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Ikinci, Ali. "Influence of Pre- and Postharvest Summer Pruning on the Growth, Yield, Fruit Quality, and Carbohydrate Content of Early Season Peach Cultivars". Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/104865.
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Winter and summer pruning are widely applied processes in all fruit trees, including in peach orchard management. This study was conducted to determine the effects of summer prunings (SP), as compared to winter pruning (WP), on shoot length, shoot diameter, trunk cross sectional area (TCSA) increment, fruit yield, fruit quality, and carbohydrate content of two early ripening peach cultivars (“Early Red” and “Maycrest”) of six years of age, grown in semiarid climate conditions, in 2008 to 2010. The trees were grafted on GF 677 rootstocks, trained with a central leader system, and spaced 5 × 5 m apart. The SP carried out after harvesting in July and August decreased the shoot length significantly; however, it increased its diameter. Compared to 2009, this effect was more marked in year 2010. In general, control and winter pruned trees of both cultivars had the highest TCSA increment and yield efficiency. The SP increased the average fruit weight and soluble solids contents (SSC) more than both control and WP. The titratable acidity showed no consistent response to pruning time. The carbohydrate accumulation in shoot was higher in WP and in control than in SP trees. SP significantly affected carbohydrate accumulation; postharvest pruning showed higher carbohydrate content than preharvest pruning.
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Durner, Edward F. "Dormant Pruning and Fall Ethephon Application Influence Peach Pistil Hardiness". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 120, nr 5 (wrzesień 1995): 823–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.120.5.823.
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Flower bud hardiness of ethephon-treated (100 mg·liter-1 in October), dormant pruned (in December) `Redhaven' peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch.) trees was studied from December through March using exotherm analysis. In early December, buds not treated with ethephon were 0.5C hardier than ethephon-treated buds. From mid-December through March, ethephon-treated buds were 0.5 to 2.1C hardier than nontreated buds. When a main effect of pruning was detected, buds from pruned trees were 0.8 to 2.8C less hardy than buds from nonpruned trees. On several dates, a significant interaction on flower bud hardiness between ethephon treatment and pruning was detected. For trees not treated with ethephon, buds from pruned trees were 1.8 to 2.2C less hardy than those from nonpruned trees. Pruning did not affect hardiness of buds from ethephon-treated trees. Ethephon delayed bloom to the 75% fully open stage by 9 days. Pruning accelerated bloom to the 75% fully open stage by 3 days compared to nonpruned trees. Flower bud dehardening under controlled conditions was also studied. As field chilling accumulated, flower buds dehardened more rapidly and to a greater extent when exposed to heat. Pruning accelerated and intensified dehardening. Ethephon reduced the pruning effect. The percentage of buds supercooling from any ethephon or pruning treatment did not change as chilling accumulated. In trees not treated with ethepbon, fewer buds supercooled as heat accumulated, and pruning intensified this effect. In pruned, ethephon-treated trees, fewer buds supercooled after exposure to heat. The number of buds supercooling in nonpruned trees did not change with heat accumulation. Flower bud rehardening after controlled dehardening was also evaluated. After dehardening in early February, there was no difference in the bud hardiness of pruned or nonpruned trees. Buds from ethepbon-treated trees were hardier than those from nontreated trees. With reacclimation, buds from pruned trees were not as hardy as those from nonpruned trees. The percentage of buds supercooling from ethephon-treated trees did not change with deacclimation or reacclimation treatments. After deacclimation in late February, buds from pruned trees were 2.2C less hardy than those from nonpruned trees. After reacclimation, buds from pruned, ethephon-treated trees rehardened 2.6C while buds from all other treatments remained at deacclimated hardiness levels or continued to deharden. Ethephon-treated pistils were shorter than nontreated pistils. Pistils from pruned trees were longer than those from nonpruned trees. Deacclimated pistils were longer than nondeacclimated pistils. Differences in hardiness among ethephon and pruning treatments were observed, but there was no relationship between pistil moisture and hardiness.
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Laužikė, Kristina, Nobertas Uselis i Giedrė Samuolienė. "The Influence of Agrotechnological Tools on cv. Rubin Apples Quality". Agronomy 11, nr 3 (2.03.2021): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11030463.
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With the growing demand for quality food in the world, there is a new ambition to produce high-quality apples seeking reduced cultivation costs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of agrotechnological tools on the quality of cv. Rubin apples during the harvest. The apple tree (Malus domestica Borkh.) cv. Rubin was grafted on dwarfing rootstocks P60, planted in single rows spaced 1.25 m between trees and 3.5 m between rows. Six agrotechnological tools were used—hand pruning, mechanical pruning, trunk incision, calcium-prohexadione, summer pruning and mechanical pruning one side, changing sides annually. The agrotechnical tools had no significant effect on accumulation of most sugars and elements, malic, folic and succinic acids in the fruits. Mechanical pruning resulted in significant accumulation of phenolic compounds, antioxidants, ascorbic acid, but reduced the amount of glucose compared to hand pruning. However, the trunk incision or spraying with ca-prohexadione together with mechanical pruning had no significant effect on sugar content but resulted in significantly higher amounts of phenols, antioxidants, ascorbic acid, Fe and Mn and reduced starch and citric acid.
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Mohale, Keletso C., Araya T. Hintsa, Machel A. Emanuel i Fhatuwani N. Mudau. "Metabolic Profiling of Cultivated Bush Tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.) in Response to Different Pruning Types". HortScience 53, nr 7 (lipiec 2018): 993–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci13023-18.
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Bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.) is a popular medicinal South African indigenous plant and it has been used for many decades as a health beverage and medicine. The objective of the study was to profile metabolites for assessment of quality of bush tea (A. phylicoides DC.) subjected to different pruning levels. Treatments consisted of untreated control, top-branch pruning, middle pruning, and basal pruning arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) using 10 single trees as replications. The liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC–QTOF–MS) was carried out to annotate the bush tea metabolites present in bush tea. Orthogonal partial least square-discriminatory analysis (OPLS-DA) from 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) revealed a separation between the basal, middle, top pruning, and the unpruned bush tea plants. The pruned (top) and unpruned tea plants, exhibited higher levels of metabolites than the basal and middle pruned. Pruning bush tea showed a significant effect on accumulation of secondary metabolites and thus could enhance bush tea quality. The study successfully annotated 28 metabolites (compounds), which elucidated canonical differences in pruning treatment of bush tea, as validated through multivariate analysis. Top pruning (apically pruned) resulted in improved metabolite accumulation than other treatment and can be recommended in bush tea cultivation. Future studies to enhance vegetative enhancement after pruning will be evaluated.
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Przybysz, Arkadiusz, Andrzej Stępniak, Monika Małecka-Przybysz, ChunYang Zhu i Marzena Wińska-Krysiak. "Particulate Matter Accumulation on Apples and Plums: Roads Do Not Represent the Greatest Threat". Agronomy 10, nr 11 (4.11.2020): 1709. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111709.
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Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of solid and liquid substances of organic and inorganic character suspended in air. Plants are used as biological filters of air. However, PM can be deposited on their edible parts, with a negative effect on people’s health. The aim of this study was to document the PM accumulation on apples and plums harvested from orchards located alongside roads with differing amounts of traffic. Plums accumulated more PM than apples. The deposition of PM on apples increased during fruit development and was highest at harvest. The impact of road type, traffic intensity, and distance from the road on PM accumulation on fruit was small. The least PM was adsorbed by apples harvested from an orchard located close to a road with the highest traffic, while in the case of plums, no effect of the road on PM deposition was recorded. The amount of PM accumulated on fruits depended on the species (fruit morphology, harvest period), activities undertaken in the orchard (early pruning exposes fruits to PM, ecological preparations increase fruit viscosity), and sources of pollution other than the roads located close to the orchard. Washing fruits with water removed half of the accumulated PM.
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Tecchio, Marco Antonio, Mara Fernandes Moura, Luiz Antonio Junqueira Teixeira, Erasmo José Paioli Pires i Sarita Leonel. "Influence of rootstocks and pruning times on yield and on nutrient content and extraction in 'Niagara Rosada' grapevine". Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 49, nr 5 (maj 2014): 340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2014000500003.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of rootstocks and pruning times on yield and on nutrient content and extraction by pruned branches and harvested bunches of 'Niagara Rosada' grapevine in subtropical climate. The rootstocks 'IAC 766', 'IAC 572', 'IAC 313', 'IAC 571-6', and '106-8 Mgt' were evaluated. Treatments consisted of a combination between five rootstocks and three pruning times. At pruning, fresh and dry matter mass of branches were evaluated to estimate biomass accumulation. At harvest, yield was estimated by weighing of bunches per plant. Branches and bunches were sampled at pruning and at harvest, respectively, for nutrient content analysis. Nutrient content and dry matter mass of branches and bunches were used to estimate total nutrient extraction. 'Niagara Rosada' grapevine grafted onto the 'IAC 572' rootstock had the highest yield and dry matter mass of bunches, which were significantly different from the ones observed in 'Niagara Rosada'/'IAC 313'. 'Niagara Rosada' grafted onto the 'IAC 572' rootstock extracted the largest quantity of K, P, Mg, S, Cu, and Fe, differing from 'IAC 313' and 'IAC 766' in K and P extraction, and from '106-8 Mgt' in Mg and S extraction. Winter pruning results in higher yield, dry matter accumulation by branches, and total nutrient content and extraction.
