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Morse, Peter K., Sudeshna Roy, Elisabeth Agoritsas, Ethan Stanifer, Eric I. Corwin, and M. Lisa Manning. "A direct link between active matter and sheared granular systems." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 18 (2021): e2019909118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2019909118.
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The similarity in mechanical properties of dense active matter and sheared amorphous solids has been noted in recent years without a rigorous examination of the underlying mechanism. We develop a mean-field model that predicts that their critical behavior—as measured by their avalanche statistics—should be equivalent in infinite dimensions up to a rescaling factor that depends on the correlation length of the applied field. We test these predictions in two dimensions using a numerical protocol, termed “athermal quasistatic random displacement,” and find that these mean-field predictions are surprisingly accurate in low dimensions. We identify a general class of perturbations that smoothly interpolates between the uncorrelated localized forces that occur in the high-persistence limit of dense active matter and system-spanning correlated displacements that occur under applied shear. These results suggest a universal framework for predicting flow, deformation, and failure in active and sheared disordered materials.
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Li, Shengkai, Bahnisikha Dutta, Sarah Cannon, et al. "Programming active cohesive granular matter with mechanically induced phase changes." Science Advances 7, no. 17 (2021): eabe8494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abe8494.
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At the macroscale, controlling robotic swarms typically uses substantial memory, processing power, and coordination unavailable at the microscale, e.g., for colloidal robots, which could be useful for fighting disease, fabricating intelligent textiles, and designing nanocomputers. To develop principles that can leverage physical interactions and thus be used across scales, we take a two-pronged approach: a theoretical abstraction of self-organizing particle systems and an experimental robot system of active cohesive granular matter that intentionally lacks digital electronic computation and communication, using minimal (or no) sensing and control. As predicted by theory, as interparticle attraction increases, the collective transitions from dispersed to a compact phase. When aggregated, the collective can transport non-robot “impurities,” thus performing an emergent task driven by the physics underlying the transition. These results reveal a fruitful interplay between algorithm design and active matter robophysics that can result in principles for programming collectives without the need for complex algorithms or capabilities.
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Cheng, Ke, Peng Liu, Mingcheng Yang, and Meiying Hou. "Experimental investigation of active noise on a rotor in an active granular bath." Soft Matter 18, no. 13 (2022): 2541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sm01798e.
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The spectrum of the noise experienced by a passive rotor immersed in an active granular bath is experimentally investigated, which gives a direct evidence supporting an exponentially-correlated active noise.
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Miao, Guoqing, Kai Huang, Yi Yun, and Rongjue Wei. "Active thermal convection in vibrofluidized granular systems." European Physical Journal B 40, no. 3 (2004): 301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1140/epjb/e2004-00277-7.
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Lim, Melody X., Anton Souslov, Vincenzo Vitelli, and Heinrich M. Jaeger. "Cluster formation by acoustic forces and active fluctuations in levitated granular matter." Nature Physics 15, no. 5 (2019): 460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41567-019-0440-9.
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Sánchez, R., and P. Díaz-Leyva. "Self-assembly and speed distributions of active granular particles." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 499 (June 2018): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2018.01.031.
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Bär, Markus, Robert Großmann, Sebastian Heidenreich, and Fernando Peruani. "Self-Propelled Rods: Insights and Perspectives for Active Matter." Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics 11, no. 1 (2020): 441–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031119-050611.
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A wide range of experimental systems including gliding, swarming and swimming bacteria, in vitro motility assays, and shaken granular media are commonly described as self-propelled rods. Large ensembles of those entities display a large variety of self-organized, collective phenomena, including the formation of moving polar clusters, polar and nematic dynamic bands, mobility-induced phase separation, topological defects, and mesoscale turbulence, among others. Here, we give a brief survey of experimental observations and review the theoretical description of self-propelled rods. Our focus is on the emergent pattern formation of ensembles of dry self-propelled rods governed by short-ranged, contact mediated interactions and their wet counterparts that are also subject to long-ranged hydrodynamic flows. Altogether, self-propelled rods provide an overarching theme covering many aspects of active matter containing well-explored limiting cases. Their collective behavior not only bridges the well-studied regimes of polar self-propelled particles and active nematics, and includes active phase separation, but also reveals a rich variety of new patterns.
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Teplitskii, Yu A., V. L. Malevich, and D. G. Belonovich. "Characteristics of active thermal insulation based on infiltrated granular bed." Journal of Engineering Physics and Thermophysics 86, no. 2 (2013): 292–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10891-013-0833-z.
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Ramaswamy, Sriram, and R. Aditi Simha. "The mechanics of active matter: Broken-symmetry hydrodynamics of motile particles and granular layers." Solid State Communications 139, no. 11-12 (2006): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2006.05.042.
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Jason Gao, Guo-Jie, Michael C. Holcomb, Jeffrey H. Thomas, and Jerzy Blawzdziewicz. "Embryo as an active granular fluid: stress-coordinated cellular constriction chains." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 28, no. 41 (2016): 414021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/28/41/414021.
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Arocena, J. M., J. M. van Mourik, and A. Faz Cano. "Granular soil structure indicates reclamation of degraded to productive soils: A case study in southeast Spain." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 92, no. 1 (2012): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2011-017.
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Arocena, J. M., van Mourik, J. M. and Faz Cano, A. 2012. Granular soil structure indicates reclamation of degraded to productive soils: A case study in southeast Spain. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 243–251. Accelerated conversion of degraded landscapes in mining areas to productive ecosystems requires stimulation of soil formation. The evolution in microstructure and changes to chemical properties in metal mine wastes 5 yr after amendments with pig manure, sewage sludge and marble waste is reported. Mine wastes had <1% organic carbon, <0.05% total nitrogen, pH∼2.0, electrical conductivity up to 20 dS m−1and high concentrations of metals such as 22000 mg zinc kg−1and 7000 mg lead kg−1. After 5 yr, one time amendment increased total carbon (g kg−1) from 1.4 (control) to 5.6 (marble waste +sewage sludge) to 8.3 (marble waste+pig manure). Soil pH in amended plots was 6.0 compared with 2.8 in controls. Micromorphological characteristics clearly showed that primary and secondary calcite serve as active sorption sites for organic matter. These calcitic zones were areas conducive to root growth. Soil microstructure in amended mine wastes was dominantly granular, resulting from activities of soil organisms such as fungi and enchytraeds. Results suggest organic matter can be effectively enriched in mine waste deposits through simultaneous additions of pig manure, sewage sludge and calcite. Soil amendments promoting formation of granular structure can accelerate establishment of productive landscapes in degraded mine sites.
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Tan, Wan Chun, Tao Wang, Yun Bo Wang, Shi Quan Sun, and Chen Xue Yu. "Experimental Study on GAC-Sand Filter for Advanced Treatment in Drinking Water." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 3044–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.3044.
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A granular activated carbon sand dual media filter (GSF) was investigated as an advanced water treatment process of waterworks through the pilot test. The results show that the GSFs can remove organic matter in the water effectively instead of the sand filters. During the filtration,the effectiveness of CODMn elimination was effective, the average removal rate reached 48.2%. The average pH of the filtered water had dropped from 7.26 to 8.35, indicating that the alkaline environment is necessary for nitrifying bacteria to remain active. The ability of water treatment and quality could be raised and improve the chemical safety of the filtered water.
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Hetman, O. I., O. N. Izunova, A. V. Samelyuk, and L. R. Pokinchereda. "Highly Active Granular Nickel Powders for Multi-Batch Production of Spongy Oxide Cathodes." Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics 60, no. 7-8 (2021): 396–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11106-021-00252-y.
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Yang, Jiake, and Qun Qi. "Study on Meso-Structure Evolution in Granular Matters Based on the Contact Loop Recognition and Determination Technique." Materials 14, no. 21 (2021): 6542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216542.
