Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „Adenosine receptors”
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1
Dibner-Dunlap, M. E., T. Kinugawa i M. D. Thames. "Activation of cardiac sympathetic afferents: effects of exogenous adenosine and adenosine analogues". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 265, nr 1 (1.07.1993): H395—H400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.265.1.h395.
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Adenosine is released during myocardial ischemia and can cause angina-like chest pain when given by intracoronary administration. We tested the hypothesis that intracoronary adenosine activates cardiac sympathetic afferent fibers and results in reflex sympathoexcitation. In dogs with sinoaortic denervation and vagotomy, we administered 2 mg of adenosine into the left anterior descending artery over 2 min. Before dipyridamole infusion, intracoronary adenosine resulted in no change in blood pressure or renal sympathetic nerve activity. After dipyridamole infusion, which blocks adenosine uptake, intracoronary adenosine resulted in a peak increase in sympathetic activity of 34 +/- 7%. We also investigated the adenosine-receptor subtype responsible for this sympathoexcitatory response. We found that the adenosine1 agonist N6-cyclopentyladenosine elicited a dose-dependent sympathoexcitatory response similar to adenosine but that the adenosine2 agonist 5'-(N-cyclopropyl)carboxamidoadenosine failed to elicit a sympathoexcitatory response. We conclude that adenosine activates cardiac sympathetic afferent fibers and leads to a sympathoexcitatory response due to activation of adenosine1 receptors.
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Vidal, C. "Adenosine and adenosine receptors". Biochimie 74, nr 6 (czerwiec 1992): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9084(92)90165-b.
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Steinberg, Thomas H. "Adenosine and Adenosine Receptors". American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology 2, nr 2 (luty 1990): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1165/ajrcmb/2.2.127.
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Fredholm, Bertil. "Adenosine and adenosine receptors". Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 12 (styczeń 1991): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-6147(91)90503-k.
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BRUNS, ROBERT F. "Adenosine Receptors." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 603, nr 1 Biological Ac (grudzień 1990): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1990.tb37674.x.
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Denton, Kate M. "Adenosine Receptors". Hypertension 72, nr 2 (sierpień 2018): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.10842.
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Stiles, G. L. "Adenosine receptors." Journal of Biological Chemistry 267, nr 10 (kwiecień 1992): 6451–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9258(19)50445-8.
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Ciruela, Francisco. "Adenosine Receptors". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 1808, nr 5 (maj 2011): 1231–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbamem.2011.03.007.
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Otah, M. E., i G. L. Stiles. "Adenosine Receptors". Annual Review of Physiology 54, nr 1 (październik 1992): 211–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ph.54.030192.001235.
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Palmer, T. M., i G. L. Stiles. "Adenosine receptors". Neuropharmacology 34, nr 7 (lipiec 1995): 683–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0028-3908(95)00044-7.
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Nair, Vasu, Steven Adah i Seung Ha. "Strategically Functionalized Adenosines: Agonists for Adenosine Receptors". Nucleosides, Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 14, nr 3 (1.05.1995): 537–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15257779508012421.
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Salmon, J. E., N. Brogle, C. Brownlie, J. C. Edberg, R. P. Kimberly, B. X. Chen i B. F. Erlanger. "Human mononuclear phagocytes express adenosine A1 receptors. A novel mechanism for differential regulation of Fc gamma receptor function." Journal of Immunology 151, nr 5 (1.09.1993): 2775–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.151.5.2775.
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Abstract Using monoclonal anti-adenosine A1 receptor antibodies that bind the A1 receptor ligand binding site, we demonstrate that A1 receptors are expressed on cultured monocytes and rheumatoid synovial fluid mononuclear phagocytes. This finding is associated with the acquisition of reactivity with selective adenosine A1 receptor agonists and is temporally coordinated with the induction of adenosine A2 receptors on cultured monocytes. In a rapid, concentration-dependent fashion, these two distinct adenosine receptors modulate Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis, a response critical to the pathogenesis of immune complex diseases. Occupancy of A1 receptors by N6-cyclopentyladenosine (an A1-specific adenosine analogue) or mAb AA1 (an anti-A1 mAb) results in a potent stimulation that is blocked by adenosine receptor antagonists. This A1 receptor-induced enhancement of Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis is a consequence of preferential augmentation of Fc gamma RI function, suggesting distinct mechanisms for receptor-effector coupling of Fc gamma receptor families. In contrast, ligation of A2 receptors by A2-specific agonists decreases Fc gamma receptor-mediated phagocytosis in cultured monocytes. The opposing effects of adenosine A1 and A2 receptors allow for a concentration-dependent feed-back loop that responds more rapidly than effects elicited by other endogenous modulators. Low concentrations of adenosine are proinflammatory providing enhanced Fc gamma receptor function via A1 receptors, whereas higher concentrations that can occur with tissue damage are anti-inflammatory providing inhibition via A2 receptors. This rapid and potent modulation of Fc gamma receptor-mediated function suggests that adenosine is an important local regulator of the inflammatory response.
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Fenouillet, Emmanuel, Giovanna Mottola, Nathalie Kipson, Franck Paganelli, Régis Guieu i Jean Ruf. "Adenosine Receptor Profiling Reveals an Association between the Presence of Spare Receptors and Cardiovascular Disorders". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, nr 23 (27.11.2019): 5964. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235964.
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Adenosine and its receptors exert a potent control on the cardiovascular system. This review aims to present emerging experimental evidence supporting the existence and implication in cardiovascular disorders of specific adenosinergic pharmacological profiles, conforming to the concept of “receptor reserve”, also known as “spare receptors”. This kind of receptors allow agonists to achieve their maximal effect without occupying all of the relevant cell receptors. In the cardiovascular system, spare adenosine receptors appear to compensate for a low extracellular adenosine level and/or a low adenosine receptor number, such as in coronary artery disease or some kinds of neurocardiogenic syncopes. In both cases, the presence of spare receptors appears to be an attempt to overcome a weak interaction between adenosine and its receptors. The identification of adenosine spare receptors in cardiovascular disorders may be helpful for diagnostic purposes.
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Wolska, Nina, i Marcin Rozalski. "Blood Platelet Adenosine Receptors as Potential Targets for Anti-Platelet Therapy". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, nr 21 (3.11.2019): 5475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215475.
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Adenosine receptors are a subfamily of highly-conserved G-protein coupled receptors. They are found in the membranes of various human cells and play many physiological functions. Blood platelets express two (A2A and A2B) of the four known adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3). Agonization of these receptors results in an enhanced intracellular cAMP and the inhibition of platelet activation and aggregation. Therefore, adenosine receptors A2A and A2B could be targets for anti-platelet therapy, especially under circumstances when classic therapy based on antagonizing the purinergic receptor P2Y12 is insufficient or problematic. Apart from adenosine, there is a group of synthetic, selective, longer-lasting agonists of A2A and A2B receptors reported in the literature. This group includes agonists with good selectivity for A2A or A2B receptors, as well as non-selective compounds that activate more than one type of adenosine receptor. Chemically, most A2A and A2B adenosine receptor agonists are adenosine analogues, with either adenine or ribose substituted by single or multiple foreign substituents. However, a group of non-adenosine derivative agonists has also been described. This review aims to systematically describe known agonists of A2A and A2B receptors and review the available literature data on their effects on platelet function.
