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1
Higgins, Andrew. "Adaptive infrastructure regulation : designing for climate change". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55602.
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Climate change represents a vexing challenge for infrastructure design. There is increasingly widespread acknowledgement that design practices need to change in order to ensure that structures built today can withstand changes in average climate conditions, growing climate variability, and more frequent and extreme weather events over the coming decades. Yet substantial uncertainty persists with respect to the specific future conditions that structures should be designed for, leading to regulatory paralysis: despite the need for urgent action, regulation continues to require that infrastructure design be based on the assumption that past climate will be representative of future climate. This thesis argues that, in the face of this bedevilling combination of urgency and uncertainty, government regulation will be required to generate the changes in design practices needed to ensure that structures designed today will be resilient and robust to the climate impacts they are likely to confront over their lifetimes. Using the example of the National Building Code of Canada, this thesis identifies several stress points in existing regulatory frameworks for infrastructure design. In particular, this thesis demonstrates that existing methods for dealing with uncertainty in infrastructure design regulation are likely to be overwhelmed by the deep uncertainties surrounding climate change, and that the poor adaptive capacity of existing frameworks renders them unable to keep pace with the increasingly rapid pace of change. Responding appropriately and proactively to these challenges demands a new regulatory paradigm. This regulatory paradigm should draw guidance from new governance theory in the legal scholarship, as well as a range of ‘adaptive’ approaches developed in other disciplines — adaptive management, adaptive governance, and adaptive policymaking. The core of a new, adaptive regulatory paradigm should be a structured, iterative regulatory process that is capable of responding quickly and appropriately to new knowledge and unfolding realities, and formal and informal, multi-level networks that foster learning, cooperation, collaboration, and innovation. Without such a paradigm shift, the existing regulatory paradigm will fall into crisis, rendering structures designed today vulnerable to failure in the face of tomorrow’s climate, and thereby compromising substantial infrastructure investments and increasing risks to public safety.Law, Peter A. Allard School of
Graduate
2
Carter, Michael R. "The sensemaking of adaptive change : a perspective". Thesis, University of Bath, 2001. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425268.
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Robertson, Mairi Laidlaw. "The adaptive numerical solution of phase change problems". Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366834.
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Hillmann, Julia. "Adaptive Capacity as antecedent to Climate Change Strategy". Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2014. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-117246.
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Within the last decade research on climate change strategies and adaptive capacity emerged as the debate about climate change was intensified with the publishing of the Third Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2001. That companies are facing risks and opportunities is not new and the awareness to address these issues is growing. However, there is still need for research in the field of corporate strategic response to climate change. Recently, research focused on resilience management to address climate change. Resilience management is about being able to experience changes and remain stable getting back into the same situation before the change happen. On the contrary to resilience management adaptive capacity is about the ability to be able to adapt to uncertain and unexpected events on the long term. This includes long-term changes. This work argues that companies should think about their adaptive capacity as climate change induces short and long-term changes. Adding this dimension to the strategic planning companies need to think of how they can improve their adaptive capacity.
This work investigates research in both issues adaptive capacity and climate change research and in their relation. Applying a systematic literature review this study conducted 60 references which are examined by a qualitative-quantitative analysis and answers the following questions: What is the current scientific view of adaptive capacity within strategic management literature? What are determinants of adaptive capacity? How can adaptive capacity be linked to climate change strategy and is it even antecedent to climate change strategies? The findings of this research indicate that adaptive capacity and climate change strategies exhibit a link but it cannot be proved whether adaptive capacity is antecedent. Furthermore, the term adaptive capacity is merely discussed within strategic management literature and if it is discussed and examined, several concepts and theories are applied to explain determinants of adaptive capacity. Several concepts such as dynamic capabilities, organizational learning capability, organizational learning, organizational change capacity, flexibility and more could be identified as concepts enhancing adaptive capacity. This works provides an overview of related concepts and theories.
5
Bodenham, Dean. "Adaptive estimation with change detection for streaming data". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/24484.
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Data streams have become ubiquitous over the last two decades; potentially unending streams of continuously-arriving data occur in fields as diverse as medicine, finance, astronomy and computer networks. As the world changes, so the behaviour of these streams is expected to change. This thesis describes sequential methods for the timely detection of changes in data streams based on an adaptive forgetting factor framework. These change detection methods are first formulated in terms of detecting a change in the mean of a univariate stream, but this is later extended to the multivariate setting, and to detecting a change in the variance. The key issues driving the research in this thesis are that streaming data change detectors must operate sequentially, using a fixed amount of memory and, after encountering a change, must continue to monitor for successive changes. We call this challenging scenario "continuous monitoring" to distinguish it from the traditional setting which generally monitors for only a single changepoint. Additionally, continuous monitoring demands that there be limited dependence on the setting of parameters controlling the performance of the algorithms. One of the main contributions of this thesis is the development of an efficient, fully sequential change detector for the mean of a univariate stream in the continuous monitoring context. It is competitive with algorithms that are the benchmark in the single changepoint setting, yet our change detector only requires a single control parameter, which is easy to set. The multivariate extension provides similarly competitive performance results. These methods are applied to monitoring foreign exchange streams and computer network traffic.
6
O'Har, John Patrick. "Transportation asset management and climate change: an adaptive risk-oriented approach". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/48963.
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Transportation Asset Management (TAM) systems are in use at many transportation agencies both in the United States and around the world. These asset management systems serve as strategic resource allocation frameworks and their degree of implementation and maturity varies. Climatic change, with its potentially adverse impacts on both the built and natural environments, has become of increasing concern around the globe. Given the uncertainties associated with changing climatic conditions, transportation agency stakeholders utilize risk-based decision-making approaches to identify climate change impacts that pose the greatest risk to transportation infrastructure assets. In conjunction with criticality assessments, emerging conceptual frameworks seek to identify higher-risk infrastructure assets, which are both critical to system operations and vulnerable to potential climate change impacts, through standalone study efforts.
This research develops a risk-oriented decision-making framework to identify vulnerable, higher-risk transportation infrastructure assets within the context of existing transportation asset management systems. The framework assesses the relative maturity of an agency’s transportation asset management system and provides guidance as to how an agency’s existing tools and processes can be used to incorporate climate change considerations. This risk-based decision-making framework is applied to three case studies: one at the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority, another at the Metropolitan Planning Commission in Savannah – Chatham County, and a statewide case study at the Georgia Department of Transportation.
The results of this research demonstrate that readily-available climate projection data can be analyzed and displayed geospatially so that the potential impacts of climatic change on transportation infrastructure can be determined for specific geographic regions. In addition, existing roadway and bridge infrastructure datasets can also be displayed geospatially. The framework uses geospatially-referenced roadway and bridge asset data and multi-criteria decision analysis procedures to develop and visually display criticality scores. Overlaying climate projection data and criticality data helps identify higher-risk transportation infrastructure assets. This research demonstrates that climate change considerations can be effectively incorporated in existing decision-making processes at various levels of maturity of formal TAM systems, making this more broadly accessible to agencies and communities with potential climate hazards.
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Furness, Eleanor. "Climate change : assessing the adaptive capacity of community forests". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/42804.
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Community Forests Organizations (CFOs) have been developed in British Columbia (BC) to manage forests according to the needs and desires of local communities and First Nations in forest dependent regions, in order to maximise the economic, social and environmental benefits of forestry. The effects of climate change in many of these regions are expected to be significant, and likely to have a detrimental effect on the health of the forests and communities. However, there are practical steps that CFOs can take which may improve their ability to cope with future conditions such as planting different species, practicing different silvicultural techniques and increasing monitoring and observation of the forest . This study is concerned with what CFOs need to have in place to take these steps. 'Adaptive capacity' is a term used to describe an ability to adjust to change. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Adger et al. 2007), adaptive capacity depends upon access to natural, physical, economic, human and social capital, as well as enabling guiding values. This study aims to measure and describe each of the components of adaptive capacity in the CFOs in order to ascertain which of these factors are present in more adaptive organisations and may reveal something about the process of adaptation. Describing the nature of adaptive capacity in CFOs could inform policy development in climate change adaptation by both assessing what current capabilities exist in the sector and suggesting potential areas for development.