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On the mesoscopic scale, granular matter is tessellated into contact loops by a contact network. The stability of granular matter is highly dependent on the evolution of contact loops, including the number and area evolutions of contact loops with different geometric shapes (which can reflect the mechanical variables in the macroscale). For the features of numerous loops with complex geometry shapes in contact network images, a contact loop recognition and determination technique was developed in this study. Then, numerical biaxial compression tests were performed by the discrete element method (DEM) to investigate how the meso-structural indexes evolve along with the macro-mechanical indexes. The results show that the proposed Q-Y algorithm is effective in determining the geometric types of contact loops from contact network images. The evolution of contact loops is most active in the hardening stage, during which the number percentages of L3 (loops with three sides) and L6+ (loops with six or more sides) show opposite evolution patterns. For the area percentage, only L6+ increases while others decrease. Considering the meso-structural indexes (number percentage and area percentage of loops) are sensitive to the change of macro-mechanical indexes (deviatoric stress, axial strain, and volumetric strain) in the hardening stage. Multivariate models were established to build a bridge between the meso-structure and the macro-mechanics.
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Mandal, Rituparno, and Peter Sollich. "Shear-induced orientational ordering in an active glass former." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 39 (2021): e2101964118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2101964118.
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Dense assemblies of self-propelled particles that can form solid-like states also known as active or living glasses are abundant around us, covering a broad range of length scales and timescales: from the cytoplasm to tissues, from bacterial biofilms to vehicular traffic jams, and from Janus colloids to animal herds. Being structurally disordered as well as strongly out of equilibrium, these systems show fascinating dynamical and mechanical properties. Using extensive molecular dynamics simulation and a number of distinct dynamical and mechanical order parameters, we differentiate three dynamical steady states in a sheared model active glassy system: 1) a disordered state, 2) a propulsion-induced ordered state, and 3) a shear-induced ordered state. We supplement these observations with an analytical theory based on an effective single-particle Fokker–Planck description to rationalize the existence of the shear-induced orientational ordering behavior in an active glassy system without explicit aligning interactions of, for example, Vicsek type. This ordering phenomenon occurs in the large persistence time limit and is made possible only by the applied steady shear. Using a Fokker–Planck description with parameters that can be measured independently, we make testable predictions for the joint distribution of single-particle position and orientation. These predictions match well with the joint distribution measured from direct numerical simulation. Our results are of relevance for experiments exploring the rheological response of dense active colloids and jammed active granular matter systems.
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Ismail, S. B., P. Gonzalez, D. Jeison, and J. B. van Lier. "Effects of high salinity wastewater on methanogenic sludge bed systems." Water Science and Technology 58, no. 10 (2008): 1963–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.528.
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The attainable loading potentials of anaerobic sludge bed systems are strongly dependent on the growth of granular biomass with a particular wastewater. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of high salinity wastewater on the biological and physical properties of methanogenic sludge. Sodium concentration of 5 g/L and 15 g/L were added to the influent of upflow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) systems. After 100 days of operation, the methanogenic activity, extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), and granular strength were analyzed. The results show a high removal of organic matter but with accumulating propionate concentrations in the effluents. Meanwhile, wash-out of active methanogenic biomass in the effluent of the reactors was observed, likely as a results of the high Na+ concentrations. The rinsed biomass was characterized by a considerable specific methanogenic activity (SMA) on acetate, propionate and hydrogen as the substrates. On the other hand, results show that the SMA evolution was not affected by high salt concentrations. Also the amount and composition of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) were similar in all sludges. However, results clearly show a sharp drop in the granule strength as a results of high Na+ concentration.
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Kaleta, Jadwiga, Małgorzata Kida, Piotr Koszelnik, Dorota Papciak, Alicja Puszkarewicz, and Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak. "The use of activated carbons for removing organic matter from groundwater." Archives of Environmental Protection 43, no. 3 (2017): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aep-2017-0031.
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AbstractThe article presents research results of the introduction of powdery activated carbon to the existing technological system of the groundwater treatment stations in a laboratory, pilot plant and technical scale. The aim of the research was to reduce the content of organic compounds found in the treated water, which create toxic organic chlorine compounds (THM) after disinfection with chlorine. Nine types of powdery active carbons were tested in laboratory scale. The top two were selected for further study. Pilot plant scale research was carried out for the filter model using CWZ-30 and Norit Sa Super carbon. Reduction of the organic matter in relation to the existing content in the treated water reached about 30%. Research in technical scale using CWZ-30 carbon showed a lesser efficiency with respect to laboratory and pilot-plant scale studies. The organic matter decreased by 15%. Since filtration is the last process before the individual disinfection, an alternative solution is proposed, i.e. the second stage of filtration with a granular activated carbon bed, operating in combined sorption and biodegradation processes. The results of tests carried out in pilot scale were fully satisfactory with the effectiveness of 70–100%.
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Ramaswamy, Sriram, and R. Aditi Simha. "Corrigendum to “The mechanics of active matter: Broken-symmetry hydrodynamics of motile particles and granular layers” [Solid State Commun. 139 (2006) 617–622]." Solid State Communications 141, no. 8 (2007): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssc.2006.11.034.
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Schmierer, Eric N., and Arsalan Razani. "Self-Consistent Open-Celled Metal Foam Model for Thermal Applications." Journal of Heat Transfer 128, no. 11 (2006): 1194–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2352787.
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Many engineering applications require thermal cycling of granular materials. Since these materials generally have poor effective thermal conductivity various techniques have been proposed to improve bed thermal transport. These include insertion of metal foam with the granular material residing in the interstitial space. The use of metal foam introduces a parasitic thermal capacitance, disrupts packing, and reduces the amount of active material. In order to optimize the combined high porosity metal foam-granular material matrix and study local thermal nonequilibrium, multiple energy equations are required. The interfacial conductance coefficients, specific interface area, and the effective thermal conductivities of the individual components, which are required for a multiple energy equation analysis, are functions of the foam geometry. An ideal three-dimensional geometric model of open-celled Duocell® foam is proposed. Computed tomography is used to acquire foam cell and ligament diameter distribution, ligament shape, and specific surface area for a range of foam parameters to address various shortcomings in the literature. These data are used to evaluate the geometric self-consistency of the proposed geometric model with respect to the intensive and extensive geometry parameters. Experimental thermal conductivity data for the same foam samples are acquired and are used to validate finite element analysis results of the proposed geometric model. A simple relation between density and thermal conductivity ratio is derived using the results. The foam samples tested exhibit a higher dependence on relative density and less dependence on interstitial fluid than data in the literature. The proposed metal foam geometric model is shown to be self-consistent with respect to both its geometric and thermal properties.
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Li, Peng, Yuemin Zhao, Lizhang Wang, Binbin Ding, and Yunlong Hu. "New Strategy of Using Stannic Oxide as Catalyst in a Three-dimension Electrode Reactor for the Electro-oxidation of Organic Matter." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 17, no. 4 (2014): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v17i4.398.
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An efficient organic-matter (OM) degradation strategy using synthetic electrocatalysis particles as fixed filler in a threedimension electrode reactor was developed. In our work, SnO2-granular active carbon (SnO2-GAC) was prepared by integrating GAC with nano-SnO2 via the sol-gel method, using SnCl4 as starting material and gelatin as a stabilizer. The phase composition and micromorphology of the particles were characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning/transmission electron microscopy techniques. The results showed the incorporation of SnO2 crystallized in a tetragonal lattice with an average crystallite size of 10.6 nm, which was easily accessible on the GAC surface and mesopores. Electrochemical properties were tested with cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods that disclosed an improved response current with a simultaneous increase in anodic area, while the charge-transfer and electrolyte resistance obviously decreased, in contrast to the virgin GAC filler in the three-dimension electrode system. Although the energy consumption of SnO2-GAC (11.71 kWh·kg−1 COD) presented slight superiority than that of GAC (13.62 kWh·kg−1 COD) at the same chemical oxygen demand (COD) conversion of 98 % when a current density of 20 A·m−2 was employed for phenolic wastewater treatment, the required degradation time of the former (47.22 h) is greatly decreased compared with that of the latter (54.24 h). These results obviously confirm the superiority of the prepared SnO2-GAC in electro-oxidation of organic matters.
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Das, Sukhen, N. K. Mitra, and Sudip Das. "Sintered properties and sintering behavior of MgO-ZrO2 composite hydrogel prepared by coprecipitation technique." Science of Sintering 44, no. 1 (2012): 35–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1201035d.
