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1

Laviola, Giovanni, i Simone Macrì, red. Adaptive and Maladaptive Aspects of Developmental Stress. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5605-6.

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Adaptive reasoning for real-world problems: A schema-based approach. Hillsdale, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994.

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Barry, Christopher T., Patricia K. Kerig, Kurt K. Stellwagen i Tammy D. Barry, red. Narcissism and Machiavellianism in youth: Implications for the development of adaptive and maladaptive behavior. Washington: American Psychological Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/12352-000.

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Barry, Christopher T. Narcissism and Machiavellianism in youth: Implications for the development of adaptive and maladaptive behavior. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2011.

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Kennedy, Paul. Session 6: Maladaptive/Adaptive Coping. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195339734.003.0007.

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Chapter 7 discusses session six of the CET program for SCI. This session focuses on maladaptive and adaptive coping, and begins by reviewing what has been learned throughout the course of the sessions so far (stress, appraisal, and coping strategies). Maladaptive coping is then explored and contrasted to adaptive coping.
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Macrì, Simone, i Giovanni Laviola. Adaptive and Maladaptive Aspects of Developmental Stress. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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Adaptive And Maladaptive Aspects Of Developmental Stress. Springer, 2012.

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Macrì, Simone, i Giovanni Laviola. Adaptive and Maladaptive Aspects of Developmental Stress. Springer, 2015.

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Deater-Deckard, Kirby, i Robin Panneton. Parental Stress and Early Child Development: Adaptive and Maladaptive Outcomes. Springer, 2017.

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Deater-Deckard, Kirby, i Robin Panneton. Parental Stress and Early Child Development: Adaptive and Maladaptive Outcomes. Springer, 2018.

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Roy, Turner. Adaptive Reasoning for Real-World Problems: A Schema-Based Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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Turner, Roy. Adaptive Reasoning for Real-World Problems: A Schema-Based Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2016.

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Roy, Turner. Adaptive Reasoning for Real-World Problems: A Schema-Based Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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Roy, Turner. Adaptive Reasoning for Real-World Problems: A Schema-Based Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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15

Roy, Turner. Adaptive Reasoning for Real-World Problems: A Schema-Based Approach. Taylor & Francis Group, 2013.

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16

Widiger, Thomas A., Whitney L. Gore, Cristina Crego, Stephanie L. Rojas i Joshua R. Oltmanns. Five Factor Model and Personality Disorder. Redaktor Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.4.

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The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of the relationship of the Five Factor Model (FFM) to personality disorder. The FFM has traditionally been viewed as a dimensional model of normal personality structure. However, it should probably be viewed as a dimensional model of general personality structure, including maladaptive as well as adaptive personality traits. Discussed herein is the empirical support for the coverage of personality disorders within the FFM; the ability of the FFM to explain the convergence and divergence among personality disorder scales; the relationship of the FFM to the DSM-5 dimensional trait model; the empirical support for maladaptivity within both poles of each FFM domain (focusing in particular on agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness); and the development of scales for the assessment of maladaptive variants of the FFM.
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Deater-Deckard, Kirby. The Social Environment and the Development of Psychopathology. Redaktor Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0021.

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The development of psychopathology involves a social context with powerful influences on the growth and maintenance of behavioral and emotional problems in childhood and adolescence. The co-occurring processes of socialization (i.e., learning) and selection into relationships and experiences work together to reinforce adaptive and maladaptive developmental outcomes. Using self-regulation and social cognition as guiding concepts, research regarding social environments and their potential influences on psychopathology is highlighted. Family relationships with parents and peers are examined, with an emphasis on harsh reactive parenting and sibling antagonism and reinforcement of maladaptive behavior. In addition, the potential effects of peer victimization and friend/peer group selection are considered. The literature continues to build evidence of a critical role of the social environment in the promotion or prevention of a wide range of behavioral and emotional problems in youth.
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Wise, Matt, i Paul Frost. Nutritional support in the critically ill. Redaktorzy Patrick Davey i David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0334.