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Yang, Ping. "Adaptive trend change detection and pattern recognition in physiological monitoring". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/8932.
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Advances in monitoring technology have resulted in the collection of a vast amount of data that exceeds the simultaneous surveillance capabilities of expert clinicians in the clinical environment. To facilitate the clinical decision-making process, this thesis solves two fundamental problems in physiological monitoring: signal estimation and trend-pattern recognition.
The general approach is to transform changes in different trend features to nonzero level-shifts by calculating the model-based forecast residuals and then to apply a statistical test or Bayesian approach on the residuals to detect changes. The EWMA-Cusum method describes a signal as the exponentially moving weighted average (EWMA) of historical data. This method is simple, robust, and applicable to most variables. The method based on the Dynamic Linear Model (refereed to as Adaptive-DLM method) describes a signal using the linear growth model combined with an EWMA model. An adaptive Kalman filter is used to estimate the second-order characteristics and adjust the change-detection process online. The Adaptive-DLM method is designed for monitoring variables measured at a high sampling rate. To address the intraoperative variability in variables measured at a low sampling rate, a generalized hidden Markov model is used to classify trend changes into different patterns and to describe the transition between these patterns as a first-order Markov-chain process. Trend patterns are recognized online with a quantitative evaluation of the occurrence probability. In addition to the univariate methods, a test statistic based on Factor Analysis is also proposed to investigate the inver-variable relationship and to reveal subtle clinical events. A novel hybrid median filter is also proposed to fuse heart-rate measurements from the ECG monitor, pulse oximeter, and arterial BP monitor to obtain accurate estimates of HR in the presence of artifacts.
These methods have been tested using simulated and clinical data. The EWMA-Cusum and Adaptive-DLM methods have been implemented in a software system iAssist and evaluated by clinicians in the operating room. The results demonstrate that the proposed methods can effectively detect trend changes and assist clinicians in tracking the physiological state of a patient during surgery.
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Szijarto, Barbara. "Mediating Social Change: Building Adaptive Learning Systems through Developmental Evaluation". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/39159.
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Complex social problems are at the forefront of our awareness. We are witnessing intensifying political, social and environmental challenges and waning confidence in our ability to engineer solutions. We are also seeing a proliferation of large scale, multi-agency interventions that seek change at the level of systems, and through which actors pursue adaptive learning as a means to develop effective solutions. Proponents assert that the prediction and control on which conventional program design and evaluation are based are not available under complex conditions. They propose instead that learning through experience in a program’s own context can create more responsive, impactful and sustainable interventions. These ideas offer a potentially transformative opportunity. However, they need to be complemented with a better understanding of implementation - the ‘ways of doing things’ that bring them to life.
This study focused on developmental evaluation as an example of an adaptive learning (AL) approach for the development of innovative social interventions. The study was informed by ‘sensemaking’ theories and research in organizational learning, knowledge mobilization and program evaluation. Through an exploratory lens and a mixed methods design, this study sheds light on the role of specialized intermediaries in an AL process; how the role is performed in practice; and what this implies for adaptive learning in the domain of social interventions. The study documents how an intermediary can help actors navigate recognized challenges of developing interventions under complex and dynamic conditions. The findings have implications for how an AL process is understood and implemented. They provide an empirical contribution to an emerging field of study on the design of AL systems, to support future research and real-world practice as AL approaches become mainstream.
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Lambeth, Tara. "Coastal Louisiana: Adaptive Capacity in the Face of Climate Change". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2016. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/2228.
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Extreme weather events can result in natural disasters, and climate change can cause these weather events to occur more often and with more intensity. Because of social and physical vulnerabilities, climate change and extreme weather often affect coastal communities. As climate change continues to be a factor for many coastal communities, and environmental hazards and vulnerability continue to increase, the need for adaptation may become a reality for many communities. However, very few studies have been done on the effect climate change and mitigation measures implemented in response to climate change have on a community’s adaptive capacity.
This single instrumental case study will examine the effects of climate change and policy responses to climate change on the Pointe-au-Chien Indian Tribe located in Pointe aux Chenes, Louisiana, in order to discover how climate change affects the adaptive capacity of an indigenous population intricately tied to the surrounding ecosystem. This study will provide information on how the community plans to adapt to climate change, and the urban planning and hazard mitigation methods that can be used to facilitate the process. It also posits how government agencies can empower local communities to participate in mitigation planning, and provide local knowledge in order to make those plans more effective. As climate change continues to affect our coastal environments, it will continue to have an effect on our coastal communities. Understanding the strength and longevity of community adaptation in Pointe aux Chenes will help the community respond to the changes and increasing hazards in the environment. This understanding can be applied to all coastal communities facing similar challenges the world over.
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Akour, Mohammed Abd Alwahab. "Towards Change Propagating Test Models In Autonomic and Adaptive Systems". Diss., North Dakota State University, 2012. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/26504.
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The major motivation for self-adaptive computing systems is the self-adjustment of the software according to a changing environment. Adaptive computing systems can add, remove, and replace their own components in response to changes in the system itself and in the operating environment of a software system. Although these systems may provide a certain degree of confidence against new environments, their structural and behavioral changes should be validated after adaptation occurs at runtime.
Testing dynamically adaptive systems is extremely challenging because both the structure and behavior of the system may change during its execution. After self adaptation occurs in autonomic software, new components may be integrated to the software system. When new components are incorporated, testing them becomes vital phase for ensuring that they will interact and behave as expected. When self adaptation is about removing existing components, a predefined test set may no longer be applicable due to changes in the program structure. Investigating techniques for dynamically updating regression tests after adaptation is therefore necessary to ensure such approaches can be applied in practice.
We propose a model-driven approach that is based on change propagation for synchronizing a runtime test model for a software system with the model of its component structure after dynamic adaptation. A workflow and meta-model to support the approach was provided, referred to as Test Information Propagation (TIP). To demonstrate TIP, a prototype was developed that simulates a reductive and additive change to an autonomic, service-oriented healthcare application.
To demonstrate the generalization of our TIP approach to be instantiated into the domain of up-to-date runtime testing for self-adaptive software systems, the TIP approach was applied to the self-adaptive JPacman 3.0 system.
To measure the accuracy of the TIP engine, we consider and compare the work of a developer who manually identifyied changes that should be performed to update the test model after self-adaptation occurs in self-adaptive systems in our study. The experiments show how TIP is highly accurate for reductive change propagation across self-adaptive systems. Promising results have been achieved in simulating the additive changes as well.
12
Hytla, Patrick C. "Multi-Ratio Fusion Change Detection Framework with Adaptive Statistical Thresholding". University of Dayton / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=dayton1461322397.
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Berman, Rachel Josephine. "Developing climate change coping capacity into adaptive capacity in Uganda". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/7104/.
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Communities across sub-Saharan Africa have been coping with the effects of climate variability for generations. Further, future projections show these areas will be affected by increased climate variability and changes in mean climate. Understanding how current coping strategies used by households in these communities will shape future adaptation choices remains limited. The aim of this thesis is therefore to examine household coping capacity and coping strategies to cope with climate variability and reflect on what this means for future adaptation to longer term climatic change in Uganda. Uganda is an appropriate country in which to examine these issues due to both the occurrence of climatic extremes such as floods and droughts, as well as the high dependence of the population on the natural resource base which is readily affected by these events. This research adopts an institutional perspective to explore issues of vulnerability, resilience and adaptive capacity: examining household level coping and adaptive capacities through to wider institutional analysis at the community, district and national level to provide evidence of the role institutions play in mediating the development of coping to adaptive capacities. Quantitative methods including social network analysis are combined with traditional qualitative methods in a mixed-methods approach to provide empirical evidence and new perspectives in adaptation research. Results show household coping strategy depends on the customary and market-orientated nature of the village, and on the climatic hazard experienced: households without market access vary coping strategy by hazard whilst households with increased market access rely on economic activities regardless of hazard. Social network analysis identifies that support networks vary under different climatic hazards, and that these support networks do not show as many characteristics of bonding ties as previous literature suggests. The results also show that there are core households within each community that are central to the coping strategies of others. These core households typically hold formal positions in village institutions, mediating access to both formal and informal support structures. Yet, many households still remain excluded from both formal and informal support, and they remain vulnerable to climate variability and change. This thesis takes a polycentric perspective to explore the institutional enablers and constraints to coping and adaptation that exist across scales. Formal institutions play an important role in livelihood-specific coping strategies, whilst informal institutions underpin more general coping strategies. Positive and negative interplays between different institutions shape the opportunities for planned and autonomous adaptations. Institutional gulfs are present whereby institutions operate in relative isolation of others, or results in fragmented or sporadic adaptations. Policy makers must develop policies that support communities to cope with climatic variability whilst targeting future adaptation demands. The evidence presented in this thesis suggests complex institutional structures exist in relation to household coping capacities, and reflecting on these institutional dynamics is necessary to consider the possible implications longer-term future adaptive capacity. Given uncertainty over future livelihood choices under a varied climate, institutions that shape non-livelihood specific coping strategies will become increasingly important to maintain livelihood and coping flexibility, and this must recognise the role of both autonomous and planned adaptation. Although specific to the evidence provided from Uganda, these results have lessons for wider coping and adaptation policy and planning across sub-Saharan Africa.