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de Oliveira, Pedro Brás, Maria José Silva, Ricardo B. Ferreira, Cristina M. Oliveira i António A. Monteiro. "Dry Matter Partitioning, Carbohydrate Composition, Protein Reserves, and Fruiting in ‘Autumn Bliss’ Red Raspberry Vary in Response to Pruning Date and Cane Density". HortScience 42, nr 1 (luty 2007): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.1.77.
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In a 2-year experiment (1994 and 1995), plants of primocane-fruiting red raspberry cultivar ‘Autumn Bliss’ grown in a plastic greenhouse were destructively harvested at different growth stages to determine the effect of pruning date and cane density on dry matter distribution, carbohydrate concentration, and soluble protein concentration in different plant parts. Three summer-pruning dates (early, mid, and late July) and four cane densities (8, 16, 24, and 32 canes/m row) were imposed. Relative root biomass decreased from pruning to first flower stage and remained constant thereafter for all pruning dates. Earlier pruning dates corresponded to earlier fruit production, but yield was significantly reduced on later pruning dates and higher cane densities. Sucrose concentration was higher in fine roots than in suberized roots and had a slight decrease during flowering and the beginning of harvest. Soluble protein concentrations did not differ significantly between pruning dates. Reserve carbohydrates in the root system were unaffected by pruning and cane density, and were rapidly used during active vegetative growth, began to recover just after bloom, and were fully recovered at the end of the season. Our experiment suggested that in red raspberry plants grown under poor environmental conditions, current yield is reduced but there is enough carbohydrate accumulation to support next year's growth.
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Shellie, Krista C. "Viticultural Performance of Red and White Wine Grape Cultivars in Southwestern Idaho". HortTechnology 17, nr 4 (styczeń 2007): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.17.4.595.
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A collection of 23 red and six white wine grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars were evaluated for viticultural performance in Parma, ID. Vine yield, fruit composition, and vegetative growth were measured over four growing seasons, and data were used to compare relative cultivar performance based on yield to pruning ratio and fruit maturity. Relative differences among cultivars in budbreak day of year [96 (6 Apr.) to 122 (2 May)] and days from budbreak to harvest (143 to 179 days) varied from year to year. The earliest and latest maturing cultivars in 3 of 4 years were ‘Blauer Portugieser’ (143 days), ‘Nebbiolo’ (177 days), ‘Barbera’ (179 days), ‘Orange Muscat’ (144 days), ‘Flora’ (149 days), ‘Muscat of Alexandria’ (166 days), and ‘Viognier’ (168 days). Cultivars differed in yield (2.4 to 7.0 tons/acre), vegetative vigor (4.6 to 20.4 yield/pruning weight), and harvest soluble solids concentration (21.1 to 26.5), but differences in harvest pH (3.0 to 4.1) and titratable acidity (2.48 to 13.03 g·L−1) varied from year to year. Average heat unit accumulation (1646) was 160 units higher than the 78-year site average. Few (less than 150) units accumulated in April and October, most units accumulated in July, and diurnal difference in air temperature was ≈15 °C. Performance results from this study can assist cultivar site selection by comparing climate data for an intended site with that of Parma. For example, the low acidity and earliness of ‘Blauer Portugieser’ suggests it is best suited to a site with less heat unit accumulation than Parma, and the high acidity and late maturity of ‘Barbera’, ‘Nebbiolo’, and ‘Carignan’ suggest these cultivars are best suited to a site with more heat unit accumulation than Parma. The inconsistent relationship between onset of budbreak and earliness observed in this study suggests opportunity to match short-season cultivars late to break bud such as Flora to short-season growing sites prone to late-season frost.
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Robles-Contreras, Fabian, Manuel de Jesus Valenzuela-Ruiz, Raul Leonel Grijalva-Contreras* i Ruben Macias-Duarte. "Effect of the Accumulated Effective Chilling Hours at the Pruning Time on Budbreak Table Grape on Dessertic Condition". HortScience 39, nr 4 (lipiec 2004): 828B—828. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.39.4.828b.
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The grape crop is important in Sonora State, Mexico, even though the grape growers have some problems that put in risk its continuity. To decide the moment of pruning time is one of the important decisions that the grower must done, because that depends partly the moment and the magnitude the budbreak appeared. The objective of this study was to determine the pruning time using the Effective Chilling Hours (ECH) obtained from the climatologic station. In a commercial lot of the Superior Seedless variety, we studied the effects of pruning at different times depending on the accumulation of ECH (150, 200, 250, 350, and 400). The ECH was calculated by adding the hours that the temperature stayed in following rank 0 °C < X < 10 °C, reducing the hours when the temperature was greater or equal to 25 °C. The data used to calculate this were obtained from the two climatologic stations near the lot in study. The effect in the budbreak was studied in canes and spurs. The results obtained in this study show that the final budbreak in canes as in spurs were not affected by the treatments in study and it was 76.5% and 81.8% for canes and spurs respectively. There is a direct relation (R2 = 0.94) between the ECH at pruning time and the percentage of early budbreak in the canes—from 5.6% (150 ECH) to 54.1% (400 ECH). Whereas in spurs, the early budbreak was favored when pruning is done after at least 200 ECH.
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MORAIS, L. E., P. C. CAVATTE, E. F. MEDINA, P. E. M. SILVA, S. C. V. MARTINS, P. S. VOLPI, S. ANDRADE JÚNIOR, J. A. MACHADO FILHO, C. P. RONCHI i F. M. DAMATTA. "THE EFFECTS OF PRUNING AT DIFFERENT TIMES ON THE GROWTH, PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND YIELD OF CONILON COFFEE (COFFEA CANEPHORA) CLONES WITH VARYING PATTERNS OF FRUIT MATURATION IN SOUTHEASTERN BRAZIL". Experimental Agriculture 48, nr 2 (19.10.2011): 210–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479711001141.
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SUMMARYThe economics of coffee plantations is intrinsically linked to pruning, which can improve the canopy architecture and thereby increase productivity. However, recommended pruning times on conilon coffee plantations have been made on an entirely empirical basis. In this study, by evaluating growth, photosynthetic gas exchanges, starch accumulation and crop productivity, the effects of pruning at different times between harvest and flowering were investigated for six conilon coffee clones with distinct stages of fruit maturation (early, intermediate and late). Clones with an early maturation stage were pruned at four different times: 0, 30, 60 and 90 days after harvest (DAH). Intermediate clones were pruned at 0, 30 and 60 DAH, and late clones were pruned at 0 and 30 DAH. Overall, the rates of shoot growth and net photosynthesis, the stomatal conductance and the crop yield were not affected by the pruning treatments in any of the clones. In addition, pruning times did not affect the concentrations of starch or the photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. The carbon isotope composition ratio was marginally affected by the treatments. These results suggest that the pruning time after harvests is relatively unimportant and pruning operations can be scheduled to optimise the use of labour, which directly impacts the production costs of coffee.
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Dafiri, Mohammed, i André Gosselin. "158 Effects of supplemental lighting and cluster pruning on yield, photosynthesis, and sugar accumulation of greenhouse tomato plants". HortScience 29, nr 5 (maj 1994): 451d—451. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.451d.
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Tomato plants were submitted to three photosynthetic photon fluxes (PPF) of 50, 100, and 150 μmol. m-2s-1 and cluster-pruned according to different scenarios. The highest PPF combined with severe cluster pruning produced the highest yield and the best fruit quality. The highest PPF increased growth, photosynthesis and leaf sugar content. Severe cluster pruning increased the average fruit weight, leaf sucrose and glucose content, but reduced photosynthesis. Data will be discussed in relation to crop management and efficiency.
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Fan, Zihan, Huaye Xiong, Yayin Luo, Yuheng Wang, Huanyu Zhao, Wenli Li, Xinhua He, Jie Wang, Xiaojun Shi i Yueqiang Zhang. "Fruit Yields Depend on Biomass and Nutrient Accumulations in New Shoots of Citrus Trees". Agronomy 10, nr 12 (17.12.2020): 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121988.
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New shoots (including newly formed leaves and twigs) and fruits of citrus tree are key organs for present yield formation and flower differentiation in the next season, but the relationship between yield fluctuation and accumulations of major nutrients in new shoots and fruits of citrus tree is still unclear. Thus, to quantify the biomass and mineral nutrient accumulation in new shoots and fruits of citrus trees under varied yield levels has essential significance for rational fertilization and pruning management for citrus orchards. The purpose of this study was, therefore, to investigate the accumulation of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg), and the distribution of biomass in new shoots and fruits of citrus trees under low, medium and high-yield levels in each of eight orchards located in Chongqing, China. The results showed that substantial variation of fruit yield was observed in all eight orchards with an average yield of 15.0 (low), 30.9 (medium) and 60.1 (high) kg/plant. The averaged biomass of new shoots ranged from 1.59 to 2.51 kg/plant, which was significantly and positively correlated with fruit yield. Nutrient accumulation in leaves was generally highest among new organs, while more than half of N (52.70–71.4%), P (66.5–80.4%) and K (68.9–85.9%) accumulated in fruit. Fruit yields closely correlated with total amounts of major nutrients in new shoots. Furthermore, the nutrient requirements per unit of newly developed shoots and fruits were gradually decreased with increased yield, but the removed nutrients per ton of fresh fruit were almost stable, indicating that more nutrients were distributed into fruit tissues. Taken together, these findings are valuable for optimizing nutrient and pruning management in citrus orchards in China and other similar countries.