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Major injury evokes a constellation of reproducible hormonal, metabolic, and haemodynamic responses which are collectively termed ‘the adaptive stress response’. The purpose of the adaptive stress response is to facilitate tissue repair and restore normal homeostasis. If critical illness is prolonged, the adaptive stress response may become maladaptive, in essence exerting a parasitic effect leaching away structural proteins and impairing host immunity. Primarily therapy should be directed towards the underlying illness, as nutritional support per se will not reverse the stress response and its sequelae. Nonetheless, adequate nutritional support in the early stages of critical illness may attenuate protein catabolism and its adverse effects. This chapter covers nutritional assessment; detection of malnutrition; energy and protein requirements; monitoring the effectiveness of nutritional replacements; nutritional delivery; complications; and refeeding syndrome.
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Herbert, Beate M., i Olga Pollatos. The relevance of interoception for eating behavior and eating disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811930.003.0009.

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The importance of interoception for adaptive and maladaptive behavior, as well as for psychopathology, has gained growing interest, and dysfunctional interoception has been recognized as representing a core impairment across psychosomatic and psychiatric disorders. Eating is intrinsically guided by interoceptive signals and is directly associated with homeostatic psychophysiological needs, well-being, and survival. This chapter provides conceptually and empirically drawn conclusions focusing on the relevance of distinguishable dimensions of interoception for shaping eating behavior and body weight, and for eating disorders. Going beyond eating behavior per se, anorexia and bulimia nervosa are conceptualized as characterized by profound impairment of the self, with dysfunctional interoception at its core. Predictive coding models are addressed to integrate conclusions and empirical findings tentatively.
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20

Lee, Nikki C., Miriam Hollarek i Lydia Krabbendam. Neurocognitive Development During Adolescence. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847128.003.0003.

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The chapter Neurocognitive Development During Adolescence describes the interplay of biological, psychological, and environmental influences on adolescent development. It provides an overview of how recent neurocognitive research can further our understanding of both adaptive and maladaptive adolescent behaviors and the development of their underlying neurocognitive processes. First, recent findings regarding brain maturation during adolescence are outlined; an introduction to the techniques used to study this is provided. Then brain–behavior relationships are discussed that elucidate how cognitive control and socioemotional processing develop during adolescence. Finally, work examining how individual differences in neurocognitive development can occur due to external influences such as peers, parents, and the sociocultural environment adolescents where grow up is reviewed.
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Gallup, Andrew C. Adolescent Peer Aggression and Female Reproductive Competition. Redaktor Maryanne L. Fisher. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199376377.013.9.

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Research suggests that intrasexual aggression during adolescence functions in competition over dating and reproductive opportunities and that aggressive strategies are more adaptive for females at this developmental stage. This sex difference appears to be related to the differential use of aggressive behavior and slightly uneven developmental trajectory between adolescent males and females. Competition over males is a common motive for female aggression during middle and high school, and, similar to adults, adolescent aggressors often use tactics of competitor derogation to lower the mate value of rivals. Taking an evolutionary perspective, findings demonstrate that adolescent females who engage in intrasexual peer aggression tend to have adaptive dating and sexual patterns, whereas those who are frequently victimized suffer maladaptive fitness outcomes. Recent research also shows that directed female intrasexual aggression during early stages of adolescence can be effective in both disrupting dating relationships of rivals and gaining access to desired dating partners.
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Wilt, Joshua, i William Revelle. Extraversion. Redaktor Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.15.

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This chapter provides a review of extraversion, defined as a dimension of personality reflecting individual differences in the tendencies to experience and exhibit positive affect, assertive behavior, decisive thinking, and desires for social attention. Extraversion is one of five basic tendencies in the Five Factor Model (FFM) of personality. In the FFM, basic tendencies are conceptualized as including the following characteristics. They are organized hierarchically, based in biology, develop over time according to intrinsic maturation principles, are manifested in characteristic adaptations (i.e., are expressed in affective, behavioral, and cognitive tendencies), influence one’s objective biography, are reflected in the self-concept, and have both adaptive and maladaptive variants. This chapter is organized around the theory and research on extraversion relevant to each of the aforementioned characteristics.
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Gorman, Sara E., i Jack M. Gorman. Denying to the Grave. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197547458.001.0001.

