Artykuły w czasopismach: „Advertising – Tobacco industry”

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Gray, Nigel. "Tobacco industry and EC advertising ban". Lancet 359, nr 9314 (kwiecień 2002): 1264–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08282-x.

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Mc Kie, David. "Advertising and Sponsorship by the Tobacco Industry". Lancet 327, nr 8477 (luty 1986): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(86)92363-9.

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Simonich, W. L. "Banning tobacco advertising: boon to the industry?" JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 270, nr 3 (21.07.1993): 321–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.270.3.321.

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Simonich, William L. "Banning Tobacco Advertising: Boon to the Industry?" JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 270, nr 3 (21.07.1993): 321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1993.03510030045023.

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Neuman, Mark, Asaf Bitton i Stanton Glantz. "Tobacco industry strategies for influencing European Community tobacco advertising legislation". Lancet 359, nr 9314 (kwiecień 2002): 1323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08275-2.

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Apollonio, Dorie E., i Stanton A. Glantz. "Marketing with tobacco pack onserts: a qualitative analysis of tobacco industry documents". Tobacco Control 28, nr 3 (28.06.2018): 274–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054279.

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BackgroundCigarette packs are a form of advertising that distributes brand information wherever smokers go. In the 21st century, tobacco companies began using onserts on cigarette packs to communicate new advertising messages to smokers.MethodsWe reviewed tobacco industry documents dated 1926 to 2017 to identify how the tobacco industry developed and used onserts in marketing and to serve the industry’s political and legal objectives.ResultsOnserts added to cigarette packs became a more cost-effective way for brands to market in the year 2000. Manufacturers then began studying them, finding that new messages were appealing, while repeated messages were ignored. By 2005, tobacco companies were using onserts to effectively communicate about new tobacco products and packaging changes. They also used repeated ‘corporate responsibility’ messages that were, according to the industry’s own research, likely to be ignored.ConclusionsTobacco companies have expanded on cigarette pack-based advertising. Twenty-first century onserts simultaneously seek to increase sales using materials that are novel, attractive and provide independent value, while undercutting public health messages about the risks of tobacco use using materials that repeat over time and are comparatively unattractive. Health authorities can use this industry research to mandate onserts to communicate effective health messages.

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Kondro, Wayne. "Canada starts renewed effort against tobacco-industry advertising". Lancet 351, nr 9118 (czerwiec 1998): 1795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)78764-x.

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Brandt, Allan M. "Banning Tobacco Advertising: Boon to the Industry?-Reply". JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 270, nr 3 (21.07.1993): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1993.03510030045024.

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Scally, G. "Advertising for doctor to work in tobacco industry". BMJ 305, nr 6850 (15.08.1992): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.305.6850.427-a.

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Robinson, Daniel J. "Cigarette Marketing and Smoking Culture in 1930s Canada". Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 25, nr 1 (28.08.2015): 63–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1032799ar.

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This paper examines political-economic, cultural, and marketing changes during the 1930s that solidified the domestic tobacco industry and cigarette smoking as a socially normative practice. During this decade, farm production of cigarette tobacco grew exponentially in southern Ontario, as did cigarette manufacturing operations, mostly in Montréal. Cigarette marketing and advertising were prolific, as evidenced by the bevy of premium promotions, gift rebates, sports sponsorships, and athlete and celebrity testimonial advertising. Women, for the first time, were routinely targeted by cigarette advertising, and their entry into the ranks of “legitimate” smokers proved a watershed for tobacco manufacturers. Two specific developments further boosted the long-term viability of the cigarette industry. First, Canada’s dominant tobacco firm, Imperial Tobacco, spent heavily on public relations advertising to overcome public criticism of its cut-throat merchandising practices. Second, menthol and filtered cigarettes first appeared in the 1930s, ads for which reassured smokers worried about sore throats and persistent coughs. Long before the tobacco industry’s massive public relations response in the 1950s to the “cancer scare” (which included the heavy promotion of filtered brands as “safer” cigarettes), Imperial Tobacco, among others, was versed in issue-management public relations and forms of cigarette “health marketing.”

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Shirane, Risako, Katherine Smith, Hana Ross, Karin E. Silver, Simon Williams i Anna Gilmore. "Tobacco Industry Manipulation of Tobacco Excise and Tobacco Advertising Policies in the Czech Republic: An Analysis of Tobacco Industry Documents". PLoS Medicine 9, nr 6 (26.06.2012): e1001248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001248.

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Mirza, Maryam. "Advertising Restrictions and Market Concentration in the Cigarette Industry: A Cross-Country Analysis". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, nr 18 (12.09.2019): 3364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183364.

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There has been a large increase in the adoption of tobacco advertising restrictions worldwide over the last two decades. Much of the literature studies their direct effect on cigarette demand. This paper investigates the indirect effect of advertising restrictions by evaluating the effect of the policies on the degree of concentration in the tobacco market. By using the variation between countries in timing of adoption of advertising restrictions, I estimate difference-in-difference models to examine the effect of an advertising ban on market-concentration, as measured by HHI. I find that advertising bans lead to an increase in market-concentration: HHI increased by 0.06 points for countries that adopted a ban between 2001 and 2017 conditional on trade and socio-economic characteristics, representing a 13% increase with respect to the mean (0.44). The effect is higher in developing countries (0.08 points increase). Further, I find that ‘comprehensive’ restrictions have a stronger impact on concentration, and ‘limited’ restrictions have little or no impact. These findings point to an important trade-off for policymakers: on one hand, advertising restrictions are likely to reduce consumption of cigarettes; on the other hand, due to an increase in market-concentration, they may be giving more power to tobacco companies.

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Astuti, Santi Indra. "Educating Youth Against Tobacco Advertising: A Media Literacy Approach for Reducing Indonesia's Replacement Smokers". Mediator: Jurnal Komunikasi 10, nr 1 (1.06.2017): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/mediator.v10i1.2677.