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ARTEM, Victoria, Arina O. ANTOCE, Elisabeta I. GEANA i Aurora RANCA. "Effect of grape yield and maceration time on phenolic composition of ‘Fetească neagră’ organic wine". Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 49, nr 2 (18.06.2021): 12345. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha49212345.
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The phenolic composition of wine is mostly determined by the accumulation of the phenolic compounds in the grapes, as well as their extraction into wine. To increase their concentration in grapes, yield reduction is usually performed by pruning, while to increase the extraction in wines, the maceration on skins is extended for longer periods of time. The present study focuses on the possibilities to apply both strategies to improve the polyphenol composition of organic red wines of Romanian variety ‘Fetească neagră’, which stands to benefit more from technological interventions than other varieties, which naturally accumulate higher phenol concentrations in the grapes. In the vineyard three experimental pruning variants were made, with 20, 28 and 36 buds/vine, while for wine, maceration was performed for either 8 or 16 days for each grape variant. The phenolic profiles of wines were determined by HPLC methods. The main anthocyanidins, such as malvidin, petunidin, delphinidin, peonidin and cyanidin, as well as the acylated and coumaroylated derivatives of malvidin and peonidin were quantitatively determined. Some other phenolic compounds, of various classes, such as gallic, p-benzoic, p-coumaric and ferulic acid, catechin, epicatechin, myricetin, quercetin and trans-resveratrol were also determined. The quality of the organic ‘Fetească neagră’ wines depended highly on the vintage, but yield reduction and the extension of skin maceration duration were especially beneficial in the less favourable year, when classical technologies lead to less accumulation of sugars, colour and other polyphenols. Concomitant application of both strategies led to the best results, irrespective of the year.
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Kurtural, S. Kaan, Lydia F. Wessner i Geoffrey Dervishian. "Vegetative Compensation Response of a Procumbent Grapevine (Vitis vinifera cv. Syrah) Cultivar under Mechanical Canopy Management". HortScience 48, nr 5 (maj 2013): 576–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.48.5.576.
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A trial in the San Joaquin Valley of California investigated how the interaction of pruning systems and mechanical shoot thinning affected canopy performance, yield components, fruit phenolic composition at harvest, and production efficiency of a procumbent cultivar in a warm climate grape-growing region. Two pruning systems and three shoot thinning treatments were arranged factorially in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The pruning methods were applied by either hand-pruning to a target of 25 nodes/m or mechanically hedging and retaining a 100-mm spur height. The shoot density treatments were applied mechanically at a modified Eichhorn-Lorenz scale, stage 17 to retain 40 or 45 shoots/m of a row, or left unthinned. The contribution of count shoots to total shoots increased when mechanical box pruning replaced spur pruning. The contribution of percent count shoots to total shoots was greatest with 40 shoots/m and unthinned treatments. The percent photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmission and percent canopy gaps increased with mechanical box pruning and also with the decrease in shoot density per meter of row. Berry and cluster size decreased with mechanical box pruning application. However, because mechanically box-pruned vines carried more clusters, yield per meter of row increased. There was a quadratic response to shoot thinning where berry skin phenolics, anthocyanins, and tannins decreased with the 45 shoots/m treatment when compared with 40 shoots/m and unthinned treatments. Pruning weight per meter of row and leaf area-to-fruit ratio decreased, whereas Ravaz Index (kg yield/kg pruning weight) increased with mechanical box pruning. Shoot thinning treatments did not affect pruning weight per meter of row or leaf area-to-fruit ratio. Increasing amount of PAR and percent canopy gaps by shoot thinning resulted in vegetative compensation from a sparsely populated grapevine canopy, thereby negating its purported effects. The 40 and 45 shoots/m treatments repopulated the canopy rapidly with non-count shoots thereby increasing the pruning weight per meter of row at the end of the season. In the absence of a physiological response, shoot thinning in a procumbent cultivar is not recommended. Mechanically box pruning to a 100-mm spur height and slowing down vegetative growth by irrigating to 50% of daily evapotranspiration (ETo) variance between fruit set and veraison have resulted in a Ravaz Index window (5 to 10 kg·kg−1) and is recommended for procumbent red wine grape cultivars for the region with similar or better berry skin phenolic accumulation than spur-pruned vines.
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Duca, Daniele, Giuseppe Toscano, Andrea Pizzi, Giorgio Rossini, Sara Fabrizi, Giulia Lucesoli, Andrea Servili, Valeria Mancini, Gianfranco Romanazzi i Chiara Mengarelli. "Evaluation of the characteristics of vineyard pruning residues for energy applications: effect of different copper-based treatments". Journal of Agricultural Engineering 47, nr 1 (8.03.2016): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jae.2016.497.
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The role of biomass for increasing renewable energy sources mix is considered fundamental, despite some negative environmental impact of first-generation biofuels. The use of biomass obtained in a more sustainable way, as represented by agricultural wastes, should be favoured. The Mediterranean area and Italy in particular offer a large amount of vineyard pruning residues that can be converted into bioenergy. Since vineyards are exposed to treatments based on copper (Cu) and zinc, these metals last in wood residues during pruning and accumulate in the soil. In this study an evaluation of the concentrations of copper and other heavy metals in grapevine pruning wastes, when treated with common plant protection products, was carried out. The study was also extended to the soil, being potentially mixed to the biomass in the case of mechanical collection of pruning residues. The grapevine residues free of impurities that were collected during this study have typical values of copper in pruning wood, varying from 8.5 mg kg<sup>–1</sup> when treated with low Cu product, to 19.2 mg kg<sup>–1</sup> when treated with high Cu product. It was observed that contaminations during pruning with soil could increase the amount of copper in the residues. More in detail, every percentage point of soil that winds up on pruning residues involves an increase of 1 mg of Cu every kg of biomass. For this reason, we recommend the use of appropriate systems for the harvest of grapevine residues, particularly mechanical systems that avoid soil lifting. Moreover, we suggest the use of pruning residues preferably in large-scale power plants with appropriate emission filters instead of small-scale domestic boilers.
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Gómez-del-Campo, María, Pilar Baeza, C. Ruiz i José Ramón Lissarrague. "Effects of water stress on dry matter content and partitioning in four grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.)". OENO One 39, nr 1 (31.03.2005): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.2005.39.1.905.
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<p style="text-align: justify;">Three-year-old grapevines of four cultivars (Garnacha tinta (Grenache noir), Tempranillo, Chardonnay and Airén) were grown on 35 L container under full irrigation and restricted irrigation conditions in order to determine the effect of water stress on carbohydrate allocation. Total grapevine dry matter was measured at pruning, fruitset, veraison and harvest. Roots, wood, shoots, leaves and clusters were dried separately. Shoots were the most affected organs by water stress, while wood was the least affected. Vines under water stress partitioned more dry matter to wood and roots to the detriment of fruits and shoots. The period from fruitset to veraison was the most active for dry matter accumulation under conditions of stress, whereas non-water stressed vines accumulated more dry matter from veraison to harvest. Under both irrigation treatments, fruits competed with roots for dry matter partitioning. Irrigation treatment and cultivar determined fruit size. Fruit size determined dry matter partitioning between organs and the dry matter accumulation pattern.</p>
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Arnold, Michael A., i Eric Young. "CuCO3-painted Containers and Root Pruning Affect Apple and Green Ash Root Growth and Cytokinin Levels". HortScience 26, nr 3 (marzec 1991): 242–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.3.242.
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CuCO3 at 100 g·liter-1 in a paint carrier applied to interior container surfaces effectively prevented root deformation in container-grown Malus domestica Borkh. and Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh. seedlings. CuCO3 treatments nearly doubled the number of white unsuberized root tips in both species. CuCO3 treatment increased some measures of root and shoot growth before and after transplanting to larger untreated containers. Root pruning at transplanting tended to reduce root and shoot fresh and dry matter accumulation in F. pennsylvanica seedlings and shoot extension in M. domestica seedlings. In some cases, root pruning of M. domestics at transplanting from CuCO3-treated containers increased root growth compared to unpruned CuCO3-treated and untreated seedlings. Changes in growth induced by CuCO3 and root pruning were not related to changes in trans -zeatin riboside-like activity in the xylem sap of-apple.
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Mahtab, Zonouri, Bakhshi Davood, Fallahi Esmaeil i Arji Isa. "Bunch number and antioxidant activity in ‘Sahebi’ and ‘Halagho’ grapes affected by pruning intensity and cane length". Southern Brazilian Journal of Chemistry, Volume 27, No. 27, 2019 27, nr 27 (22.04.2019): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37633/sbjc.27(27)2019.8-12.