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Bitter, James Robert. "Helping Clients Change: Using Adaptive Reorientation Therapy in Clinical Practice". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5230.
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Bitter, James Robert. "Helping Clients Change: Using Adaptive Reorientation Therapy in Clinical Practice". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5233.
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Dickens, Peter Martin. "Facilitating Emergence: Complex, Adaptive Systems Theory and the Shape of Change". Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1339016565.
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Raei, Mohammed. "Development and Validation of the Adaptive Leadership with Authority Scale". Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch153684122004308.
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Moller, Kerry. "The Right to Digital Privacy: Advancing the Jeffersonian Vision of Adaptive Change". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/936.
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The relationship between privacy, technology, and law is complex. Thomas Jefferson’s prescient nineteenth century observation that laws and institutions must keep pace with the times offers a vision for change. Statutory law and court precedents help to define our right to privacy, however, the development of new technologies has complicated the application of old precedents and statutes. Third party organizations, such as Google, facilitate new methods of communication, and the government can often collect the information that third parties receive with a subpoena or court order, rather than a Fourth Amendment-mandated warrant. Privacy promotes fundamental democratic freedoms, however, under current law, the digital age has diminished the right to privacy in our electronic communications data.
This work explores the statutory and constitutional law protecting our right to privacy, as well as the inadequacies that have developed with the digital revolution. With commonplace use of third parties to facilitate electronic communication, our courts and lawmakers must amend current laws and doctrines to protect the privacy of communications in the digital age. To provide clarity and appropriate data privacy protections, the following clarifications and amendments should be made to the third party doctrine and the Stored Communications Act (SCA): 1) third party doctrine should only apply to context data, 2) content data should be protected by the Fourth Amendment, 3) the SCA should eliminate the distinction between Remote Computing Services (RCS) data and Electronic Communication Services (ECS) data, and 4) the SCA should require warrants for all content data acquisition.
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Vidaurre, de Mulczyk Marolyn. "Adaptive Capacity of Rural Communities to Climate Change in the Andes – Bolivia". Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-207186.
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Climate change is one of the major contributing factors to degradation of ecological services, and these in turn are harming many people and causing poverty mainly in rural areas. The information available and the gain of knowledge on how climate change is affecting livelihood resources in the Bolivian Andes are very limited. This research aims to advance in the understanding of adaptive capacity to social and climate change in rural communities whose livelihoods are dependent upon agriculture and local resources. The proposed framework of this research focuses on the vulnerability assessment of the socio-ecological system, which targets on the identification of adaptation strategies in the context of their contribution to the overall adaptive capacity of the system. Following an exploratory design, two representative communities from different agro-ecological regions are selected as case studies: Santiago de Okola (Municipality of Puerto Carabuco, highlands) and Sita-Chorocana (Municipality of Inquisivy, inter-Andean valley). The research is conducted using a participatory rural appraisal approach and combines indicators encompassing natural, physical, human, financial, and socio-cultural variables. Data collection is based on community discussion (n=6), key informant interviews (n=31), household interviews (n=125), and local observations. Data analysis is conducted for quantitative and qualitative information.
The results are presented in four main sections:
1) Integral diagnosis of the current situation in each case study considering general characteristics of the population, agriculture activities and forest resources; followed by a complete description of impacts and strategies to cope with extreme weather events and socio-economic conflicts at household level.
2) The assessment of strategies based on cultural knowledge describes the existing traditional ecological knowledge and local customs. Moreover, a mathematical model has been developed to evaluate the current knowledge needed to cope with and adapt to climate change. The outcomes point out that for the highlands the diversification of knowledge, and for the inter-Andean valley the social—pooling are strategies that contributed the most to secure crop production under extreme weather event scenario.
3) The assessment of socio-economic strategies identifies households under the category of poor as the most vulnerable group to climate change; this group is dominated by old women living alone in the communities and in charge of the farm. Based on the redundancy analysis poverty indicators have been identified: In the highlands, off-farm activities represent a potential strategy whenever the crop production is reduced or limited; these activities are related to the labor availability in the household, health conditions and level of education. In the inter-Andean valley, out-farm and eucalyptus plantations represent a potential strategy to secure crop production when households have access to land and markets and they participate in social networks.
4) The assessment of social networks identifies the relationship between the households, stakeholders, and the municipality to cope with socio-economic conflicts and the impacts of extreme weather events. Independently of each case study, the outcomes point out the existing social networks under socio-economic scenario contributed to the implementation of a wide number of coping strategies to secure in the long-term the well-being of the household including economic development, food production, education, social organization, infrastructure, and health. The existing social networks under the extreme weather events scenarios contributed mainly to secure food production of the households by providing immediate access to labor.
This research presents evidence on how social and climate changes are the major contributing factors to increasing vulnerability of the socio-ecological system. It is the first explorative research in which cultural knowledge, socio-economic and social networks strategies are integrated to understand the adaptive capacity of rural communities in the selected case studies. The livelihood adaptation strategies identified independently of each of the two case study eco-regions showed particular characteristics related to the lifestyle, the knowledge and the socio-economic resources available in the communities; and highlights the potentialities and limitations of the households to reduce their vulnerability. Finally, the proposed model towards adaptive capacity is a tool that can be used to guide new policies and programs that target poverty reduction and minimize the adverse impacts of climate change.
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Hillmann, Julia. "Adaptive Capacity as antecedent to Climate Change Strategy: A Systematic Literature Review". Technische Universität Dresden, 2011. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A27008.
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Within the last decade research on climate change strategies and adaptive capacity emerged as the debate about climate change was intensified with the publishing of the Third Assessment Report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2001. That companies are facing risks and opportunities is not new and the awareness to address these issues is growing. However, there is still need for research in the field of corporate strategic response to climate change. Recently, research focused on resilience management to address climate change. Resilience management is about being able to experience changes and remain stable getting back into the same situation before the change happen. On the contrary to resilience management adaptive capacity is about the ability to be able to adapt to uncertain and unexpected events on the long term. This includes long-term changes. This work argues that companies should think about their adaptive capacity as climate change induces short and long-term changes. Adding this dimension to the strategic planning companies need to think of how they can improve their adaptive capacity.
This work investigates research in both issues adaptive capacity and climate change research and in their relation. Applying a systematic literature review this study conducted 60 references which are examined by a qualitative-quantitative analysis and answers the following questions: What is the current scientific view of adaptive capacity within strategic management literature? What are determinants of adaptive capacity? How can adaptive capacity be linked to climate change strategy and is it even antecedent to climate change strategies? The findings of this research indicate that adaptive capacity and climate change strategies exhibit a link but it cannot be proved whether adaptive capacity is antecedent. Furthermore, the term adaptive capacity is merely discussed within strategic management literature and if it is discussed and examined, several concepts and theories are applied to explain determinants of adaptive capacity. Several concepts such as dynamic capabilities, organizational learning capability, organizational learning, organizational change capacity, flexibility and more could be identified as concepts enhancing adaptive capacity. This works provides an overview of related concepts and theories.
21
Kim, Hak-Ryang. "Adaptive change to electoral defeat : the Conservative Party in post-war Britain /". The Ohio State University, 1995. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487864485228014.
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Nel, Darren Henry. "Exploring a complex adaptive systems approach to the study of urban change". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/56093.