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According to recent data extracted from Global Tobacco Atlas (2015), about 66% Indonesian male aged no less than 15 years old are active smokers. It means 2 among 3 Indonesian male are smokers. The number of young smokers arose significantly. Smokers among 15-19 years old has increased 17 % each year, meanwhile, baby smokers among 5-9 years old has multiplied 400 %. These figures implied the rise of health risk among Indonesians. The tobacco industry tries every year to recruit young people to replace those current smokers who are dying or quitting. This youth being targeted by tobacco industry is called ‘replacement smokers’, and is lured to start smoking through the work of advertising and creative marketing strategy. A study carried out by Health Ministry of Indonesia showed that 70% youth were started to smoke after heavily exposed by cigarette advertising. In order to break tobacco advertising spell, a brand jamming strategy based on media literacy approach was conducted toward junior high school pupils. By educating them about advertising-behind-the scene and challenging them to creatively produce a ‘mocking’ version of popular tobacco ads, students now are capable enough to deconstructing the real message behind tobacco ads.

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Winstanley, Margaret H., i Stephen D. Woodward. "Tobacco in Australia—An Overview". Journal of Drug Issues 22, nr 3 (lipiec 1992): 733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269202200318.

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Tobacco smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease in Australia, and the major cause of drug death. Under a third of adults smoke, male rates having declined significantly following the Second World War. The publication of international reports during the 1960s causally linking tobacco with death and disease stimulated action by Australian health professionals, although governments remained unresponsive. In the 1970s, advertising bans in the broadcast media were introduced, but quickly circumvented by the tobacco companies through sport sponsorships. However, the 1980s brought increased public awareness about health issues, and legislation concerning advertising restrictions and other aspects of tobacco control. Importantly, unequivocal evidence about the effects of passive smoking also become available in this decade, signalling a battle between public health interests and the tobacco industry, which the industry can now be said to have lost. Although consumption and disease rates are falling, priority areas for action still remain.

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Krugman, Dean M., i Karen Whitehill King. "Teenage Exposure to Cigarette Advertising in Popular Consumer Magazines". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 19, nr 2 (wrzesień 2000): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jppm.19.2.183.17124.

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The tobacco industry indicates that it does not advertise in magazines that reach a high percentage of young people. To avoid reaching teens, current tobacco industry practice is to use circulation data to assess the number of young people who receive a magazine. Results from the reported study demonstrate that using circulation data is not an accurate method for estimating the size of the teenage audience. The authors analyze readership data from 1998 and construct specific media schedules to examine the extent to which teenagers are reached by popular consumer magazines that contain cigarette advertising. Results reveal that tobacco marketers routinely reach a high percentage of teenagers 12–17 years of age when placing advertisements in popular consumer magazines.

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D’Silva, Joanne, Erin O’Gara i Nicole T. Villaluz. "Tobacco industry misappropriation of American Indian culture and traditional tobacco". Tobacco Control 27, e1 (19.02.2018): e57-e64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053950.

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ObjectiveDescribe the extent to which tobacco industry marketing tactics incorporated American Indian culture and traditional tobacco.MethodsA keyword search of industry documents was conducted using document archives from the Truth Tobacco Documents Library. Tobacco industry documents (n=76) were analysed for themes.ResultsTobacco industry marketing tactics have incorporated American Indian culture and traditional tobacco since at least the 1930s, with these tactics prominently highlighted during the 1990s with Natural American Spirit cigarettes. Documents revealed the use of American Indian imagery such as traditional headdresses and other cultural symbols in product branding and the portrayal of harmful stereotypes of Native people in advertising. The historical and cultural significance of traditional tobacco was used to validate commercially available tobacco.ConclusionsThe tobacco industry has misappropriated culture and traditional tobacco by misrepresenting American Indian traditions, values and beliefs to market and sell their products for profit. Findings underscore the need for ongoing monitoring of tobacco industry marketing tactics directed at exploiting Native culture and counter-marketing tactics that raise awareness about the distinction between commercial and traditional tobacco use. Such efforts should be embedded within a culturally sensitive framework to reduce the burden of commercial tobacco use.

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Craig, Lorraine V., Itsuro Yoshimi, Geoffrey T. Fong, Gang Meng, Mi Yan, Yumiko Mochizuki, Takahiro Tabuchi i in. "Awareness of Marketing of Heated Tobacco Products and Cigarettes and Support for Tobacco Marketing Restrictions in Japan: Findings from the 2018 International Tobacco Control (ITC) Japan Survey". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, nr 22 (13.11.2020): 8418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17228418.

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Japan is one of the world’s largest cigarette markets and the top heated tobacco product (HTP) market. No forms of tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship (TAPS) are banned under national law, although the industry has some voluntary TAPS restrictions. This study examines Japanese tobacco users’ self-reported exposure to cigarette and HTP marketing through eight channels, as well as their support for TAPS bans. Data are from the 2018 ITC Japan Survey, a cohort survey of adult exclusive cigarette smokers (n = 3288), exclusive HTP users (n = 164), HTP-cigarette dual users (n = 549), and non-users (n = 614). Measures of overall average exposure to the eight channels of cigarette and HTP advertising were constructed to examine differences in exposure across user groups and products. Dual users reported the highest exposure to cigarette and HTP advertising. Tobacco users (those who used cigarettes, HTPs, or both) reported higher average exposure to HTP compared to cigarette advertising, however non-users reported higher average exposure to cigarette compared to HTP advertising. Retail stores where tobacco or HTPs are sold were the most prevalent channel for HTP and cigarette advertising, reported by 30–43% of non-users to 66–71% of dual users. Non-users reported similar exposure to cigarette advertising via television and newspapers/magazines as cigarette smokers and dual users; however, advertising via websites/social media was lower among non-users and HTP users than among cigarette smokers and dual users (p < 0.05). Most respondents supported a ban on cigarette (54%) and HTP (60%) product displays in stores, and cigarette advertising in stores (58%).