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Gutensohn, W. "Human adenosine receptors". Clinical Biochemistry 30, nr 3 (kwiecień 1997): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9120(97)87697-7.
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Rorke, Steuart, i Stephen T. Holgate. "Targeting Adenosine Receptors". American Journal of Respiratory Medicine 1, nr 2 (kwiecień 2002): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03256599.
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Borgland, Stephanie L., Maria Castañón, Walter Spevak i Fiona E. Parkinson. "Effects of propentofylline on adenosine receptor activity in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines transfected with human A1, A2A, or A2B receptors and a luciferase reporter gene". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 76, nr 12 (1.12.1998): 1132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y98-143.
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Propentofylline is neuroprotective in vivo, but its mechanism of action is not completely understood. Previously, propentofylline was shown to block adenosine transport processes, to inhibit three adenosine receptor subtypes, and to inhibit cAMP phosphodiesterase. We tested the effect of propentofylline on adenosine receptor function in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells transfected with human adenosine A1, A2A, or A2B receptors and a luciferase reporter gene under control of a promoter sequence containing several copies of the cAMP response element. We investigated the concentration-dependent inhibitory effects of propentofylline on cAMP phosphodiesterase, adenosine transport processes, and adenosine A1, A2A, and A2B receptors. At concentrations >= 1 mM, propentofylline increased luciferase activity probably as a result of inhibition of cAMP phosphodiesterase. Inhibition of [3H]adenosine uptake by propentofylline was concentration dependent, with IC50 values of 37-39 µM for the three cell types. Agonist-activated adenosine A1 receptors were antagonized by 100 µM propentofylline, but inhibition of agonist-stimulated A2A or A2B receptors was not observed. In contrast, A1 and A2A receptor mediated effects of adenosine were enhanced by propentofylline at concentrations of 1 and 100 µM, respectively. These data indicate that the net effects of propentofylline in vivo will be dependent on the concentrations of propentofylline and adenosine available and on the subtypes of adenosine receptors, phosphodiesterases, and nucleoside transporters present.Key words: adenosine receptors, nucleoside transport, propentofylline.
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Xaus, Jordi, Maribel Mirabet, Jorge Lloberas, Concepció Soler, Carme Lluis, Rafael Franco i Antonio Celada. "IFN-γ Up-Regulates the A2B Adenosine Receptor Expression in Macrophages: A Mechanism of Macrophage Deactivation". Journal of Immunology 162, nr 6 (15.03.1999): 3607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.162.6.3607.
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Abstract Adenosine is a potent endogenous anti-inflammatory agent released by cells in metabolically unfavorable conditions, such as hypoxia or ischemia. Adenosine modulates different functional activities in macrophages. Some of these activities are believed to be induced through the uptake of adenosine into the macrophages, while others are due to the interaction with specific cell surface receptors. In murine bone marrow-derived macrophages, the use of different radioligands for adenosine receptors suggests the presence of A2B and A3 adenosine receptor subtypes. The presence of A2B receptors was confirmed by flow cytometry using specific Abs. The A2B receptor is functional in murine macrophages, as indicated by the fact that agonists of A2B receptors, but not agonists for A1, A2A, or A3, lead to an increase in cAMP levels. IFN-γ up-regulates the surface protein and gene expression of the A2B adenosine receptor by induction of de novo synthesis. The up-regulation of A2B receptors correlates with an increase in cAMP production in macrophages treated with adenosine receptor agonist. The stimulation of A2B receptors by adenosine or its analogues inhibits the IFN-γ-induced expression of MHC class II genes and also the IFN-γ-induced expression of nitric oxide synthase and of proinflammatory cytokines. Therefore, the up-regulation of the A2B adenosine receptor expression induced by IFN-γ could be a feedback mechanism for macrophage deactivation.
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Helmke, S. M., i D. M. F. Cooper. "Solubilization of stable adenosine A1 receptors from rat brain". Biochemical Journal 257, nr 2 (15.01.1989): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2570413.
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Despite numerous reports of solubilization of adenosine A1 receptors, little progress has been made in isolating or purifying the receptor, owing to the extreme lability of the preparations. The present solubilization strategies recognized the possible role of endogenous adenosine to produce adenosine-receptor-N-protein complexes, which are intrinsically unstable, and instead attempted to use caffeine to solubilize free adenosine receptors, which might be more stable. Endogenous adenosine was removed from membranes by using adenosine deaminase along with GTP to accelerate the release of receptor-bound adenosine. The receptors were then occupied with caffeine and solubilized with 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)-dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulphonate (CHAPS) in the presence of glycerol. These soluble preparations exhibited the characteristics of free adenosine receptors. They bound the A1-selective antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (CPDPX) with high affinity to a single class of binding sites, which were insensitive to GTP. The binding activity was extremely stable, with a half-life of about 5 days at 4 degrees C; there was little change in either receptor number or affinity during 3 days at 4 degrees C. This methodology should greatly facilitate the characterization, isolation and purification of the adenosine A1 receptor.
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Minic, Zeljka, Donal S. O'Leary i Tadeusz J. Scislo. "NTS adenosine A2a receptors inhibit the cardiopulmonary chemoreflex control of regional sympathetic outputs via a GABAergic mechanism". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 309, nr 1 (1.07.2015): H185—H197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00838.2014.
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Adenosine is a powerful central neuromodulator acting via opposing A1 (inhibitor) and A2a (activator) receptors. However, in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), both adenosine receptor subtypes attenuate cardiopulmonary chemoreflex (CCR) sympathoinhibition of renal, adrenal, and lumbar sympathetic nerve activity and attenuate reflex decreases in arterial pressure and heart rate. Adenosine A1 receptors inhibit glutamatergic transmission in the CCR pathway, whereas adenosine A2a receptors most likely facilitate release of an unknown inhibitory neurotransmitter, which, in turn, inhibits the CCR. We hypothesized that adenosine A2a receptors inhibit the CCR via facilitation of GABA release in the NTS. In urethane-chloralose-anesthetized rats ( n = 51), we compared regional sympathetic responses evoked by stimulation of the CCR with right atrial injections of the 5-HT3 receptor agonist phenylbiguanide (1–8 μg/kg) before and after selective stimulation of NTS adenosine A2a receptors [microinjections into the NTS of CGS-21680 (20 pmol/50 nl)] preceded by blockade of GABAA or GABAB receptors in the NTS [bicuculline (10 pmol/100 nl) or SCH-50911 (1 nmol/100 nl)]. Blockade of GABAA receptors virtually abolished adenosine A2a receptor-mediated inhibition of the CCR. GABAB receptors had much weaker but significant effects. These effects were similar for the different sympathetic outputs. We conclude that stimulation of NTS adenosine A2a receptors inhibits CCR-evoked hemodynamic and regional sympathetic reflex responses via a GABA-ergic mechanism.
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Talukder, M. A. Hassan, R. Ray Morrison, Marlene A. Jacobson, Kenneth A. Jacobson, Catherine Ledent i S. Jamal Mustafa. "Targeted deletion of adenosine A3 receptors augments adenosine-induced coronary flow in isolated mouse heart". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 282, nr 6 (1.06.2002): H2183—H2189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00964.2001.