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Cities are one of humankind s more enduring creations. Although historically cities have perished,
urbanism has not; declining urban areas have either revived or new cities have taken their place.
Additionally, with the increasing rate of urbanisation cities have not only increased in number but also
in size, while simultaneously their impact on the environment has grown, giving rise to debate on the
sustainability of cities. However, this becomes a difficult task given that our cities are experiencing
unprecedented challenges, of rapid urbanisation, strained and aging infrastructure, social unrest, and
the increasing impacts and concerns of climate change. The need for cities to adapt or die has never
been greater. The concept of resilience presents a possible solution to help deal with this
unpredictable nature of the future. It refers to a system s (a city for example) ability to withstand
sudden shocks, like floods, while at the same time having the capacity to adapt to long?term,
incremental, changes, like climate change and global warming.
As the concept of resilience has become ever more popular within the scientific and planning
community, the need to understand this concept and its implications is becoming more important.
However, to do this we must first take a step back and understand the theoretical
principles/foundations on which resilience theory has been built. Resilience is an emergent property
of complex adaptive systems (CAS). Thus, to understand resilience, we must first understand CAS.
Complexity theory seeks to understand how complex systems work. One of the ways that complexity
theory does this is by understanding properties and mechanisms that allow complex systems to
function and survive. Cities can be described as complex adaptive systems as they are undeniably
complex and exhibit the same properties that can be found in any CAS.
Through the study of social?ecological systems (SES), which are also CAS, researchers have identified
that social?ecological systems go through periodic cycles of change, each cycle with its own identifiable
characteristics. These cycles of change have been described through the concepts of Panarchy' and
the Adaptive Cycle . This study seeks to apply these concepts to the study of urban change in an
attempt to test their usefulness in understanding the urban system and how it changes.
The concepts from complexity theory and SES theory have been brought together and presented in
this study in the form of a framework. The aim of the framework is to describe the urban system and
how it changes. The proposed framework has potential to be both a useful theoretical construct and,
with some adaptions, a useful tool or manual for practitioners in the field who need to make sense of
the complex environments in which they find themselves. It is expected that the framework will
become another instrument in a planner s toolbox by means of which they can make better informed
decisions.Dissertation (MTRP)--University of Pretoria, 2015.
tm2016
Town and Regional Planning
MTRP
Unrestricted
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Azhoni, Adani. "Adapting water management in India to climate change : institutions, networks and barriers". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2017. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/13660.
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Climate change is experienced most through the medium of water. The ability of water institutions and the factors that enable or hinder them to purposefully adapt to the new and additional challenges brought by climate change require better understanding. Factors that influence their perception of climate change impacts and initiatives being taken for adaptation are shaped by various enabling factors and barriers through the interaction with both governmental and non-governmental institutions across administrative scales. Better understanding of these adaptation enablers and barriers is essential for devising adaptation strategies. This research aims to identify and expound the characteristics that enable or hinder institutions to adapt for water management, and hence, it evaluates the involvement of key governmental and non-governmental institutions in India and the inter-institutional networks between them. It surveyed webpages and online documents of sixty Union Government institutions and interviewed representatives from twenty-six governmental, non-governmental, research and academic institutions operating at the national level and another twenty-six institutions operating within the State of Himachal Pradesh in India to assess the characteristics that enable or hinder adaptation. While the online projection of institutional involvement and interaction among key Union Government institutions on climate change and water indicate a more centralized network pointing to Planning Commission and Ministry of Environment and Forest, the interview responses indicated a more distributed network with both Ministries of Water Resources and Environment and Forest recognized as key institutions thereby indicating a potential variation in perception of who is in-charge. Moreover, online documents show institutions that are involved in water have less mention of climate change compared to Union Government ministries involved in less climate-sensitive sectors indicating that impacts of climate change on water are potentially ignored. While it is evident that research and consulting institutions engaging with both national and state level institutions play a key role in enabling adaptation, various barriers pertaining to data and information accessibility, inadequacy of resources and implementation gaps exist particularly due to inter-institutional network fragmentations. Although barriers identified in this study bear resemblance to barriers identified by other researchers in other contexts, this research shows similar barriers can emerge from different underlying causes and are highly interconnected; thereby indicating the need for addressing adaptation barriers collectively as a wider governance issue. Since many of the adaptation barriers emerge from wider governance challenges and are related to larger developmental issues, the findings have important policy implications. Among the various issues that the government needs to address is improving the inter-institutional networks between water institutions so that information dissemination, sharing of learning experiences and data accessibility is improved and prescriptive legislations are seen to be inadequate in this regard. Restructuring the way officials in government water institutions are recruited and deployed is suggested as a potential solution for improving the inter-institutional networks. The research elucidates that inter-institutional networks and transboundary institutions are two pillars that supports adaptation and also bridges the gap between adaptive capacity and adaptation manifestation that enable water institutions to cross the chasm of adaptation barriers. Thus the thesis presents an important analysis of key characteristics that enable or hinder water management institutions to adapt to climate change which have been so far under acknowledged by other studies through the analysis of the state of climate change adaptation in India. Therefore, this study provides valuable insights for developing countries, particularly, facing similar challenges of adapting water management for climate change.
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Muthoni, Joyce W. "Gender and Climate Change: Use of the Livelihood Framework to Investigate Women's Adaptive Capacity in Mwanga District, Tanzania". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1344456730.
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Speirs, James C. "Website Adaptive Navigation Effects on User Experiences". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2012. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3536.
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The information search process within a website can often be frustrating and confusing for website visitors. Navigational structures are often complex and multitiered, hiding links with several layers of navigation that user's might be interested in. Poor navigation causes user frustration. Adaptive navigation can be used to improve the user's navigational experience by flattening the navigational structure and reducing the number of accessible links to only those that the user would be interested in. This examines the effects on a user's navigational experience, of using adaptive navigation as the main navigational structure on a website. This study measured these effects by gathering survey responses from over 1,000 users. The survey recorded users' perceptions of navigational effectiveness and efficiency as well as user satisfaction and efficacy. Users were assigned into nine treatment groups that provided variations in navigational change frequency and the order of navigational links. Surveys were used to identify the effects of navigational change frequency and navigational link ordering on the user's navigational experience. The survey found that adaptive navigation works best when change occurs on a page-by-page basis and links are ordered alphabetically.
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Andrijevic, Marina. "Pathways of adaptive capacity for climate impact research". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/23304.
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Bei den Schätzungen der künftigen Auswirkungen bleiben die globalen Ungleichheiten der sozioökonomischen Bedingungen meist unberücksichtigt, die für die tatsächliche Fähigkeit der Systeme, viele der Anpassungsmaßnahmen umzusetzen, entscheidend sein werden. Um das zu erwartende Ausmaß der Anpassung auf der Grundlage wirtschaftlicher, finanzieller, menschlicher, technologischer und anderer Kapazitäten besser bestimmen zu können, sollten Projektionen der Klimaauswirkungen und der daraus resultierenden Verluste und Schäden die Koevolution zwischen Klimagefahren und sozioökonomischer Entwicklung berücksichtigen. In dieser Arbeit werden verschiedene Bereiche der Klimawissenschaft miteinander verknüpft, um ein Instrumentarium zur besseren Darstellung der Anpassung in quantitativen Modellierungsinstrumenten anzubieten. Der Ansatz bettet die sozioökonomischen Barrieren in den Szenariorahmen der Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) ein, um quantitative Pfade der Anpassungsfähigkeit zu erstellen. Die Integration der Anpassungsfähigkeit in den Szenarioraum ermöglicht eine differenziertere Operationalisierung der Anpassung in der quantitativen Modellierung. Im ersten Teil der Arbeit werden zwei Erweiterungen des Szenariorahmens vorgestellt, die sich auf Indikatoren für die Regierungsführung und die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter als zwei der wichtigsten Hindernisse für die Anpassung konzentrieren. Im zweiten Teil werden zwei Anwendungen der Anpassungsfähigkeit für die Sektoren Gesundheit und Landwirtschaft vorgestellt, die den Zusammenhang zwischen sozioökonomischen Bedingungen und der unterschiedlichen Anfälligkeit für mögliche Klimastressoren aufzeigen. Das hier vorgestellte Toolkit eignet sich in erster Linie für den Einsatz in quantitativen Bewertungen von Auswirkungen und alternativen politischen Optionen, um anpassungsrelevante Informationen einzubeziehen, damit der Klimawandel unter verschiedenen sozioökonomischen Szenarien robuster dargestellt werden kann.Adaptation to climate change can substantially reduce the negative impacts of climate change, but quantitative estimates of future impacts tend to disregard global inequalities in socio-economic conditions, which will be decisive for the systems’ actual ability to deploy many of the adaptation measures. To better ascertain the degree of adaptation that can be expected based on economic, financial, human, technological and other capacities, projections of climate impacts and the ensuing loss and damage should account for the co-evolution between climate hazards and socio-economic development. To this end, this thesis connects several areas of climate change science to offer a toolkit for improving the representation of adaptation in quantitative modeling tools. The approach shown here embeds the socio-economic barriers to into the scenario framework of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) to establish quantitative pathways of adaptive capacity. Integrating adaptive capacity in the scenario space opens opportunities for a more nuanced operationalization of adaptation in quantitative modeling. In the first half of the thesis, two extensions of the scenario framework are presented, focusing on indicators of governance and gender equality as two of the key barriers to adaptation that have not yet been part of the set of indicators in the SSPs. The second half of the thesis showcases two sectoral applications of adaptive capacity for the health and agriculture sectors, demonstrating the relationship between socioeconomic conditions and differential vulnerability to possible climate stressors. The toolkit presented in this thesis is primarily suited for use in quantitative assessments of impacts and alternative policy options to incorporate adaptation-relevant information, with the ultimate goal of a more robust representation of climate change under different socio-economic development scenarios.