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Active precursor powders of MgO-ZrO2 composite system were prepared in three different mole ratio by electrolytic interaction of inorganic salts in aqueous phase. Complete hydrolysis occurred at the critical instability point of the system at pH 9. The amorphous precursor powders exhibited very high specific surface area. The sintered properties of the composite system are dependent on mole ratio of MgO:ZrO2, sintering temperature and the rate of crystallization of constituent phases. The presence of periclase grains and cubic stabilized ZrO2 particles in the sintered body was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis while scanning electron micrographs indicated that MgO particles occupy the inter-granular positions between ZrO2 polycrystals.
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Mincu, Mariana, Maria Iuliana Marcus, Mihaela Andreea Mitiu, and Natalia Simona Raischi. "Increasing the Efficiency of Pollutants Removal from Municipal Wastewater Using Biological Filters." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 12 (2019): 3553–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.12.6790.
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Biological filters are wastewater treatment systems that contain a granular filling material, which form an active biological film that contribute to the biooxidation of impurities from the wastewater. Recent research in the field aimed to improve the classical treatment facilities with aerobic fixed film by using inexpensive and easily accessible materials as filterable loading. Experiments have been carried out on biological filters loaded with volcanic tuff, with a diameter between 20-100 mm, supplied with municipal wastewater from primary settling. The biological filtration efficiency has been etablished throughout the continuous functioning of the experimental installation by physico-chemical water analysis. The analyzed indicators have been the ones stipulated by the legislation in force, namely: pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total suspended matter (TS), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), etc. The analysed wastewater samples have been average samples. The treatment efficiency have been calculated in various hypotheses, depending on the: installation capacity, hydraulic loading, organic loading.
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Kamson, David Olayinka, Tia Cheunkarndee, Kristen Marrone, et al. "CLRM-11 ALK TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR THERAPY AND BRAIN METASTASES IN NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER: IMPACT ON TUMOR SIZE AND DISTRIBUTION." Neuro-Oncology Advances 5, Supplement_3 (2023): iii9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/noajnl/vdad070.033.
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Abstract Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement (ALK+) is known to have a high propensity to form brain metastases (BrM), with over 50% of ALK+ lung cancer patients developing BrM despite effective ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) therapy with central nervous system (CNS) activity. Pharmacokinetic (PK) data from other CNS-active lung cancer TKIs have suggested that there may be differences in drug concentration between white and gray matter in the brain, which may play a role in BrM formation patterns and response. In this study, we aimed to compare the size and distribution of ALK+ NSCLC BrMs at diagnosis in a TKI-naïve and TKI-exposed cohort. Brain MRI data from patients with ALK+ NSCLC were retrospectively reviewed, and each tumor was marked in a standard space brain model using 3D Slicer-4.11. FreeSurfer white-gray matter atlases were used to assess BrM distribution. We found that TKI-exposed patients had significantly smaller BrM diameters than TKI-naïve patients (6.1±3.8 vs. 10.2±5.5mm, p=0.02) and were more likely to have white matter-exclusive (3.5±4.4 vs. 1.4±2.0, p=0.05) and deep white matter metastases (3.2±4.3 vs. 1.3±2.0, p=0.06). The metastatic burden was similar between the groups, while the mean number of BrM per patient was numerically higher in the TKI-exposed group (10.6±11.9 vs. 6.2±9.5; p=0.22). These findings suggest that TKI therapy may result in smaller individual lesions that are more likely to be exclusive to the white matter, where drug concentrations may be significantly lower. This suboptimal CNS distribution of TKIs in the white matter may contribute to the progression of brain metastases in ALK+ patients despite TKI therapy. Further analyses are ongoing to evaluate ALK TKIs of varying CNS penetrance and later disease time points in more granular anatomic regions.
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Olives, Pere, Lucie Sanchez, Geoffroy Lesage, Marc Héran, Ignasi Rodriguez-Roda, and Gaetan Blandin. "Impact of Integration of FO Membranes into a Granular Biomass AnMBR for Water Reuse." Membranes 13, no. 3 (2023): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes13030265.
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The granular sludge based anaerobic membrane bioreactor (G-AnMBR) has gained emphasis in the last decade by combining AnMBR advantages (high quality permeate and biogas production towards energy positive treatment) and benefits of granular biomass (boosted biological activity and reduced membrane fouling). With the aim to further reduce energy costs, produce higher quality effluent for water reuse applications and improve system efficiency, a forward osmosis (FO) system was integrated into a 17 L G-AnMBR pilot. Plate and frame microfiltration modules were step by step replaced by submerged FO ones, synthetic wastewater was used as feed (chemical oxygen demand (COD) content 500 mg/L), with hydraulic retention time of 10 h and operated at 25 °C. The system was fed with granular biomass and after the acclimation period, operated neither with gas sparging nor relaxation at around 5 L.m−2.h−1 permeation flux during at least 10 days for each tested configuration. Process stability, impact of salinity on biomass, the produced water quality and organic matter removal efficiency were assessed and compared for the system working with 100% microfiltration (MF), 70% MF/30% FO, 50% MF/50% FO and 10% MF/90% FO, respectively. Increasing the FO share in the reactor led to salinity increase and to enhanced fouling propensity probably due to salinity shock on the active biomass, releasing extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the mixed liquor. However, above 90% COD degradation was observed for all configurations with a remaining COD content below 50 mg/L and below the detection limit for MF and FO permeates, respectively. FO membranes also proved to be less prone to fouling in comparison with MF ones. Complete salt mass balance demonstrated that major salinity increase in the reactor was due to reverse salt passage from the draw solution but also that salts from the feed solution could migrate to the draw solution. While FO membranes allow for full rejection and very high permeate purity, operation of G-AnMBR with FO membranes only is not recommended since MF presence acts as a purge and allows for reactor salinity stabilization.
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Chernushkin, B. O., L. G. Slivinska та V. V. Vlizlo. "ПОКАЗНИКИ ПЕРОКСИДНОГО ОКИСНЕННЯ ЛІПІДІВ У КРОВІ ВІВЦЕМАТОК, ХВОРИХ НА ГЕПАТОДИСТРОФІЮ". Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnology 18, № 2(66) (2016): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet6641.
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The article deals with the results of studies on the causes and clinical manifestations of hepatodystrophy in ewes, indicators status of lipid peroxidation – TBA-active products, lipid hydroperoxides, diene conjugates.In order to establish the causes of hepatodystrophy in sheep, we have analyzed the feed rations. Sheep investigated 24 local breeds aged 3 – 4 years, weighing 45 – 56 kg. Conducted clinical study animals and blood were collected for laboratory analysis. Serum sheep determined the content of malondialdehyde (MDA-active products) using thiobarbituric acid (Stalnaja I.D., Haryshvyly T.G, 1977) and lipid hydroperoxides using ammonium thiocyanate (Romanova LA, Stalnaja I.D., 1977). In blood examined diene conjugates (Stalnaja I.D., 1977).High performance is ensured animals by creating appropriate technical conditions and feeding. Violation of maintenance processes and non-biological nutrition of the cause performance degradation, the spread of disease and culling of animals. Development hepatodystrophy animals observed in animals fed low-quality forage and depraved that contain a number of toxic products of oxidation of fats – aldehydes, ketones, low molecular weight acids, hydroxy acids, which have toxic properties and also due to an unbalanced diet for the main nutrients and biologically active substancesThe main causes of primary hepatodystrophy in sheep is imbalanced nutrition and lack of essential nutrients in the diet. In analyzing the diet of established lack of dry matter, raw protein, digestible protein, raw fiber, sugar and starch. Value sugar and starch with digestible protein accounted for 1,78: 1, and sugar-protein ratio – 0,77. Rations were scarce for vitamins D and E, microelements – Sulphur, copper, zinc, cobalt and iodine.In ewes suffering from hepatodystrophy was set the development of oxidative stress – increase in blood activity of TBA-active products, lipid hydroperoxides, diene conjugates. In particular, concentration of diene conjugates was increased by twice the number of hydroperoxides lipids was increased by three times and the activity of TBA-active products was increased by five times compared with clinically healthy animals. Histological examination of liver biopsies of ewes was set that the develop of protein granular and fatty degeneration of hepatocytes.