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To determine whether adenosine A3 receptors participate in adenosine-induced changes in coronary flow, isolated hearts from wild-type (WT) and A3 receptor knockout (A3KO) mice were perfused under constant pressure and effects of nonselective and selective agonists were examined. Adenosine and the selective A2A agonist 2-[ p-(2-carboxyethyl)]phenylethylamino-5′- N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS-21680) produced augmented maximal coronary vasodilation in A3KO hearts compared with WT hearts. Selective activation of A3 receptors with 2-chloro- N 6-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5′- N-methyluronamide (Cl-IB-MECA) at nanomolar concentrations did not effect coronary flow, but at higher concentrations it produced coronary vasodilation both in WT and A3KO hearts. Cl-IB-MECA-induced increases in coronary flow were susceptible to both pharmacological blockade and genetic deletion of A2A receptors. Because deletion or blockade of adenosine A3 receptors augmented coronary flow induced by nonselective adenosine and the selective A2A receptor agonist CGS-21680, we speculate that this is due to removal of an inhibitory influence associated with the A3 receptor subtype. These data indicate that the presence of adenosine A3 receptors may either inhibit or negatively modulate coronary flow mediated by other adenosine receptor subtypes.
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Huang, Steve, Sergey Apasov, Masahiro Koshiba i Michail Sitkovsky. "Role of A2a Extracellular Adenosine Receptor-Mediated Signaling in Adenosine-Mediated Inhibition of T-Cell Activation and Expansion". Blood 90, nr 4 (15.08.1997): 1600–1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v90.4.1600.
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Abstract Accumulation of adenosine and of deoxyadenosine in the absence of adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) activity results in lymphocyte depletion and in severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA SCID), which is currently explained by direct cell death-causing effects of intracellular products of adenosine metabolism. We explored the alternative mechanisms of peripheral T-cell depletion as due to inhibition of T-cell expansion by extracellular adenosine-mediated signaling through purinergic receptors. The strong inhibition of the T-cell receptor (TCR)-triggered proliferation and of upregulation of interleukin-2 receptor α chain (CD25) molecules, but not the direct lymphotoxicity, were observed at low concentrations of extracellular adenosine. These effects of extracellular adenosine (Ado) are likely to be mediated by A2a receptor-mediated signaling rather than by intracellular toxicity of adenosine catabolites, because (1) poorly metabolized adenosine analogs cause the accumulation of cAMP and strong inhibition of TCR-triggered CD25 upregulation; (2) the A2a, but not the A1 or A3, receptors are the major expressed and functionally coupled adenosine receptors in mouse peripheral T and B lymphocytes, and the adenosine-induced cAMP accumulation in lymphocytes correlates with the expression of A2a receptors; (3) the specific agonist of A2a receptor, CGS21680, induces increases in [cAMP]i in lymphocytes, whereas the specific antagonist of A2a receptor, CSC, inhibits the effects of Ado and CGS21680; and (4) the increases in [cAMP]i mimic the adenosine-induced inhibition of TCR-triggered CD25 upregulation and splenocyte proliferation. These studies suggest the possible role of adenosine receptors in the regulation of lymphocyte expansion and point to the downregulation of A2a purinergic receptors on T cells as a potentially attractive pharmacologic target.
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Huang, Steve, Sergey Apasov, Masahiro Koshiba i Michail Sitkovsky. "Role of A2a Extracellular Adenosine Receptor-Mediated Signaling in Adenosine-Mediated Inhibition of T-Cell Activation and Expansion". Blood 90, nr 4 (15.08.1997): 1600–1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v90.4.1600.1600_1600_1610.
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Accumulation of adenosine and of deoxyadenosine in the absence of adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) activity results in lymphocyte depletion and in severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA SCID), which is currently explained by direct cell death-causing effects of intracellular products of adenosine metabolism. We explored the alternative mechanisms of peripheral T-cell depletion as due to inhibition of T-cell expansion by extracellular adenosine-mediated signaling through purinergic receptors. The strong inhibition of the T-cell receptor (TCR)-triggered proliferation and of upregulation of interleukin-2 receptor α chain (CD25) molecules, but not the direct lymphotoxicity, were observed at low concentrations of extracellular adenosine. These effects of extracellular adenosine (Ado) are likely to be mediated by A2a receptor-mediated signaling rather than by intracellular toxicity of adenosine catabolites, because (1) poorly metabolized adenosine analogs cause the accumulation of cAMP and strong inhibition of TCR-triggered CD25 upregulation; (2) the A2a, but not the A1 or A3, receptors are the major expressed and functionally coupled adenosine receptors in mouse peripheral T and B lymphocytes, and the adenosine-induced cAMP accumulation in lymphocytes correlates with the expression of A2a receptors; (3) the specific agonist of A2a receptor, CGS21680, induces increases in [cAMP]i in lymphocytes, whereas the specific antagonist of A2a receptor, CSC, inhibits the effects of Ado and CGS21680; and (4) the increases in [cAMP]i mimic the adenosine-induced inhibition of TCR-triggered CD25 upregulation and splenocyte proliferation. These studies suggest the possible role of adenosine receptors in the regulation of lymphocyte expansion and point to the downregulation of A2a purinergic receptors on T cells as a potentially attractive pharmacologic target.
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Cekic, Caglar, Ali Can Savas, Merve Kayhan, Altay Koyas i Imran Akdemir. "Targeting adenosine A2A receptors to improve vaccine efficacy". Journal of Immunology 198, nr 1_Supplement (1.05.2017): 79.22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.79.22.
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Abstract Activation of immune cells is associated with increased expression of adenosine receptors. Extracellular adenosine is present in primary and secondary lymphoid organs and limit the amplitude of immune responses suggesting that antagonists for adenosine receptors can be targeted to improve the efficacy of vaccines. Here we showed that vaccine adjuvant Monophosphoryl Lipid A (MPLA) strongly increased adenosine A2A and adenosine A2B receptor expression in primary macrophages and dendritic cells. Adenosine A2A but not adenosine A2B receptor blockade significantly increased both numbers and percentages of antigen specific endogenous T cells in both spleen and draining lymph nodes after primary immunizations with MPLA and ovalbumin. We observed a similar increase in both endogenous or adoptively transferred T cells in mice with myeloid-specific deletion of A2A receptors after primary immunization. Adenosine receptor blockade significantly increased the total IgG titers and IgG2c/IgG1 ratio after rechallenge with ovalbumin. These results suggest that adenosine A2A receptor blockade potentially improve vaccine efficacy by promoting both cellular and humoral immune responses and promoting Th1 type immunity. Our results also suggest that A2ARs on antigen presenting cells are important targets to improve vaccine efficacy by adenosine A2A receptor blockade. These findings have important implications for the design of novel and more efficacious vaccine formulations.
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LIU, Chengqian, Yulia Mukienko, Chengxiang Wu i Andrey Zavialov. "Human adenosine deaminases control the immune cell responses to activation signals by reducing extracellular adenosine concentration". Journal of Immunology 196, nr 1_Supplement (1.05.2016): 124.63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.124.63.