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Abraham, William Todd. "Dispositional optimism and pessimism stability, change, and adaptive recovery following life event experiences /". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
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Kuruppu, Natasha D. "Confronting climate change and variability : Enhancing adaptive capacity of water management in Kiribata". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527345.
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Cobbledick, Michael. "The role of foresight in adaptive organising : coping with change and creating advantage". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/18190.
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Thesis (MPhil))--Stellenbosch University, 2010.It is broadly accepted that our post-modern society is characterised by unprecedented levels of change, coupled with increasing complexity and uncertainty. In this context, the ability to successfully anticipate and adapt to changing circumstances is crucial for an organisation‟s survival and prosperity. Long-standing traditional models of organising, managing and knowing, as well as many contemporary formulations, are found to be inadequate in dealing with the challenges of high-velocity change. This study conducts a conceptual review of the diverse literatures on organisational adaptation and foresight to, first, synthesise the essential characteristics of adaptive organising; and secondly, to determine whether and how foresight can be applied to improve the effectiveness of organisational adaptation. A model of adaptive organising is developed that describes how, by adopting an emergent strategy approach via processes of exploration and experimentation and by balancing change and preservation, firms can derive new advantages from volatility. Recognising the limitations of anticipatory foresight in fast-paced environments, a socially embedded foresight practice that links macroscopic thinking and microscopic action is proposed as an enabling infrastructure for emergent strategy. It describes how foresight provides context for broad-based action, the outcome of which keeps foresight refreshed with how reality is unfolding. Finally three foresight methods, visioning, scenarios and peripheral vision, are reviewed drawing links to adaptive organising from which three propositions are put forward for future research. These foresight practices are shown to produce shared understanding and direction which stimulates collective exploratory action, and encourage alternative perspectives and interpretations of the organisation‟s situation allowing strategic variety to flourish and new advantages to emerge.
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Phillips, Helen Francine. "The adaptive capacity of the management of cultural heritage sites to climate change". Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2013. https://radar.brookes.ac.uk/radar/items/6ce26587-89f1-4b61-9d65-bcea2871e9f4/1.
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Despite the growing body of research on the concept of adaptive capacity, there is an absence of research which investigates adaptive capacity in the field of cultural heritage management. Climatic changes have potentially serious implications for the historic environment, which is itself a non-renewable resource. Cultural heritage sites can be particularly sensitive to severe weather events and to changes in climate, both due to direct impacts on built structures, archaeology and designed landscapes, but also due to changes in visitor behaviour and the potentially adverse implications of adaptive measures on heritage significance. This research investigated the adaptive capacity of the management of cultural heritage sites in the UK, through the assessment of adaptive capacity at selected case study sites. A questionnaire survey of all UK WHS sites, a review of plans and policy, and interviews with key stakeholders at a national level also contribute to the study. An in-depth qualitative analysis of three UK World Heritage Sites was undertaken, which were Ironbridge Gorge, Fountains Abbey and Studley Royal and Blenheim Palace. Fieldwork included site visits, interviews with stakeholders involved in site management such as property managers, conservators and local authority officers, and a thorough documentary review. A conceptual framework of adaptive capacity relevant for heritage management has been developed, which can be used as a tool for analysis, in order to highlight strengths and weaknesses in capacity. The key determinants of adaptive capacity in the framework, identified through the research, are cognitive factors, leadership, learning capacity, access to information, authority and resources. The research makes a contribution to adaptive capacity theory, with adaptive capacity theory being found to be applicable to heritage management, but with certain limitations. Areas of weakness and strengths in adaptive capacity at the case study sites and in wider World Heritage management planning have been identified, and practical recommendations are presented. The study found that whilst progress is being made within the heritage sector on adaptation, there are significant challenges and areas where capacity could be enhanced. Notably, there is a lack of information on best practice and guidance on adaptation within a heritage context. Tools for futures thinking such as climate change scenarios are not being widely used in management planning, and concerns about the uncertainties associated with climate data are prevalent. Although clear top down guidance is needed to provide drivers and a framework for action, this needs to be balanced with local flexibility, in order to allow locally appropriate and sensitive decision making to protect significance. There is also a need for further collaboration and dialogue between different sectors, with sustained cooperation required to combine the approaches and requirements of those from different fields e.g. the integration of heritage concerns into the work of emergency planners.
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Parsley, Meghan. "Adaptive Variation in Tiger Salamander Populations". TopSCHOLAR®, 2017. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2056.
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Amphibians face an unknown future in a time of rapid environmental change due to global climate perturbations. Since amphibians are perceived to be indicators of ecosystem health, understanding the causes of their declines can improve our perception of threats to other species. Molecular techniques have allowed us to explore how environmental change affects genetic variation and to predict evolutionary adaptive potential of amphibian populations. The identification of populations with the greatest potential to respond to changing environmental variables may be an important conservation strategy to aid in future management efforts. I utilized targeted exon capture sequencing to identify adaptive variation in California tiger salamanders (CTS; Ambystoma californiense), a species threatened by land use change and hybridization with barred tiger salamanders (A. mavortium). I identified 17 and 26 outlier loci for balancing selection in historic and recent samples of CTS respectively. The outlier loci corresponded to genes of various functions, though none of the outliers associated significantly with the change in several tested environmental variables. Despite the lack of environmental correlations detected, it must also be considered that the outlier loci could be involved in epistatic interactions where many genes with small effects influence a single phenotype with fitness benefits. Additional hypotheses to explain the observed changes in allele frequencies and outliers may be the effects of UV-B radiation, pesticide use, or indirect effects of climate change.
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Hentati-Sundberg, Jonas. "SEA CHANGE : Social-ecological co-evolution in Baltic Sea fisheries". Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-122372.