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Yamane, Kenji. "Discrete-element method application to mixing and segregation model in industrial blending system." Journal of Materials Research 19, no. 2 (2004): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2004.19.2.623.
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In the pharmaceutical industries, mixing is a critical process. Pharmaceutical products consist of various components, including active ingredient and excipient. After mixing, we should get a homogeneous mixture to ensure the quality of the final products, such as tablets or capsules. For that reason, segregation is an unwanted phenomena in the mixing process. In this study, discrete-element method (DEM) was applied to investigate the mechanism of segregation in a rotating cylinder; basic equipment for powder mixing. In addition, segregation of particles in a rotating cylinder is a very interesting phenomenon and has captured the curiosity of not only industrial engineers, but also physicists. DEM can simulate segregation in a rotating cylinder three-dimensionally. In particular, radial segregation, which was quickly observed, was quantified by computing the granular temperature of the system. Furthermore, particle migration in axial direction, which may be the source of axial segregation, was also shown by the DEM simulation.
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Maybogin, A. M., and M. K. Nedzved. "MICROGLIOSISINWHITEMATTER OF THE BRAIN IN CHRONIC HCV-INFECTION: MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY." HIV Infection and Immunosuppressive Disorders 11, no. 3 (2019): 49–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22328/2077-9828-2019-11-3-49-56.
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The course of a chronic HCV infection in 50% of cases is followed by affection of the brain. Its most frequent manifestations are various cognitive and psychogenic and neurological disorders. It is considered they are based on the activation of HCV infected microglial cells and related to this exitotoxic injury of neurons. According to the data of literature similar changes of microglia in white matter play an important role in a pathogenesis of HIV-associated subcortical dementia. Despite active studying the role of microglia in HCV infection, structural changes and tissue reactions of these cells in nervous tissue remain unexplored. In this regard the purpose of this research was comprehensive immunomorphological research of microglia cells in white matter of different departments of brain in HCV infection. Object of a research was autopsy samples of white brain matter from 40 patients died in the outcome of a chronic HCV infection. 20 people deceased without infectious and mental pathology made up the control group. After histological processing by standard methodic microscopic sections of white matter samples were prepared and stained with review and elective stainings. The immunohistochemical research was conducted using antibodies to virus protein NS3 and antibodies to CD68 microglia cells. The evaluation of microglia cells reactive changes in nervous tissue was performed with submitted earlier methodic. Statistical processing of results was carried out by dispersive Kruskal-Wallis analysis using the SSPS application programs. Level of significance p was accepted equal 0,05. It was established that during chronic HCV infection in white matter of the brain occurs productive changes of microglia cells. They are presented with diffuse and focal anizomorphic microgliosis which expressiveness differs depending on departments of the brain develop (p=0,000). The highest rates of a microgliosis are defined in white matter of brain hemispheres and a brainstem (р=0,05). Morphological features of microgliosis during HCV infection include glial knots formation, phagocytic transformation of microglia with prevalence of amoeboid cells, granular globes appearance, rod microglia congestions in a hippocampus and also degenerative changes in perifocal white matter. These changes of a microglia can be considered as a morphological equivalent of infected with HCV microglia cells activation. The revealed changes indicate that the microgliosis is typical morphological feature of brain injury during chronic HCV infection, and it plays an important role in the pathogenesis of the HCV-associated damage of central nervous system.
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Shao, Chenjia, Yongyuan Yang, Ze Liu, et al. "Characterization of landfill leachate by spectral-based surrogate measurements during a combination of different biological processes and activated carbon adsorption." Water Science and Technology 81, no. 12 (2020): 2606–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2020.317.
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Abstract Surrogate measurements based on excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectra (EEMs) and ultraviolet-visible absorption spectra (UV-vis) were used to monitor the evolution of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in landfill leachate during a combination of biological and physical-chemical treatment consisting of partial nitritation-anammox (PN-Anammox) or nitrification-denitrification (N-DN) combined with granular active carbon adsorption (GAC). PN-Anammox resulted in higher nitrogen removal (81%), whereas N-DN required addition of an external carbon source to increase nitrogen removal from 24% to 56%. Four DOM components (C1 to C4) were identified by excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). N-DN showed a greater ability to remove humic-like components (C1 and C3), while the protein-like component (C4) was better removed by PN-Anammox. Both biological treatment processes showed limited removal of the medium molecular humic-like component (C2). In addition, the synergistic effect of biological treatments and adsorption was studied. The combination of PN-Anammox and GAC adsorption could remove C4 completely and also showed a good removal efficiency for C1 and C2. The Thomas model of adsorption revealed that GAC had the maximum adsorption capacity for PN-Anammox treated leachate. This study demonstrated better removal of nitrogen and fluorescence DOM by a combination of PN-Anammox and GAC adsorption, and provides practical and technical support for improved landfill leachate treatment.
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Ma, Yi Hua. "Dense Palladium and Perovskite Membranes and Membrane Reactors." MRS Bulletin 24, no. 3 (1999): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400051915.
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The development of high-temperature processes and tighter environmental regulations requires utilization of efficient gas-separation processes that will provide high fluxes, high selectivity of separation, and the ability to operate at elevated temperatures. Dense inorganic membranes and membrane reactors are especially well suited for high-temperature reactions and separations, due in part to their thermal stability and high separation selectivity (in theory, infinite). Furthermore, membrane reactors offer an inherent advantage of combining reaction, product concentration, and separation in a single-unit operation for the improvement of process economics and waste minimization.The classification of membrane reactors can either be by membrane material and geometry or by the configuration of the reactor. Porous and dense membranes in both tubular and disk forms have been used for membrane reactors. The membrane can either be catalytically active (catalytic membrane reactor [CMR]) or simply act as a separation medium. In the latter case, the catalyst is packed in the reactor, whose walls are formed by the membrane (packed-bed membrane reactor [PBMR]). In addition, if the membrane is also catalytically active, the reactor is called a packed-bed catalytic membrane reactor (PBCMR).The principal materials from which porous inorganic (ceramic) membranes are made are alumina, zirconia, and glass. Alumina and zirconia membranes are usually asymmetric and composite, with a porous support (0.5–2.0 mm thick) for mechanical strength and one or more thin layers for carrying out separations.On the other hand, glass membranes, such as Vycor and microporous glass, have symmetric pores. Materials commonly used as the porous support are alumina, granular carbon, sintered metal, and silicon carbide.
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Doederer, K., G. A. De Vera, M. P. Espino, M. L. Pype, D. Gale, and J. Keller. "MIB and geosmin removal during adsorption and biodegradation phases of GAC filtration." Water Supply 18, no. 4 (2017): 1449–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.213.
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Abstract Biologically active carbon (BAC) filtration is a robust process for removal of many contaminants of concern. In this study, the effectiveness of BAC filtration to remove natural organic matter (NOM) and taste and odor (T&O) compounds was investigated by long-term (7 months) bench-scale filtration experiments. Filters contained fresh granular activated carbon (GAC) and a 2-year-old BAC which were fed with ozonated water from a full-scale water treatment plant spiked with 2-methylisoborneol (MIB) and geosmin. The study aims to evaluate T&O removal of GAC transitioning from its adsorptive to biological state, and to determine the effects of changing hydraulic loading during T&O episodes and its effect on dissolved oxygen (DO) consumption. Sequencing of microbial communities in the BAC revealed that 20% of the identified bacteria were of genus Nitrospira. Based on nitrate formation and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal of the 2-year-old BAC, the fresh GAC turned biological after approximately 32,000 bed volumes. DOC removal of the GAC decreased from the initial 80% to 17%, however, the removal of MIB and geosmin remained &gt;90% throughout the experiment (i.e., from adsorption to biodegradation). The 2-year-old BAC showed 9% lower MIB removals than the transitioned GAC filter indicating a contribution of remaining adsorption sites on MIB removal. When challenging the filters at different hydraulic loadings, higher T&O removal was achieved at higher empty bed contact times, which correlated well with increased DO consumption.
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Capdeville, B., and K. M. Nguyen. "Kinetics and Modelling of Aerobic and Anaerobic Film Growth." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 1-2 (1990): 147–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0144.