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Abstract Adenosine rapidly accumulates in the sites of inflammation and tumor growth. It binds to adenosine receptors expressed on the cell surface of immune cells and induces either suppression or activation of inflammatory responses to pathogens. In humans the level of extracellular adenosine is regulated by two adenosine deaminases ADA1 and ADA2. Decrease in ADAs concentration due to genetic defects in the ADA genes leads to serious perturbation in the immune system function while increase in ADA activity associates with numerous immune diseases and cancers. The immune responses to extracellular adenosine have largely been studied using pharmacological approach where non-hydrolysable adenosine receptors agonists substitute adenosine to form the activated state of adenosine receptors. On contrary, adenosine receptors bound to adenosine receptor antagonists mimic inactivated state of adenosine receptors. Here, the effect of adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists on the monocytes function as well as and T helper cell proliferation and differentiation was compared with the effect of adenosine and adenosine deaminases. It was demonstrated that adenosine deaminases control the immune cells responses to activation signals by reducing the concentration of extracellular adenosine and that the cells sensitivity to adenosine greatly depends on the type of the cell activation. Therefore, our data suggests that ADAs could be considered as new drug candidates for the treatment of immune disorders and cancers.
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Ukena, Dieter, Ray A. Olsson i John W. Daly. "Definition of subclasses of adenosine receptors associated with adenylate cyclase: interaction of adenosine analogs with inhibitory A1 receptors and stimulatory A2 receptors". Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 65, nr 3 (1.03.1987): 365–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y87-063.
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The structure–activity relationships of 63 adenosine analogs as agonists for the A1 adenosine receptors that mediate inhibition of adenylate cyclase activity in rat fat cells and for the A2 adenosine receptors that mediate stimulation of adenylate cyclase in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells and human platelets were determined. The lack of correspondence between the structure–activity relationships of these analogs at the A1 and A2 receptors appear definitive in terms of establishing the existence of A1 and A2 subclasses of adenosine receptors. However, significant differences in the agonist profiles at A2 receptors of platelet and PC12 indicate a certain degree of structural heterogeneity within the members of the A2 adenosine receptor subclass. Whether such differences are due to different species or different cell types is not known. A set of adenosine analogs, such as N6-cyclohexyl-, N6-R-, and S-1-phenyl-2- propyladenosines, 5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine and its N6-cyclohexyl derivative, 2-chloro- adenosine, and 2-phenylaminoadenosine, appear to represent a series of analogs useful for pharmacological characterization of A1 and A2 classes of adenosine receptors.
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Dubey, Raghvendra K., Delbert G. Gillespie i Edwin K. Jackson. "A2B Adenosine Receptors Mediate the Anti-Mitogenic Effects of Adenosine in Cardiac Fibroblasts". Hypertension 36, suppl_1 (październik 2000): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hyp.36.suppl_1.708-b.
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P85 Adenosine inhibits growth of CFs; however, the adenosine receptor subtype that mediates this anti-mitogenic effect remains undefined. Using specific ADE receptor antagonists and agonists and antisense oligonucleotides (OLIGO) against A2B receptors, we investigated the role of A2B receptors in inhibiting cardiac fibroblast growth. PDGF (25ng/ml)-induced DNA synthesis, cell number and collagen synthesis in CFs were inhibited by A2 (chloroadenosine [Cl-Ad]and MECA), but not by A1 (CPA), A2a ( CGS21680 ) or A3 (AB-MECA),receptor agonists.The inhibitory effects of 1μM MECA and Cl-Ad were reversed by A1/A2 (DPSPX; 10nM), but not by A1 (DPCPX; 10nM), receptor antagonists. In CFs treated with antisense, but not sense or scrambled, OLIGOs to the A2B receptor, both basal and PDGF-induced DNA synthesis was enhanced by 70±4% and 64±5% respectively. Moreover, the inhibitory effects of Cl-Ad and MECA were completely abolished in CFs treated with antisense, but not sense and scrambled, OLIGOs. In conclusion, A2B receptors mediate the anti-mitogenic effects of adenosine suggesting that A2B receptors are importantly involved in the regulation of CF biology. Thus, A2B receptors may play a critical role in regulating cardiac remodeling associated with CF proliferation.
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Khimenko, P. L., T. M. Moore, L. W. Hill, P. S. Wilson, S. Coleman, A. Rizzo i A. E. Taylor. "Adenosine A2 receptors reverse ischemia-reperfusion lung injury independent of beta-receptors". Journal of Applied Physiology 78, nr 3 (1.03.1995): 990–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1995.78.3.990.
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To evaluate the adenosine systems ability to reverse the endothelial damage produced by ischemia and reperfusion (I/R), we studied several different selective adenosine-receptor agonists and antagonists, a protein kinase A inhibitor, and a beta-adrenoreceptor antagonist in isolated buffer-perfused rat lungs. I/R (45 min/105 min) produced a sixfold increase in endothelial permeability as measured by the capillary filtration coefficient. Both a selective A2-receptor agonist (CGS-21680, 300 nM) and a beta-receptor agonist (isoproterenol, 10 microM) reversed the increased microvascular permeability. A nonselective adenosine-receptor antagonist (SPT, 20 microM) and a selective A1-receptor antagonist (DPCPX, 10 nM) had no effect on increased microvascular permeability. Also, isoproterenol and CGS-21680 reversed the damage being introduced after a selective A1-receptor agonist (CCPA, 100 nM). The nonspecific adenosine A1- and A2-receptor agonist NECA (12 nM) appeared to desensitize the A2 receptors and a protein kinase A inhibitor, adenosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphothioate (Rp-cAMPS, 100 microM), blocked the reversal of endothelial damage by isoproterenol or A2-receptor agonist. Propranolol (100 microM) blocked the effect of isoproterenol but not the effect of CGS-21680. From this study we conclude that A2-receptor activation reverses endothelial damage associated with I/R by a mechanism independent of beta-receptors or Gi protein. However, a protein kinase A-3′,5′,-cyclic adenosine monophosphate pathway is activated by both the adenosine systems and beta-receptor activation.
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Lee, H. T., C. I. Thompson, A. Hernandez, J. L. Lewy i F. L. Belloni. "Cardiac desensitization to adenosine analogues after prolonged R-PIA infusion in vivo". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 265, nr 6 (1.12.1993): H1916—H1927. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1993.265.6.h1916.
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To determine the effects of chronic in vivo stimulation of adenosine receptors, R-(-)-N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)adenosine (R-PIA), a selective A1 receptor agonist, was administered to rats as a continuous 7-day infusion (200 nmol/h). Inotropic and chronotropic responses of isolated atria to adenosine receptor agonists were markedly desensitized compared with the responses of atria from age-matched control animals. Carbachol's negative chronotropic effect was also attenuated, indicating a heterologous mode of desensitization. Antagonist radioligand binding assays indicated a 52% reduction in A1 adenosine receptor maximum binding, and competition binding assays revealed a significant loss of G protein-coupled high-affinity A1 receptors in atria from R-PIA-treated rats. Inhibitory G proteins (Gi) were significantly reduced, as quantified by immunoblot analysis, with no change in the amount of stimulatory G proteins. Ventricular membranes from R-PIA rats showed loss of Gi and uncoupling of A1 receptors, without a significant change in A1 receptor density. Thus chronic R-PIA infusion desensitized rat atrial muscle to the effects of adenosine receptor agonists via several regulatory adaptations, including downregulation of A1 adenosine receptors, uncoupling of A1 receptors from their associated G proteins, and loss of Gi proteins.
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Sumi, Yuka, Tobias Woehrle, Yu Chen, Yongli Yao, Andrew Li i Wolfgang G. Junger. "Adrenergic receptor activation involves ATP release and feedback through purinergic receptors". American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 299, nr 5 (listopad 2010): C1118—C1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00122.2010.