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Gratale, Stefanie K., Angeline Sangalang, Erin K. Maloney i Joseph N. Cappella. "Attitudinal Spillover from Misleading Natural Cigarette Marketing: An Experiment Examining Current and Former Smokers’ Support for Tobacco Industry Regulation". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, nr 19 (23.09.2019): 3554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193554.

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This research examined the influence of natural cigarette advertising on tobacco control policy support, and the potential for misbeliefs arising from exposure to cigarette marketing to affect such support. Ample research indicates that natural cigarettes such as Natural American Spirit (NAS) are widely and erroneously perceived as safer than their traditional counterparts because of their marketed “natural” composition. Yet regulatory action regarding natural cigarette marketing has been limited in scope, and little research has examined whether misleading product advertising affects support for related policy, an important component of the policy process. Here, we administered a large-scale randomized experiment (n = 1128), assigning current and former smokers in the United States to an NAS advertising condition or a control group and assessing their support for tobacco industry regulation. Results show that exposure to NAS advertising reduces support for policies to ban potentially misleading terminology from cigarette advertising, and these effects are stronger for daily smokers. Further, misinformed beliefs about the healthy composition of NAS partially mediate effects on policy support. Yet interestingly, exposure to NAS marketing does not reduce support for policies to establish standards for when certain terms are permissible in cigarette advertising. The results of this analysis indicate potential spillover effects from exposure to NAS advertising in the realm of support for regulatory action pertaining to tobacco industry marketing.

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Goldberg, Marvin E., i Lynn T. Kozlowski. "Loopholes and Lapses in the “1997 Tobacco Agreement”: Some Devils in the Marketing Details". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 16, nr 2 (lipiec 1997): 345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391569701600215.

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The proposed agreement between the attorneys general of 39 states and the tobacco industry was announced on June 20, 1997. Central among its provisions are payments to the states by the tobacco industry totalling $368.5 billion over the next 25 years primarily to cover state Medicare and Medicaid costs for illnesses related to tobacco. Written into the agreement are several regulatory restrictions on the advertising and marketing of tobacco products. The industry would gain protection from some smoking-related lawsuits, punitive damages, and class actions. In this article, the authors adopt both consumer psychology and health behavior perspectives in considering a number of the agreement's limitations.

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Uznay, Fatih, i Sevtap Gumus. "Uncovering TAPS strategies of the tobacco industry at PoS in low- and middle-income countries: the case of Turkey". European Journal of Public Health 30, nr 5 (10.05.2020): 996–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckaa067.

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Abstract Background This study aims to uncover strategies executed by the tobacco industry against tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS) bans at points of sale (PoS) in Turkey. Methods The data are based on a field study conducted in the city of Izmir. There are 10 750 PoS in all of Izmir; the 6200 PoS in the 11 central districts were considered as potential subjects. Using a proportional sampling method (95% confidence interval, 5% margin of error), it was calculated that 384 PoS could adequately represent the whole. Face-to-face interviews were conducted with PoS administrators, using survey form consisting of 53 questions. Descriptive statistics methods have been used to analyze the data. Results Of a total of 384 PoS visited; 96.4% featured at least one type of display/TAPS ban violation, 94.5% featured display settings creating brand dominance on display units, 76.7% received promotional payments and 14.8% received free tobacco products for featured display settings. Additionally, 29.2% of PoS had tobacco product displays visible from outside, 26.8% sold tobacco products on the counter, 24.7% featured advertising items on display units, 19.3% sold tobacco products as single stick and 11.7% had price tags with fonts larger than the legally fixed 20 pt. Conclusions An official institution specializing in tobacco control must be established to continually inspect the tobacco market. Tobacco products must stay hidden, in closed cupboards or under the counter, and communication between PoS and tobacco industry must be limited. In addition, tobacco products must be distributed by government institutions rather than the industry.

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Polanska, Kinga, i Dorota Kaleta. "Tobacco and E-Cigarettes Point of Sale Advertising—Assessing Compliance with Tobacco Advertising, Promotion and Sponsorship Bans in Poland". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, nr 4 (18.02.2021): 1976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041976.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate compliance with the ban on tobacco and e-cigarette products advertising at point of sale (POS) before and after amendment of the Polish Tobacco Control Act. Data were collected, using an observation checklist, between March and October 2014 (n = 1450 POS) and between March and October 2019 (n = 1320 POS). Ban on tobacco and e-cigarette advertising at POS is commonly violated in Poland. In all POS, at least one form (including tobacco products display) of tobacco advertising was found in 2014 and in 2019. The most common types of tobacco advertising in 2014 were change and counter mats (61%, 42%), posters (38%) and illuminated banners (37%). In 2019, a decrease in promoting tobacco products in the form of mats (p ≤ 0.001), posters and boards (p < 0.001) but an increase in video screens were observed (from 8% in 2014 to 30% in 2019; p < 0.001). A significant increase in the presence of any e-cigarette ads, including e-cigarette displays, illuminated banners and video screens, was observed in 2019 as compared to 2014 (90% vs. 30%; 89% vs. 20%; 31% vs. 2%; 31% vs. 0.5%; p < 0.001). The minimum age or a no-sale-to-minors signs for tobacco and e-cigarettes were not sufficiently placed in POS to comply with the Act. Poor enforcement of the ban on tobacco and e-cigarette ads at POS provides the tobacco industry with an opportunity to promote their products using unlawful ways. There is a need to educate the public, retailers and civil society with respect to their legal responsibilities and roles.

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Goldberg, M. E., R. M. Davis i A. M. O'Keefe. "The role of tobacco advertising and promotion: themes employed in litigation by tobacco industry witnesses". Tobacco Control 15, suppl_4 (1.12.2006): iv54—iv67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.017947.