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Our fundamental studies of the kinetics of growth and substrate removal by aerobic and anaerobic biofilms have shown that the process comprises six phases : the latent, dynamic, linear, decrease, stabilization and detachment phases. During these experiments we also observed:-steady state functioning in the liquid bulk from the end of the dynamic phase. At this point a very thin pseudo-thickness of biofilm was observed (50 µm maximum).-steady state functioning relative to the observed biofilm mass, reached in the stabilization phase, the corresponding thickness being generally several hundred microns. To explain this phenomenon we suggest a new biofilm modelling hypothesis, based on physiological aspects, which consists of defining two types of bacteria : active bacteria (Ma) responsible for substrate removal and characterized by a specific growth rate (µo), and inert or deactivated bacteria (Md) which play no role in the removal process but are responsible for the observed accumulation of biofilm. Using this hypothesis, it is possible to modelize the dynamic and linear phases of growth of total biofilm dry matter (Mb) and carbon substrate removal kinetics. This model enables the exponential growth rate (µo), the accumulation rate (K) and the maximum quantity of active bacteria (Ma)max to be calculated. In another series of experiments, we studied the influence on these parameters of several factors which affect growth, such as the carbon substrate concentration provided by the feed (So) and the dissolved oxygen for the aerobic biofilms. The results demonstrate that the biological constants are strongly dependent on (So). The same is true for the volumetric substrate removal rate(kov), which shows that the process always depends on the reaction. Thus we have established that the substrate metabolization reaction occurs at the biofilm-liquid interface, and that it is preferable to use thin biofilms for an attached culture industrial process. This has been done by optimizing the surface and volume properties of new granular materials called OSBG (Optimized Support for Biological Growth). Initial results, notably for three-phase fluidized bed carbon removal, show that it is possible to eliminate very high carbon loading (10 to 15 kg TOD.m3.day−1) under very stable conditions with a very small quantity of active biomass (0.5 D.W. m). In addition, excess sludge production is relatively low and respirometric studies performed in situ with a gas phase mass spectrometer confirm the very high catabolic activity of thin biofilm.
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Cheunkarndee, Tia, Paola Ganem, Kristen A. Marrone, et al. "Abstract 4483: Distinct spatial distribution patterns of ALK-inhibitor naïve versus ALK-inhibitor treated ALK-positive NSCLC brain metastases." Cancer Research 83, no. 7_Supplement (2023): 4483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2023-4483.
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Abstract Background: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement (ALK+) has a high affinity to form brain metastases (BrM). The cumulative incidence of BrMs in ALK+ lung cancer is over 50%, despite highly effective ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) with CNS activity. Pharmacokinetic (PK) data from other CNS-active lung cancer TKIs (e.g., osimertinib) have revealed major brain white vs. gray matter drug concentration differences, raising the possibility of a PK-driven effect on BrM formation and response. This study aims to compare the size and distribution of ALK+ NSCLC BrMs at diagnosis in a TKI-naïve and TKI-exposed cohort. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed brain MRIs from the date of BrM diagnosis for patients with ALK+ NSCLC at Johns Hopkins. Demographic and clinical information were collected by chart review. Each tumor was marked in a standard space brain model in the corresponding anatomic location represented by a sphere of corresponding diameter using 3D Slicer 4.11. FreeSurfer white-gray matter atlases were used to assess BrM distribution. The data for patients who were on TKI vs TKI-naïve at the time of BrM diagnosis were then analyzed separately. T-tests were used to compare the metastatic burden (sum of BrM diameters), mean BrM diameter per patient, number of BM per patient, per individual mean of white matter exclusive (defined as no overlap with gray matter) and deep white matter (≥5mm away from gray matter) BrMs between patient groups. Results: 429 BrMs were identified in 39 patients, with 25 patients being TKI-naïve at the time of BrM diagnosis while 14 patients were on TKI therapy. TKI-exposed patients had significantly smaller BrM diameters than those in the TKI-naïve group (6.1±3.8 vs 10.2±5.5mm, p=0.02). While metastatic burden was very similar between the groups, the mean number of BrM per patient was numerically higher in the TKI-exposed group (10.6±11.9 vs 6.2±9.5; p=0.22). Notably, patients in the TKI-exposed group also had higher numbers of white matter exclusive (3.5±4.4 vs 1.4±2.0, p=0.05) and deep white matter metastases (3.2±4.3 vs 1.3±2.0, p=0.06) than those who were TKI-naïve. Conclusion: Our data highlight the differences in BrM characteristics among ALK+ NSCLC exposed to ALK TKI. TKI therapy was associated with similar BrM burden but smaller individual lesions that were more likely to be exclusive to the white matter where drug concentrations might be significantly lower. These findings suggest that suboptimal drug CNS distribution in the white matter may underly brain progression of ALK+ NSCLC despite TKI therapy. Spatial analyses evaluating ALK TKIs of varying CNS penetrance and later disease time points in more granular anatomic regions are ongoing. Citation Format: Tia Cheunkarndee, Paola Ganem, Kristen A. Marrone, Joseph C. Murray, Josephine L. Feliciano, Christine L. Hann, Susan C. Scott, David Ettinger, Valsamo Anagnostou, Patrick M. Forde, Julie R. Brahmer, Benjamin P. Levy, Vincent Lam, David O. Kamson. Distinct spatial distribution patterns of ALK-inhibitor naïve versus ALK-inhibitor treated ALK-positive NSCLC brain metastases. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 4483.
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Lee, Kyung-Dong, and Sun-Yup Shim. "Anti-Inflammatory Food in Asthma Prepared from Combination of Raphanus sativus L., Allium hookeri, Acanthopanax sessiliflorum, and Dendropanax morbiferus Extracts via Bioassay-Guided Selection." Foods 11, no. 13 (2022): 1910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods11131910.
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Asthma is a highly prevalent inflammatory disease of the respiratory airways and an increasing health risk worldwide. Hence, finding new strategies to control or attenuate this condition is necessary. This study suggests nutraceuticals that are a combination of herbal plant extracts prepared from Acanthopanax sessiliflorum (AS), Codonopsis lanceolate (CL), Dendropanax morbiferus (DM), Allium hookeri (AH), and Raphanus sativus L. (RS) that can improve immunomodulatory ability through the detoxification and diuresis of air pollutants. Herbal parts (AH whole plant, RS and CL roots, AS and DM stems, and DM leaves) were selected, and four types of mixtures using plant extracts were prepared. Among these mixtures, M2 and M4 exhibited antioxidant activities in potent 2,2-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) and 1,1-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical assays. Moreover, M4 exhibited a marked increase in glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity and significantly inhibited the inflammatory mediator, nitric oxide (NO) and proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α generation. Furthermore, M4 exhibited the strongest antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects and was selected to prepare the product. Before manufacturing the product, we determined that the active mixture, M4, inhibited gene expression and generation of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in ovalbumin (OVA)-, lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-, and particulate matter (PM)-induced asthmatic rat models. The granular product (GP) was manufactured using M4 along with additives, i.e., lactose, oligosaccharide, stevioside extract, and nutmeg seed essential oils (flavor masking), in a ratio of 1:4 using a granulation machine, dried and ultimately packaged. The GP inhibited the generation of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in OVA-, LPS- and PM-induced asthmatic rat models. These results suggest that GP prepared from a combination of herbal plants (AS, CL, DM, AH and RS) is a potent functional food with anti-inflammatory activity that can be used to treat asthma caused by ambient air pollutants.
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Langford, Harry, Andy Hodson, Steve Banwart, and Carl Bøggild. "The microstructure and biogeochemistry of Arctic cryoconite granules." Annals of Glaciology 51, no. 56 (2010): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756411795932083.
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AbstractA cryoconite granule is a biologically active aggregation of microorganisms, mineral particles and organic matter found on glacier surfaces, often within shallow pools or cryoconite holes. Observations of the microstructure of a range of cryoconite granules from locations in Svalbard and Greenland reveal their structure and composition. Whereas bulk analyses show that the mineralogy and geochemistry of these granules are broadly similar, analyses of their microstructure, using optical, epifluorescence and confocal microscopy, indicate differences in the location and quantity of photosynthetic microorganisms, heterotrophic bacteria and organic matter. Using these findings, a hypothesis on the aggregation of cryoconite is presented, centred upon multilevel aggregation by bioflocculation and filamentous binding.