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This book explores the many reasons why people refuse to acknowledge scientific evidence when making health decisions, looking at key drivers of science denial. It examines the psychology and neurobiology of poor health decisions and irrational health beliefs, arguing that in many cases the psychological impulses under discussion are adaptive but are often applied in a maladaptive way. The book also argues that without proper knowledge of the psychological and biological underpinnings of irrational health decisions and beliefs, we as a society cannot design any strategy that will alleviate the problem. It then offers a method of combatting poor health decision-making. This method provides guidance on how to encourage people to adopt a more scientific viewpoint without discounting or trying to eliminate their valuable emotional responses.
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Deahl, Lora, i Brenda Wristen. Technique and the Small-Handed Pianist. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190616847.003.0003.

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Chapter 3 explores the three main areas of technical challenge for small-handed pianists: fatigue, power, and reach. Building on the examination of fundamental principles of movement in Chapter 2, this chapter equips readers with the analytical tools to critically evaluate the adaptive strategies discussed later in the book, tools which pianists may then use to develop additional approaches tailored to their own needs. Common maladaptive tendencies are discussed. A lexicon of facilitative techniques follows, delineating important strategies such as timing muscular release, choosing appropriate levers, cultivating alignment, combining basic movements into larger gestures, reducing the amplitude of movements and gestures, maximizing key speed, transmitting force through skeletal structures, using arm impulses, using the arm to navigate distances, using passive spread, and using vertical spans. The chapter concludes with a discussion of boundaries that should be respected.
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Kindt, Sara, Liesbet Goubert, Maarten Vansteenkiste i Tine Vervoort. Chronic Pain and Interpersonal Processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0007.

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This chapter argues that one particular type of a caregiver’s behavioral response to pain cannot, in and of itself, be considered adaptive or maladaptive. It contends that to understand the complexity of the interaction between caregivers and pain sufferers, a goal or need-based framework may be useful. Self-Determination theory (SDT) is presented as a heuristic framework that identifies three basic psychological needs as essential for successful adaption. Whether behavioral responses are supportive and helpful depends upon the extent to which these responses support the need for autonomy, competence, and relatedness of the sufferer. Drawing on an affective-motivational account on interpersonal dynamics in the context of pain, the chapter highlights how observer attunement toward sufferers’ needs may depend upon the regulation of various goals for caregiving, including self-oriented versus other-oriented goals and associated emotions.
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Brown, Kirk Warren, Daniel R. Berry i Jordan T. Quaglia. The Hypo-Egoic Expression of Mindfulness in Social Life. Redaktorzy Kirk Warren Brown i Mark R. Leary. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.013.10.

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Ego-based functioning is underscored by a sense of separateness of oneself from other people. This apparent separateness can manifest in maladaptive behavior, particularly in interpersonal contexts when the sense of self is threatened, and can inhibit adaptive, prosocial responses that depend on perceived interpersonal connection. This chapter draws on the science of mindfulness to show how mindful attention can attenuate distress and defensive responses to socially derived threats to the egoic self and promote greater social inclusiveness. It describes how mindfulness can reduce ego-involvement through an observant stance on self-relevant mental events and discusses empirical evidence demonstrating that mindfulness fosters more benign responses to social threats, including social exclusion and social evaluation, and catalyzes greater social inclusiveness, reflected in prosocial action. The chapter closes by addressing concerns about the potential interpersonal costs of mindfulness and offering directions for further research in this nascent area of investigation.
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Van Damme, Stefaan, i Geert Crombez. A Motivational Perspective on Coping with Pain. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190627898.003.0012.