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Pruning methods can primarily affect grape production at various levels. Of the commonly affected features by pruning, the number of bunches has known to have a significant effect on the relation between the functions of assimilate sources and sinks. Further, fruitfulness can significantly be negatively influenced by shading. In this study, we aim to study the impact of 4, 6 and 8 buds per cane with pruning intensity as light, moderate and severely pruned and their interaction in the course two consecutive years, 2017 and 2018 in ‘Sahebi’ and ‘Halagho’ (both seeded red table grape cultivars). In 2018, lightly pruned ‘Halagho’ and having 8 buds per cane increased number of bunches by 54.00, which had the highest value. Results showed that there is apical buds bear more fruit by comparison to the buds with vegetative nature, 1 to 4 first buds. Based upon the outcomes of this study, it could be concluded that due to the stresses imposed by the pruning of the vines, therefore, the chemical compounds increases in order alleviate the negative aftermaths . In 2018, whole berry antioxidant activity in both cultivars was significantly lessened, and this decline was higher in ‘Saahebi’. The number of bunches was increased by increasing cane length or bud load/cane. Overall, the pruning program has an impactful role in bunch number as well as antioxidant activity and in the long-run on accumulated reserves, which makes choosing and applying a specific pruning method undeniably important. Thus, emphasize the importance of further research in this field.
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ISA, Arji, Fallahi ESMAEIL, Bakhshi DAVOOD i Zonouri MAHTAB. "BUNCH NUMBER AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY IN ‘SAHEBI’ AND ‘HALAGHO’ GRAPES AFFECTED BY PRUNING INTENSITY AND CANE LENGTH". SOUTHERN BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY 27, nr 27 (20.12.2019): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.48141/sbjchem.v27.n27.2019.14_2019.pdf.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Pruning methods can primarily affect grape production at various levels. Of the commonly affected features by pruning, the number of bunches has known to have a significant effect on the relation between the functions of assimilate sources and sinks. Further, fruitfulness can significantly be negatively influenced by shading. In this study, we aim to study the impact of 4, 6 and 8 buds per cane with pruning intensity as light, moderate and severely pruned and their interaction in the course two consecutive years, 2017 and 2018 in ‘Sahebi’ and ‘Halagho’ (both seeded red table grape cultivars). In 2018, lightly pruned ‘Halagho’ and having 8 buds per cane increased number of bunches by 54.00, which had the highest value. Results showed that there is apical buds bear more fruit by comparison to the buds with vegetative nature, 1 to 4 first buds. Based upon the outcomes of this study, it could be concluded that due to the stresses imposed by the pruning of the vines, therefore, the chemical compounds increases in order alleviate the negative aftermaths . In 2018, whole berry antioxidant activity in both cultivars was significantly lessened, and this decline was higher in ‘Saahebi’. The number of bunches was increased by increasing cane length or bud load/cane. Overall, the pruning program has an impactful role in bunch number as well as antioxidant activity and in the long-run on accumulated reserves, which makes choosing and applying a specific pruning method undeniably important. Thus, emphasize the importance of further research in this field.
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Lanari, Vania, Tania Lattanzi, Bruno Di Lena, Alberto Palliotti i Oriana Silvestroni. "Vegetative development and berry growth in relation to heat accumulation in Sangiovese vines subjected to double pruning at three different times". BIO Web of Conferences 13 (2019): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20191304001.
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The double pruning on Sangiovese based on pre-pruning and finishing in March, April and May applied over three years, induced a postponement of phenological phases, with repercussions on the vine vegetative and berry growth trends, with greater effects, according to the delay in the time of hand follow up during the season. The phenological development, the canopy and berry growth of Sangiovese, subjected to the three different finishing dates for the final pruning, were recorded during three years (2014-2016) and related to day of the year (DOY) and seasonal heat accumulation (growing degree days, GDD). A sigmoid growth model with high coefficient determination (R2 between 0.96 and 0.99), described shoot elongation and herbaceous berry growth, showing a temporal and thermal shift according to the finishing times. Despite the chronological delay, the vines revealed similar thermal necessities. Leaf area evolution of April and May finished vines showed 2 steps: a slow initial development followed by a rapid growth phase (91- 97cm2/GDD) beginning when shoots reached 7–10 leaves. GDD allowed to obtain simple models of vegetative development and berry growth of Sangiovese vines based on thermal evolution.
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Teixeira, Antônio Heriberto de Castro, Jorge Tonietto i Janice Freitas Leivas. "Large-scale water balance indicators for different pruning dates of tropical wine grape". Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 51, nr 7 (lipiec 2016): 849–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2016000700008.
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Abstract: The objective of this work was to develop and apply water balance indicators to be scaled up in the wine grape (Vitis vinifera) growing regions of the municipalities of Petrolina and Juazeiro, in the states of Pernambuco and Bahia, respectively, Brazil, simulating different pruning dates along the year. Previous energy balance measurements were used to relate the crop coefficient (Kc) with the accumulated degree-days (DDac). This model was applied to scale up the water balance indicators during the growing seasons. When irrigation water was available, the best pruning periods were from May to July, due to the better natural thermal and hidrological conditions. More care should be taken for pruning done in other periods of the year, regarding the effect of increasing thermal conditions of wine quality. The water balance indicators, both successfully developed and applied, allow large-scale analyses of the thermohydrological conditions for wine grape production under the semiarid conditions of the Brazilian Northeast.
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Yang, Li, Zhezhi He i Deliang Fan. "Harmonious Coexistence of Structured Weight Pruning and Ternarization for Deep Neural Networks". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, nr 04 (3.04.2020): 6623–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i04.6138.
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Deep convolutional neural network (DNN) has demonstrated phenomenal success and been widely used in many computer vision tasks. However, its enormous model size and high computing complexity prohibits its wide deployment into resource limited embedded system, such as FPGA and mGPU. As the two most widely adopted model compression techniques, weight pruning and quantization compress DNN model through introducing weight sparsity (i.e., forcing partial weights as zeros) and quantizing weights into limited bit-width values, respectively. Although there are works attempting to combine the weight pruning and quantization, we still observe disharmony between weight pruning and quantization, especially when more aggressive compression schemes (e.g., Structured pruning and low bit-width quantization) are used. In this work, taking FPGA as the test computing platform and Processing Elements (PE) as the basic parallel computing unit, we first propose a PE-wise structured pruning scheme, which introduces weight sparsification with considering of the architecture of PE. In addition, we integrate it with an optimized weight ternarization approach which quantizes weights into ternary values ({-1,0,+1}), thus converting the dominant convolution operations in DNN from multiplication-and-accumulation (MAC) to addition-only, as well as compressing the original model (from 32-bit floating point to 2-bit ternary representation) by at least 16 times. Then, we investigate and solve the coexistence issue between PE-wise Structured pruning and ternarization, through proposing a Weight Penalty Clipping (WPC) technique with self-adapting threshold. Our experiment shows that the fusion of our proposed techniques can achieve the best state-of-the-art ∼21× PE-wise structured compression rate with merely 1.74%/0.94% (top-1/top-5) accuracy degradation of ResNet-18 on ImageNet dataset.
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McArtney, S. J., i D. C. Ferree. "Root and Cane Pruning Affect Vegetative Development, Fruiting, and Dry-matter Accumulation of Grapevines". HortScience 34, nr 4 (lipiec 1999): 617–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.34.4.617.
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Dormant, 2-year-old, own-rooted `Chambourcin' grapevines (Vitis sp.) were subjected to two levels of root pruning (none, two-thirds roots removed) and were subsequently trained with either one or two canes. Vines were destructively harvested at bloom and after harvest when dormant to determine the effect of stored reserves in the root and competition between shoots for these reserves on vine growth and berry development. Removing 78% of the root system reduced shoot elongation and leaf area more effectively than did increasing the number of shoots per vine from one to two. Root pruning reduced the elongation rate of shoots for 45 days after budbreak, whereas increasing the shoot number reduced the shoot elongation rate for only 20 days after budbreak. A positive linear relationship was observed between leaf area per shoot at bloom and the number of berries per single cluster. These results demonstrate the importance of 1) the roots as a source of reserves for the initial development of vegetative tissues in spring, and 2) the rapid development of leaf area on an individual shoot for high set of grape berries on that shoot.
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Rakanovic, Damjan M., Vuk Vranjkovic i Rastislav J. R. Struharik. "Argus CNN Accelerator Based on Kernel Clustering and Resource-Aware Pruning". Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika 27, nr 3 (28.06.2021): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.eie.28922.
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Paper proposes a two-step Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) pruning algorithm and resource-efficient Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) CNN accelerator named “Argus”. The proposed CNN pruning algorithm first combines similar kernels into clusters, which are then pruned using the same regular pruning pattern. The pruning algorithm is carefully tailored for FPGAs, considering their resource characteristics. Regular sparsity results in high Multiply-accumulate (MAC) efficiency, reducing the amount of logic required to balance workloads among different MAC units. As a result, the Argus accelerator requires about 170 Look-up tables (LUTs) per Digital Signal Processor (DSP) block. This number is close to the average LUT/DPS ratio for various FPGA families, enabling balanced resource utilization when implementing Argus. Benchmarks conducted using Xilinx Zynq Ultrascale + Multi-Processor System-on-Chip (MPSoC) indicate that Argus is achieving up to 25 times higher frames per second than NullHop, 2 and 2.5 times higher than NEURAghe and Snowflake, respectively, and 2 times higher than NVDLA. Argus shows comparable performance to MIT’s Eyeriss v2 and Caffeine, requiring up to 3 times less memory bandwidth and utilizing 4 times fewer DSP blocks, respectively. Besides the absolute performance, Argus has at least 1.3 and 2 times better GOP/s/DSP and GOP/s/Block-RAM (BRAM) ratios, while being competitive in terms of GOP/s/LUT, compared to some of the state-of-the-art solutions.