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Bouillot, P., P. Servais, G. Billen, and Y. Levi. "Biodegradable dissolved organic carbon removal during biological filtration on granular actived carbon." Revue des sciences de l'eau 5 (April 12, 2005): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705152ar.
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In drinking water production, filtration on granular activated carton (GAC) is generally used in order to remove by adsorption the dissolved organic matter. Nevertheless, the adsorption capacity of GAC is rapidly saturated and it is so necessary to regenerate the GAC. An interesting alternate has been applied in some treatment plants. It consists to use GAC filtration without regeneration taking benefit of the activity of the microbial community which colonize the GAC particles (RITTMAN and HUCK, 1989). In fact, this biological filtration offers the advantage to specially remove the biodegradable fraction of the dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), which is responsible for the problem of bacterial growth into the distribution networks. The bacterial nature of the BDOC removal achieved by the biological filtration on GAC has been now clearly demonstrated (SERVAIS et al., 1991) and some important results of the functioning of these filters has been obtained in studies conducted on pilots filters (BOUILLOT et al., 1990; SERVAIS et al., 1992). These studies have for example shown that only a very small part of the bacterial biomass produced in the filter is exported with the outflow. In the present study, biological filtration has been investigated in a full scale treatment line at Choisy-le-Roi in the Parisian suburbs and the results compared with those gained on pilot filters. The working conditions of the three GAC filter studied are presented in table 1 and compared with those of pilot filters used in a previous study conducted al Neuilly-sur-Marne (table 2). The microbial colonization has been followed in two of the liners. If lasted roughly 3 months to reach biological equilibration, it corresponds to a water volume filtrated of 12 500 m3 per m3 of GAC. Efficiency of the removal during this period is presented in figure 2. Progressively, biological processes take turn with adsorption (fig. 1). As already demonstrated by SERVAIS et al. (1992), the efficiency of biological filtration, calculated in percentage of BDOC removal, increases with increasing contact time whatever the filtration velocity could be in the range 2 m/h to 18 m/h (fig. 3). However, the percentage of BDOC, at similar temperature, is higher in the GAC filters at Choisy-le-Roi than at Neuilly-sur-Marne. The fixed bacterial biomass is also higher at Choisy-le-Roi (average 7.5 µgC/cm3) than at Neuilly-sur-Marne (average 2 µC/cm3). Following during two years the functioning of the n° 56 and 38 filters (tables 3, 4 and fig. 5, 7), it seems that the global efficiency of filtration is better in 1990 than in 1989. This can be linked to the greater fluctuations in BDOC in the influent water in 1989 than in 1990, as shown on figure 8. Fluctuations in the quality of the influent water requires a period to reach the equilibrium during which the effluent is charchacterized by a lower quality (fig. 8). This period is longer at low temperature. The mathematical modal based on the kinetics of the basic microbiological processes involved in biological filtration (the CHABROL model) has been previously developed (BILLEN et al., 1992) in order la simulate the performances of the filtration. It can be used to simulate the vertical profiles of BDOC and bacterial biomass in the filters of the Choisy-le-Roi treatment plant, with modifying only one parameter in the model, the average bacterial mortality “kd” (fig. 4). BDOC decreases versus empty bed contact time (EBCT) calculated by the modal are presented on figure 6 for the Choisy-le-Roi and Neuilly-sur-Marne treatment plants and for two temperatures. From a management point of view, the minimum BDOC is reached for contact time between 15 and 20 minutes at Neuilly-sur-Marne, while at Choisy-le-Roi it is rather between 10 and 15 minutes. In conclusion, BDOC measurements and CHABROL modal constitute powerful tools for management and design of biological GAC filters.
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Hernández, A. Iván, William C. Oxberry, John F. Crary, Suzanne S. Mirra та Todd Charlton Sacktor. "Cellular and subcellular localization of PKMζ". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, № 1633 (2014): 20130140. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0140.
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In contrast to protein kinases that participate in long-term potentiation (LTP) induction and memory consolidation, the autonomously active atypical protein kinase C isoform, protein kinase Mzeta (PKMζ), functions in the core molecular mechanism of LTP maintenance and long-term memory storage. Here, using multiple complementary techniques for light and electron microscopic immunolocalization, we present the first detailed characterization of the cellular and subcellular distribution of PKMζ in rat hippocampus and neocortex. We find that PKMζ is widely expressed in forebrain with prominent immunostaining in hippocampal and neocortical grey matter, and weak label in white matter. In hippocampal and cortical pyramidal cells, PKMζ expression is predominantly somatodendritic, and electron microscopy highlights the kinase at postsynaptic densities and in clusters within spines. In addition, nuclear label and striking punctate immunopositive structures in a paranuclear and dendritic distribution are seen by confocal microscopy, occasionally at dendritic bifurcations. PKMζ immunoreactive granules are observed by electron microscopy in cell bodies and dendrites, including endoplasmic reticulum. The widespread distribution of PKMζ in nuclei, nucleoli and endoplasmic reticulum suggests potential roles of this kinase in cell-wide mechanisms involving gene expression, biogenesis of ribosomes and new protein synthesis. The localization of PKMζ within postsynaptic densities and spines suggests sites where the kinase stores information during LTP maintenance and long-term memory.
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Koziy, A. "Improvement of the technology of production of table grainy sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus (Linnaeus, 1758)) caviar." Ribogospodarsʹka nauka Ukraïni., no. 1(55) (March 31, 2021): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fsu2021.01.039.
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Purpose. Tosubstantiate scientifically and improve the technology of producing table caviar from ovulated sterlet eggs, which ensures the preservation of natural biologically active compounds and the stability of quality parameters. To investigate table caviar for microbiological, toxicological and toxico-biological safety. To determine the prospect of using the data in the practice of caviar sturgeon breeding. Methodology. Primary materials were obtained in the conditions of «Oasis Bisan» JSC. The results obtained were processed by organoleptic, biochemical, microbiological, toxicological, toxic-biological methods, as well as by the method of variation statistics using MS Excel with an emphasis on standard errors. Findings. Application of the heat treatment mode (78°C) of ovulated sterlet eggs while reducing the total time of the technological process to 1.0 minute contributes to the preservation of the integrity of food product components. Sterlet eggs from recirculated aquaculture system differed from a similar product from fish from natural waters by a lower mineral content (by 1.2%), an increased content of dry matter (by 8.1%), protein (by 7.5%) and lipids (by 3.7%). This fact indicates a decrease in the water content of the product and the acquisition of optimal gastronomic qualities. Sterlet caviar proteins were found to contain a full set of essential amino acids, the chemical score of which exceeded 100%; no limiting amino acids were found. Comparative analysis of sterlet caviar from recirculated aquaculture systems and from natural habitats showed the absence of significant differences in the amino acid composition, which demonstrated the biological value of the product. The use of the mode of short-term high-temperature heat treatment allows ensuring sufficient safety of the food product. The absence of E. coli and yeast in caviar was found. Pb, Cd, As and Hg contents in sterlet caviar were significantly lower than the maximum permissible levels. The total value of hexachloran and isomers was 0,0027mg/kg; DDT and metabolites – 0,016 mg/kg, polychlorinated biphenyls – 0,017 mg/kg and corresponded to permissible limits. The absence of altered forms, growth inhibition or death of tetrachimens confirms the toxicological safety of the finished product. The shelf life of the finished product without preservative is 6 months at a storage temperature of minus 2°C – minus 4°C, which parametrically meets the requirements of TU U 10.2-37758242-002: 2018. Originality. The technology of processing ovulated sterlet caviar has been scientifically substantiated and experimentally tested. New data on the comparison of the results of classical pasteurization and short-term high-temperature heat treatment of caviar are presented. For the first time, the amino acid composition of sterlet caviar was studied under conditions of recirculated aquaculture systems, and the analysis of grainy caviar for hexachloran and isomers, DDT and metabolites, and polychlorinated biphenyls was carried out. Information on the chemical composition of caviar in the process of technological processing was clarified and supplemented. Practical value. The advantage of the improved technology of processing raw caviar over the classical method of pasteurization was determined. The expediency of using an alternative technology in order to save energy and preserve traditional organoleptic properties, nutritional value and safety of the finished product were experimentally confirmed. On the basis of the results of the studies carried out, the technical documentation of TU «Technological instruction for the production of granular sturgeon caviar» and «Working instruction for the selection of caviar» were developed and agreed in accordance with the established procedure with the bodies and institutions of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Surveillance and the State Standard. The developed technology was tested in the development of pilot batches of food sterlet caviar, which made it possible at the «Oasis Bisan» enterprise to introduce a food safety management system and conduct a certification audit by the International certification body TUV SUD for compliance with the International standard ISO 22000: 2005. Commission, the «Oasis Bisan» enterprise received an EU registration number: a-UA-14-20-121-VIII-PP, in connection with which it has the right to export products (sturgeon caviar) to the countries of the European Union. Key words: technology, heat treatment, pasteurization, food caviar, biological value, safety, finished product.
