s facial expressions might not represent their actual emotional tone, which can mislead the designer. Further, we do not find a link between the observed mimicry of facial expressions and the understanding of mental contents, which hints that the affective and some cognitive parts of user empathy may not be directly connected. Further studies are needed to understand how facial expression analysis can further be used to study and advance empathic design.
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Churamani, Nikhil, Pablo Barros, Erik Strahl i Stefan Wermter. "Learning Empathy-Driven Emotion Expressions using Affective Modulations". W 2018 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.2018.8489158.
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Boukricha, Hana, Ipke Wachsmuth, Maria Nella Carminati i Pia Knoeferle. "A Computational Model of Empathy: Empirical Evaluation". W 2013 Humaine Association Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acii.2013.7.
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Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Barbara, i Paul A. Wilson. "Compassion, empathy and sympathy expression features in affective robotics". W 2016 7th IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Infocommunications (CogInfoCom). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/coginfocom.2016.7804526.
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Kim, Min-Yong, Mi-So An i Hei-Rhee Ghim. "Impairment of Empathy in adolescents with conduct problems: Is it due to the deficit in affective empathy or cognitive empathy". W Annual International Conference on Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology. Global Science & technology Forum ( GSTF ), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5176/2251-1865_cbp16.44.
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Hinduja, Saurabh. "Mitigating the Bias in Empathy Detection". W 2019 8th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction Workshops and Demos (ACIIW). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aciiw.2019.8925035.
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Mathur, Leena, Micol Spitale, Hao Xi, Jieyun Li i Maja J. Mataric. "Modeling User Empathy Elicited by a Robot Storyteller". W 2021 9th International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acii52823.2021.9597416.
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Wilson, Jason R., i Matthias Scheutz. "A model of empathy to shape trolley problem moral judgements". W 2015 International Conference on Affective Computing and Intelligent Interaction (ACII). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acii.2015.7344559.
Pełny tekst źródłaRaporty organizacyjne na temat "Affective empathy"
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Clements, Emily, Michael Weinborn, Carmela Pestell, David Preece i Rodrigo Becerra. Empathy in adults with acquired brain injury: a protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, listopad 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.11.0125.
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Review question / Objective: This review aims to determine the prevalence and characteristics of empathic functioning in adults with an acquired brain injury (ABI). Specifically, the review will aim to answer the following questions: 1. What is the prevalence of empathy deficits after ABI? 2. To what extent does self-reported total, cognitive and affective empathy differ between participants with ABI and neurotypical controls? 3. Are there any gender differences in self-reported empathic functioning after ABI? Information sources: Ovid MEDLINE, ProQuest, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Web of Science. Additional studies may be identified by hand-searching, included scanning the reference list of included studies. Unpublished studies will be sought.
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Children at risk of developing antisocial behaviours show deficits in affective empathy. Acamh, wrzesień 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.13056/acamh.10581.
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Researchers in the Netherlands and UK have monitored cardiovascular and electrodermal activity and eye tracking to assess affective and cognitive empathy in children at high risk of engaging in criminal behaviours.