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Nicklow, Clark W., i Bruce Wenning. "TOMATO MATURITY IN RELATION TO PRUNING AND CULTURE". HortScience 25, nr 9 (wrzesień 1990): 1119G—1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1119.
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Three different cultural methods were utilized in the evaluation of 150 indeterminate tomato hybrids. This study was conducted over a two year period. The hybrids were planted in the field through 1.52 m wide black plastic; (1) 30.5 cm apart in rows, trained upright end pruned to one growing point (1gp); (2) 91.4 cm apart in rows, trained upright end pruned to three growing points (3gp); and (3) 91.4 cm apart in rows end permitted to grow prostrate end unpruned (up). Accumulated total harvest patterns were different: August 5 (early yield) of the first year, the yield of all ripe or turning fruit was 2.43, 0.36 and 0.24 kg/m2 respectively; the yield resulting from pruning to 1gp was 6.75 X the yield of the plants with 3gp. Yields of plants with 1gp were 3.6 X and 2.6 X the yield of plants with 3gp, 20 and 40 days later respectively. The yield of the plants up were the lowest in early maturity but 40 days later surpassed the yield from plants with 1gp by 2.6 kg/m2.
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Nicklow, Clark W., i Bruce Wenning. "TOMATO MATURITY IN RELATION TO PRUNING AND CULTURE". HortScience 25, nr 9 (wrzesień 1990): 1119g—1119. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1119g.
Pełny tekst źródłaStreszczenie:
Three different cultural methods were utilized in the evaluation of 150 indeterminate tomato hybrids. This study was conducted over a two year period. The hybrids were planted in the field through 1.52 m wide black plastic; (1) 30.5 cm apart in rows, trained upright end pruned to one growing point (1gp); (2) 91.4 cm apart in rows, trained upright end pruned to three growing points (3gp); and (3) 91.4 cm apart in rows end permitted to grow prostrate end unpruned (up). Accumulated total harvest patterns were different: August 5 (early yield) of the first year, the yield of all ripe or turning fruit was 2.43, 0.36 and 0.24 kg/m2 respectively; the yield resulting from pruning to 1gp was 6.75 X the yield of the plants with 3gp. Yields of plants with 1gp were 3.6 X and 2.6 X the yield of plants with 3gp, 20 and 40 days later respectively. The yield of the plants up were the lowest in early maturity but 40 days later surpassed the yield from plants with 1gp by 2.6 kg/m2.
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Pelkki, Matthew H., i Robert J. Colvin. "Effects of Thinning in a Cherrybark Oak Plantation". Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 28, nr 1 (1.02.2004): 55–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/28.1.55.
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Abstract A cherrybark oak plantation was established on an Upper Coastal Plain creek bottom in southwest Arkansas in 1962. At age 10, treatments of (1) thinning only, (2) thinning and pruning, and (3) a control (no treatment) were applied in three replicates. Repeated thinnings from below occurred in the thinned and thinned/pruned plots at ages 21, 26, and 31. Pruning was applied in the thin/prune plots only once, at age 10. Thinning had significant effects on diameter growth immediately and continued to accelerate diameter growth through age 39, but had no effect on total tree height. Height to live crown was significantly lower for thinned plots than in the control. Pruning appeared to have no effect on diameter, height, or number or height of epicormic branches. Sawtimber volume and accumulated sawtimber production was significantly greater in treatments that received thinning, with potential for greater economic returns. The reader is cautioned that these results may not be indicative of cherrybark oak plantations in the South due to the size of the study area and possible edge effects. South. J. Appl. For. 28(1):55–58.
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İmrak, Burhanettin, Ali Küden, Ayzin B. Küden i Abdulkadir Sarıer. "Effects of Different Pruning Systems on Fruit Yield and Quality in Plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.)". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, nr 11 (22.11.2019): 1872. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i11.1872-1876.2809.
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This study was established at the experimental field of Horticulture Department of Çukurova University in Adana, Turkey during 2013-2015 harvest period two consecutive years. Two plum cultivars (‘Black Diamond’, ‘Angeleno’) and Friar as pollinizer grafted on Myrobolan rootstock were used as plant material. Trees produced commercially good yield in 2014, at the fourth growing season. The aim of this study was to compare four different pruning systems (spindle, 4 leader- Quad-V, central leader and open vase) and six different planting distances (0.8-1-1.2-1.6-2- 4 m and standard inter rows 4 m) for yield (ton ha-1) on several fruit quality variables such as (fruit weight, firmness, fruit flesh/seed weight, TSS, TA). Morphological and phenological characters were observed and chilling accumulation of the study area was determined. Sufficient chilling accumulation was calculated in both years regarding fruit crop load. The best results for quality characteristics were obtained from Spindel (1.2x4 m) high density pruning system for both cultivars. Also, ‘‘Black Diamond’’ cultivar on Spindel (1.2 m) gave the highest fruit weight (110.4 g) and yield (62.27 ton ha-1).
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Osorio, Guadalupe, i Daniel H. Díaz. "EVAPORATIVE COOLING AND CYANAMIDE ON BUDBREAK AND MATURATION OF GRAPEVINE, CV. PERLETTE." HortScience 27, nr 6 (czerwiec 1992): 600e—600. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.600e.
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Chilling accumulation infuence dormancy of grapevines and determines budbreak. Under desert conditions, hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2) improve bud opening. To increase even further the quantity and uniformity of bud break, the effect of fall evap rative cooling (EC) alone or in combination with H2CN2(2.5%v/v was evaluated. Microsplinklers operated for 40 seconds at 10 min intervals from 10:00 h to 17:00 h, from 20 oct to 18 dec 1990. H2CN2 was applied on 21 dec, one day after pruning. Cyanamide treated plants or with the chemical + EC, had 19% and 32% budbreak, respectively, by jan 15. Control or EC vines opened until feb 20, and reached 40% and 57% final values by mar 25. Therefore, cyanamide and EC acted sinergisti cally to open buds earlier and uniformily, although not on final budbreak. Harvest started may 8 with cyanamide + EC, five days earlier than cyanamide alone; by may 13, accumulated harvest was 39% and 13% respectively, and of 92% and 77% by may 28. Control vines with or without EC, were harvested early may to mid june.
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MAHTAB, Z., B. DAVOOD, F. ESMAEIL i A. ISA. "TOTAL PHENOLICS AND ANTHOCYANIN CONTENT OF TWO RED GRAPE (VITIS VINIFERA L.) CVS SAHEBI AND HALAGHO CULTIVARS AS AFFECTED BY PRUNING SEVERITY AND CANE LENGTH". Periódico Tchê Química 16, nr 33 (20.03.2019): 602–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v16.n33.2019.617_periodico33_pgs_602_612.pdf.
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A popular and important grape ‘Sahebi’ and a less known local grape ‘Halagho’ in Iran, were studied to unmask the influence of pruning severity and cane length on fruit bioactive potentials; total phenolic and anthocyanin content in which they affected significantly. In this investigation, effects of 4, 6 and 8 buds per cane with pruning intensity as light, moderate and severely pruned and their interaction in the course two consecutive years, 2017 and 2018 in ‘Sahebi’ and ‘Halagho’ were studied. Results revealed striking differences which in either cultivar, pulp phenolic content was 2 to 5 fold higher in 2017 compared to 2018 with the severely pruned ‘Halagho’ at the highest (5.14 mg/g DW). Whereas, lightly pruned ‘Halagho’ with 6 buds per canes had the highest peel anthocyanin content (1.09 mg/g DW), in the same condition but with severely pruning ‘Halagho’ showed the highest anthocyanin content in pulp (0.86 mg/g DW) while in the second year, 2018, severely or lightly pruned this type with 6 buds per cane had a significant increase in phenolic compound accumulation (10 mg/g DW). From the results of this experiment, it could be concluded that the pruning of the vines is a stressor and generates enhanced phytochemical constitutes to possibly mitigate the negative consequences. However, variation in the biochemical properties manifested a notable grape cultivar dependency in addition to the time factor, which was more pronounced in ‘Halagho’ than ‘Sahebi’. To some extent the effect of cultivars on the differences of two cultivars was predominant.
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Chung, Won-Suk, Philip B. Verghese, Chandrani Chakraborty, Julia Joung, Bradley T. Hyman, Jason D. Ulrich, David M. Holtzman i Ben A. Barres. "Novel allele-dependent role for APOE in controlling the rate of synapse pruning by astrocytes". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, nr 36 (24.08.2016): 10186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1609896113.