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Braslavska, Yevheniia, Volodymyr Ponomarov, Tetiana Mitchenko, Zakhar Maletskyi, and Iryna Kosogina. "PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND FILTERING PROPERTIES OF CARBON BLOCK CARTRIDGES." WATER AND WATER PURIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES. SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL NEWS 33, no. 2 (2022): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/2218-930022022255835.
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In the present paper, the information on the influence of various factors on the carbon block cartridges production technology and their potential impact on the properties of the finished product is presented. The possibilities of increasing the sorption-filtering efficiency of carbon block cartridges are presented. The technical and exploitation characteristics are influenced by the size of the mixture components granules, the physicochemical properties of active carbon and binder polymers, their ratio in the mixture, and the addition of bactericidal additives into the composition. The study of this topic is relevant, as evidenced by the analysis of the increasing number of publications on this matter over the past ten years. However, the production technology of carbon block cartridges is the know-how of manufacturing companies. This information is confirmed by the analysis of the technical characteristics of sixty carbon block cartridges from nine world manufacturers, whose products are WQA certified according to the NSF/ANSI 42 standard. The recommendations given by a number of authors on the size of activated carbon granules in the range from 40 to 120 mesh and polyethylene particles from 80 to 160 mesh with a flow rate of 1.4-3 g/10 min, can be taken as "reference points" in the development of extrusion mixtures with different components ratio. The following factors play an important role in obtaining effective cartridges: the quality of pre-extrusion mixing of the composition, its resistance to delamination during the “transition” from the mixer to the extruder loading zone, extrusion temperature regimes by zones, product cooling temperature, backpressure on the billet leaving the extruder. The information given in this article will be useful when producing new carbon block cartridges, improving the parameters of existing technologies, as well as in the research development of cartridges with new properties.
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Lin, C., C. Xiao, and Z. Shen. "Nano pores evolution in hydroxyapatite microsphere during spark plasma sintering." Science of Sintering 43, no. 1 (2011): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sos1101039l.
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Micron-spherical granules of hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles were prepared by powder granulation methods. Through subsequent sintering, porous HAp microspheres with tailored pore and grain framework structures were obtained. Detailed microstructure investigation by SEM and TEM revealed the correlation of the pore structure and the necking strength with the sintering profiles that determine the coalescence features of the nanoparticles. The partially sintered porous HAp microspheres containing more than 50% porosity consisting of pores and grains both in nano-scale are active in inducing the precipitation of HAp in simulated body fluid. The nano-porous HAp microspheres with an extensive surface and interconnecting pores thus demonstrate the potential of stimulating the formation of collagen and bone and the integration with the newly formed bones during physiological bone remodeling.
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Paiva, Diogo Mendes de, Reinaldo Bertola Cantarutti, Gelton Geraldo Fernandes Guimarães, and Ivo Ribeiro da Silva. "Urea coated with oxidized charcoal reduces ammonia volatilization." Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo 36, no. 4 (2012): 1221–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-06832012000400016.
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Urea is the most consumed nitrogen fertilizer in the world. However, its agronomic and economic efficiency is reduced by the volatilization of NH3, which can reach 78 % of the applied nitrogen. The coating of urea granules with acidic compounds obtained by charcoal oxidation has the potential to reduce the volatilization, due to the acidic character, the high buffering capacity and CEC. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of HNO3-oxidized carbon on the control of NH3 volatilization. These compounds were obtained by oxidation of Eucalyptus grandis charcoal, produced at charring temperatures of 350 and 450 ºC, with 4.5 mol L-1 HNO3. The charcoal was oxidized by solubilization in acidic or alkaline medium, similar to the procedure of soil organic matter fractionation (CHox350 and CHox450). CHox was characterized by C, H, O, N contents and their respective atomic relations, by the ratio E4 (absorbance 465 nm) by E6 (absorbance 665 nm), and by active acidity and total acidity (CEC). The inhibitory effect of CHox on the urease activity of Canavalia ensiformis was assessed in vitro. The NH3 volatilization from urea was evaluated with and without coating of oxidized charcoal (U-CHox350 or U-CHox450) in a closed system with continuous air flow. The pH of both CHox was near 2.0, but the total acidity of CHox350 was higher, 72 % of which was attributed to carboxylic groups. The variation in the ionization constants of CHox350 was also greater. The low E4/E6 ratios characterize the high stability of the compounds in CHox. CHox did not inhibit the urease activity in vitro, although the maximum volatilization peak from U-CHox450 and U-CHox350 occurred 24 h after that observed for uncoated urea. The lowest volatilization rate was observed for U-CHox350 as well as a 43 % lower total amount of NH3 volatilized than from uncoated urea.
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Lopes, Jose, Fernando Pereira dos Santos, João Antonio Cyrino Zequi, and Denise Miguel Petroni. "Eficiência e Persistência de Três Produtos Comerciais à Base de Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis e Bacillus sphaericus no controle de Culicidae (Diptera) em Lagoas de Tratamento de Efluentes." EntomoBrasilis 3, no. 3 (2010): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.12741/ebrasilis.v3i3.90.
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Resumo. A ação hematofágica exercida por fêmeas de algumas espécies de Culicidae sobre o homem e outros animais pode estar diretamente relacionada à transmissão de patógenos, além de provocar reações alérgicas e causar incômodo. O aparecimento de populações resistentes aos inseticidas químicos impulsiona o uso de métodos de controle alternativos, principalmente o biológico. Objetivando testar a eficiência e persistência de produtos comerciais com principio ativo a base de Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis Berliner e Bacillus sphaericus Neide foram realizados experimentos em três lagoas de tratamento de efluentes, sobre larvas de Culicidae. Testou-se Vectolex (formulação granulada de B. sphaericus), Sphaericus (Formulação líquida de B. sphaericus) e Bt-horus (formulação líquida de B. thuringiensis). As aplicações foram realizadas quinzenalmente com avaliações realizadas a 0, 24, 48, 72 e 120 horas após a aplicação. As lagoas estavam colonizadas por Culex nigripalpus Theobald (1,5%), Culex saltanensis Dyar (2,25%) e Culex quinquefasciatus Say (96,25%). Com o produto Bt horus, registrou-se redução larval de 89,06%, 83,97% e 89,96% respectivamente a 24, 48 e 72 horas após a aplicação. Nos produtos contendo B. sphaericus, respectivamente na formulação granulada e líquida observou-se uma redução de 98,89 % e 98,34%, após 24 horas da aplicação e de 99,79% e 99,78% após 48 horas. Os produtos e as diferentes formulações foram eficientes no controle de larvas das três espécies de culicídeos em lagoas com grande quantidade de matéria orgânica, porém a persistência verificada foi de dois e três dias para produtos contendo respectivamente B. sphaericus e B. thuringiensis israelensis.
