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Qabil, Saïd. "Evolution des aérosols atmosphériques et conditions météorologiques en région bordelaise : études par spectrométrie de vibration". Bordeaux 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988BOR10552.
Pełny tekst źródłaAouizerats, Benjamin. "Impacts radiatifs des aérosols sur la dynamique en couche limite urbaine : application à la campagne CAPITOUL". Toulouse 3, 2010. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1591/.
Pełny tekst źródłaNowaday, aerosol modelling is an absolute interest for the understanding of the complex atmospheric system. The role of aerosol particles is considered crucial for air quality, meteorological and climatical purpose. Several studies show that the aerosol physical and chemical behaviours affect the atmospheric radiative budget by scaterring and aborbing the radiative fluxes. Moreover, it has also been shown that the physical and chemical description of the aerosol is necessary to give shape to water droplets. Finally, several reports from the World Health Organisation show that the fine aerosol particles can cause major diseases as cancer or pulmonary diseases, and should be now considered as a public health matter. This study takes place in this context, and aims at estimating the radiative feedbacks of urban aerosol on the boundary layer. The CAPITOUL field experiment, which took place in the city of Toulouse during one year from march 2004 to february 2005, is the framework of a modelling study during a 2-day IOP. First, an emission inventory has been set up to reproduce the gaz and particles emissions. Then, a simulation exercise aims at reproduce the aerosol evolution at the fine scale of 500 m, and the very specific spatial distribution at different resolutions. In order to estimate the impact of aerosol particles on radiation, a radiative module has been developped to compute online the aerosol optical properties depending on the complex aerosol physical and chemical parameters. The radiative fluxes are then impacted by the aerosol scaterring and aborbing behaviour, leading to change in the urban dynamics. Those feedbacks on radiative fluxes lead to a change of the boundary layer's temperature. The impacts are also compared to the urban surface impacts
Lepers, Capucine. "Pollution atmosphérique de proximité et toxicité respiratoire : recherche in vitro des mécanismes d'action toxique induits par des aérosols atmosphériques particulaires (PM₂.₅) industriels, urbains et ruraux". Thesis, Littoral, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013DUNK0352/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaFine airborne particulate matter (PM₂.₅) can be inhaled and retained in deep lung for long periods, leading to onset or exacerbation of cardio-respiratory diseases. However, the complex composition of PM₂.₅ makes difficult the study of their mechanisms of action. This work fits into a global approach aiming to identify the toxicity mechanisms involved in a putative PM₂.₅ carcinogenicity, in association with PM composition. We study six PM samples collected either under industrial, urban or rural area, in spring-summer 2008 or autumn-winter 2008-2009 seasons. Biological fraction analysis revealed numerous and diverse bacterial and fungal components. We carried out Ames tests revealing a high mutagenic potency for PM samples, presumably linked to their nitro-aromatic content. Based on previous cytotoxicity assays, we studied PM effect on bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B, at two concentrations (3.75 and 15µg/cm²). We demonstrated gene induction of several xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes involved in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolic activation. This was associated with an increase in their catalytic activity, leading to bulky DNA-adducts formation in exposed cells. Furthermore, PM₂.₅ lead to DNA single- and double-strand breaks, micronuclei formation, and disturbed telomerase activity. In addition to these genotoxic effects, our study revealed epigenetic alterations such as P16ᴵᴺᴷ⁴ᴬ promoter hypermehylation, histone 3 post-translational modifications, and miRNAs expression changes. Considering the impact of chemical composition on PM toxicity, organic compounds lead to the highest genotoxicity, whereas metals seem to induce more pronounced epigenetic modifications. Altogether, our results indicate that the studied PM₂.₅ samples, through cooperative action of organic and inorganic fractions, may lead in vitro to multiple alterations involved in initiation and promotion steps toward pulmonary carcinogenesis
Unga, Florin. "Investigation of atmospheric aerosol mixing state effect on measured and retrieved optical characteristics : an approach integrating individual particle analysis, remote sensing and numerical simulations". Thesis, Lille 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIL10023/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaTropospheric aerosols play an important role in atmospheric chemistry, Earth’s radiative budget and climate. After their generation, aerosol can suffer ageing processes and altering their physicochemical properties. An accurate accounting for these processes requires observations of the aerosol properties on different temporal and spatial scales. The current thesis work is dedicated to: (i) study of physicochemical properties and mixing state of individual particles by means of analytical scanning and transmission electron microscopy for aerosols collected during episodes of elevated aerosol loading; (ii) analysis of the effect of microphysical properties on optical characteristics as measured and retrieved by remote sensing; and (iii) investigation of possible parameterization of aerosol composition and structure in remote sensing algorithms. The work presents observations conducted in northern France and western Africa (Senegal) as part of Labex CaPPA project and SHADOW field campaigns. It includes simultaneous analyses of collected individual particles composition and structure, remote sensing and in situ observations of urban/industrial, Saharan dust and biomass burning particles near the surface and on different altitudes. A series of numerical simulation devoted to an analysis of sensitivity of remote sensing observations to aerosol mixing state is conducted. Insights on possible parameterization of aerosol core-shell structure in retrieval algorithms are finally presented
Costantino, Lorenzo. "Analysis of aerosol-cloud interaction from space". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0004.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive analysis of cloud and aerosol interaction over South-East Atlantic, to quantify the overall aerosol impact on the regional radiation budget. We used data from MODIS, PARASOL and CALIPSO satellites, that fly in close proximity on the same sun-synchronous orbit and allow for complementary observations of the same portion of the atmosphere, within a few minutes. The main idea is to use CALIPSO vertical information to define whether or not aerosol and cloud layers observed by MODIS and PARASOL are mixed and interacting. We found evidences that, in case of interaction, cloud properties are strongly influenced by aerosol presence (first indirect effect). In particular, there is a decrease in cloud droplet effective radius and liquid water path with aerosol enhancement. On the other hand, we could not evidence any significant impact on the cloud reflectance. We also analyzed the aerosol impact on precipitation (second indirect effect). In polluted low clouds over the ocean, we found evidence of precipitation suppression and cloud cover increase with increasing aerosol concentration. On the other hand, cloud fraction is shown to be affected by aerosol presence, even if pollution particles are located above cloud top, without physical interaction. This observation is interpreted as a consequence of the aerosol radiative effect. Aerosol shortwave direct (DRF) and indirect (IRF) radiative forcing at TOA has been quantified, with the use of a radiative transfer model constrained by satellite observations. For the direct effect, there is a competition between cooling (negative, due to light scattering by the aerosols) and warming (positive, due to the absorption by the same particles). The six year (2005-2010) mean estimate is equal to -0. 07 (DRF) and -0. 05 (IRF) W/m². The resulting total aerosol forcing is negative (cooling) and equal to -0. 12 W/m²
Chabas, Anne. "Rôle de l'environnement atmosphérique marin dans la dégradation des marbres et du granite de Delos (Cyclades - Grèce)". Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120052.