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Sustainable management of natural resources requires an in-depth understanding of the interplay between social and ecological change. Linked social-ecological systems (SES) have been described as complex adaptive systems (CAS), which mean that they are irreducible, exhibit nonlinear dynamics, have interactions across scales and are uncertain and unpredictable. These propositions have however rarely been tested empirically, in part due to a lack of methodological approaches and suitable datasets. In this thesis, I address this methodological and empirical gap in a study of long-term change of Baltic Sea fisheries. In Paper I, we develop the concept of fishing style through integrating multivariate statistical analysis and in-depth interviews. We thereby identify an intermediate level of detail for analyzing social-ecological dynamics, embracing the case specific and context dependent approaches of the social sciences with the generalizable and quantifiable approaches from the natural sciences. In Paper II we ask: How has the Baltic Sea fishery been regulated over time, and can we identify a way to quantify regulations in order to be able to analyze their effects? We analyze all regulatory changes in Sweden since 1995 with a new methodology and conclude that there is a clear trend towards increased micro-management. In Paper III, we use the fishing styles developed in Paper I and examine how they have changed over time. We relate these changes to the dynamics of regulation (Paper II), as well as to the dynamics of fish stocks and prices. We conclude that regulation has been the main driving force for observed changes, but also that regulation has prompted significant specialization and decline in flexibility for fishers over time. These changes are unintended consequences and may represent a looming risk for the long-term sustainability of this social-ecological system. Paper IV zooms in on a particular fishery, the pelagic trawl fishery for sprat Sprattus sprattus and Atlantic herring Clupea harengus, mainly targeted for the production of fishmeal and fish oil. Suspicions of non-compliance in this fishery motivated us to apply a statistical approach where we used socioeconomic data to re-estimate the historical catches in this fishery (a novel approach to catch-reconstruction estimates). We found that catches had been significantly underreported over several years, with consequences for the quality of stock assessments and management. The study underlines the importance of understanding linked social, economic and ecological dynamics for sustainable outcomes. Finally, Paper V takes a longer historical look at the Baltic Sea fishery, using regionally disaggregated data from 1914-2009 (96 years), which were analyzed with a novel type of nonlinear statistical time-series methods (Empirical Dynamical Modeling). Our analysis explicitly recognized the potential nonlinear dynamics of SES and showed high predictability across regions of catches and prices of cod Gadus morhua and herring. The signal was generally nonlinear and predictability decreased strongly with time, suggesting that the dynamics of this SES are ever-changing. To our knowledge, this is the first long-term analysis of a SES using empirical data and methods developed from the CAS field of research. The main contributions of this thesis are the integrated analysis of social and ecological data, the development of novel methods for understanding SES dynamics, insights on the ever-changing nature of CAS and the quantitative analysis of management outcomes. Future work should focus on assessing the generality of these findings across a broad range of SES and evaluate alternative governance approaches given the complexity and uncertainty of SES suggested by this thesis.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 5: Manuscript.
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Martin, Teddi Eberly. "Using Complexity Thinking to Build Adaptive Capacity in Schools: an Analysis of Organizational Change in California". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500210/.
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In response to reductionist neoliberal approaches to organizational change that have been prevalent in American education since the 1980s, some educators have begun to employ a whole-systems approach to improving student learning. These approaches, based in complexity sciences, recognize the nonlinear, unpredictable nature of learning and the interconnected relationships among myriad factors that influence the teaching/learning that occurs in schools. In the summer preceding the 2011-2012 school year, a cohort of educators from California Unified School District participated in a 10-day training regarding human systems dynamics (HSD) and complexity thinking. Their goal was to build adaptive capacity throughout the district in the pursuit of improving student learning. Through analysis of the interviews from seven target participants from this training, this study investigates what target participants report regarding their use of HSD methods and models in their work in schools across the 2011-2012 school year. Findings indicate that target participants displayed distinct arcs of use of HSD methods/models. In addition, findings suggest that target participants’ need for support in learning and implementing HSD methods/models, the influence of systemic and individual history, and the role of agency affected their “arcs of use.” This study illuminates the ways in which HSD methods/models support both organizational change efforts and the ways in which teaching/learning occur in the classroom, including the applicability of HSD methods/models in building collaborative cultures and in helping students develop the kinds of thinking required in the use of 21st-century literacies.
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Zaremski, Brian Zachary. "The Advancement of Adaptive Relaying in Power Systems Protection". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32121.
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The electrical distribution system in the United States is considered one of the most complicated machines in existence. Electrical phenomena in such a complex system can inflict serious self-harm. This requires damage prevention from protection schemes. Until recently, there was a safe gap between capacity to deliver power and the demand. Therefore, these protection schemes focused on dependability allowing the disconnection of lines, transformers, or other devices with the purpose of isolating the faulted element. On some occasions, the disconnections made were not necessary. The other extreme of reliability calls for security. This aspect of reliability calls for the operation of the protective devices only for faults within the intended area of protection. There is a tradeoff here; where a dependable protection scheme will assuredly prevent damage, it is prone to unnecessary operation which can lead to cascading outages. Where a secure scheme will not operate unnecessarily, it is prone to pieces of the system becoming damaged when relays fail to operate properly. With microprocessor based relaying schemes, a hybrid reliability focus is attainable through adaptive relaying. Adaptive relaying describes protection schemes that adjust settings and/or logic of operations based on the prevailing conditions of the system. These adjustments can help to avoid relay miss-operation. Adjustments could include, but are not limited to, the logging of data for post-mortem analysis, communication throughout the system, as well changing relay parameters. Several concepts will be discussed, one of which will be implemented to prove the value of the new tools available.Master of Science
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Regnér, Patrick. "Strategy creation and change in complexity : adaptive and creative learning dynamics in the firm /". Stockholm : Institute of International Business, 1999. http://aleph.unisg.ch/hsgscan/hm00033275.pdf.
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Regnér, Patrick. "Strategy creation and change in complexity : adaptive and creative learning dynamics in the firm". Doctoral thesis, Handelshögskolan i Stockholm, Institute of International Business (IIB), 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hhs:diva-1785.
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Branch, Marion Victoria. "How is adaptive change related to pathology in the equine distal tarsal osteochondral unit?" Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.423291.
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Shakil, Sadia. "Windowing effects and adaptive change point detection of dynamic functional connectivity in the brain". Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/55006.
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Evidence of networks in the resting-brain reflecting the spontaneous brain activity is perhaps the most significant discovery to understand intrinsic brain functionality. Moreover, subsequent detection of dynamics in these networks can be milestone in differentiating the normal and disordered brain functions. However, capturing the correct dynamics is a challenging task since no ground truths' are present for comparison of the results. The change points of these networks can be different for different subjects even during normal brain functions. Even for the same subject and session, dynamics can be different at the start and end of the session based on the fatigue level of the subject scanned. Despite the absence of ground truths, studies have analyzed these dynamics using the existing methods and some of them have developed new algorithms too. One of the most commonly used method for this purpose is sliding window correlation. However, the result of the sliding window correlation is dependent on many parameters and without the ground truth there is no way of validating the results. In addition, most of the new algorithms are complicated, computationally expensive, and/or focus on just one aspect on these dynamics. This study applies the algorithms and concepts from signal processing, image processing, video processing, information theory, and machine learning to analyze the results of the sliding window correlation and develops a novel algorithm to detect change points of these networks adaptively. The findings in this study are divided into three parts: 1) Analyzing the extent of variability in well-defined networks of rodents and humans with sliding window correlation applying concepts from information theory and machine learning domains. 2) Analyzing the performance of sliding window correlation using simulated networks as ground truths for best parameters’ selection, and exploring its dependence on multiple frequency components of the correlating signals by processing the signals in time and Fourier domains. 3) Development of a novel algorithm based on image similarity measures from image and video processing that maybe employed to identify change points of these networks adaptively.
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Dixon, Jami Louise. "Smallholder farming systems, adaptive capacity, and climate change in Uganda : insights for adaptation planning". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9218/.