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Vardavas, C. I., G. N. Connolly i A. G. Kafatos. "Geographical information systems as a tool for monitoring tobacco industry advertising". Tobacco Control 18, nr 3 (2.02.2009): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.2008.026856.

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Barraclough, Simon, i Deborah Gleeson. "Why Packaging Is Commercially Vital for Tobacco Corporations". Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 29, nr 2 (24.01.2017): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1010539516688081.

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This study analyses what British American Tobacco (BAT) and its 4 publicly listed Asian subsidiary companies have told their shareholders about the commercial value of tobacco packaging. The discourse on packaging in BAT annual reports was analyzed, revealing themes of modernization, rejuvenation, internationalism, heritage, innovation, value for money, and competitive edge. Packaging was credited with providing existing brands with a competitive edge and enabling the successful “launch” of new ones. Since advertising, sponsorship, and free samples were prohibited in many countries, packaging has become more important for advertising. New brands and brand variants have proliferated. BAT companies have allocated considerable resources to regularly altering packaging for marketing purposes. Clearly, restrictions on packaging will substantially detract from the promotion of the company’s brands. The findings provide further evidence from industry sources of the vital function of packaging and further justify plain packaging as an essential part of any comprehensive tobacco control policy.

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Egbe, Catherine O., Stella A. Bialous i Stanton Glantz. "Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Implementation in Nigeria: Lessons for Low- and Middle-Income Countries". Nicotine & Tobacco Research 21, nr 8 (6.04.2018): 1122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nty069.

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Abstract Background Nigeria is a significant tobacco market and influential country in Africa. Nigeria ratified the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) in 2005. We reviewed Nigeria’s tobacco control legislation since 2000 and compliance of the National Tobacco Control Act (NTCA) 2015 with the FCTC. Methods We reviewed the National Tobacco Control Bills 2011 (proposed by legislature) and 2014 (proposed by Executive), the NTCA 2015, and media stories on tobacco control from 2008 to 2017. Results The NTCA, despite being more comprehensive than Nigeria’s first Tobacco Smoking (Control) law of 1990, maintained provisions promoted by the tobacco industry, for example: allowing designated smoking areas in hospitality venues, higher educational institutions, and transportation venues; a loophole in the advertising restrictions allowing communications with consenting adults; and having the Manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN) (which includes tobacco companies) on the National Tobacco Control Committee charged with working with the Ministry of Health to implement the law. The industry is also directly involved with the Standards Organisation of Nigeria (SON) in preparing regulations on cigarette constituents and emissions. In an unprecedented step globally, the law requires that implementing regulations be approved by the National Assembly, giving the industry another opportunity to weaken this law further by lobbying the legislators to favor the industry. As of January 2018, the law was still not being enforced. Conclusion The NTCA can be strengthened through implementation guidelines still being developed. The industry should be prevented from interfering with through MAN and SON, as required by FCTC Article 5.3. Implications The tobacco industry works to block Framework Convention on Tobacco Control implementation even after a country ratifies the treaty. The Nigerian case illustrates that it is essential for health authorities to remain vigilant and ensure that the tobacco industry does not play a decision-making role in the process of tobacco legislation and regulation either directly or indirectly. The unprecedented step of requiring approval of implementing regulations for the Nigerian law should not be allowed to become a precedent in other countries.

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Donovan, Robert J., Geoffrey Jalleh i Owen B. J. Carter. "Tobacco Industry Smoking Prevention Advertisements' Impact on Youth Motivation for Smoking in the Future". Social Marketing Quarterly 12, nr 2 (czerwiec 2006): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15245000600721644.

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The objective of this study was to assess the impact on young people of three tobacco industry (TI) advertisements previously screened on MTV Europe and in cinemas in Australia. The three ads were exposed to 14–18-year-old smokers and non-smokers using commercial advertising copy-testing techniques. The primary dependent variable for both smokers and non-smokers was the advertisement's ability to increase feelings of not wanting to smoke in the future, and, for smokers, the extent to which the ad made current smokers think they should try to stop smoking. The results for the TI ads were compared with copy testing data for youth-targeted Western Australian tobacco control (TC) ads. The TI ads performed as well or better than some TC ads, but not as well as other TC ads suggesting that attacks on the tobacco industry for airing smoking prevention ads cannot always use these ads' ineffectiveness as an argument for their removal. However, these tobacco industry ads may increase positive (or lessen negative) attitudes toward the tobacco industry, which could further the industry's aims of increased support or less criticism from community groups. It may be that this is the more important reason for advocates to call for such ads to be withdrawn.

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Bhatta, Dharma N., Stella Bialous, Eric Crosbie i Stanton Glantz. "Exceeding WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Obligations: Nepal Overcoming Tobacco Industry Interference to Enact a Comprehensive Tobacco Control Policy". Nicotine & Tobacco Research 22, nr 12 (19.09.2019): 2213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/ntz177.