Pełny tekst źródłaBhugwant, Chatrapatty. "Étude physico-chimique des aérosols de combustion et de l'ozone troposphérique à la Réunion". La Réunion, 2001. http://elgebar.univ-reunion.fr/login?url=http://thesesenligne.univ.run/01_16_Bhugwant.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaPellerin, Geoffrey. "Quantification des vitesses de dépôt par temps sec et documentation des processus d’émission des aérosols sur couvert naturel : du nanomètre au micron". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1086/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe particles emitted into the atmosphere during chronic or accidental release by the nuclear plants can be subjected, after dispersion, to vertical flows by dry weather: dry deposition and resuspension. Vertical flows in dry weather are characterized by the vertical transfer rate, which is the ratio between the particle flux and the atmospheric concentration of the aerosol in the vicinity of the surface. When this speed is positive, it is a dry deposition rate (Vd in m.s-1) and conversely, when it is negative, it is a transmission rate. It is important to study their dry deposition in a prairial environment. Indeed, the products resulting from this environment are a component of the human food chain via livestock. For particles less than 1 μm, there is a lack of experimental data, which results in uncertainty about the results of the models, which can reach up to two orders of magnitude. In addition, there are no in situ deposition rate measurement data available for particles less than 10 nm. These particles are derived from the gas / particle conversion (nucleation) and may relate to certain radionuclides such as iodine (129, 131I).After their deposition, these radionuclides can be resuspended under the effect of the stress submitted by the wind on the canopy. Such a phenomenon is suspected around the Fukushima nuclear power plant. The aerosol resuspension processes are characterized by the vertical transfer rate (m.s-1) but also by the re-suspension coefficient (Ks in m-1) which is the ratio of atmospheric concentration to surface concentration of particles. Relative uncertainties of 2 to 3 orders of magnitude on the resuspension coefficients exist. The resuspension concerns all the particles present on the canopy, whether they are inert or living (fungi, bacteria, yeasts, etc.). Unlike inert particles, these living particles can assimilate and concentrate radionuclides. However, there is very little data on the resuspension of microorganisms and bacteria in particular. In this context, the objectives of the thesis are to quantify the dry deposition rate as a function of the particle size and the main micrometeorological parameters in the range 1.5 nm - 1.2 μm. The second objective is to document the processes of emission of the bacteria
Rimetz, Juliette. "Les aérosols de pollution en zone urbaine et industrielle sous influence marine : physico-chimie des particules". Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00282543.
Pełny tekst źródłaPouyes, Pauline. "Etude de l'aérosol organique secondaire d'origine biogénique : caractérisation de marqueurs moléculaires et étude de leur réactivité hétérogène d'intérêt atmosphérique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0471.
Pełny tekst źródłaAmong the main environmental issues, secondary atmospheric aerosols, whose emissions cannot be regulated, have been the focus of much attention for several years because of their impact on both climate change and air quality. The aim of this work was to study the main tracers of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) produced by the oxidation of terpenes emitted by vegetation. Two complementary aspects were studied experimentally both on the field and in laboratory. The first one focused on the chemical characterisation at the molecular scale of atmospheric particles collected during intensive field campaigns in the Landes and Rambouillet forests, using liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, to better understand biosphere-atmosphere interactions. The second part dealt with atmospheric markers in the particulate phase, and more specifically with the limitations of their use as tracers of aerosol sources as well as formation and fate processes, related to heterogeneous (photo-)chemical degradation, which has been very poorly documented to date. Thus, the reactivity at the gas-particle interface of 6 tracers (i.e. terebic, terpenylic, pinonic, pinic, β-caryophyllinic acids and MBTCA) generated from the oxidation of α- and β-pinene as well as β-caryophyllene, was investigated with hydroxyl radicals, ozone or by photodegradation, to determine their atmospheric lifetimes
Rimetz, Juliette. "Les aérosols de pollution en zone urbaine et industrielle sous influence marine : physico-chimie des particules". Phd thesis, Lille 1, 2007. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2007/50376-2007-247.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaDagher, Zeina. "Recherche in-vitro des mécanismes physiopathologiques impliqués dans la toxicité pulmonaire d'un aérosol (PM2,5) d'origine urbano-industrielle prélevé dans l'agglomération dunkerquoise". Littoral, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DUNK0153.