 Efficiency and Persistence of Three Commercial Products Based on Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis and Bacillus sphaericus in Controlling Culicidae (Diptera) in Effluent Treatment Lagoons
 Abstract. The hematofagic effect caused by females belonging to some species of Culicidae on humans and animals can be directly related to pathogen transmission, allergic reactions and uneasiness. The emergence of populations resistant to chemical insecticides has fostered the use of alternative methods, mainly biological control. The trials were conducted in three effluent treatment lagoons, on larvae of Culicidae to test the efficiency and persistence of commercial products whose active principles are based on Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis Berliner and Bacillus sphaericus Neide. The products tested were Vectolex (a granulated formulation of B. sphaericus), Sphaericus (a liquid formulation of B. sphaericus) and Bt-horus (a liquid formulation of B. thuringiensis). The products were applied biweekly and evaluations were conducted 0, 24, 48, 72, and 120 hours after each application. The lagoons were colonized by Culex nigripalpus Theobald (1.5%), Culex saltanensis Dyar (2.25%), and Culex quinquefasciatus Say (96.25%). Bt-horus reduced larvae by 89.06%, 83.97% and 89.96% at 24, 48 and 72 hours after product application, respectively. The granulated and the liquid formulations containing B. sphaericus reduced larvae by 98.89 % and 98.34% 24 hours after application, and by 99.79% and 99.78% after 48 hours, respectively. The products and the different formulations were effective in controlling larvae of all three Culicidae species in lagoons with high levels of organic matter, but the persistence was recorded in two and three days for products containing respectively B. sphaericus and B. thuringiensis israelensis.
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Fernandez-Nieves, Alberto, and Ramon Planet. "Editorial: Active and externally driven granular matter." Frontiers in Physics 10 (December 6, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphy.2022.1097453.
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Kumar, Nitin, Harsh Soni, Sriram Ramaswamy, and A. K. Sood. "Flocking at a distance in active granular matter." Nature Communications 5, no. 1 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5688.
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Bera, Pradip K., and A. K. Sood. "Motile dissenters disrupt the flocking of active granular matter." Physical Review E 101, no. 5 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.101.052615.
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Li, Wenjian, Longfei Li, Qingfan Shi, Mingcheng Yang, and Ning Zheng. "Spontaneous population oscillation of confined active granular particles." Soft Matter, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2sm00134a.
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Spontaneous collective oscillation may emerge from seemingly irregular active matter systems. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a spontaneous population oscillation of active granular particles confined in two chambers connected by a...
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Caprini, Lorenzo, Umberto Marini Bettolo Marconi, Andrea Puglisi, and Hartmut Löwen. "Entropons as collective excitations in active solids." Journal of Chemical Physics 159, no. 4 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0156312.
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The vibrational dynamics of solids is described by phonons constituting basic collective excitations in equilibrium crystals. Here, we consider a non-equilibrium active solid, formed by self-propelled particles, which bring the system into a non-equilibrium steady-state. We identify novel vibrational collective excitations of non-equilibrium (active) origin, which coexist with phonons and dominate over them when the system is far from equilibrium. These vibrational excitations are interpreted in the framework of non-equilibrium physics, in particular, stochastic thermodynamics. We call them “entropons” because they are the modes of spectral entropy production (at a given frequency and wave vector). The existence of entropons could be verified in future experiments on dense self-propelled colloidal Janus particles and granular active matter, as well as in living systems, such as dense cell monolayers.
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Großmann, Robert, Igor S. Aranson, and Fernando Peruani. "A particle-field approach bridges phase separation and collective motion in active matter." Nature Communications 11, no. 1 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-18978-5.
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Abstract Whereas self-propelled hard discs undergo motility-induced phase separation, self-propelled rods exhibit a variety of nonequilibrium phenomena, including clustering, collective motion, and spatio-temporal chaos. In this work, we present a theoretical framework representing active particles by continuum fields. This concept combines the simplicity of alignment-based models, enabling analytical studies, and realistic models that incorporate the shape of self-propelled objects explicitly. By varying particle shape from circular to ellipsoidal, we show how nonequilibrium stresses acting among self-propelled rods destabilize motility-induced phase separation and facilitate orientational ordering, thereby connecting the realms of scalar and vectorial active matter. Though the interaction potential is strictly apolar, both, polar and nematic order may emerge and even coexist. Accordingly, the symmetry of ordered states is a dynamical property in active matter. The presented framework may represent various systems including bacterial colonies, cytoskeletal extracts, or shaken granular media.
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Deckman, H. W., S. C. Fung, M. G. Matturro, and J. A. McHenry. "Structure and Reactivity of Granular Noble Metal Catalysts." MRS Proceedings 195 (1990). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-195-585.
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ABSTRACTThe deactivation / reactivation behavior of fresh granular Pt metal catalysts supported on alumina is used to obtain information about the nature of catalytically activesites. It is found that relatively fresh catalysts can in some cases be reactivated by evolving only ∼1/100 of a monolayer of molecules off the Pt metal. This implies that either less than ∼1/100 of the surface is catalytically active with a site turnover frequency of greater than ∼100 reactions/(site-sec) orthat the reactivation process does not evolve small cracked molecules from the catalyticsites and involves some other physical or chemical change of the catalyst surface.
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Nagarajan, Usharani, Grégory Beaune, Andy Y. W. Lam, David Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Françoise M. Winnik, and Françoise Brochard-Wyart. "Inert-living matter, when cells and beads play together." Communications Physics 4, no. 1 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42005-020-00506-y.
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AbstractWhile both active and granular matter have been extensively studied, here we investigate what happens when we mix the two of them, in a model system combining microparticles and cell assemblies. On a substrate covered with polystyrene or silica microparticles, we notice two regimes in the spreading of a cell aggregate: light particles are pushed by the cells and form a ring, which bonds to the substrate by adhesion forces that oppose spreading, while for heavy particles, the cell monolayer spreads above the particle bed. In both cases, cell activity is transmitted to inert beads, leading to the formation of cell-microparticle aggregates, which flicker and diffuse. We then study the formation and the spreading of hybrid aggregates of microparticles and living cells and observe phase separations and jamming transitions. Our study may have implications on processes such as cancer metastasis and development, and may guide cancer therapies based on inert particles.
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Trego, Anna Christine, Sarah O’Sullivan, Christopher Quince, Simon Mills, Umer Zeeshan Ijaz, and Gavin Collins. "Size Shapes the Active Microbiome of the Methanogenic Granules, Corroborating a Biofilm Life Cycle." mSystems 5, no. 5 (2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/msystems.00323-20.
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ABSTRACT Methanogenic archaea are key players in cycling organic matter in nature but also in engineered waste treatment systems, where they generate methane, which can be used as a renewable energy source. In such systems in the built environment, complex methanogenic consortia are known to aggregate into highly organized, spherical granular biofilms comprising the interdependent microbial trophic groups mediating the successive stages of the anaerobic digestion (AD) process. This study separated methanogenic granules into a range of discrete size fractions, hypothesizing different biofilm growth stages, and separately supplied each with specific substrates to stimulate the activity of key AD trophic groups, including syntrophic acid oxidizers and methanogens. Rates of specific methanogenic activity were measured, and amplicon sequencing of 16S rRNA gene transcripts was used to resolve phylotranscriptomes across the series of size fractions. Increased rates of methane production were observed in each of the size fractions when hydrogen was supplied as the substrate compared with those of volatile fatty acids (acetate, propionate, and butyrate). This was connected to a shift toward hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis dominated by Methanobacterium and Methanolinea. Interestingly, the specific active microbiomes measured in this way indicated that size was significantly more important than substrate in driving the structure of the active community in granules. Multivariate integration studywise discriminant analysis identified 56 genera shaping changes in the active community across both substrate and size. Half of those were found to be upregulated in the medium-sized granules, which were also the most active and potentially of the most important size, or life stage, for precision management of AD systems. IMPORTANCE Biological wastewater conversion processes collectively constitute one of the single biggest worldwide applications of microbial communities. There is an obvious requirement, therefore, to study the microbial systems central to the success of such technologies. Methanogenic granules, in particular, are architecturally fascinating biofilms that facilitate highly organized cooperation within the metabolic network of the anaerobic digestion (AD) process and, thus, are especially intriguing model systems for microbial ecology. This study, in a way not previously reported, provoked syntrophic and methanogenic activity and the structure of the microbial community, using specific substrates targeting the key trophic groups in AD. Unexpectedly, granule size more strongly than substrate shaped the active portion of the microbial community. Importantly, the findings suggest the size, or age, of granules inherently shapes the active microbiome linked to a life cycle. This provides exciting insights into the function of, and the potential for additional modeling of biofilm development in, methanogenic granules.