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Abstract Background The tobacco industry works to block, delay, and weaken national tobacco control legislation to implement the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). This article reviews how Nepal overcame industry opposition and to a comprehensive tobacco control law implementing the FCTC. Methods We triangulated newspaper articles and policy documents with key informant interviews. Results With the support of international health groups, local tobacco control advocates worked with policymakers in Nepal to pass a comprehensive tobacco control law that exceeded FCTC obligations. The tobacco industry exploited a time of political transition to block consideration by Parliament, arranged and sponsored foreign tours for legislators, made death threats to tobacco control advocates and their families, and argued for the economic importance of tobacco farms. Despite strong interference from Health, and Law and Justice ministers, a 2009 Supreme Court ruling helped tobacco control advocates secure a comprehensive tobacco control law in 2011 that included rotating pictorial health warning labels covering 75% of both sides of cigarette packages, 100% smoke free public places and workplaces, private homes and vehicles, and a tobacco advertising, promotion, and sponsorship ban. Conclusions Advocates in developing countries should utilize Nepal's experience to reject tobacco industry offers of compromise and continue educating politicians and legislators to generate political support to pass a comprehensive tobacco control law. Technical and financial support from international agencies, and effective collaboration and coordination of civil societies, and utilization of domestic litigation are helpful in LMICs where governance is weak (the abstract in Nepali is available as a Supplementary Material). Implications The tobacco industry exploited a time of political transition in Nepal in its effort to block comprehensive tobacco control policy in Parliament by sponsoring foreign tours of legislatures, making death threats to tobacco control advocates and their families, and arguing for the economic importance of tobacco farms. Tobacco control advocates used litigation to raise awareness and educate legislators and promote strong legislation with the involvement of international health groups. Technical and financial support from international agencies, and effective collaboration and coordination of civil societies, and utilization of domestic litigation are helpful in LMICs where governance is weak.

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King, Charles, i Michael Siegel. "The Master Settlement Agreement with the Tobacco Industry and Cigarette Advertising in Magazines". New England Journal of Medicine 345, nr 7 (16.08.2001): 504–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/nejmsa003149.

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Assunta, M. ""The world's most hostile environment": how the tobacco industry circumvented Singapore's advertising ban". Tobacco Control 13, suppl_2 (1.12.2004): ii51—ii57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.2004.008359.

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Cabrera, Oscar A., i Juan Carballo. "Tobacco Control Litigation: Broader Impacts on Health Rights Adjudication". Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 41, nr 1 (2013): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12011.

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There is perhaps no area of law that so effectively protects human health and thereby advances the right to the highest attainable standard of health, as tobacco control. Globally, tobacco is responsible for 1 in 10 adult deaths, and is on track to kill 10 million people per year, mostly in developing countries, representing a US$200 billion drain on the global economy. Yet experience in recent decades has shown that a range of tobacco control measures, such as comprehensive bans on smoking in public places, tobacco taxes, and limits on tobacco advertising, can greatly reduce smoking prevalence. These measures have slowly curtailed the epidemic, despite strong opposition from various sectors led by the tobacco industry. It is fitting that tobacco control is the focus of a recent, widely ratified global treaty (the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control) and of increasing national litigation, often directly linked to countries’ human rights commitments.

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Neuburger, Mary Catherine. "Cigarette advertising in Cold War Bulgaria". Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 8, nr 1 (15.02.2016): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-02-2015-0009.

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Purpose – This paper aims to explore the parameters of Bulgarian cigarette advertising in the Cold War period. It contrasts the evolution of cigarette marketing in Bulgaria and the USA in the context of contrasting communist and capitalist notions of the “good life” versus the “common good”. Design/methodology/approach – The paper is informed by a growing literature on advertising under communism, but also new work on consumption in the Soviet Union and Cold War Eastern Europe. It draws upon archival and printed Bulgarian, and some American, sources, and the memoir of a key player in the Bulgarian tobacco industry. Findings – The paper concludes that marketing of cigarettes in communist Bulgaria gained momentum in the same period that cigarette advertising in the USA was severely curtailed. In Bulgaria, the notion that cigarettes were key to the promised “good life” and “building socialism”, out-weighed any notion of harm to the “common good”. Originality/value – This study casts doubt on the common notion that there was no advertising under communism, by offering an in-depth study of an industry that was allowed to market and develop a quality product to an unusual degree. It undermines assumptions about “command” economy, industry behavior, contributing to a re-thinking of Eastern Bloc consumer culture. In addition, it sheds light on changes in the acceptability of cigarette advertising within the Cold War context, namely, how the process of advertising regulation in the West, and increased marketing in the East, fit into Cold War debates and interactions.

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Patanavanich, Roengrudee, i Stanton A. Glantz. "How to combat efforts to overturn bans on electronic nicotine delivery systems: lessons from tobacco industry efforts during the 1980s to open closed cigarette markets in Thailand". BMJ Global Health 6, nr 1 (styczeń 2021): e004288. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-004288.

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Until 1990, it was illegal for transnational tobacco companies (TTCs) to sell cigarettes in Thailand. We reviewed and analysed internal tobacco industry documents relevant to the Thai market during the 1980s. TTCs’ attempts to access the Thai cigarette market during the 1980s concentrated on political lobbying, advertising and promotion of the foreign brands that were illegal to sell in Thailand at the time. They sought to take advantage of the Thai Tobacco Monopoly’s (TTM) inefficiency to propose licencing agreements and joint ventures with TTM and took advantages of unclear regulations about cigarette marketing to promote their products through advertising and sponsorship activities. After their initial efforts failed, they successfully lobbied the US to impose trade sanctions to liberalise Thailand’s market. Similar to the situation for cigarettes in the 1980s, since 2017, Philip Morris International has worked in parallel with a pro-e-cigarette group to pressure Thailand’s government to allow sales of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS; including e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products), knowing the products were illegal under Thai law. Health advocates and government authorities should be aware of past TTCs’ tactics for cigarettes and anticipate that TTCs will attempt to use international trade law to force markets open for ENDS if their domestic efforts fail.

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Niederdeppe, Jeff, Maxwell Kellogg, Christofer Skurka i Rosemary J. Avery. "Market-level exposure to state antismoking media campaigns and public support for tobacco control policy in the United States, 2001–2002". Tobacco Control 27, nr 2 (18.03.2017): 177–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053506.