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Coping is one of the most commonly used concepts in the pain literature. Despite its popularity, it remains a broad and confusing concept that is often vaguely defined and poorly operationalized. This chapter presents a motivational model of coping that starts from the idea that pain’s interference with goal pursuit elicits negative affect, which in turn activates coping responses that may then proceed along 3 possible pathways: goal persistence, problem-solving, or goal adjustment. The chapter describes and illustrates these pathways and asserts that all three could be either adaptive or maladaptive, depending upon the nature of the context. It recasts several traditional concepts regarding pain coping, such as pain catastrophizing, fear-avoidance, endurance, pain-related attention, and acceptance, within this motivational perspective. It discusses the potential implications of adopting the motivational account of pain coping for clinical interventions such as exposure, attention management, and acceptance, as well as commitment therapy.
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McVeigh, Brian J. The Self-Healing Mind. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780197647868.001.0001.

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Evolutionary psychology/psychiatry teaches us about why some mental illnesses developed. However, Brian J. McVeigh argues that much more recent changes in mentality hold lessons about improving our mental well-being. Indeed, by around 1000 BCE, population expansion and social complexity had forced people to learn conscious interiority, a package of capabilities that culturally upgraded mentality. The functions/features of conscious interiority (FOCI) are instances of adaptive meta-framing: abstracting, metaphorizing, reframing, and transcending one’s circumstances. Adopting a common factors and positive psychology perspective, McVeigh enumerates FOCI—“active ingredients”—of the self-healing mind: mental space (introspectable stage for manipulating mental images); introception (employing semi-hallucinatory quasi-perceptions to “see” different perspectives); self-observing and observed (increasing role/perspective-taking); self-narratization (intensifying retrospection/prospection capabilities); excerption (editing mental contents for higher-order conceptualization); consilience (fitting conceptions together more effectively to bolster abstraction); concentration (peripheralizing unrelated mental material); suppression (deleting distracting and distressing thoughts); self-authorization (a sense of who or what one’s legitimizes one’s decision and behavior); self-autonomy (bolstering self-direction and self-confidence); self-individuation (highlighting personal strengths); self-reflexivity (cultivating insight, self-objectivity, and self-corrective abilities). FOCI underlie the effectiveness of psychotherapeutic techniques. Though the psyche’s recuperative properties correct distorted cognition and provide remarkable adaptive abilities, FOCI sometimes spiral out of control, resulting in runaway consciousness and certain mental disorders. Also addressed, then, is how snowballing FOCI become maladaptive processes in need of restraint. The benefits of temporarily suspending FOCI (hypnosis) and regulating them (meditation) are also explored. This work will appeal to practitioners, researchers, and anyone interested in how therapeutically directed consciousness repairs the mind.
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Lahey, Benjamin B. Dimensions of Psychological Problems. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197607909.001.0001.

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A long-brewing revolution in how people think about psychological problems has finally reached a tipping point. Extensive scientific evidence now portrays psychological problems as problematic ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving that lie on continuous dimensions from insignificant to severe, with there being no hard line between “normal” and “abnormal.” These dimensions of psychological problems are highly correlated and overlapping. This means that people often experience psychological problems on more than one dimension at the same time. New longitudinal studies, in which the same people provide information about themselves over long parts of their lives, now indicate that the dimensions of psychological problems are dynamically changing rather than constant. Perhaps most important, these long-term studies reveal that psychological problems are commonplace and ordinary aspects of human lives. Surprisingly, nearly all people experience some distressing and impairing psychological problems at some time during their lives. These psychological problems range from simply uncomfortable to extremely distressing, problematic, and sometimes tragic. Nonetheless, psychological problems arise through the same natural processes as all aspects of behavior. That is, both adaptive and maladaptive patterns of psychological functioning are the result of the same natural interplay of genes and environments. Understanding these things about psychological problems should reduce people’s tendency to stigmatize these problems in themselves and in others. It will often be sensible for people to seek professional help to change them, but psychological problems are simply ordinary and commonplace parts of people’s lives.
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Stoddard, Frederick J., i Robert L. Sheridan. Wound Healing and Depression. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0009.