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The strongest genetic risk factor influencing susceptibility to late-onset Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. APOE has three common isoforms in humans, E2, E3, and E4. The presence of two copies of the E4 allele increases risk by ∼12-fold whereas E2 allele is associated with an ∼twofold decreased risk for AD. These data put APOE central to AD pathophysiology, but it is not yet clear how APOE alleles modify AD risk. Recently we found that astrocytes, a major central nervous system cell type that produces APOE, are highly phagocytic and participate in normal synapse pruning and turnover. Here, we report a novel role for APOE in controlling the phagocytic capacity of astrocytes that is highly dependent on APOE isoform. APOE2 enhances the rate of phagocytosis of synapses by astrocytes, whereas APO4 decreases it. We also found that the amount of C1q protein accumulation in hippocampus, which may represent the accumulation of senescent synapses with enhanced vulnerability to complement-mediated degeneration, is highly dependent on APOE alleles: C1q accumulation was significantly reduced in APOE2 knock-in (KI) animals and was significantly increased in APOE4 KI animals compared with APOE3 KI animals. These studies reveal a novel allele-dependent role for APOE in regulating the rate of synapse pruning by astrocytes. They also suggest the hypothesis that AD susceptibility of APOE4 may originate in part from defective phagocytic capacity of astrocytes which accelerates the rate of accumulation of C1q-coated senescent synapses, enhancing synaptic vulnerability to classical-complement-cascade mediated neurodegeneration.
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Souza, Adilson Pacheco de, Sarita Leonel i Andréa Carvalho da Silva. "Basal temperature and thermal sum in phenological phases of nectarine and peach cultivars". Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 46, nr 12 (grudzień 2011): 1588–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2011001200002.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate basal temperature, thermal sum at different phenological stages, phenological phase duration, yield and seasonality of one nectarine and 14 peach cultivars, between 2006 and 2009. The considered phenological phases were: pruning-sprouting; sprouting-flowering, from swollen bud to open flower; flowering-fruiting, from petal fall to medium-sized fruit; and ripening. Minimum basal temperatures (Tb) obtained were: pruning-sprouting, 8°C, irrespective of the cultivars; sprouting-flowering, 10°C, except for 'Cascata 968', which required 8°C Tb; flowering-fruiting, 12°C, except for 'Oro Azteca', which required 14°C Tb; ripening, 14°C, except for 'Sunblaze', 'Diamante Mejorado' and 'Precocinho' with 12°C Tb. For most cultivars, the maximum basal temperatures were 30, 34, 34 and 28ºC for phases pruning-sprouting, sprouting-flowering, flowering-fruiting and ripening, respectively. 'Turmalina', 'Marli' and 'Tropic Beauty' showed average yields of 3,945.0, 3,969.3 and 3,954.0 kg ha-1, respectively, in 2009, while the nectarine 'Sunblaze' showed around 3,900 kg ha-1 in 2008 and 2009. The cultivars differed for their total cycle and for the accumulated thermal sums which varied, respectively, from 245 days and 1,881.4 degree-days for 'Oro Azteca', to144 days and 1,455.7 degree-days for 'Precocinho'.
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Powell, Arlie A., Robert T. Boozer i James A. Pitts. "Monitoring Peach Flower and Fruit Development with a Phenology–Heat Unit Model". HortScience 31, nr 4 (sierpień 1996): 583b—583. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.583b.
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Phenological studies were conducted over a 3-year period beginning in Winter 1993–94 to relate flowering and fruiting stages of peach to heat accumulation [growing degree hours (GDH)]. Mature trees of `Loring' and `Redhaven' peach in the same orchard were used annually. Some variation from year to year was apparent in GDH levels related to 50% flower and other stages of development. Major sources for this variation appear to be timing and severity of pruning, tree vigor, and shoot diameter. Temperature predict models were used successfully to properly forecast GDH accumulation and and various flowering and fruiting stages once rest was satisfied.
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Küden, A., i L. Son. "Pruning affects carbohydrate accumulation in the shoots and leaves of ‘Precoce de Tyrinthe’ apricot". Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 75, nr 5 (styczeń 2000): 539–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2000.11511281.
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Choi, Seong-Tae, Doo-Sang Park i Seong-Mo Kang. "Nutrient Accumulation and Flower Bud Formation Affected by the Time of Terminal Bud Set on Water Sprouts of Persimmon". HortScience 46, nr 3 (marzec 2011): 523–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.46.3.523.
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Heavy pruning to lower tree height of persimmon results in excessive production of water sprouts and reduced yield. This experiment was conducted on ‘Fuyu’ (Diospyros kaki) trees to assess if the time for terminal bud set of water sprouts affected flower bud formation. Some sprouts were not pruned to serve as fruiting branches for the next season. Thirty to 40 water sprouts were tagged in 2005 and 2006, the growth of which stopped from mid-June to late August. The later terminal buds set, the lower the percent dry weight in the apical 10 cm. The apical segments of sprouts that continued to grow to mid- to late August were characterized by low soluble sugars, starch, and inorganic elements such as nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) compared with those that set terminal buds earlier. The number of flower buds from the water sprouts that set terminal buds by early August the previous year bore more than 12 flower buds the next year, whereas those that grew to mid- to late August bore fewer than three. It was concluded that water sprouts could be used as fruiting branches for the next year as long as terminal buds set by early August, thereby alleviating yield reductions that come with heavy pruning.
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Anjarsari, Intan Ratna Dewi, Erdiansyah Rezamela, Heri Syahrian i Vitria Puspitasari Rahadi. "Pengaruh metode pemangkasan dan pendekatan hormonal terhadap analisis pertumbuhan tanaman teh klon GMB 7 pada periode pemetikan produksi". Kultivasi 20, nr 1 (16.04.2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/kultivasi.v20i1.31982.
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Abstrak. Teh (Camellia sinensis L.(O) Kuntze) merupakan tanaman tahunan yang pucuknya rutin dipetik, sehingga proses fotosintesis harus optimal. Fotosintesis adalah proses fisiologis yang bertanggung jawab dalam hampir semua akumulasi bahan kering pada tanaman. Peningkatan bahan kering adalah bagian yang paling penting untuk analisis kuantitatif pertumbuhan tanaman. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pertumbuhan pada tanaman teh setelah diberikan perlakuan jenis pangkasan, tinggi pangkasan, dan zat pengatur tumbuh. Percobaan dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Pusat Penelitian Teh dan Kina, Gambung, Ciwidey. Penelitian dimulai Juli 2018 hingga Oktober 2018. Penelitian dilakukan secara deskriptif dengan membentuk model regresi polinomial untuk menentukan tinggi pangkasan dan konsentrasi zat pengatur tumbuh terbaik pada setiap jenis pangkasan. Jenis pangkasan meliputi pangkasan bersih dan pangkasan ajir. Tinggi pangkasan meliputi ketinggian pangkasan, diantaranya 40, 50, dan 60 cm. Konsentrasi zat pengatur tumbuh meliputi 0 ppm, 60 ppm benzil amino purin, 50 ppm asam giberelat, dan 60 ppm benzil amino purin + 50 ppm asam giberelat. Sampel pucuk yang digunakan untuk analisis pertumbuhan tanaman diambil dari pemetikan produksi, dengan daur petik 14 hari sekali dan dilakukan sebanyak 6 kali pemetikan. Pengukuran analisis pertumbuhan teh meliputi nisbah luas pucuk, laju asimilasi pucuk, dan laju pertumbuhan pucuk. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi pemangkasan bersih pada tinggi pangkasan 60 cm disertai 50 ppm asam giberelat cenderung meningkatkan nisbah luas pucuk, laju asimilasi pucuk, dan laju pertumbuhan pucuk, sedangkan aplikasi pemangkasan ajir/jambul pada tinggi pangkasan 60 cm disertai 60 ppm benzil amino purin cenderung meningkatkan laju asimilasi pucuk serta laju pertumbuhan pucuk.Kata kunci: Analisis pertumbuhan, Hormon, Klon GMB 7, Pangkasan, Pemetikan produksi. Abstract. Tea (Camellia sinensis L.(O) Kuntze) is an perennial plant whose shoots are regularly picked, so the photosynthesis process have to be optimal. Photosynthesis is a physiological process which is responsible for almost all dry matter accumulation in plants. The increase in dry matter is the most important part for quantitative analysis of plant growth. The purpose of this study was to analyze the growth in tea plants after being treated by the types of pruning, cutting height, and growth regulator applications. The research was carried out at the Experimental Station of Research Institute for Tea and Cinchona, Gambung, Ciwidey. The study was started from July to October 2018. The research was conducted descriptively by forming a polynomial regression model to determine the best pruning height and concentration of growth regulators for each type of pruning. Types of pruning included clean pruning and stalk trimming. Pruning height included height of 40, 50, and 60 cm. The concentration of growth regulators included 0 ppm, 60 ppm benzyl amino purine, 50 ppm gibberellic acid, and 60 ppm benzyl amino purine + 50 ppm gibberellic acid. Shoot samples which used for plant growth analysis were taken from production picking, with a picking cycle 14 days and carried out 6 times. Measurement of shoot growth analysis included shoot area ratio, net assimilation rate, and pecco growth rate. The results of the analysis showed that the application of clean pruning at 60 cm pruning height accompanied by 50 ppm of gibberellic acid tended to increase the ratio of shoot area, shoot assimilation rate, and shoot growth rate, while the application of stalk trimming at 60 cm pruning height accompanied by 60 ppm benzyl amino purine tended to be increase net assimilation rate and pecco growth rate.Keywords: Clones GMB 7, Growth analysis, Hormone, Production plucking, Pruning.
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Yermiyahu, Uri, Alon Ben-Gal i Pinchas Sarig. "Boron Toxicity in Grapevine". HortScience 41, nr 7 (grudzień 2006): 1698–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.7.1698.