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Formyl peptide receptor-induced chemotaxis of neutrophils depends on the release of ATP and autocrine feedback through purinergic receptors. Here, we show that adrenergic receptor signaling requires similar purinergic feedback mechanisms. Real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that human embryonic kidney (HEK)-293 cells express several subtypes of adrenergic (α1-, α2-, and β-receptors), adenosine (P1), and nucleotide receptors (P2). Stimulation of Gq-coupled α1-receptors caused release of cellular ATP and MAPK activation, which was blocked by inhibiting P2 receptors with suramin. Stimulation of Gi-coupled α2-receptors induced weak ATP release, while Gs-coupled β-receptors caused accumulation of extracellular ADP and adenosine. β-Receptors triggered intracellular cAMP signaling, which was blocked by scavenging extracellular adenosine with adenosine deaminase or by inhibiting A2a adenosine receptors with SCH58261. These findings suggest that adrenergic receptors require purinergic receptors to elicit downstream signaling responses in HEK-293 cells. We evaluated the physiological relevance of these findings using mouse aorta tissue rings. Stimulation of α1-receptors induced ATP release and tissue contraction, which was reduced by removing extracellular ATP with apyrase or in the absence of P2Y2 receptors in aorta rings from P2Y2 receptor knockout mice. We conclude that, like formyl peptide receptors, adrenergic receptors require purinergic feedback mechanisms to control complex physiological processes such as smooth muscle contraction and regulation of vascular tone.
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Cano, C., Z. Qureshi, S. Carter i K. U. Malik. "Contribution of adenosine to isoproterenol-stimulated prostacyclin production in rabbit heart". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 263, nr 1 (1.07.1992): H218—H225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1992.263.1.h218.
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This study investigated adenosine's contribution to isoproterenol-stimulated prostacyclin production, measured as 6-ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha (6-keto-PGF1 alpha) output, and mechanical function in the isolated rabbit heart perfused with Krebs-Henseleit buffer. The isoproterenol-induced increase in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was diminished by adenosine (10 microM), the A1 receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl, 8-cyclopentylxanthine (DPCPX 0.06 microM), and the A2 receptor agonist CGS-21680 (0.6 microM); CGS-21680 did not decrease heart rate (HR) or myocardial contractility (dP/dt(max)). The isoproterenol-induced increase in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha was potentiated by the A1 receptor agonist 1-deaza,2-chloro,N6-cyclopentyladenosine (DCCA, 0.6 microM) and the A2 receptor antagonist 3,7-dimethyl,1-propargylxanthine (DMPX, 6 microM). The isoproterenol-induced increase in dP/dt(max) and HR was diminished by adenosine, DCCA, and DMPX. DPCPX enhanced dP/dt(max) and HR and prevented the decrease by adenosine and DCCA of the isoproterenol-induced increase in HR and dP/dt(max); the increase by DCCA but not the decrease by adenosine in 6-keto-PGF1 alpha output was abolished. DMPX abolished the effect of adenosine and CGS-21680 to reduce isoproterenol-stimulated 6-keto-PGF1 alpha. These data suggest that adenosine generated in response to isoproterenol attenuates its effect on HR and dP/dt(max) through A1 receptors and on prostacyclin synthesis via A2 receptors.
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Salmon, J. E., i B. N. Cronstein. "Fc gamma receptor-mediated functions in neutrophils are modulated by adenosine receptor occupancy. A1 receptors are stimulatory and A2 receptors are inhibitory." Journal of Immunology 145, nr 7 (1.10.1990): 2235–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.145.7.2235.
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Abstract Adenosine, an endogenously released purine, modulates the functions of many cells through surface A1 and A2 receptors. We examined the hypothesis that adenosine receptor ligation regulates Fc gamma R-triggered inflammatory response by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), a response which is critical to the pathogenesis of immune complex diseases. The effects of adenosine analogs on Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis and superoxide anion (O2-) generation in human neutrophils were investigated. 5'(N-ethyl)carboxamidoadenosine (NECA), the most potent A2 receptor agonist, inhibited Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis and O2- generation, whereas N6-cyclopentyladenosine (CPA), a highly selective A1 receptor agonist, enhanced these functions. The effects of the adenosine analogs were markedly accentuated in neutrophils adherent to biologic surfaces. Both the inhibition by NECA and the enhancement by CPA of PMN Fc gamma R functions were blocked by the adenosine receptor antagonist 8-p-sulfophenyltheophylline, which suggests that occupancy of surface adenosine receptors mediated the actions of these analogs. Because A1 receptors on PMN are linked to pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins, our evidence that pertussis toxin blocked the effects on Fc gamma R function brought about by CPA but not by NECA further supports the hypothesis that CPA acts via an A1 receptor. Our data indicate that adenosine A1 and A2 receptors modulate neutrophil Fc gamma R function in opposing ways, allowing for a concentration-dependent, adenosine-regulated feed-back loop. At low concentrations there is enhancement of neutrophil Fc gamma R function via PMN A1 receptors, whereas at higher concentrations (those which may occur at sites of damaged tissues), there is inhibition via A2 receptors. Our observation that adenosine analogs had more potent effects on adherent neutrophils emphasizes the potential importance of adenosine as a modulator of Fc gamma R-triggered inflammation in vivo.
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Hayashi. "Expression of Adenosine Receptors in Rodent Pancreas". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, nr 21 (25.10.2019): 5329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20215329.
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Adenosine regulates exocrine and endocrine secretions in the pancreas. Adenosine is considered to play a role in acini-to-duct signaling in the exocrine pancreas. To identify the molecular basis of functional adenosine receptors in the exocrine pancreas, immunohistochemical analysis was performed in the rat, mouse, and guinea pig pancreas, and the secretory rate and concentration of HCO3− in pancreatic juice from the rat pancreas were measured. The A2A adenosine receptor colocalized with ezrin, an A-kinase anchoring protein, in the luminal membrane of duct cells in the mouse and guinea pig pancreas. However, a strong signal ascribed to A2B adenosine receptors was detected in insulin-positive β cells in islets of Langerhans. The A2A adenosine receptor agonist 4-[2-[[6-Amino-9-(N-ethyl-β-D-ribofuranuronamidosyl)-9H-purin-2-yl]amino]ethyl]benzenepropanoic acid (CGS 21680) stimulated HCO3−-rich fluid secretion from the rat pancreas. These results indicate that A2A adenosine receptors may be, at least in part, involved in the exocrine secretion of pancreatic duct cells via acini-to-duct signaling. The adenosine receptors may be a potential therapeutic target for cancer as well as exocrine dysfunctions of the pancreas.
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Feng, Ming-Guo, i L. Gabriel Navar. "Afferent arteriolar vasodilator effect of adenosine predominantly involves adenosine A2B receptor activation". American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 299, nr 2 (sierpień 2010): F310—F315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00149.2010.