Pełny tekst źródłaDetailed knowledge on the effects of air pollutants on human health is a prerequisite for the development of effective policies to reduce the adverse impact of ambient air. However, the majority of toxicological studies published on air pollution Particulate Matter (PM) toxicity have been conducted using complex mixtures, yet their physical and chemical characteristics are usually not well established. The underlying mechanismes of PM-related health effects are still incompletely understood, but a hypothesis currently under investigation is that many of the adverse health effects may derive from oxidative stress, initiated by the formation of reactive oxygen species within affected cells. In this work, we focused also our attention on the capacity of PM to induce cytotoxic, oxidative stress, inflammatory, and apoptotic response in embryonic human epithelial lung cells (L132) in culture. PM were collected in Dunkerque, a French seaside city. Their size distribution showed that 92,15% < 2. 5µm and their specific surface area (1 m²/g) allowed the absorption of organic chemicals (i. E. Volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, etc. ) into inorganic elements (i. E. Fe, Al, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Pb, etc. ). Their cytotoxicity was assessed in L132 cells. In PM-exposed L132 cells, there was concentration and/or time-dependent induction of oxidative stress conditions, an inflammatory response through nuclear factor-kappa B activation, an apoptotic events. Taken together, these findings suggested that all these underlying mechanisms of action proceeded cytotoxicity in PM-exposed L132 cells
Chesnoiu, Gabriel. "Environnement solaire et pollutions atmosphériques particulaires en région Hauts-de-France : évolution récente et scénarios futurs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILR061.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe solar radiation incident at the surface, primary source of energy for life on Earth and for photovoltaic resources, exhibits strong spatiotemporal variabilities, mainly due to the influence of atmospheric properties.The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the recent variability and future evolution of the solar environment in the Hauts-de-France region (HdF), which is characterized by a strong influence of cloudy conditions and significant levels of particulate pollution.We first use continuous coincident measurements of aerosol optical properties and incident solar radiation at the surface conducted in Lille between 2010 and 2022. The development of a classification of sunshine conditions into three categories (clear sky, cloudy sky with visible or non-visible sun) allows us to obtain solar environment climatologies for the different situations. Furthermore, the use of a multivariate decomposition based on radiative transfer simulations allows us to analyze the influence of cloud and atmospheric aerosol variability on the measured solar environment in Lille. Spring and summer, two key seasons in terms of solar resource, are marked by less cloudy conditions and high aerosol concentrations. In spring, the aerosol direct radiative effect is maximum, with an average reduction of the incident global irradiance of about -9 W/m² (-23 W/m² in the absence of clouds in the direction of the Sun). Aerosols significantly alter the partition between direct and diffuse solar radiation, increasing the proportion of diffuse irradiance by a factor of 2 on average under clear skies. In Lille, our analysis also highlights a trend over the study period of increasing global and direct solar flux (approximately +4 W/m²/year) for these two seasons, in connection with a decrease in the frequency of cloudy conditions.To spatially extend the study conducted in Lille to the entire HdF region and its surroundings, we use climate simulations from the ALADIN-Climat regional model, which includes the TACTIC aerosol scheme. Analysis of a first set of HINDCAST simulations for the period 2010-2020 shows satisfactory comparisons with flux and aerosol measurements from several sites in our study area. This approach also highlights maximum sunshine and global flux in spring and summer, especially in the southern part of the study region, the English Channel, and the North Sea, as well as particularly high levels of aerosols over the Benelux and the HdF region. Furthermore, the recent increasing trend of the global irradiance measured in Lille due to the decrease in the frequency of cloudy conditions is confirmed by ALADIN-Climat over a large part of the region. Finally, using three additional sets of ALADIN-Climat simulations in climate mode, we analyze the possible future evolution, in spring and summer, of the solar environment in 2050 and 2100 compared to the period 2005-2014 for two contrasting CMIP6 climate scenarios. For the relatively optimistic SSP1-1.9 scenario, ALADIN-Climat projects an increase in global flux in spring and summer in 2100, especially over England and the eastern part of the study area, in connection with a coincident decrease in cloud cover and aerosols. For the more pessimistic SSP3-7.0 scenario, ALADIN-Climat simulates, on the contrary, a significant decrease in global flux across the entire region for both seasons, in connection with an increase in aerosols and water vapor. In summer, ALADIN-Climat simulates a decrease in cloud cover that compensates for these initial effects, more so in 2050 than in 2100. In spring, the simulations project an increase in cloud cover, which amplifies the decrease in global flux as early as 2050
Ioannidis, Eleftherios. "Local and remote sources of Arctic air pollution". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://theses.hal.science/tel-03889862.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Arctic region is warming faster than any other region on Earth due to the effect of greenhouse gases, notably CO2, and short-lived climate forcers of anthropogenic origin, such as black carbon (BC). Over the last 20-30 years, remote anthropogenic emissions over mid-latitude regions have been decreasing. Anthropogenic emissions within the Arctic are also contributing and might increase in the future and further affect Arctic air pollution and climate. Natural emissions, such as sea-spray aerosols, also might increase due to on-going climate change. However, the processes and sources influencing Arctic aerosols and trace gases are poorly quantified, especially in wintertime. In this thesis, quasi-hemispheric and regional simulations are performed using the Weather Research Forecast model, coupled with chemistry (WRF-Chem). The model is used to investigate atmospheric composition over the wider Arctic and during two field campaigns, one in northern Alaska at Barrow, Utqiagvik in January and February 2014 and the second in Fairbanks, central Alaska in November and December 2019 during the French pre-ALPACA (Alaskan Layered Pollution And Chemical Analysis) campaign. First, modelled inorganic and sea-spray (SSA) aerosols are evaluated at remote Arctic sites during wintertime. Then, the model is improved with respect to SSA treatments, following evaluation against Barrow field campaign data, and their contribution to the total aerosol burden within the Arctic region is quantified. A series of sensitivity runs are performed over northern Alaska, revealing model uncertainties in processes influencing SSA in the Arctic such as the presence of sea-ice and open leads. Second, a sensitivity analysis is performed to investigate processes and sources influencing wintertime BC over the wider Arctic and over northern Alaska, with a focus on removal treatments and regional emissions. Variations in model sensitivity to wet and dry deposition is found across the Arctic and could explain model biases. Over northern Alaska, regional emissions from petroleum extraction are found to make an important contribution to observed BC. Model results are also sensitive to planetary boundary layer parameterisation schemes. Third, the improved version of the model is used to investigate the contribution of regional and local sources on air pollution in the Fairbanks area in winter 2019. Using up-to-date emissions, the model performs better in winter 2019 than in winter 2014, when compared to observations at background sites across Alaska. Underestimations in modelled BC and sulphate aerosols can be partly explained by lacking local and regional anthropogenic emissions. In the case of sulphate, additional secondary aerosol formation mechanisms under dark/cold conditions also need to be considered
Tidiga, Mariam. "Contenu et variabilité des aérosols de la stratosphère : impact des éruptions volcaniques sur la période 2013-2019". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ORLE2011.
Pełny tekst źródłaLarge volcanic eruptions affect the climate by injecting sulphur dioxide gas into the stratosphere which is converted to sulphate aerosols. These aerosols have the power to warm the stratosphere, cooling the troposphere by reflecting solar radiation. Since the Pinatubo eruption in 1991, which resulted in a global cooling of 0.4◦C, observations have shown that the stratosphere has been regularly impacted by volcanic eruptions of moderate magnitude on a hemispheric scale, but that these events have been less well documented in the tropics. During our research, we carried out simulations by the global model WACCM-CARMA, including chemical and microphysical cycles of Sulphur to study the variability of stratospheric aerosol content in the tropics over the period 2013-2019. The simulations show that the volcanic events of the period (Kelud, Calbuco, Ambae, Raikoke and Ulawun) have significantly influenced the aerosol layer in the tropics, either by direct injection or by transport from distant latitudes
Boulon, Julien. "Approche multi-échelle de la formation des particules secondaires". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697022.