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ObjectiveThis study tests whether exposure to state antismoking media campaigns is associated with increased support for comprehensive bans on smoking indoors and cigarette advertising.MethodsWe combine commercially available data on market-level state-sponsored antismoking advertisements with three waves of the Current Population Survey’s Tobacco Use Supplement to test the relationship between market-level volume of state antismoking advertising exposure and support for tobacco control policy between 2001 and 2002. We use logistic regression to assess which message themes employed in the advertisements are associated with increased support for tobacco control policy.ResultsThe overall market-level volume of exposure to state antismoking ads targeted to adults or the general population was associated with significant increases in support for comprehensive indoor smoking bans. These effects were driven by exposure to ads emphasising the health consequences of smoking to others, anti-industry appeals and irrationality/addiction appeals. Evidence of campaign impact on support for tobacco advertising bans was less clear and, when statistically significant, small in magnitude relative to the impact of the state economic and tobacco control policy environment.ConclusionsThis study shows that that large-scale antismoking media campaigns can have a meaningful secondary impact on support for comprehensive indoor smoking bans. Future research should identify the conditions under which mass media campaigns primarily targeting smoking behaviour may influence public support for a variety of other tobacco control policies.

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Astuti, Putu Ayu Swandewi, i Becky Freeman. "“It is merely a paper tiger.” Battle for increased tobacco advertising regulation in Indonesia: content analysis of news articles". BMJ Open 7, nr 9 (wrzesień 2017): e016975. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016975.

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ObjectiveAt the end of 2012, the Indonesian government enacted tobacco control regulation (PP 109/2012) that included stricter tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship (TAPS) controls. The PP did not ban all forms of TAPS and generated a great deal of media interest from both supporters and detractors. This study aims to analyse stakeholder arguments regarding the adoption and implementation of the regulation as presented through news media converge.DesignContent analysis of 213 news articles reporting on TAPS and the PP that were available from the Factiva database and the Google News search engine.SettingIndonesia, 24 December 2012–29 February 2016.MethodsArguments presented in the news article about the adoption and implementation of the PP were coded into 10 supportive and 9 opposed categories. The news actors presenting the arguments were also recorded. Kappa statistic were calculated for intercoder reliability.ResultsOf the 213 relevant news articles, 202 included stakeholder arguments, with a total of 436 arguments coded across the articles. More than two-thirds, 69% (301) of arguments were in support of the regulation, and of those, 32.6% (98) agreed that the implementation should be enhanced. Of 135 opposed arguments, the three most common were the potential decrease in government revenue at 26.7% (36), disadvantage to the tobacco industry at 18.5% (25) and concern for tobacco farmers and workers welfare at 11.1% (15). The majority of the in support arguments were made by national government, tobacco control advocates and journalists, while the tobacco industry made most opposing arguments.ConclusionsAnalysing the arguments and news actors provides a mapping of support and opposition to an essential tobacco control policy instrument. Advocates, especially in a fragmented and expansive geographic area like Indonesia, can use these findings to enhance local tobacco control efforts.

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ANDERSON, STACEY J., i STEPHEN P. DUNN. "Galbraith and the Management of Specific Demand: evidence from the tobacco industry". Journal of Institutional Economics 2, nr 3 (13.10.2006): 273–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137406000415.

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In The New Industrial State John Kenneth Galbraith famously argued large corporations would seek to manage the demand for their products. Although attracting a degree of attention and notoriety around the time of publication, Galbraith's thesis of the direct manipulation of the consumer has slipped somewhat from view in favor of a view of advertising as information provision. We reconsider Galbraith's theory of the Management of Specific Demand and illuminate its salience in the context of the US tobacco industry. We conclude that the US experience is congruent with many of the claims that Galbraith made regarding the manipulation of the consumer by large corporations and thus warrants rehabilitation of the Galbraithian view.

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Trein, Philipp. "Europeanisation beyond the European Union: tobacco advertisement restrictions in Swiss cantons". Journal of Public Policy 37, nr 2 (11.08.2016): 113–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x16000167.

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AbstractThis article forges a link between support for European integration and adoption of tobacco advertisement restrictions in Swiss cantons. Leaning on the policy diffusion literature, this article argues that the more voters support deeper European integration, the more likely cantonal governments are to restrict tobacco advertising. Policymakers use voters’ support for more European integration as a signal that they support regulatory policies that are strongly associated with the European Union (EU) in the political and media debate, such as tobacco advertisement bans. This effect ought to be especially strong in the absence of adverse economic interests, such as the presence of the tobacco industry. To buttress these claims, the present article uses statistical analysis, specifically event-history analysis. Apart from the insights about Swiss tobacco control policy, this article contributes to our understanding of indirect EU influence on cantonal policymaking and policy diffusion.

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Moody, Philip M., Mahmoud A. Al Bustan i Vijaya Manav. "Smoking or Health? International Trends and Marketing of Tobacco and Possible Interventions". International Quarterly of Community Health Education 14, nr 3 (październik 1993): 299–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/6r21-v4gy-qbf4-h6ra.

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This article focuses on the trends in cigarette smoking in both developed and developing countries. There is a change in the smoking patterns from developed to the developing countries due to the shift of emphasis upon marketing of tobacco in the developing countries by the transnational tobacco industry. This is achieved due to the tobacco company's advertising strategies and its impact on the population. The harmful effects of tobacco production and its impact on the environment and health levels in these countries is discussed. Intervention strategies for smoking cessation and the benefits of such interventions is also discussed. This article focuses on these changes from a political economic of illness approach rather than just focusing on individual smokers and holding only them responsible for their healthy or non-healthy conditions.

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Gravely, Shannon, Geoffrey T. Fong, Edward Sutanto, Ruth Loewen, Janine Ouimet, Steve S. Xu, Anne C. K. Quah i in. "Perceptions of Harmfulness of Heated Tobacco Products Compared to Combustible Cigarettes among Adult Smokers in Japan: Findings from the 2018 ITC Japan Survey". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, nr 7 (1.04.2020): 2394. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072394.