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Adenosine is an important paracrine agent regulating renal vascular tone via adenosine A1 and A2 receptors. While A2B receptor message and protein have been localized to preglomerular vessels, functional evidence on the role of A2B receptors in mediating the vasodilator action of adenosine on afferent arterioles is not available. The present study determined the role of A2B receptors in mediating the afferent arteriolar dilation and compared the effects of A2B and A2A receptor blockade on afferent arterioles. We used the rat in vitro blood-perfused juxtamedullary nephron technique combined with videomicroscopy. Single afferent arterioles of Sprague-Dawley rats were visualized and superfused with solutions containing adenosine or adenosine A2 receptor agonist (CV-1808) along with adenosine A2B and A2A receptor blockers. Adenosine (10 μmol/l) caused modest constriction and subsequent superfusion with SCH-58261 (SCH), an A2A receptor blocker, at concentrations up 10 μmol/l elicited only slight additional decreases in afferent arteriolar diameter with maximum effect at a concentration of 1 μmol/l (−11.0 ± 2.5%, n = 6, P < 0.05). However, superfusion of adenosine-treated vessels with MRS-1754 (MRS), an A2B receptor blocker, elicited greater decreases in afferent arteriolar diameter (−26.0 ± 4.7%, n = 5, P < 0.01). SCH did not significantly augment the adenosine-mediated afferent constriction elicited by MRS; however, adding MRS after SCH caused further significant vasoconstriction. Superfusion with CV-1808 dilated afferent arterioles (17.2 ± 2.4%, n = 6, P < 0.01). This effect was markedly attenuated by MRS (−22.6 ± 2.0%, n = 5, P < 0.01) but only slightly reduced by SCH (−9.0 ± 1.1%, n = 5, P < 0.05) and completely prevented by adding MRS after SCH (−24.7 ± 1.8%, n = 5, P < 0.01). These results indicate that, while both A2A and A2B receptors are functionally expressed in juxtamedullary afferent arterioles, the powerful vasodilating action of adenosine predominantly involves A2B receptor activation, which counteracts A1 receptor-mediated vasoconstriction.
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Gorman, Mark W., Kayoko Ogimoto, Margaret V. Savage, Kenneth A. Jacobson i Eric O. Feigl. "Nucleotide coronary vasodilation in guinea pig hearts". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 285, nr 3 (wrzesień 2003): H1040—H1047. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.00981.2002.
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The role of P1 receptors and P2Y1 receptors in coronary vasodilator responses to adenine nucleotides was examined in the isolated guinea pig heart. Bolus arterial injections of nucleotides were made in hearts perfused at constant pressure. Peak increase in flow was measured before and after addition of purinoceptor antagonists. Both the P1 receptor antagonist 8-( p-sulfophenyl)theophylline and adenosine deaminase inhibited adenosine vasodilation. AMP-induced vasodilation was inhibited by P1 receptor blockade but not by adenosine deaminase or by the selective P2Y1 antagonist N6-methyl-2′-deoxyadenosine 3′,5′-bisphosphate (MRS 2179). ADP-induced vasodilation was moderately inhibited by P1 receptor blockade and greatly inhibited by combined P1 and P2Y1 blockade. ATP-induced vasodilation was antagonized by P1 blockade but not by adenosine deaminase. Addition of P2Y1 blockade to P1 blockade shifted the ATP dose-response curve further rightward. It is concluded that in this preparation ATP-induced vasodilation results primarily from AMP stimulation of P1 receptors, with a smaller component from ATP or ADP acting on P2Y1 receptors. ADP-induced vasodilation is largely due to P2Y1 receptors, with a smaller contribution by AMP or adenosine acting via P1 receptors. AMP responses are mediated solely by P1 receptors. Adenosine contributes very little to vasodilation resulting from bolus intracoronary injections of ATP, ADP, or AMP.
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Rose, F. R., R. Hirschhorn, G. Weissmann i B. N. Cronstein. "Adenosine promotes neutrophil chemotaxis." Journal of Experimental Medicine 167, nr 3 (1.03.1988): 1186–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.167.3.1186.
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We have previously (1-4) demonstrated that adenosine, by engaging specific receptors on the surface of neutrophils, inhibits generation of toxic oxygen metabolites by activated neutrophils and prevents these activated neutrophils from injuring endothelial cells. We now report the surprising observation that engagement of these same neutrophil adenosine receptors promotes chemotaxis to C5 fragments (as zymosan-activated plasma [ZAP]) or to the bacterial chemoattractant FMLP. When chemotaxis was studied in a modified Boyden chamber, physiologic concentrations of adenosine promoted chemotaxis by as much as 60%. Adenosine receptor analogues, 5'N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) and N6-phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA), also promoted chemotaxis; the order of agonist potency was consistent with that of an A2 adenosine receptor (NECA greater than PIA greater than or equal to adenosine). A potent antagonist at adenosine receptors, 8-p-sulfophenyltheophylline (10 microM), completely reversed NECA enhancement of chemotaxis but did not affect chemotaxis by itself. Neither NECA nor 2-chloroadenosine, a nonselective adenosine receptor agonist, alone was chemotactic or chemokinetic by checkerboard analysis. NECA also promoted chemotaxis quantitated by a different technique, chemotaxis under agarose, to the surrogate bacterial chemoattractant FMLP. These data suggest that engagement of adenosine A2 receptors uniquely modulates neutrophil function so as to promote migration of neutrophils to sites of tissue damage while preventing the neutrophils from injuring healthy tissues en route.
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Manjunath, S., i PranavkumarM Sakhare. "Adenosine and adenosine receptors: Newer therapeutic perspective". Indian Journal of Pharmacology 41, nr 3 (2009): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.55202.
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Padovan, Melissa, Fabrizio Vincenzi, Marcello Govoni, Alessandra Bortoluzzi, Pier Andrea Borea i Katia Varani. "Adenosine and adenosine receptors in rheumatoid arthritis". International Journal of Clinical Rheumatology 8, nr 1 (luty 2013): 13–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/ijr.12.76.
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Hamprecht, Bernd. "Adenosine and Adenosine Receptors. The Receptors.Michael Williams". Quarterly Review of Biology 66, nr 3 (wrzesień 1991): 333–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/417264.
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Hajizadeh, Farnaz, Ali Masjedi, Sima Heydarzedeh Asl, Fariba Karoon Kiani, Makwan Peydaveisi, Ghasem Ghalamfarsa, Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh i Andrey Sevbitov. "Adenosine and adenosine receptors in colorectal cancer". International Immunopharmacology 87 (październik 2020): 106853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106853.
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Cekic, Caglar, Merve Kayhan, Altay Koyas, Imran Akdemir i Ali Can Savas. "Molecular mechanism for adenosine regulation of dendritic cells". Journal of Immunology 198, nr 1_Supplement (1.05.2017): 67.8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.67.8.
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Abstract Extracellular adenosine concentrations and expression adenosine receptors are elevated after cell death, injury and inflammation. Antigen presenting cells are one of the primary targets for adenosine to suppress T and NK cell responses. However, molecular mechanisms for adenosine regulation of dendritic cells are poorly understood. Here we show that adenosine receptor stimulation strongly suppresses dendritic cell activation. Adenosine did not affect phosphoactivation of inflammatory signaling pathways such as MAPKs, NF-κB and IRF3. Adenosine receptor signaling increased intracellular cAMP accumulation. Specific cAMP analogs for EPAC and PKA pathways phenocopied the effects of adenosine on dendritic cells especially when used together. Adenosine-mediated suppression of inflammatory/effector cytokines is associated with increased expression of anti-inflammatory c-Fos and NR4A receptors. NR4A and cFos expression were also increased by EPAC and PKA-specific cAMP analogs. Addition of conditioned mediums from dendritic cells prestimulated with stable adenosine analog or PKA and EPAC specific cAMP analogs together inhibited the IFNγ production by activated T cells. Overall our data suggest that adenosine can potentially target both PKA and EPAC pathways and increase the expression of NR4A nuclear orphan receptors and cFos to regulate dendritic cell responses. Our findings have important implications for the development of novel therapies for immune related diseases such as cancer by targeting adenosine receptors.