Pełny tekst źródłaZhang, Yuan. "Impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the terrestrial carbon cycle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2020SORUS123.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaAnthropogenic atmospheric aerosols have been recognized to have significantly affected the climate system through their interactions with radiation and cloud during the last decades. Besides these well-known butpoorly-understood physical processes in the atmosphere, recent studies reported strong influences of aerosols on the carbon cycle, especially its terrestrial component. The changes in carbon cycle will further alter the climate through the climate-carbon feedback. It remains uncertain how much anthropogenic aerosols perturb the land carbon cycle. This thesis aims to quantify and attribute the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the terrestrial cycle using a modeling approach. In Chapter 2, a set of offline simulations using the ORCHIDEE land surface model driven by climate fields from different CMIP5 generation climate models were performed to investigate the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the land C cycle through their impacts on climate. The results indicate an increased cumulative land C sink of 11.6-41.8 PgC during 1850-2005 due to anthropogenic aerosols. The increase in net biome production (NBP) is mainly found in the tropics and northern mid latitudes. Aerosol-induced cooling is the main factor driving this NBP changes. At high latitudes, aerosol-induced cooling caused a stronger decrease in gross primary production (GPP) than in total ecosystem respiration (TER), leading to lower NBP. At mid latitudes, cooling‐induced decrease in TER is stronger than for GPP, resulting in a net NBP increase. At low latitudes, NBP was also enhanced due to the cooling‐induced GPP increase, but regional precipitation decline in response to anthropogenic aerosol emissions may negate the effect of temperature. As climate models currently disagree on how aerosol emissions affect tropical precipitation, the precipitation change in response to aerosols becomes the main source of uncertainty in aerosol-caused C flux changes. The results suggest that better understanding and simulation of how anthropogenic aerosols affect precipitation in climate models is required for a more accurate attribution of aerosol effects on the terrestrial carbon cycle
Kammer, Julien. "LANDEX : étude des aérosols organiques secondaires (AOS) générés par la forêt des Landes". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0402/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaForest ecosystems affect air quality and climate, especially through the emissions and the reactions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) with the atmospheric oxidants, known to generate Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOAs). This work aims to improve our knowledge on the processes involved in biogenic SOA formation and fate. Two field campaigns have been conducted in the Landes forest. In a first step, the measurement site was characterized by a statistical study of local meteorological conditions. During these campaigns, complementary physical and chemical measurements have been carried out, implying measurements of fluxes and concentrations of particles, BVOCs and oxidants. The results evidenced nocturnal new particle formation, which is an original result as this process was usually only reported during daytime. The strong contribution of BVOCs (dominated by α- and β-pinene) ozonolysis to nocturnal new particle formation has been demonstated. Particle flux measurements suggested that particles are transfered from the canopy to the higher atmospheric surface layer. The comparison between ozone fluxes and a physical ozone deposition model also highlighted an ozone production source. This ozone production might be related to BVOC photooxidation
Bertrand, Amélie. "Vieillissement atmosphérique de l'aérosol de combustion de biomasse : du potentiel de formation d'aérosol organique secondaire à la modification de l'empreinte chimique à l'échelle moléculaire". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0149/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaBiomass burning is in winter a main source of air pollution by particulate matter, especially in France. While primary emissions have been characterized extensively before, few studies have addressed the aging of these emissions in the atmosphere and large uncertainties remain. Therefore, the objectives of this thesis was to study in a smog chamber the aging of the aerosol emitted by 3 different woodstoves used for residential heating (fabricated from between 2000 and 2010, and representative of the policy engaged by the French environmental agency to renew the appliances across the country), with a specific focus on the Secondary Organic Aerosol (SOA) production potential and the modification of the chemical fingerprint of the emissions at the molecular level during their transport in the atmosphere. The experiments showed the SOA production potential can be significant. The OA concentration can be increased by up to a factor of 7 (1.5 – 7.1) after being aged in the smog chamber with a time equivalent to 5 hours in the atmosphere. The study also further demonstrated the influence of the combustion efficiency on the emissions and implicitly the role of the operator. The study of the composition of the aerosol at the molecular level showed the formation of compounds, likely to serve as markers for aged biomass burning, mainly nitrocatechols. Finally, the work also illustrates the influence of the volatilization of levoglucosan, main marker of biomass burning, during the dilution process occurring in the atmosphere, and challenge the pertinence of the degradation rate constant determined previously in smog chamber
Lasserre, Frédéric. "Modélisation du cycle d'aérosols naturels et anthropiques en Asie orientale". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00691228.
Pełny tekst źródłaGuyot, Gwennolé. "Caractérisation des propriétés microphysiques des nuages et de l'interaction aérosol-nuage en Arctique à partir de mesures in-situ au sol pendant la campagne CLIMSLIP-NyA, Svalbard". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016CLF22699/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe arctic region is especially sensitive to climate change. At high latitudes, arctic clouds have an important effect on the surface radiative budget. The first part of this work consists in a ground based cloud instrumentation intercomparison in the PUY station in May 2013. The measurements showed a good correlation between the effective diameters and the droplet size distributions obtained by the instruments, but with a systematical bias on the concentrations. These biases have been relied to the assessment of the sampling volume and we thus proposed a methodology to standardize the data according to an ensemble of particles probe. Moreover, the FSSP and the FM have been the subject of experiments to assess the influence of the deflection angle according to exterior wind and the wind speed. The second part of this work is about the measurement campaign at the Mount-Zeppelin station, Ny-Alesund, Svalbard, from March to May 2012 in the frame of the CLIMSLIP project. A comparison has been performed between a « polluted » case, with air masses coming from East Asia and Europe, and a « clean » case, where the aerosol sources are predominantly local and do not exceed the northern Europe. The results showed that the polluted case possessed higher concentrations in BC, aerosols and drops, an accumulation mode more important, weaker droplet diameters and higher activation fraction. Finally, the first and second aerosol indirect effects have been quantified
Jacob, Florence. "Génération contrôlée et détermination de l'impact toxicologique des aérosols organiques secondaires". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ULILS078.