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In Japan, the tobacco industry promotes heated tobacco products (HTPs) as a reduced-risk tobacco product. This study examines: (1) smokers’ harm perceptions of HTPs relative to combustible cigarettes; (2) differences in relative harm perceptions between exclusive smokers and smokers who use HTPs (concurrent users) and between concurrent users based on frequency of product use; and (3) if smokers who were exposed to HTP advertising hold beliefs that are consistent with marketing messages of lower harmfulness. This cross-sectional study included 2614 adult exclusive cigarette smokers and 986 concurrent users who reported their perceptions of harmfulness of HTPs compared to cigarettes, as well as their exposure to HTP advertising in the last six months. Among all smokers, 47.5% perceive that HTPs are less harmful than cigarettes, 24.6% perceive HTPs to be equally as harmful, 1.8% perceive HTPs as more harmful, and 26.1% did not know. Concurrent users are more likely than exclusive smokers to believe that HTPs are less harmful (62.1% versus 43.8%, p < 0.0001) and less likely to report that they did not know (14.3% versus 29.4%, p < 0.0001). Frequent HTP users are more likely than infrequent users to believe that HTPs are less harmful (71.7% versus 57.1%, p ≤ 0.001). Believing that HTPs are less harmful than cigarettes was associated with noticing HTP advertising on TV (p = 0.0005), in newspapers/magazines (p = 0.0001), on posters/billboards (p < 0.0001), in stores where tobacco (p < 0.0001) or where HTPs (p < 0.0001) are sold, on social media (p < 0.0001), or in bars/pubs (p = 0.04). HTP users were significantly more likely than non-HTP users to believe that HTPs are less harmful than cigarettes, with this belief being more prominent among frequent users. Smokers who have been exposed to HTP advertising were more likely to perceive HTPs as less harmful than cigarettes.

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Wakefield, Melanie A., Yvonne M. Terry-McElrath, Frank J. Chaloupka, Dianne C. Barker, Sandy J. Slater, Pamela I. Clark i Gary A. Giovino. "Tobacco Industry Marketing at Point of Purchase After the 1998 MSA Billboard Advertising Ban". American Journal of Public Health 92, nr 6 (czerwiec 2002): 937–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.92.6.937.

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Audrain-McGovern, Janet, Kenneth P. Tercyak, Alexandra E. Shields, Angelita Bush, Carlos Francisco Espinel i Caryn Lerman. "Which Adolescents Are Most Receptive to Tobacco Industry Marketing? Implications for Counter-Advertising Campaigns". Health Communication 15, nr 4 (październik 2003): 499–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327027hc1504_07.

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Taylor, Charles R., i John C. Taylor. "Regulatory Issues in Outdoor Advertising: A Content Analysis of Billboards". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 13, nr 1 (marzec 1994): 97–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391569401300108.

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The regulation of outdoor advertising has been subject to continued controversy. Although many arguments have been made both for and against restrictive regulation of billboards, the focus of these arguments seldom has been on the content of the billboards themselves. The authors use a content analysis of a sample of over 700 Michigan billboards to provide empirical evidence on issues that are central to assessing the regulation of outdoor advertising. Data collected on the information content of billboards, prevalence of billboards for alcohol and tobacco products, and prevalence of billboards for small businesses suggest that current regulation of the outdoor industry has been effective.

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McDaniel, P. A., i R. E. Malone. ""I always thought they were all pure tobacco": American smokers' perceptions of "natural" cigarettes and tobacco industry advertising strategies". Tobacco Control 16, nr 6 (1.12.2007): e7-e7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.2006.019638.

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Moyano, Julio Eduardo. "La publicidad de productos tabáquicos en el primer gran auge de la industria publicitaria argentina de comienzos del siglo XX." RIHC. Revista Internacional de Historia de la Comunicación 1, nr 14 (2020): 82–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.12795/rihc.2020.i14.05.

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Farley, Shannon M., Julia Sisti, John Jasek i Kevin R. J. Schroth. "Flavored Tobacco Sales Prohibition (2009) and Noncigarette Tobacco Products in Retail Stores (2017), New York City". American Journal of Public Health 110, nr 5 (maj 2020): 725–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2019.305561.

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Objectives. To assess explicit- (products clearly labeled flavored) and emergent concept- (products implying flavoring but not clearly labeled) flavored tobacco product availability following New York City’s flavor restriction. Methods. We examined explicit- and concept-flavored tobacco product availability, with 2017 New York City Retailer Advertising of Tobacco Survey data (n = 1557 retailers). We assessed associations between block group–level demographic characteristics and product availability by using logistic regression. Results. Most retailers sold explicit-flavored (70.9%) or concept-flavored (69.3%) products. The proportion of non-Hispanic Black neighborhood residents predicted explicit- and concept-flavored product availability, as did having a high school within a retailer’s block group for concept-flavored products. Conclusions. Explicit- and concept-flavored other tobacco products persisted throughout New York City, despite 2009 legislation restricting sales. Public Health Implications. Making local sales restrictions or federal production bans inclusive of all explicit and concept flavors would reduce retailer and industry evasion opportunities and protect the health of youths and others.

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Berg, Carla J., Regine Haardörfer, Zachary Cahn, Steven Binns, Yoonsang Kim, Glen Szczypka i Sherry Emery. "The Association between Twitter Activity and E-cigarette Purchasing". Tobacco Regulatory Science 5, nr 6 (1.11.2019): 502–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18001/trs.5.6.3.