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Depression and wound healing are bidirectional processes for adults and children consistent with the conception of depression as systemic. This systemic interaction is similar to the “bidirectional impact of mood disorder on risk for development, progression, treatment, and outcomes of medical illness” generally. And, evidence is growing that the bidirectional impact of mood disorder may be true for injuries and for trauma surgery. Animal models have provided some support that treatment of depression may improve wound healing. An established biological model for a mechanism delaying wound healing is increased cortisol secretion secondary to depression and/or stress, and impaired immune response, in addition or together with the other factors such as genetic or epigenetic risk for depression. Cellular models relate both to wound healing and to depression include cytokines, the inflammatory response (Miller et al, 2008), and cellular aging (Telgenhoff and Shroot, 2005) reflected in shorter leukocyte telomere length (LTL) (Verhoeven et al, 2016). Another model of stress impacting wound healing investigated genetic correlates—immediate early gene expression or IEG from the medial prefrontal cortex, and locomotion, in isolation-reared juvenile rats. Levine et al (2008) compared isolation reared to group reared samples, and found that, immediate gene expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was reduced, and behavioral hyperactivity increased, in juvenile rats with 20% burn injuries. Wound healing in the isolation reared rats was significantly impaired. They concluded that these results provide candidates for behavioral biomarkers of isolation rearing during physical injury, i.e. reduced immediate mPFC gene expression and hyperactivity. They suggested that a biomarker such as IEGs might aid in demarcating patients with resilient and adaptive responses to physical illness from those with maladaptive responses
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Visweswara Rao, Pasupuleti, Balam Satheesh Krishna i Mohammad Saffree Jeffree, red. Coronaviruses Transmission, Frontliners, Nanotechnology and Economy. UMS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51200/coronavirusesdrraoums2021.

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Coronaviruses are the viruses which cause different types of diseases in humans and animals. They belong to Coronaviridae family. Coronaviruses have unique shape which consists of spiked rings and sometimes to deal with them is a tough task. They are the tiny organisms which can only be seen under the microscopes. Even though the corona viruses exist in nature since decades, however the seriousness is only seen with the pandemic SARS-CoV II or COVID-19. It has taken so many lives away and the loss of various businesses. Keeping in view these situations, the authors and editors try to bring few of the important aspects together and compiled this book. The transmissions occur through different means and the vaccines are under production by various giant companies. Second chapter deals with animals as sources of transmitting agents to spread corona virus. Up to date the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recognizes 7 species of coronaviruses that infect humans, with the earliest known species identified in the mid-1960s. The known human coronaviruses are 229E (alpha coronavirus), NL63 (alpha coronavirus), OC43 (beta coronavirus), HKU1 (beta coronavirus), MERS-CoV (causes Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, MERS), SARS-CoV (causes Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, SARS) and SARS-CoV-2 (causes the coronavirus disease also in 2019, also known as COVID-19). Third chapter dealt with risk assessment for front liners during COVID-19 pandemic and clearly explained about the risk assessment factors. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are on the frontline of treating patients infected with COVID-19. However, data related to its infection rate among HCWs are limited. Chapter 4 deals with the nanotechnology and its applications on viral diseases. Nanobiotechnology is science of nanoparticle synthesis by using biotechnological applications in biology, physics, engineering, drug delivery, diagnostics, and chemistry. The use of metal/ polymeric nanoparticles as drug delivery systems has become extensive in last two decades. The commercialization of developed novel nanoparticles/drug loaded polymeric nanoparticles delivery systems are required to eradicate virus with improved safety measures in the humans with affordable cost. Chapter 5 mainly focused on the impact of COVID -19 on China, Malaysia, Indonesia, and India. The outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic is an unprecedented shock to the Emerging economies. The evidence reported in various studies indicates that epidemic disease impacts on a country's economy through several channels, including the health, transportation, agricultural and tourism sectors. In the chapter 6, the authors discussed the psychological response, ranges from adaptive to maladaptive spectrum. We wish to express our gratitude to all the authors and contributors from Malaysia, Indonesia, and India for readily accepting our invitation and timely contributions without any delay. We greatly appreciate their commitment. We also thank Universiti Malaysia Sabah and Universitas Abdurrab for the great collaboration and collaborative efforts.
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