Pełny tekst źródłaChronic exposure to atmospheric particles with a diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) at concentrations exceeding the levels recommended by the World Health Organization is responsible for the onset and/or exacerbation of respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and even cancer-related diseases. Regulatory threshold values have been defined regarding the ambient mass concentration of PM2.5, but these values do not take into account the impact of variations in the chemical composition of particles on induced biological effects. Special attention has been given in the literature to certain recognized harmful compounds such as metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, some of which have been regulated. Nevertheless, other compounds are still poorly studied to date, even though they could also play an important role in particulate toxicity. This includes secondary organic aerosols (SOA), which constitute a major chemical fraction of PM2.5 and can represent up to 90% of their organic matter mass. They are formed through the reaction/oxidation/condensation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the atmosphere. A rise in ambient SOA concentration is expected in the future due to the simultaneous increase in VOC precursor emissions and the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere related to climate change. In this context, the present project first consisted in generating model SOA resulting from the oxidation of two VOCs that are widely present in the atmosphere, one of biogenic origin, limonene, and the other of anthropogenic origin, m-xylene. Limonene ozonolysis and m-xylene photooxidation were respectively carried out in a flow reactor and a simulation chamber. Two types of oxidations were tested for biogenic SOA synthesis: one with low ozone concentration and the other with high ozone concentration. The particulate phases were then characterized in terms of size (few hundred nm), mass, and chemical composition (hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxylic acid functions, oligomers for limonene; nitrophenols, dimers for xylene). In a second step, the intrinsic oxidative potential (OP) of the generated biogenic and anthropogenic SOA was evaluated, as well as their toxicological impact in terms of oxidative stress and inflammatory effects on a model of immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). The results obtained showed that among the biogenic SOA, those produced with low ozone concentration exhibit a more pronounced OP and antioxidant response. Furthermore, our results also indicate that, compared to these biogenic SOA, SOA resulting from m-xylene photooxidation have a higher OP and display greater cytotoxicity and activation of antioxidant defenses. In addition, oxidative damage to proteins and DNA was also detected in cells exposed to these SOA. Overall, the results from this project contribute to improving our knowledge on the chemical composition of SOA particulate phase and provide new insights into the mechanisms involved in their pulmonary toxicity
Assamoi, Abé Yapo Eric-Michel. "Emissions anthropiques d'aérosols carbonés en Afrique en 2005 et en 2030 : élaboration d'inventaires et évaluation". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00585492.
Pełny tekst źródłaKhlaifi, Anis. "Estimation des sources de pollution atmosphérique par modélisation inversée". Paris 12, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA120067.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe identification of the pollution sources and their contributions using the measures in their environment was treated by two approaches, adapted to two different problems. In the first case, the objective is the identification of the sources as a blind source separation, by their profiles (fingerprints), and the estimation of their contributions. They are complex sources, whose emission profiles are unknown and include several species. It is through the measurements of the various species in the environment, by using statistical methods of pattern recognition (PCA, PMF, HC, KPCA, ICA), that we determined the sources profiles. The general interest of these problems lies within the evaluation of the impact of the aerosols sources. In the second case, the separation among the sources is not done any more by their profile, because there is only one chemical species; in this case, the purpose is to estimate the contributions of the chronic and known sources. We developed an original coupling between the Pasquill gaussian model and the genetic algorithms, to solve the inverse problem: source emission estimation from the measurements of an air quality monitoring network. This estimation can be realized with the aim of sources monitoring or emission inventory. Our results revealed various configurations related to the inversion of a physical model and led to the development of a methodology allowing an optimal network design
Geffroy, Sylvain. "Méthodologies de caractérisation des aérosols atmosphériques par télédétection optique". Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10177.
Pełny tekst źródłaRobache, Antoine. "Caractérisation des aérosols dans l'air ambiant : application à la recherche de sources". Lille 1, 2000. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2000/50376-2000-320-321.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaCougnenc, Sylvine. "Caractérisations physique et chimique des flux d'aérosols atmosphériques et marins sur la côte méditerranéenne française". Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30017.
Pełny tekst źródłaCurier, Lyana. "Restitution des propriétés des aérosols et validation". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00730509.
Pełny tekst źródłaGaie-Levrel, François. "Développement d'un instrument d'analyse physico-chimique en temps réel pour l'étude de la fraction organique de l'aérosol atmosphérique : SPLAM : Single particle Laser Ablation Mass Spectrometry". Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077038.
Pełny tekst źródłaAtmospheric aerosols are known to impact on human health, atmospheric chemistry and climate. To date, these effects are still poorly understood, partly due to incomplete characterisation of aerosol chemical composition, in particular its secondary organic fraction (SOA). A better comprehension of the SOA formation and ageing mechanisms allows a better understanding of these impacts. In this context, this thesis work was dedicated to the development and the characterisation of an analytical technique of individual particles in real time for the SOA studies produced in smog chamber. The three parts of the instrument were developed : (1) - an aerodynamic lens System which permits the introduction of a beam of very low divergence of particles into the instrument (2) - an optical detection chamber, composed of two continuous laser at 403 nm, which permits to size the detected particles and to trigger a KrF eximer laser (248 nm) allowing for their vaporisation and ionisation (3) a linear time-of-flight mass spectromeier (TOF-MS) which analyses the ions produced during the excimer laser pulse and therefore gives access to the chemical composition of individual particles detected in the second part of the instrument. Finally, the first experiments of some models aerosols and SOA produced in a smog chamber validated the individual particle analysis of the instrument
Chini, Catherine. "Recherche d'un ou plusieurs marqueurs de la pollution de l'air par l'aérosol diesel". Paris 12, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA120021.
Pełny tekst źródłaAudebrand, Michel. "Etude des polluants particulaires de l'atmosphère par spectroscopie de vibration et de leur rétention par l'appareil respiratoire". Bordeaux 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985BOR10503.
Pełny tekst źródłaMenegoz, Martin. "Modélisation globale des interactions atmosphère-aérosols". Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/700/.
Pełny tekst źródłaAerosols influence the Earth radiative budget, both scattering and absorbing solar radiation and through their interactions with clouds. Before quantifying the impact of aerosols on climate, it is necessary to evaluate their concentration in the atmosphere. This is the topic of this work. In particular, three aerosols are studied : sulphate, black-carbon and desert dust. Multi-year simulations are analysed over Europe and high latitudes as a first step and at the global scale as a second step. They are compared with observations and with simulations performed by other models. Our model describe the atmospheric concentration of aerosols quite well. Mains sinks and sources are put forward for each aerosol, which allows to identify ways to better simulate their atmospheric distribution
Argouges, Odile d'. "Mise en place d'une mesure rapide de la composition chimique de l'aérosol en zone urbaine : étude en mégapoles". Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077206.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe continuous population growth in urban area is accompanied by an increasing number of megacities especially in South East Asia. These urban regions form intense pollution spots with a particular concern for atmospheric particles. To evaluate their impact on climate, environment or human health, studies to document main sources and fast transformations of pollutants are mandatory. This may be obtained by quasi real time measurements of chemical composition. In this context, the present work shows the development and the qualification of a field instrumental package that has been built to retrieve aerosol chemistry on short duration scales. The package is composed of a PILS-IC (Particle-Into-Liquid-Sampler) for ion measurement, a thermo- optical analyser for EC and OC (EC-OC Sunset Field Analyzer), a PILS-TOC for water soluble OC measurements and a TEOM-FDMS for artefact free mass measurement. Optimisation and qualification of the instrument package are presented, followed by an evaluation of its potential using results of two field campaigns Paris (June 2007) and Beijing (August 2007) conducted at two different stages of its development. This package now allows PM-2. 5 mass and optical reconstructions on one-hour basis and provides data able to help for source identification (local vs regional, primary vs secondary) and a better understanding of organic aerosol properties (water solubility)
Yahi, Houda. "Méthodologie de prévision de la pollution atmosphérique particulaire : vers une télédétection satellitaire". Littoral, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DUNK0260.