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Cekic, Caglar, Imran Akdemir, Altay Koyas, Merve Kayhan i Ali Can Savas. "Adenosine regulation of danger signaling". Journal of Immunology 198, nr 1_Supplement (1.05.2017): 222.14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.222.14.
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Abstract Metabolic and immune related activities converge as main triggers of adenosine accumulation in extracellular space. Adenosine by engaging adenosine A2A and A2B receptors strongly suppresses innate and adaptive immune responses. Although adenosine receptors are being targeted in preclinical and clinical studies how different danger signals are regulated by adenosine is poorly understood. Here we showed that adenosine receptor stimulation strongly inhibited inflammatory responses while sparing type-I interferon responses downstream of different danger signals in dendritic cells and macrophages. Mechanistically, danger signals associated with MyD88-dependent inflammatory pathways such as LPS and CpG but not the danger signals associated with IRF3/Type-I interferon pathways such as pA:U and cGAMP increase the expression adenosine A2A and A2B receptors. Adenosine was shown to increase the expression of NR4A nuclear hormone receptors to inhibit NF-κB activation. Although adenosine did not influence NF-κB phosphoactivation expression of anti-inflammatory NR4A1 was increased after adenosine receptor stimulation in the presence of TLR ligands known to activate MyD88 pathway but not in the presence of cGAMP and pA:U. Overall these results indicate that there is a differential modulation of danger signaling by adenosine rather than overall supression. Our results have important implications for developing combinatorial approaches to target adenosine and danger signaling pathways to cure immune-related diseases.
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Bullough, D. A., M. J. Magill, G. S. Firestein i K. M. Mullane. "Adenosine activates A2 receptors to inhibit neutrophil adhesion and injury to isolated cardiac myocytes." Journal of Immunology 155, nr 5 (1.09.1995): 2579–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.155.5.2579.
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Abstract Inhibition of neutrophil-myocyte adhesion and adhesion-dependent myocyte injury by adenosine was evaluated using isolated TNF-alpha-activated canine cells. Adenosine inhibited adhesion of activated neutrophils to cardiac myocytes with an IC50 of 11 +/- 4 nM. Inhibition of neutrophil adhesion (92 +/-3% by 100 nM adenosine) led to inhibition of myocyte injury (by 90 +/- 6%, as assessed by dye exclusion). Inhibition of cell adhesion by adenosine was blocked by the A2 antagonist, 1,3-dimethyl-1-propylxanthine, but not by the A1 antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine. Moreover, the A2 agonist, CGS21680 (2-[4-(2-carboxymethyl)phenethylamino]-5'-N-ethylcarboxamido adenosine), but not the A1 agonist, N6-cyclopentyladenosine, mimicked adenosine in preventing cell adhesion. These observations implicate the A2 receptor in the mechanism of inhibition of cell adhesion. pretreatment and washing of neutrophils, but not cardiac myocytes, with adenosine or CGS21680 led to inhibition of adhesion, suggesting that the neutrophil A2 receptor is the target of adenosine's action. In contrast, inhibition of cell adhesion by adenosine was poteniated by 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (IC50 = 4 +/- 1 nM) and attenuated by N6-cyclopentyladenosine, suggesting that occupancy of A1 receptors can conversely increase cell adhesion. Neutrophil-myocyte adhesion was inhibited by acadesine (IC50 = 12 +/- 2 microM) also via an adenosine-dependent mechanism because it was blocked by 1,3-dimethyl-1-propylxanthine or adenosine deaminase, an enzyme that degrades any adenosine that is formed. Acadesine-induced inhibition if cell adhesion (83 +/- 4% by 100 microM) resulted in inhibition of myocyte injury (by 76 +/- 6%). Other adenosine-regulating agents, including the acadesine analogue, GP531 (5-amino-1 beta-D-(5-benzylamino-5-deoxyribofuranosyl) imidazole-4-carboxamide), and inhibitors of adenosine transport and intracellular metabolism also inhibited cell adhesion. These results indicate that exogenous or endogenous adenosine can inhibit neutrophil-myocyte adhesion and injury in cells activated with TNF-alpha by an A2-mediated mechanism. Although the predominant activity of adenosine is to attenuate cell adhesion, stimulation of A1 receptors has the opposite effect, i.e., to augment adhesive interactions.
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Rees, D. A., M. D. Lewis, B. M. Lewis, P. J. Smith, M. F. Scanlon i J. Ham. "Adenosine-Regulated Cell Proliferation in Pituitary Folliculostellate and Endocrine Cells: Differential Roles for the A1 and A2B Adenosine Receptors". Endocrinology 143, nr 6 (1.06.2002): 2427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo.143.6.8837.
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Abstract A1 and A2 adenosine receptors have been identified in the pituitary gland, but the cell type(s) on which they are located and their effects on pituitary cell growth are not known. Therefore, we analyzed the expression of A1 and A2 receptors in primary rat anterior pituitary cells, two pituitary folliculostellate (TtT/GF and Tpit/F1) and two pituitary endocrine (GH3 and AtT20) cell lines, and compared their effects on cell proliferation. In anterior pituitary and folliculostellate cells, adenosine and adenosine receptor agonists (5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine, a universal agonist, and CGS 21680, an A2A receptor agonist) stimulated cAMP levels with a rank order of potency that indicates the presence of functional A2B receptors. This stimulation, however, was not observed in either GH3 or AtT20 cells, where adenosine and the A1 receptor agonist 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine inhibited VIP/forskolin-stimulated cAMP production. Expression of A2B and A1 receptors in the folliculostellate cells and that of the A1 receptor in the endocrine cells were confirmed by RT-PCR, immunocytochemistry, and ligand binding. Adenosine and 5′-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine dose-dependently (10 nm to 10 μm) stimulated growth in the folliculostellate, but not in the endocrine, cells, whereas in the latter, 100 μm adenosine and 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine inhibited cell proliferation by slowing cell cycle progression. These data highlight the differential expression of A1 and A2B adenosine receptors in pituitary cells and provide evidence for opposing effects of adenosine on pituitary folliculostellate and endocrine cell growth.
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Cronstein, B. N. "Adenosine, an endogenous anti-inflammatory agent". Journal of Applied Physiology 76, nr 1 (1.01.1994): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1994.76.1.5.
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Adenosine receptors are present on most cells and organs, yet, although the physiological effects of adenosine were first described over 60 years ago, the potential therapeutic uses of adenosine have only been recognized and realized recently. A decade ago the potent anti-inflammatory effects of adenosine were first described; adenosine, acting at specific A2 receptors, inhibits some, but not all, neutrophil functions. Adenosine inhibits phagocytosis, generation of toxic oxygen metabolites, and adhesion (to some surfaces and to endothelial cells) but does not inhibit degranulation or chemotaxis. Occupancy of adenosine A2 receptors modulates leukocyte function by a novel mechanism. Although adenosine A2 receptors are classically linked to heterotrimeric GS signaling proteins and stimulation of adenylate cyclase, adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate does not act as the second messenger for inhibition of leukocyte function. By a mechanism that still remains obscure, occupancy of adenosine A2 receptors on neutrophils “uncouples” chemoattractant receptors from their stimulus-transduction proteins. The concentrations of adenosine that inhibit inflammatory cell function are similar to those observed in vivo and suggest a role for adenosine in the modulation of inflammation in vivo. Indeed, recent studies indicate that nonmetabolized adenosine receptor agonists are potent anti-inflammatory agents, and other studies indicate that methotrexate, a commonly used anti-inflammatory agent, diminishes inflammation by increasing adenosine release at inflamed sites. The observations reviewed here suggest that adenosine and agents that act through adenosine are excellent candidates for development as anti-inflammatory agents.