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Table grape production has recently become popular in arid and semiarid regions where conditions of salinity and excess boron (B) can be prevalent. This study addresses B toxicity in grapevine to define toxicity symptoms and evaluate growth, production, and B accumulation. The effect of excess B on grapevines (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Sugraone) was evaluated in a 4-year study in Israel's Jordan Valley. Vines were grown in 60-L perlite-filled containers and irrigated with complete nutrient solutions with four B concentrations: 0.03, 0.12, 0.21, and 0.31 mm. Vines were monitored for growth, yield, and B accumulation. Boron accumulation in leaves correlated with B toxicity symptoms that materialized as chlorosis and necrosis of leaves beginning at their margins, reduced leaf size, and reduced internodal distance between adjacent leaves. Boron accumulated in grapevine leaves linearly as a function of increased B in irrigation solution with time and with age of leaves. The highest B levels were found at the end of each season and in the oldest leaves. No long-term (multiyear) effect of exposure to B was observed because similar accumulation patterns and levels were found in each year of the experiment. Hence, consistently sampled diagnostic leaves and time of sampling for B analysis is seen to be critical to provide valid comparisons between vines or over time. Boron supply influenced vine growth. At low levels of B (0.03 mm), canopy development was restricted but trunk size was not. At high levels of B (0.21 and 0.31 mm), substantial visual symptoms of B toxicity were observed, and the rate of trunk growth was reduced, but pruning biomass was not influenced. Despite severe visual toxicity damage and reduced overall growth rates, commercial fruit yield of the vines remained unaffected by high environmental B levels.
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Abou Fayssal, Sami, Zeina El Sebaaly, Mohammed A. Alsanad, Rita Najjar, Michael Böhme, Milena H. Yordanova i Youssef N. Sassine. "Combined effect of olive pruning residues and spent coffee grounds on Pleurotus ostreatus production, composition, and nutritional value". PLOS ONE 16, nr 9 (24.09.2021): e0255794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0255794.
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No previous study assessed the combined effect of olive pruning residues (OLPR) and spent coffee grounds (SCG) on P. ostreatus production and nutritional value. The aim of this study was to determine the capacity of P. ostreatus to degrade lignocellulosic nature of combined OLPR and SCG as well as their resultant nutrient composition. A complete randomized design was adopted with five treatments: S1:100%wheat straw (WS) (control), S2:33%WS+33%SCG+33%OLPR,S3:66%WS+17%SCG+17%OLPR,S4:17%WS+66%SCG+17%OLPR, and S5:17%WS+17%SCG+66%OLPR, and ten replicates per treatment. Substrate’s and mushroom’s composition were analyzed on chemical scale, including fatty acids and heavy metals profiles, following international standards. Only S1, S2, and S3 were productive, with comparable biological yield, economical yield, and biological efficiency. Organic matter loss decreased with increasing proportions of OLPR and SCG. Percentage lignin loss was higher in S1 than in S2 and S3 (53.51, 26.25, and 46.15% respectively). Mushrooms of S3 had some enhanced nutritional attributes compared to control: decrease in fat, increase in protein, increase in monounsaturated fatty acids, and lower zinc accumulation. Lead was less accumulated in S2 than S1 mushrooms. Sodium content of mushroom decreased in S2 and S3. The latter substrates yielded mushrooms with lower polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and higher saturated fatty acids (SFA) contents. All mushrooms had a valuable PUFA/SFA. This study suggests using OLPR and SCG in low proportions as nutritional supplements to the commercial wheat straw.
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Bai, Haoli, Jiaxiang Wu, Irwin King i Michael Lyu. "Few Shot Network Compression via Cross Distillation". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, nr 04 (3.04.2020): 3203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i04.5718.
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Model compression has been widely adopted to obtain light-weighted deep neural networks. Most prevalent methods, however, require fine-tuning with sufficient training data to ensure accuracy, which could be challenged by privacy and security issues. As a compromise between privacy and performance, in this paper we investigate few shot network compression: given few samples per class, how can we effectively compress the network with negligible performance drop? The core challenge of few shot network compression lies in high estimation errors from the original network during inference, since the compressed network can easily over-fits on the few training instances. The estimation errors could propagate and accumulate layer-wisely and finally deteriorate the network output. To address the problem, we propose cross distillation, a novel layer-wise knowledge distillation approach. By interweaving hidden layers of teacher and student network, layer-wisely accumulated estimation errors can be effectively reduced. The proposed method offers a general framework compatible with prevalent network compression techniques such as pruning. Extensive experiments n benchmark datasets demonstrate that cross distillation can significantly improve the student network's accuracy when only a few training instances are available.
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Gutjahr, Sylvain, Michel Vaksmann, Michaël Dingkuhn, Korothimi Thera, Gilles Trouche, Serge Braconnier i Delphine Luquet. "Grain, sugar and biomass accumulation in tropical sorghums. I. Trade-offs and effects of phenological plasticity". Functional Plant Biology 40, nr 4 (2013): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp12269.
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Grain and sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) differ in their ability to produce either high grain yield or high sugar concentration in the stems. Some cultivars of sorghum may yield both grains and sugar. This paper investigates the trade-offs among biomass, grain and sugar production. Fourteen tropical sorghum genotypes with contrasted sweetness and PP sensitivity were evaluated in the field near Bamako (Mali) at three sowing dates under favourable rainfed conditions. Plant phenology, morphology, dry matter of different organs and stem sugar content were measured at anthesis and grain maturity. A panicle pruning treatment was implemented after anthesis. Late sowing (shorter days) led to a decrease in total leaf number, dry mass and sugar yield even in PP-insensitive genotypes because of an increased phyllochron. Dry matter production and soluble sugar accumulation were strongly correlated with leaf number. Sugar concentration varied little among sowing dates or between anthesis and maturity. This indicates that sugar accumulation happened mainly before anthesis, thus largely escaping from competition with grain filling. This was confirmed by the low impact of panicle pruning on sugar concentration. Changes in sugar concentration from anthesis to maturity were negatively correlated with harvest index but not with grain yield. Physiological trade-offs among sugar, biomass and grain production under favourable rainfall are small in late-maturing and PP-sensitive sweet sorghums cultivated under sudano-sahelian conditions. The results differ from earlier reports that focussed on early maturing, PP-insensitive germplasm. Further research is needed on the interactions of these traits with agricultural practices and drought.
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Frioni, T., S. Tombesi, O. Silvestroni, V. Lanari, A. Bellincontro, P. Sabbatini, M. Gatti, S. Poni i A. Palliotti. "Postbudburst Spur Pruning Reduces Yield and Delays Fruit Sugar Accumulation in Sangiovese in Central Italy". American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 67, nr 4 (17.08.2016): 419–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.5344/ajev.2016.15120.
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Roberto, Sergio Ruffo, Cesar Hideki Mashima i Ronan Carlos Colombo. "Phenological characterization and quality of fi ne ‘Black Star’ table grape". Agronomy Science and Biotechnology 1, nr 2 (24.11.2017): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33158/asb.2015v1i2p77.
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The phenological behavior of grapevines depends on several factors such as weather conditions, rootstock and cultivation, among others. Therefore, it is important to study the phenological behavior of a certain cultivar, at a specifi c region, to provide growers with data that will allow them to program/plan their management and crop operations. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the phenological characteristics and physical-chemical attributes of the ‘Black Star’ grapevine berries. The trial occurred in a commercial area located in Marialva-PR, during an off season crop and a regular crop, between 2012 and 2013, respectively. For the phenological behavior, the duration (number of days) of the following stadia was determined for 10 plants: prunning at the begining of sprouting (PR-BI), prunning at visible infl orescences (PR-VI), prunning at full fl owering (PR-FF), prunning at the beginning of the berries maturation (PR-MI) and prunning at harvesting (PR-HA). Regular crop cycle lasted 146 days and off season crop 121 days. In regards to the thermal demand for the grapevine to complete the prunning cycle until harvesting, it was verifi ed an accumulation of 2,125 degrees-day (DD) for the regular crop and 1,691 (DD) for the off season crop. Berries, with seeds, had an elongated, elliptical form and a dark purple-red skin coloration. Average contents for total soluble solids, titled acidity and maturation index were 14.8 °Brix, 0.6% of tartaric acid and 24.8 for the regular crop, and 14.0 °Brix, 1.0% of tartaric acid and 14.1 for the off season crop, respectively.
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Chen, Weijie, Yuan Zhang, Di Xie i Shiliang Pu. "A Layer Decomposition-Recomposition Framework for Neuron Pruning towards Accurate Lightweight Networks". Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 33 (17.07.2019): 3355–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v33i01.33013355.
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Neuron pruning is an efficient method to compress the network into a slimmer one for reducing the computational cost and storage overhead. Most of state-of-the-art results are obtained in a layer-by-layer optimization mode. It discards the unimportant input neurons and uses the survived ones to reconstruct the output neurons approaching to the original ones in a layer-by-layer manner. However, an unnoticed problem arises that the information loss is accumulated as layer increases since the survived neurons still do not encode the entire information as before. A better alternative is to propagate the entire useful information to reconstruct the pruned layer instead of directly discarding the less important neurons. To this end, we propose a novel Layer DecompositionRecomposition Framework (LDRF) for neuron pruning, by which each layer’s output information is recovered in an embedding space and then propagated to reconstruct the following pruned layers with useful information preserved. We mainly conduct our experiments on ILSVRC-12 benchmark with VGG-16 and ResNet-50. What should be emphasized is that our results before end-to-end fine-tuning are significantly superior owing to the information-preserving property of our proposed framework. With end-to-end fine-tuning, we achieve state-of-the-art results of 5.13× and 3× speed-up with only 0.5% and 0.65% top-5 accuracy drop respectively, which outperform the existing neuron pruning methods.