Pełny tekst źródłaWe present a methodology for retrieving atmospheric particulate matter (PM10) from sun-sky photometer measurements (AOT). As PM10 are “surface parameters” and AOT are “integrated parameters”, the last and containing or not the first one, one needs to use a “functional relationship” between the two parameters. As these two parameters depend on atmospheric structure and meteorological parameters, we tried here to initiate a statistical approach, classified the meteorological situations in weather types using a neuronal classifier (Self organizing Map). For each weather type, a simple relationship can be estimated. We applied this methodology to the Lille region (France) for the summer 2003-2007. The good performances of the method led us to envisage the possibility of measuring the PM10 from satellite observations
El, Haddad Imad. "Fraction primaire et secondaire de l'aérosol organique : méthodologies et application à un environnement urbain méditerranéen, Marseille". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10029.
Pełny tekst źródłaTougher particulate matter regulations around the world and especially in Europe point out the need of source apportionment studies in order to better understand the different primary and secondary sources of organic aerosol, a major fraction of particulate matter that remains not well constrained. The work carried out in this thesis takes part of the FORMES project whose main objective is the source apportionment of the organic aerosol using different approaches, including mainly CMB modelling, AMS/PMF and radiocarbon (14C) measurements. The aerosol characterisation was performed within two intensive field campaigns conducted in two contrasted urban environments: Grenoble during winter and Marseille during summer. The present work focuses on the Marseille case study that presents a particularly complex environment, combining an intense photochemistry to a mixture of primary emissions including shipping and industrial emissions. Primary organic carbon (POC) apportioned using CMB modelling contributed on average for only 22% and was dominated by vehicular emissions accounting on average for 17% of OC. Even though, industrial emissions contribute for only 2.3% of the total OC, they are associated with ultrafine particles and high concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and heavy metals such as Pb, Ni and V, which most likely relate them with acute health outcomes. Whereas in Grenoble the organic aerosol was dominated by wood burning smoke (70% of OC), this source was negligible in Marseille contributing for less than 1% of OC. The main result from this source apportionment exercise is that 78% of OC mass cannot be attributed to the major primary sources and remains un-apportioned; this fraction is mostly associated with secondary organic aerosol. Radiocarbon measurements suggest that more than 70% of this fraction is of modern origins, assigned predominantly to biogenic secondary organic carbon (BSOC). Therefore, contributions from three traditional BSOC precursors, isoprene, α-pinene and β-caryophellene, were considered using a marker based approach. The aggregate contribution from BSOC derived from these precursors was estimated at only 4.2% of total OC. As a result, these estimates underpredict the high loading of OC. This underestimation can be associated with (i) uncertainties underlying the marker-based approach, (ii) presence of other SOC precursors and (iii) further processing of fresh SOC, as indicated by organosulfates (RSO4) and HUmic LIke Substances (HULIS) measurements. This HULIS can contribute up to 40% of the unattributed OC
Ramgolam, Kiran. "Effet des particules atmosphériques fines (PM2. 5, PM1) et ultrafines (PMO. 1) provenant de la région parisienne sur lépithélium respiratoire humain in vitro". Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077040.
Pełny tekst źródłaEpidemiological studies have highlighted the health impacts of ambient particulate matter (PM), and especially on cardio-respiratory diseases. Inhaled PM induces an inflammatory response in the respiratory tract that results from an increased release of inflammatory mediators such as the pro-inflammatory cytokine GM-CSF. The aim of this work was to characterize in vitro the pro-inflammatory response induced by fine (PM2. 5 and PM1 : particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter les than 2. 5 and 1 um) and ultrafine (PM0. 1) particulate matter in human respiratory epithelial cells. The comparison of the size fractions of Paris aerosol (PMO. 03-0. 1, PMO. 1-1, PM1-2. 5 and PM2. 5-10) showed that fine PMO. 1-1 and ultrafine PMO. 03-0. 1 systematically induced the highest release of the pro-inflammatory biomarker GM-CSF. This pro-inflammatory effect was correlated to particle organic carbon content. The study of the mechanisms of the pro-inflammatory response induced by Paris PM2. 5 revealed that (1) the expression and release of the growth factor amphiregulin (AR) which is an EGF receptor (EGFR) ligand, were increased through EGFR and MAP Kinases activation and (2) AR participates in PM2. 5-induced GM-CSF release. These results strengthened the hypothesis of a higher reactivity of fine and ultrafine urban PM and highlighted for the first time the involvement of EGFR and its ligands in PM-induced pro-inflammatory response of respiratory epithelial cells
Auger, Floriane. "Implication des particules atmosphériques fines dans l'induction de pathologies cardiorespiratoires : étude in vitro des réponses cellulaires de l'épithélium respiratoire et de l'endothélium vasculaire". Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077068.