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Scientific progress and developments in technology have improved our understanding of climate change and its potential impacts on smallholder farming systems in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). However, the persistence of such smallholder farming systems, despite multiple exposures to climate hazards, demonstrates a capacity to respond or adapt, i.e. adaptive capacity. There is potential to gain useful insights from how smallholder farmers have mobilised their adaptive capacity to identify how they may adapt to future climate hazards. However, empirical studies that explore and link past and present experiences with future climate projections are lacking. Using smallholder farming systems in Uganda as a case study, this thesis addresses this gap. The thesis develops and applies a framework for understanding farming system adaptive capacity (FSAC) across different points in time. It uses a mixed-method, multi-level approach, combining a historical analysis of farming systems and adaptive capacity (1960-2012) with agricultural adaptations to 2030s’ rainfall projections. It integrates quantitative and qualitative data from household surveys, focus group discussions, and semi-structured interviews, using a systems approach. Bringing such elements together offers an opportunity to advance understanding of smallholder farming systems and adaptation in the context of climate changes. Findings provide insight into the dynamic nature of adaptive capacity and also enable the identification of factors that enable or constrain adaptive capacity at different levels. Over time, households that are able to maintain flexibility and diversity at the farm level are better able to respond to climate hazards. Current agricultural policy in Uganda supports specialization and intensification as market-oriented strategies, which can erode flexibility and diversity at both the farming system and individual farm level. This potentially undermines the ability of smallholder farming systems to adapt to future climate changes. Applying and advancing the FSAC framework demonstrates that a range of actors at different levels are found to make decisions that involve a number of trade-offs between components of adaptive capacity. Policies’ narrow focus on increasing productivity inadequately considers the multi-functionality of smallholder farming systems, and can undermine local-level institutions. Policies can also reduce the diversity and flexibility of smallholder farming, thus undermining adaptive capacity. Supporting a range of adaptation options provides one way to address this. This thesis suggests that there are overlaps between policy-driven and autonomous adaptations, and thus supports calls for critical reflection on the defining characteristics of autonomous adaptation. Adaptation planning also needs to be integrated into national level and sector policy making, and policies should help to support diversity and flexibility as well as productivity and foster inclusive institutions at the local level to reduce risks of fragmentation, conflict and inefficient policy and increase the risk of policy-driven maladaptations. Finally, this thesis supports calls for a critical rethink of the suitability of agricultural modernisation policies to support smallholder farming in the context of climate change and variability.
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Conner, Lafe G. "Environmental and Adaptive Buffers that Mediate the Response of Subalpine Ecosystems to Environmental Change". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5913.
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This document reports the results of 4 studies of subalpine ecosystem ecology, describing ways that spatial heterogeneity in soils and plant communities mediate ecosystem responses to environmental change. Ecosystem responses to environmental change are also mediated by regional climate patterns and interannual variability in weather. In the first chapter we report the results of an experiment to test for the mediating effects of associational resistance in a forest community that experienced wide-spread beetle kill. We found that Engelmann spruce were more likely to survive a beetle outbreak when growing in low densities (host dilution) and not through other types of associational resistance that relate to higher tree-species richness or greater phylogenetic diversity of the forest community. In the second chapter we report the effects of early snowmelt on soil moisture in subalpine meadow and aspen communities. We found that soil organic matter, soil texture, and forest cover mediated the effects of early snowmelt and were more important drivers of growing-season soil moisture than was snow-free date. In the third chapter we report the effect of early snowmelt on growth and seed production of early-season and midsummer herbaceous species. We found that the primary effect that snowmelt timing had on plant growth was through its effect on species distribution. Changes in the timing of snowmelt had limited effect on the growth, flowering, and seed count of species after they were established. In the final chapter, we report the effect of early snowmelt on soil respiration, microbial biomass, dissolved organic carbon and soil organic carbon. We found that early snowmelt resulted in warmer soil temperatures compared to neighboring snow-cover plots, and that microbial biomass and soil respiration showed no signs of a snowmelt legacy effect during the growing season. Soil organic carbon in rapid and slow-turnover pools was affected more by plant community than by snowmelt timing, and the primary drivers of soil respiration during the snow-free period were first soil organic matter and second soil temperature. Taken together, this dissertation reports our findings that subalpine ecosystems are resilient to environmental change in part because organisms in these systems are adapted to environmental conditions that are highly variable between sites, seasons, and years.
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Kusi, Joseph, i Ying Li. "Climate Change Impacts: Heat-Related Mortality Projections and Population Adaptive Responses in United States". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/26.
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We miss summer time during winter especially when it snows heavily resulting in cancelation of classes but we turn to ignore high temperature and its associated health impacts during summer. Several studies have shown that high temperatures during summer are associated with morbidity and mortality in many cities in the United States over the past decade. Gradual increase in temperature over the past years raises public health concerns about the impacts of heat on human health in future and the role of adaptation. Our study aimed at assessing future heat-related mortality due to climate change in the United States. We hypothesized that incidence of premature death will increase with future temperature rise and population adaptation will reduce the mortality rate. We reviewed research articles on temperature-related premature death. The literature search was limited to studies conducted in United States and seven studies which demonstrated positive association between temperature and premature death were selected for this study. We predicted future high temperature-related mortality using BenMap benefit model designed to estimate 2015 Appalachian Student Research Forum Page 111 air pollution impacts on public health. Based on the selected studies, BenMap model projected 2020-2050 temperature scenario using modeled daily mean apparent temperature to estimate future heat-related mortality. Our results showed that high temperatures would cause an increase in heat-related mortality and adaptation would minimize the effects of climate change as people get used to high temperatures. The outcome of our study confirms the positive association between high temperature and mortality which emphasizes the need for policy makers to take appropriate actions such as greenhouse gas emission reduction to protect public health.
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Anisuzzaman, M. "Development of a Framework for Local Governments to Enhance Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change". Thesis, Anisuzzaman, M. (2014) Development of a Framework for Local Governments to Enhance Adaptive Capacity to Climate Change. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2014. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/23333/.
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Climate change presents a fundamental challenge for Local Government functions, including land use and development, coastal management, community health and safety, waste disposal and recycling, and emergency management. Local Government Authorities (LGAs) have a vital role to play in identifying, planning and implementing effective and timely adaptation actions that can reduce the vulnerabilities of their systems and services. Many LGAs in Australia, with support from the Commonwealth Government, undertook climate change risk assessments and developed adaptation plans during 2008-2010. However, it appears that many of these plans have not been taken to the implementation stage. Studies suggest that this is predominantly because local governments face a range of barriers that prevent them from implementing adaptation responses. This research aimed to address some of these issues.
There were four main aims: firstly to identify the barriers for local governments to implement Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) measures; secondly to examine the existing capacity of LGAs to implement CCA and identify the opportunities to improve their adaptive capacity; thirdly to understand the comparative advantages and disadvantages of responding to adaptation individually and in collaboration with other LGAs; and finally to identify and present the key elements of a framework that local governments can use to incorporate CCA into their mainstream planning and operations.
The research was based on a qualitative study, which involved review of a large body of literature, to identify the best practices of local governments in relation to responding to the impacts of climate change; collection of information, through a questionnaire survey, from local governments in Australia, about status, challenges and opportunities to incorporate climate change adaptation in mainstream planning and operations; analysis of the responses using content analysis; stakeholder workshops to discuss and identify the key elements of the framework; and trialling the draft framework to validate the effectiveness and appropriateness of the framework in LGAs.
Barriers that inhibit LGAs from implementing their adaptation plans have been identified. These include a lack of understanding of climate change risks and the need for adaptation; lack of capacity to develop and implement adaptation measures; limitations posed by the existing governance systems; and a lack of ability to determine the local impacts of climate change. The investigation of the existing capacity of local governments suggests that there is a need to implement well-structured and on-going awareness and capacity development programs for both council staff and the community, which should be specifically tailored for target groups to appropriately convey the messages. The research suggests that while there are both advantages and disadvantages in implementing adaptation measures individually and in partnerships, it is often more effective to work in collaboration, as it can provide economies-of-scale, benefit from an increased knowledge base, and present a stronger voice to influence policy development. Finally, the key elements of a framework have been presented to help LGAs improve their adaptive capacity to climate change. These include guidelines on six major areas of LGA activities – communications, governance, planning, networking, funding and implementation. The framework has been validated for its effectiveness and usability in a local government context and is expected to be suitable for use by LGAs in Australia as well as other countries with similar socio-political structures.
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Jaja, Jessica. "Beyond Climate Change Theory: What Contributes to the Adaptive Capacity of Caribbean Small Island Communities?" Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/32173.
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The focus of this research is on identifying the determinants of local-level climate change adaptive capacity in Caribbean small island communities. A single case study approach was employed to assess retrospectively both internal and external factors that contributed to the adaptive capacity of Paget Farm, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. The Caribbean region’s first solar-powered desalination plant was implemented in the community specifically as a climate change adaptation strategy and thus provides an ideal case for retrospective analysis. A series of semi-structured interviews with local residents and key stakeholders revealed a number of interacting social and institutional factors that contribute to community-based adaptive capacity. Further analysis of institutional factors was undertaken using Social Network Analysis, which enabled visualization and quantification of vertical and horizontal institutional integration of the networks formed during different phases of project implementation. The research extends scholarly understanding of the determinants that influence local-level climate change adaptive capacity and provides practical evidence that can assist small island communities to respond to a changing climate.