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Yeung, S. M. H., E. Perez-Reyes i D. M. F. Cooper. "Hydrodynamic properties of adenosine Ri receptors solubilized from rat cerebral-cortical membranes". Biochemical Journal 248, nr 3 (15.12.1987): 635–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj2480635.
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Adenosine Ri receptors and inhibitory guanine-nucleotide-regulatory components were solubilized from rat cerebral-cortical membranes with sodium cholate. (-)-N6-Phenylisopropyl[2,8-3H]adenosine [(3H]PIA) binds with high affinity to the soluble receptors, which retain the pharmacological specificity of adenosine Ri receptors observed in membranes. The binding is regulated by bivalent cations and guanine nucleotides. Bivalent cations increase [3H]PIA binding by increasing both the affinity and the apparent number of receptors. Guanine nucleotides decrease agonist binding by increasing the dissociation of the ligand-receptor complex. Adenosine agonists stabilize the high-affinity form of the soluble receptor. The hydrodynamic properties of the adenosine receptor were determined with cholate extracts of membranes that were treated with [3H]PIA. Sucrose-gradient-centrifugation analysis indicates that the receptor has a sedimentation coefficient of 7.7 S. The receptor is eluted from Sepharose 6B columns with an apparent Stokes radius of 7.2 nm. Labelling of either sucrose-gradient or gel-filtration-column fractions with pertussis toxin and [32P]-NAD+ reveals that both the 41,000- and 39,000-Mr substrates overlap with the receptor activity. These studies suggest that the high-affinity adenosine-receptor-binding activity in the cholate extract represents a stable R1-N complex.
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Ru, F., L. Surdenikova, M. Brozmanova i M. Kollarik. "Adenosine-induced activation of esophageal nociceptors". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 300, nr 3 (marzec 2011): G485—G493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00361.2010.
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Clinical studies implicate adenosine acting on esophageal nociceptive pathways in the pathogenesis of noncardiac chest pain originating from the esophagus. However, the effect of adenosine on esophageal afferent nerve subtypes is incompletely understood. We addressed the hypothesis that adenosine selectively activates esophageal nociceptors. Whole cell perforated patch-clamp recordings and single-cell RT-PCR analysis were performed on the primary afferent neurons retrogradely labeled from the esophagus in the guinea pig. Extracellular recordings were made from the isolated innervated esophagus. In patch-clamp studies, adenosine evoked activation (inward current) in a majority of putative nociceptive (capsaicin-sensitive) vagal nodose, vagal jugular, and spinal dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons innervating the esophagus. Single-cell RT-PCR analysis indicated that the majority of the putative nociceptive (transient receptor potential V1-positive) neurons innervating the esophagus express the adenosine receptors. The neural crest-derived (spinal DRG and vagal jugular) esophageal nociceptors expressed predominantly the adenosine A1 receptor while the placodes-derived vagal nodose nociceptors expressed the adenosine A1 and/or A2A receptors. Consistent with the studies in the cell bodies, adenosine evoked activation (overt action potential discharge) in esophageal nociceptive nerve terminals. Furthermore, the neural crest-derived jugular nociceptors were activated by the selective A1 receptor agonist CCPA, and the placodes-derived nodose nociceptors were activated by CCPA and/or the selective adenosine A2A receptor CGS-21680. In contrast to esophageal nociceptors, adenosine failed to stimulate the vagal esophageal low-threshold (tension) mechanosensors. We conclude that adenosine selectively activates esophageal nociceptors. Our data indicate that the esophageal neural crest-derived nociceptors can be activated via the adenosine A1 receptor while the placodes-derived esophageal nociceptors can be activated via A1 and/or A2A receptors. Direct activation of esophageal nociceptors via adenosine receptors may contribute to the symptoms in esophageal diseases.
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Nagy, L. E., i S. E. F. DeSilva. "Adenosine A1 receptors mediate chronic ethanol-induced increases in receptor-stimulated cyclic AMP in cultured hepatocytes". Biochemical Journal 304, nr 1 (15.11.1994): 205–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bj3040205.
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Cellular responses to adenosine depend on the distribution of the two adenosine receptor subclasses. In primary cultures of rat hepatocytes, adenosine receptors were coupled to adenylate cyclase via A1 and A2 receptors which inhibit and stimulate cyclic AMP production respectively. R-(-)-N6-(2-phenylisopropyl)-adenosine (R-PIA), the adenosine A1 receptor-selective agonist, inhibited glucagon-stimulated cyclic AMP production with an IC50 of 19 nM. This inhibition was blocked by the A1-specific antagonist 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine (CPDX). 5′-N- Ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), an agonist which stimulates A2 receptors, increased cyclic AMP production with an EC50 of 0.6 microM. Treatment of primary cultures of rat hepatocytes with 100 mM ethanol for 48 h decreases the quantity and function of the inhibitory guanine-nucleotide regulatory protein (G(i)), resulting in a sensitization of receptor-stimulated cyclic AMP production [Nagy and deSilva (1992) Biochem. J. 286, 681-686]. When cells were cultured with 2 units/ml adenosine deaminase, to degrade extracellular adenosine, ethanol-induced increases in cyclic AMP production were completely prevented. Moreover, the specific A1-receptor antagonist, CPDX, also blocked the chronic effects of ethanol on receptor-stimulated cyclic AMP production. Treatment with adenosine deaminase or CPDX also prevented the decrease in quantity of the alpha subunit protein of G(i) observed in hepatocytes after chronic treatment with ethanol. Taken together, these results suggest that activation of adenosine A1 receptors on primary cultures of hepatocytes is involved in the development of chronic ethanol-induced sensitization of receptor-stimulated cyclic AMP production.
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Liang, Bruce T., Tomasz A. Swierkosz, Howard C. Herrmann, Stephen Kimmel i Kenneth A. Jacobson. "Adenosine and Ischemic Preconditioning". Current Pharmaceutical Design 5, nr 12 (grudzień 1999): 1029–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612805666230112212126.
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Adenosine is released in large amounts during myocardial ischemia and is capable of exerting potent cardioprotective effects in the heart. Although these observations on adenosine have been known for a long time, how adenosine acts to achieve its anti-ischemic effect remains incompletely understood. However, recent advances on the chemistry and pharmacology of adenosine receptor ligands have provided important and novel information on the function of adenosine receptor subtypes in the cardiovascular system. The development of model systems for the cardiac actions of adenosine has yielded important insights into its mechanism of action and have begun to elucidate the sequence of signalling events from receptor activation to the actual exertion of its cardioprotective effect. The present review will focus on the adenosine receptors that mediate the potent anti-ischemic effect of adenosine, new ligands at the receptors, potential molecular signalling mechanisms downstream of the receptor, mediators for cardioprotection, and possible clinical applications in cardiovascular disorders.
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Ciruela, Francisco, i Eddy Sotelo. "Special Issue: Adenosine Receptors". Molecules 22, nr 7 (20.07.2017): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules22071220.
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