Pełny tekst źródłaAir pollution is a current concern. Many epidemiological studies suggest that particulate air pollution is responsible for exacerbation and/or induction of cardiorespiratory diseases and cancer. Potential targets of particles are airway epithelial cells, resident inflammatory cells and endothelial cells of microvessels. Mechanisms for the action of particle are largely unclear, although the hypothesis of development of an inflammatory response in the airways is accepted. In the present study, we used model cell Systems in which cells were in an environment quite similar to that of the in vivo context. This enabled the study of the effects on ambient urban particles on non-injured upper airway epithelium and vascular endothelium, either directly or indirectly via the alveolar epithelium. Results showed that fine particles do not enter into well-differentiated epithelial cells. Nevertheless, particles induce release of mediators, and notably proinflammatory cytokines. I addition, particles enhance intracellular oxidative stress and alter the permeability of the airway epithelium. Moreover, the vascular endothelium directly exposed to particles overexpressed PAI-1 and MMP-1 genes, which may play a crucial role in coagulation and tumor progression. Thus, our results suggest that thé airway epithelium is implicated in the local inflammatory response in the lung, and that endothelium damaged by particles may be responsible for certain diseases
Goger, Thierry. "Unindicateur d'impact environnemental global des polluants atmosphériques émis par les transports". Lyon, INSA, 2006. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2006ISAL0099/these.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaWe intend to build a global environmental impact indicator of air pollution to assess transport infrastructures, technologies or flows. This indicator tries to be simple and transparent to facilitate its use in decision-making. The intention is for the indicator to be like the Global Warming Potential (GWP), which establishes a relationship between the emission of six greenhouse gases and the average temperature increase of the Earth. The indicator therefore allows estimating the global environmental impact of transport-generated air pollution, while simultaneously conserving the value of the environmental impact of each type of air pollution and the emission assessment. This work is based on an environmental impact typology, a set of indicators, and aggregation architecture of atmospheric pollution. The typology is established as a function of the specific and homogenous characteristics of each type of pollution in terms of pollutants, impact mechanisms, targets and environmental impacts. To ensure exhaustiveness and non-redundancy, 10 types of air pollution impact are proposed: greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, direct ecotoxicity (this type of pollution excludes greenhouse effects on nature, ozone depletion, eutrophication, acidification and photochemical pollution), eutrophication, acidification, photochemical pollution, restricted direct health effects (not taking into account welfare, and excluding the effects on health of the greenhouse effect, ozone depletion, acidification and photochemical pollution), sensitive pollution (annoyance caused by odours and fumes), and degradation of common and historical man-made heritage. Indicators similar to GWP can be identified in the literature for each type of atmospheric pollution, except for the degradation of common and historical man-made heritage, for which none indicator have been suggested. However, these indicators do not seem to have achieved wide scientific consensus, except for GWP, which may make it necessary to continue research in this field. Aggregating the different indicators is proposed by using an architecture composed of two structures that aggregate types of air pollution. One is based on the target affected, whereas the second has three dimensions, i. E. Targets, space and time. This architecture allows also the indicator’s users to establish a hierarchy of concerns for each type of atmospheric pollution. The indicator makes thus it possible to give a global value to impact of air pollutants, taking into account scientific assessment and social perception
Machado, Echalar Francisco Agustin. "Caractérisation de la fraction minérale des particules émises par les feux de végétation tropicale". Paris 12, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA120032.
Pełny tekst źródłaKasparian, Jérôme. "Etude de spectroscopie linéaire et non-linéaire d'aérosols atmosphériques". Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10132.
Pełny tekst źródłaFlament, Pascal. "Les métaux-traces associés aux aérosols atmosphériques : apports au milieu marin du littoral Nord-Pas-de-Calais". Lille 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LIL10066.
Pełny tekst źródłaAbbas, Imane. "Etude de l'activation métabolique par la fraction organique d'un aérosol atmosphérique particulaire et de ses conséquences génotoxiques dans un modèle de co-culture de cellules pulmonaires humaines". Littoral, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010DUNK0282.
Pełny tekst źródłaWhether it is from anthropogenic or natural origin, air pollution is described as one of the major risk factors affecting the human health. Fine Particulate Matter (PM2. 5) is the main responsable to this atmospheric pollution. The objective of our research project consisted to determine the toxicity of the PM2. 5 collected in Dunkerque in terms of metabolic activation, genotoxicity, and cell cycle alterations, in two cell models : a human embryonic lung epithelial cell line (L132) and human Alveolar Macrophages (AM) isolated from broncho-alveolar lavages within healthy outpatients. Therefore, we developed a co-culture model using these two cell types in order to better integrate the cell heterogeneity of the alveoli. The atmospheric particles proved to be able to induce the gene expression of various phase I and phase II metabolism enzymes (CYP1A1, CYP2E1, CYP2F1, EHm, NQO1, GSTµ1 et GSTµ3) in human MA in both mon and co-culture and in L132 cells, only in monoculture. Our results showed also the genotoxicity of the aerosol through the formation of the DNA bulky adducts in human MA in mono and co-culture as well as in L132 cells in co-culture. In contrast, no DNA bulky adduct was reported in L132 cells in monoculture. In addition, a Loss of Heterozygosity (LOH) and/or a MicroSatellite Instability (MSI) of some microsatellites located on the short-arm of the chromosome 3 were observed in 30 to 40% of L132 cells in monoculture 72 hours after their exposure to PM2. 5. As a consequence, significant alterations of the gene expression and/or protein concentration of some of the key protein controllers involved in the TP53-RB gene signaling pathway were reported in the two cell models, in mono-cultures or in co-cultures. This work consequently contributed to the improvment of the knowledge about the adverse lung effects of environmental exposure. However, the better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of action involved in the toxicity of the atmospheric pollutants on the respiratory system still remains opened and should be completed
Péré, Jean-Christophe. "Simulation de l'impact climatique des aérosols en Europe". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00553196.
Pełny tekst źródłaMortier, Augustin. "Tendances et variabilités de l’aérosol atmosphérique à l’aide du couplage Lidar/Photomètre sur les sites de Lille et Dakar". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10164.
Pełny tekst źródłaBeyond their impact on air quality affecting health, atmospheric aerosols are a key parameter of the climate. Large uncertainties remain (IPCC, 2013) due to their type versatility, radiative and clouds interactions and their strong variability in space and time. In light of this, a long-term observation is highly required. In 2006, the LOA reinforced sunphotometer observations with two micro-lidars in two contrasted sites : Lille and Dakar. In this work, we analyse these complementary observations at multiple time scale in order to highlight trends and provide a variability estimation. These observations include detection of extreme events (volcanic ash from Eyjafjöll, 2010). The analysis of the unique and large database is based on the development of an automatic algorithm (BASIC) combining vertical profiles and sunphotometer measurements. This work is particularly relevant and of interest in the current and future context of observation systems (ORAURE, Météo France). Our results are used to provide a better determination of aerosols radiative effect. Our whole database has been used faced to vertical profiles from the CALIOP spaceborne lidar and for a first evaluation of the NMMB/BSC-Dust model in Africa during one year. Finally, we present first results of a mobile ground-based remote sensing system, providing high space resolution capability to monitor aerosol properties, deployed during DRAGON campaign (USA, 2011)
Bernard, Nadine. "Mesure de l'exposition individuelle au photo-oxydants atmosphériques et recherche de marqueurs biologiques". Montpellier 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON20025.