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DeCaro, Daniel A., Brian C. Chaffin, Edella Schlager, Ahjond S. Garmestani i J. B. Ruhl. "Legal and institutional foundations of adaptive environmental governance". RESILIENCE ALLIANCE, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623959.
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Legal and institutional structures fundamentally shape opportunities for adaptive governance of environmental resources at multiple ecological and societal scales. Properties of adaptive governance are widely studied. However, these studies have not resulted in consolidated frameworks for legal and institutional design, limiting our ability to promote adaptation and social-ecological resilience. We develop an overarching framework that describes the current and potential role of law in enabling adaptation. We apply this framework to different social-ecological settings, centers of activity, and scales, illustrating the multidimensional and polycentric nature of water governance. Adaptation typically emerges organically among multiple centers of agency and authority in society as a relatively self-organized or autonomous process marked by innovation, social learning, and political deliberation. This self-directed and emergent process is difficult to create in an exogenous, top-down fashion. However, traditional centers of authority may establish enabling conditions for adaptation using a suite of legal, economic, and democratic tools to legitimize and facilitate self-organization, coordination, and collaboration across scales. The principles outlined here provide preliminary legal and institutional foundations for adaptive environmental governance, which may inform institutional design and guide future scholarship.
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Phung, P. "Climate change adaptation planning under uncertainty in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam : a case study on institutional vulnerability, adaptive capacity and climate change governance". Thesis, University of Westminster, 2016. https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/item/9x1qx/climate-change-adaptation-planning-under-uncertainty-in-ho-chi-minh-city-vietnam-a-case-study-on-institutional-vulnerability-adaptive-capacity-and-climate-change-governance.
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Climate change is expected to have wide-ranging impacts on urban areas and creates additional challenges for sustainable development. Urban areas are inextricably linked with climate change, as they are major contributors to it, while also being particularly vulnerable to its impacts. Climate change presents a new challenge to urban areas, not only because of the expected rises in temperature and sea-level, but also the current context of failure to fully address the institutional barriers preventing action to prepare for climate change, or feedbacks between urban systems and agents. Despite the importance of climate change, there are few cities in developing countries that are attempting to address these issues systematically as part of their governance and planning processes. While there is a growing literature on the risks and vulnerabilities related to climate change, as yet there is limited research on the development of institutional responses, the dissemination of relevant knowledge and evaluation of tools for practical planning responses by decision makers at the city level. This thesis questions the dominant assumptions about the capacity of institutions and potential of adaptive planning. It argues that achieving a balance between climate change impacts and local government decision-making capacity is a vital for successful adaptation to the impacts of climate change. Urban spatial planning and wider environmental planning not only play a major role in reducing/mitigating risks but also have a key role in adapting to uncertainty in over future risk. The research focuses on a single province - the biggest city in Vietnam - Ho Chi Minh City - as the principal case study to explore this argument, by examining the linkages between urban planning systems, the structures of governance, and climate change adaptation planning. In conclusion it proposes a specific framework to offer insights into some of the more practical considerations, and the approach emphasises the importance of vertical and horizontal coordination in governance and urban planning.
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Akhter, Feroz Raisin. "Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment for Sustainable Urban Development : A Study on Slum Population of Kota, India". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Tema vatten i natur och samhälle, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-108959.
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The urban centres are becoming more vulnerable to climate change because of the rapid urbanization and the inequality of urban development. This study assesses the urban vulnerability in an integrated approach focusing the slum people as the targeted group. The slum people are severely exposed to climate risks in terms of city‟s overall development. The negative indications of the indicators of person‟s vulnerability represent their high sensitivity to the adverse impact of climate change. The determinants of adaptive capacity also confirm that the slum people are more vulnerable to climate change with having lower adaptive capacity; though, the city is possessing high development indexes. In this context, an institutional structure is developed to build multi-level urban climate governance with the involvement of all relevant stakeholders based on the case study and literature review to integrate the vulnerable group in development planning for climate change adaptation.
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Striessnig, Erich, Wolfgang Lutz i Anthony Patt. "Effects of Educational Attainment on Climate Risk Vulnerability". The Resilience Alliance, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-05252-180116.
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In the context of still uncertain specific effects of climate change in specific locations, this paper examines whether education significantly increases coping capacity with regard to particular climatic changes, and whether it improves the resilience of people to climate risks in general. Our hypothesis is that investment in universal primary and secondary education around the world is the most effective strategy for preparing to cope with the still uncertain dangers associated with future climate. The empirical evidence presented for a cross-country time series of factors associated with past natural disaster fatalities since 1980 in 125 countries confirms this overriding importance of education in reducing impacts. We also present new projections of populations by age, sex, and level of educational attainment to 2050, thus providing an appropriate tool for anticipating societies' future adaptive capacities based on alternative education scenarios associated with different policies. (authors' abstract)
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Rossler, Carl W. Jr. "Adaptive Radar with Application to Joint Communication and Synthetic Aperture Radar (CoSAR)". The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1366144863.
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Al-Janabi, Balsam [Verfasser]. "The adaptive potential of early life-stage Fucus vesiculosus under multifactorial environmental change / Balsam Al-Janabi". Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1102933112/34.
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Di, Bella Contreras José Manuel. "Climate change adaptation, business model innovation and socio-economic assemblages : a relational analysis of adaptive processes". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2018. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/climate-change-adaptation-business-model-innovation-and-socioeconomic-assemblages(e8a5ad5a-600d-485a-bf69-e76f4ee171e6).html.
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The impacts of climate change will worsen existing problems of insecurity, poverty, inequality and environmental degradation. This multiplier effect requires strategic attention from all social actors. Current climate adaptation research focused on the role of the State and community- and individual-level adaptation, with limited analysis and empirical evidence available on adaptation by the private sector. This thesis addresses this research gap by analysing how medium and large firms respond to interruptions to business routines caused by climate-related impacts by studying the firm and different actors as economic assemblages where resources, innovation and relationships shape adaptation. The different forms of adaptive actions are forcing these assemblages of the firms themselves and their associates (including workers and host communities) to reconfigure their social and economic functions in distinct adaptation trajectories with different emergent properties. Informed by development theory, economic geography and emerging studies in climate adaptation, this thesis proposes a framework to understand individual firms’ adaptive measures framing their adaptive behaviour in relational processes. Climate change adaptation has a temporal dimension, one that requires to understand the past as a given location, to understand the sources of risk and vulnerability have accumulated through historical processes associated with a variety of social and economic factors, such as land tenure rights, uses of technology, governance processes, poverty and knowledge. It also has a temporal dimension that looks into the future, which requires foresight, flexibility and action to build capacities to cope with the impacts of extreme climate events and rapidly changing climate patterns of climate change. A characterisation of adaptive actions provided insights into some of these processes in early adopter firms business structures and mechanisms, which evidenced how firms mobilised resources, expertise, information and local innovation in response to climate stress, suggesting different implications of social well-being along supply chains. The thesis argues that established business configurations are failing to undertake adaptation without creating social trade-offs in these local assemblages, due to a failure to normalise socially oriented adaptive actions into their business model. There is currently an opportunity being missed to take advantage of the social nature of adaptation process to renegotiate more egalitarian relationships between firms and their associates and stakeholders that enhance social well-being and preserve developmental gains. Such negotiations will depend upon recognition of the interdependence between the multitude of actors experiencing climate stress to develop the capabilities necessary for equitable adaptation processes and outcomes under a changing planet. The technical and development approached to leverage the private sector capabilities to contribute to sustainable development, remain largely driven by models and practices that appeal to economic and capitalist views of social life. As climate change presses on social systems, new thresholds begin to be visualised, which present unique challenges for society. The thesis presents technical responses to climate stimuli which seek incremental adjustments to maintain present functions, but in doing so, these practices reveal the limit to adaptation and potential for forced transformation, where power and resources determine adaptation trajectories. A more just and desirable form of transformation is then considered, one based on a common language and co-production of new ideas and practices, which through cooperation and communication can allow for collective adaptation trajectories, beyond technocratic solutions to “the problem of climate change”, but as new spaces to challenge ideas of the private and public.