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Croisé, Luc, Erwin Dreyer i François Lieutier. "Effects of drought stress and severe pruning on the reaction zone induced by single inoculations with a bark beetle associated fungus (Ophiostoma ips) in the phloem of young Scots pines". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, nr 12 (1.12.1998): 1814–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-155.
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The objective of this study was to test the effect of water stress and pruning on the resistance of young Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) to a bark beetle associated fungus. Six-year-old potted trees were either pruned (70% of needles removed) or subjected to several successive episodes of severe water stress, prior to inoculation of inner bark with the fungus Ophiostoma ips (Rumb.) Nannf., which is usually associated with the bark beetle Ips sexdentatus Boern. Well-watered, nonpruned trees served as controls. Predawn needle water potential reached -2.5 MPa and net CO2 assimilation rates were reduced to almost zero during each water stress episode. The length of the reaction zones around inoculation points reached 3-4 cm after 3 weeks. It was higher during Spring than during Autumn. Impact of water stress on the length of the reaction zone was very limited and independent of the number of drought episodes that had been imposed prior to inoculation. The only visible change was a slight decrease when the inoculation was done during the period of maximum water stress intensity. Growth of the pathogen in the phloem was not affected by water stress. Correspondingly, pruning had no effect on either of these two parameters. Induced reaction zones accumulated monophenolic compounds that were undetectable in unwounded phloem. These included pinocembrin and pinosylvin and its monomethylether known to contribute to the defence against the fungus. Neither drought nor severe pruning induced any change in the nature or concentrations of these compounds in the unwounded phloem or in the reaction zone.
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Tian, G., B. T. Kang i G. O. Kolawole. "Effect of Fallow on Pruning Biomass and Nutrient Accumulation in Alley Croppingon Alfisols of Tropical Africa". Journal of Plant Nutrition 26, nr 3 (marzec 2003): 475–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/pln-120017660.
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Hiramoto, T., N. Abe, R. Tobimatsu, T. Shiraishi, H. Oku, T. Yamada i Y. Ichinose. "The Relationship between Systemic Resistance Induced by Pruning and Accumulation of Antifungal Substances in Barley Seedlings". Journal of Phytopathology 143, nr 1 (styczeń 1995): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1995.tb00198.x.
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Dirr, U., W. Feucht i D. Treutter. "EFFECT OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY ON ACCUMULATION AND LEAKAGE OF THE STRESS METABOLITE PRUNIN". Acta Horticulturae, nr 381 (grudzień 1994): 398–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1994.381.51.
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Elias, M. E. A., G. Schroth, J. L. V. Macêdo, M. S. S. Mota i S. A. D'Angelo. "MINERAL NUTRITION, GROWTH AND YIELDS OF ANNATTO TREES (BIXA ORELLANA) IN AGROFORESTRY ON AN AMAZONIAN FERRALSOL". Experimental Agriculture 38, nr 3 (18.06.2002): 277–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479702003034.
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Permanent tree crop agriculture and multi-strata agroforestry are among the most promising options for the agricultural use of the mostly nutrient-poor and physically fragile soils of central Amazonia. In general, though, information on the optimum management of local tree crops under these conditions is inadequate. Annatto (Bixa orellana) is a small tree of tropical American origin whose seeds contain a non-toxic, carotenoid dye that is used widely in food and cosmetic products. The authors studied seed yields at ages four to seven years, biomass at seven years, nutrient accumulation and mineral nutrition of annatto trees growing in multi-strata agroforestry with different inputs of fertilizer and lime on a xanthic Ferralsol in central Amazonia. Leaf samples of three age classes were collected four times during one year, and nutrient concentrations were related to soil nutrient status, growth and yield of the trees in order to develop an optimum sampling scheme for foliar analysis. Growth and yields of the trees showed a pronounced response to increased fertilizer and lime input, which seemed to be due mainly to improved availability of phosphorus. Nitrogen fertilizer had no effect and may not be necessary for well-established trees on this soil. High litter quality and substantial nutrient recycling with annual pruning make annatto a valuable component for agroforestry systems. In this experiment, however, yields were low and decreased after the fifth year, presumably as an effect of infertile soil, shading by larger trees and, possibly, a negative effect of the drastic annual pruning with removal of the entire leaf and small-branch biomass on the vitality of the trees. Annatto is probably best suited for associations with small tree crops. Less drastic pruning treatments than those practiced in this experiment may be preferable.
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Strik, Bernadine C., i David R. Bryla. "Uptake and Partitioning of Nutrients in Blackberry and Raspberry and Evaluating Plant Nutrient Status for Accurate Assessment of Fertilizer Requirements". HortTechnology 25, nr 4 (sierpień 2015): 452–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.25.4.452.
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Raspberry and blackberry (Rubus sp.) plantings have a relatively low nutrient requirement compared with many other perennial fruit crops. Knowledge of annual accumulation of nutrients and periods of rapid uptake allows for better management of fertilization programs. Annual total nitrogen (N) accumulation in the aboveground plant ranged from 62 to 110 and 33 to 39 lb/acre in field-grown red raspberry (Rubus idaeus) and blackberry (Rubus ssp. rubus), respectively. Research on the fate of applied 15N (a naturally occurring istope of N) has shown that primocanes rely primarily on fertilizer N for growth, whereas floricane growth is highly dependent on stored N in the over-wintering primocanes, crown, and roots; from 30% to 40% of stored N was allocated to new growth. Plants receiving higher rates of N fertilizer took up more N, often leading to higher N concentrations in the tissues, including the fruit. Reallocation of N from senescing floricanes and primocane leaves to canes, crown, and roots has been documented. Accumulation of other macro- and micronutrients in plant parts usually preceded growth. Primocanes generally contained the highest concentration of most nutrients during the growing season, except calcium (Ca), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), which often were more concentrated in roots. Roots typically contained the highest concentration of all nutrients during winter dormancy. Nutrient partitioning varied considerably among elements due to different nutrient concentrations and requirements in each raspberry and blackberry plant part. This difference not only affected the proportion of each nutrient allocated to plant parts, but also the relative amount of each nutrient lost or removed during harvest, leaf senescence, and pruning. Macro- and micronutrient concentrations are similar for raspberry and blackberry fruit, resulting in a similar quantity of nutrient removed with each ton of fruit at harvest; however, yield may differ among cultivars and production systems. Nutrient removal in harvested red raspberry and blackberry fruit ranged from 11 to 18 lb/acre N, 10 to 19 lb/acre potassium (K), 2 to 4 lb/acre phosphorus (P), 1 to 2 lb/acre Ca, and 1 to 4 lb/acre magnesium (Mg). Pruning senescing floricanes in August led to greater plant nutrient losses than pruning in autumn. Primocane leaf nutrient status is often used in nutrient management programs. Leaf nutrient concentrations differ with primocane leaf sampling time and cultivar. In Oregon, the present recommended sampling time of late July to early August is acceptable for floricane-fruiting raspberry and blackberry types, and primocane-fruiting raspberry, but not for primocane-fruiting blackberry, where sampling leaves on primocane branches during the green fruit stage is recommended. Presently published leaf tissue standards appear to be too high for K in primocane-fruiting raspberry and blackberry, which is not surprising since the primocanes are producing fruit at the time of sampling and fruit contain a substantial amount of K.
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Ntagkas, Nikolaos, Ernst Woltering, Sofoklis Bouras, Ric CH de Vos, J. Anja Dieleman, Celine CS Nicole, Caroline Labrie i Leo FM Marcelis. "Light-Induced Vitamin C Accumulation in Tomato Fruits is Independent of Carbohydrate Availability". Plants 8, nr 4 (3.04.2019): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8040086.
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L-ascorbate (ASC) is essential for human health. Therefore, there is interest in increasing the ASC content of crops like tomato. High irradiance induces accumulation of ASC in green tomato fruits. The D-mannose/L-galactose biosynthetic pathway accounts for the most ASC in plants. The myo-inositol and galacturonate pathways have been proposed to exist but never identified in plants. The D-mannose/L-galactose starts from D-glucose. In a series of experiments, we tested the hypothesis that ASC levels depend on soluble carbohydrate content when tomato fruits ripen under irradiances that stimulate ASC biosynthesis. We show that ASC levels considerably increased when fruits ripened under light, but carbohydrate levels did not show a parallel increase. When carbohydrate levels in fruits were altered by flower pruning, no effects on ASC levels were observed at harvest or after ripening under irradiances that induce ASC accumulation. Artificial feeding of trusses with sucrose increased carbohydrate levels, but did not affect the light-induced ASC levels. We conclude that light-induced accumulation of ASC is independent of the carbohydrate content in tomato fruits. In tomato fruit treated with light, the increase in ASC was preceded by a concomitant increase in myo-inositol.