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Objectives: Industry, policymakers, researchers, and others have interest in social media, assuming that they influence – or reflect – individual behavior, despite limited supporting research. Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) emerged in the United States in the past decade alongside strong social media presence, making ENDS relevant for examining this issue. In this study, we examined monthly ENDS-related Twitter activity (tweet volume) in relation to monthly ENDS purchasing among ENDS purchasers. Methods: Data from 2105 Nielsen Consumer Panel households with any ENDS purchases from October 2012 to September 2015 were examined, accounting for ENDS advertising expenditures, state-level tobacco environment, and consumer characteristics. Results: ENDS-related purchases and twitter volume increased over time; advertising expenditures did not increase at the same level. Bivariate analyses indicated that ENDS purchases increased over time (p < .001) and were related to lower designated market area advertising expenditures (p = .025), higher cigarette taxes (p = .015), and older consumer age (p = .001). Among ENDS purchasers, multivariate analyses indicated that purchases correlated positively with tweet volume but negatively with advertising expenditure measures. Conclusions: Social media (eg, Twitter) may offer platforms for monitoring and/or intervening with respect to ENDS use, and potentially the ENDS industry, which engages in social media.

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Yadav, Amit, i Stanton A. Glantz. "Tobacco imagery in entertainment media: evolution of tobacco-free movies and television programmes rules in India". BMJ Global Health 6, nr 1 (styczeń 2021): e003639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003639.

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IntroductionTobacco imagery in films and television increased in India after it ended conventional tobacco advertising in 2004. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) introduced rules to eliminate this tobacco imagery in 2005 which took effect in amended form in 2012. This study presents the enablers and barriers in development and implementation of the regulations to curb tobacco imagery in films and television in India.MethodWe reviewed legislation, evolving regulations, parliamentary questions, judicial decisions, Bollywood trade publications and relevant news articles from 2003 to 2019 and interviewed key informants.ResultsBased on the WHO reports and civil society demands, the MoHFW issued a complete ban on tobacco imagery in movies and television programmes in 2005. The Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MoIB) joined the film industry in opposing the rules. A filmmaker challenged the rules in court, which ruled that they violated constitutional freedoms. On appeal by MoHFW, the Supreme Court allowed the rules to take effect. Continuing opposition by MoIB and the film industry weakened the rules and delayed implementation until 2012. As of 2020, rather than a ban, all films with tobacco imagery require strong editorial justification, 100 s of antitobacco messages produced by the MoHFW, and a static health warning at the bottom of screen during tobacco imagery display. In 2015, less than 48% of movies had tobacco imagery compared with 89% in 2005.ConclusionsAlthough, not a ban, MoHFW, supported by local advocates and WHO, issued regulations that resulted in a substantial drop in on-screen tobacco imagery and increased exposure to antitobacco messages. India’s experience informs WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control parties as they develop and implement policies to curb tobacco imagery in entertainment media.

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Pierce, John P., i Elizabeth A. Gilpin. "How Did the Master Settlement Agreement Change Tobacco Industry Expenditures for Cigarette Advertising and Promotions?" Health Promotion Practice 5, nr 3_suppl (lipiec 2004): 84S—90S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839904264600.

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Vardavas, Constantine I., Charis Girvalaki, Lambros Lazuras, Danai Triantafylli, Christos Lionis, Gregory N. Connolly i Panagiotis Behrakis. "Changes in tobacco industry advertising around high schools in Greece following an outdoor advertising ban: a follow-up study: Table 1". Tobacco Control 22, nr 5 (6.11.2012): 299–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050518.

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Begay, Cynthia, Claradina Soto, Lourdes Baezconde-Garbanati, Rosa Barahona, Yaneth L. Rodriguez, Jennifer B. Unger i Sabrina L. Smiley. "Cigarette and E-Cigarette Retail Marketing on and Near California Tribal Lands". Health Promotion Practice 21, nr 1_suppl (styczeń 2020): 18S—26S. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1524839919883254.

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Introduction. Retail settings are major channels for the tobacco industry to market commercial tobacco products. However, few studies have examined marketing strategies on Tribal lands. The resulting evidence is important, especially given that American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) youth and adults have the highest smoking prevalence of any racial/ethnic group in the United States. In this study, we examined cigarette, e-cigarette, and vape/vaporizer availability, advertising, and price-reducing promotions in retail settings on and within a 1-mile radius of Tribal lands in California. Method. Trained AI/AN community health representatives (n = 8) conducted store observations (n = 96) using a checklist adapted from the Standardized Tobacco Assessment for Retail Settings observation tool. Chi-square analyses were performed to look for potential differences in availability, exterior advertising, and price promotions for cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and vapes between stores. Results. All stores sold cigarettes and over 95% sold menthol cigarettes. Nearly 25% of stores on Tribal lands were located inside a casino, and 40.4% of stores on Tribal lands offered a Tribal member discount. Stores within a 1-mile radius of Tribal lands sold significantly (p < .01) more e-cigarettes (69.8%), including flavored e-cigarettes (53.4%), compared to stores on Tribal lands (37.7% and 28.3%, respectively). Price promotions for cigarettes were significantly (p < .01) more common in stores located within a 1-mile radius of Tribal lands (46.5%) than stores on Tribal lands (22.6%). Discussion. To our knowledge, this study is the first to use store observations to examine cigarette and e-cigarette availability, advertising, and price promotions in retail settings on and near California Tribal lands. We recommend future studies build on our initial efforts to take an AI/AN Tribal community-engaged approach in assessing and documenting tobacco marketing practices on and near Tribal lands. Tribal governments can consider tobacco policies to help reduce smoking disparities and advance health equity for their communities.

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Whitaker, Leighton C. "Resistances to Critical Thinking About Brain Shrinking 1955–2015". Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry 17, nr 2 (2015): 86–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1559-4343.17.2.86.

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Why do we in the United States rely increasingly on psychiatric medications despite increasing evidence that they do more harm than help? The author offers historical perspective by noting events and his experiences in our mental health system from the 1950s to the present, with some clinical and judicial reform efforts, including the right to refuse treatment cases. Then, focusing on advertising and public relations leads to seeing a parallel between the commercial success of the tobacco industry and that of the psychiatric drug industry, using the power of propaganda in crucial marketing strategies for supporting the dominance of pharmaceutical treatments relative to psychosocial approaches.

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