Pełny tekst źródłaFavez, Olivier. "Caractérisation physico-chimique de la pollution particulaire dans les mégapoles contrastées". Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077007.
Pełny tekst źródłaThis work aims at characterizing the physics and the chemistry that govern particulate air pollution in two megacities (paris and cairo) for which the size distribution and the chemical composition of airborne particles were poorly documented. Seasonnal variations of the main aerosol sources and transformation processes are investigated in these two urban centers, with a particular attention to semi-volatile material and secondary organic aerosols. Short-term health effects of paris size-segregated aerosols, as well as particulate pollution during the cairo "black cloud" season, are also emphasized. Finally, the comparison of results obtained for these two megacities and for another one (beijing) allows investigating main factors responsible for particulate air pollution in megacities with contrasted climatic conditions and economic situations. Noteworthy, this work also allowed the build-up of an experimental dataset which is now available for the modelling of urban air quality and of environmental impacts of megacity air pollution
Journet, Emilie. "Etude du facteur minéralogique sur la solubilité et la spéciation redox du fer dissous dans le contexte biogéochimique du depôt atmosphérique des aérosols désertiques sahélo-sahariens". Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077216.
Pełny tekst źródłaStudying dust iron solubility and its redox state in atmospheric aqueous phase is essential to estimate impacts of atmospheric inputs on marine productivity and hence on C biochemical cycle. The aim of this work was to study the link between the mineralogical state of iron and its bioavailability (solubility/ redox speciation) over dust atmospheric cycle. I led to (i) a laboratory study in order to establish a database for the solubility and the redox speciation of dissolved iron coming from various minerals which constitute dust and (ii) on the field, a precise characterization of physico-chemistry and mineralogy parameters and solubility/redox speciation of iron into dust and into "red" rains in the West Africa-Tropical Atlantic region. Main results proceeding from this work show that clay minerals are the major source of dissolved Fe. This conclusion challenges most of work leading actually in modelling for the estimation of fluxes, which considered iron oxides as the single source of iron into atmospheric deposition. Measurements made on aérosols allow concluding that this original approach, via mineralogical composition of aerosol, could be used to parameter the solubility of iron but not the redox state and maybe permit to evaluate the evolution of iron dust over the atmospheric cycle. In-situ measurements into rains show finally that it is essential to also take into account external
Mortier, Augustin. "Tendances et variabilités de l’aérosol atmosphérique à l’aide du couplage Lidar/Photomètre sur les sites de Lille et Dakar". Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL10164/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaBeyond their impact on air quality affecting health, atmospheric aerosols are a key parameter of the climate. Large uncertainties remain (IPCC, 2013) due to their type versatility, radiative and clouds interactions and their strong variability in space and time. In light of this, a long-term observation is highly required. In 2006, the LOA reinforced sunphotometer observations with two micro-lidars in two contrasted sites : Lille and Dakar. In this work, we analyse these complementary observations at multiple time scale in order to highlight trends and provide a variability estimation. These observations include detection of extreme events (volcanic ash from Eyjafjöll, 2010). The analysis of the unique and large database is based on the development of an automatic algorithm (BASIC) combining vertical profiles and sunphotometer measurements. This work is particularly relevant and of interest in the current and future context of observation systems (ORAURE, Météo France). Our results are used to provide a better determination of aerosols radiative effect. Our whole database has been used faced to vertical profiles from the CALIOP spaceborne lidar and for a first evaluation of the NMMB/BSC-Dust model in Africa during one year. Finally, we present first results of a mobile ground-based remote sensing system, providing high space resolution capability to monitor aerosol properties, deployed during DRAGON campaign (USA, 2011)
Kacenelenbogen-Tilot, Meloë. "Application de la télédétection spatiale à la surveillance de la pollution en aérosols". Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10012/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaSatellite measurements of aerosol optical thickness (AOT) are weil suited for global daily monitoring of atmospheric particle load. The goal of this study is to evaluate the satellite's capability to monitor aerosol pollution in terms of air quality categories. Those last ones are defined using the particulate mass concentration concerning particles smaller than about 2.5 ,um in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5). We have first used the photometric meàsurements provided by the AERONET/PHOTONS network to characterise the optical and microphysical properties of aerosols over Western Europe and their possible impact on the relationship between PM2.5 and AOT measurements. The comparison between AOT measurements derived from different satellite radiometers (mostly POLDER) and PM2.5 measurements over France has allowed us the definition of a statistical relationship between those two measurements. Thanks to this relationship, we have elaborated a threshold of satellite AOT measurements (0.17) over which pollution can be qualified as « Moderate» from April to October 2003,2005 and 2006. We have finally assessed particulate mass at the ground using satellite AOT measurements and vertical distribution of aerosols simulated by the CHIMERE chemistrytransport model on the one hand and on the other, measured by CALIOP spatial LIDAR. While the CHI MERE model has not improved significantly the correlation between satellite AOT and PM2.5 measurements, the use of profiles derived from CALIOP has shown the importance of taking into consideration the vertical distribution of aerosols in the elaboration of a satellite air quality product
Marelle, Louis. "Modélisation régionale des polluants à courte durée de vie (aérosols, ozone) en Arctique". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066190/document.
Pełny tekst źródłaThe Arctic is increasingly open to human activity due to rapid warming, associated with decreased sea ice extent. This warming is due, in part, to the effect of short-lived atmospheric pollutants (aerosols, ozone). As a result, Arctic pollutant emissions should increase in the future, and their impacts might become significant compared to the now predominant source due to pollution transport from the mid-latitudes. In this thesis, regional simulations of the Arctic troposphere are performed with the WRF-Chem model, combined with new emission estimates for oil and gas extraction and shipping in the Arctic. The model is used to analyze two case studies from recent airborne measurement datasets: POLARCAT-France in 2008, ACCESS in 2012. First, I investigate an aerosol transport event from Europe to the Arctic in spring 2008, in order to improve our understanding of this major source of Arctic pollution. Second, I determine the air quality and radiative impacts of shipping emissions in Northern Norway in summer 2012, where most current Arctic shipping occurs. I use these results to validate modeled pollution, and to improve WRF-Chem for Arctic studies. The updated model is used to investigate the current (2012) and future (2050) impacts of Arctic shipping and Arctic gas flaring in terms of air quality and radiative effects. Results show that Arctic flaring emissions are and should remain a strong source of local black carbon aerosols, causing warming, and that Arctic shipping is already a strong source of aerosols and ozone during summer. In 2050, diversion shipping through the Arctic Ocean could become a major source of local surface aerosol and ozone pollution