Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Accounting Control System”

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2000.
Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 54-55). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

Thesis (M.S. in Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2009.
Thesis Advisor(s): Eberling, Glenn. Second Reader: McCaffery, Jerry L. "June 1990." Description based on title screen as viewed on 19 October 2009. DTIC Identifier(s): management, internal control system, audits, command evaluation program, economy and efficiency reviews, theses, comptrollers, accounting. Author(s) subject terms: Internal control; internal control system; audits; reviews; command evaluation program, economy & efficiency reviews; inspection and investigative agencies. Includes bibliographical references (p. 85-87). Also available online.

This thesis provides an attempt to better understand the design and operation of accounting control systems as part of an interrelated control package in an Australian higher education institution subject to an increasingly competitive environment. The study was designed: (1) to understand how and why the accounting control systems changed; (2) to understand how accounting shapes and can be shaped by other institutional processes; and (3) to understand the roles accounting control systems play in higher education institutions. The research aims and objectives lend to a longitudinal case study approach. The data collection consisted of two phases: (1) a pilot study to determine issues for the intensive study and to identify or develop a suitable theoretical framework; and (2) an intensive field study of the subject organisation to develop and explain the observations. Data collection involved a triangulation approach that mixes three sources: interview, observation, and document evidence over a two-year period between 2000 and 2002. The interviewees were selected from different hierarchical levels: Vice-Chancellor, Pro-Vice-Chancellor, Deans, Heads of School, general staff, and Education Queensland. This thesis draws on multiple theoretical perspectives to understand the complexities of accounting control systems change. These perspectives are: institutional theory, leadership theories, political and power theories, and resistance theories. Such an emergent research strategy was deemed pertinent to build a more holistic analysis and to offer alternative explanations of the phenomena under scrutiny. The case highlights a number of findings. First, despite the suggestion that universities operate as autonomous institutions, the University studied still succumbed to external pressures, especially from the Federal Government, for a more managerialist approach. In this study Federal Government pressures were the primary source of change identified. Second, the design and operation of the accounting control systems was found to be contingent on the related control systems and vice versa. Third, the accounting control systems played several roles in the organisation. In particular, they provided visibility to external constituents giving the impression that rational techniques had been employed consistent with Government prescriptions. This was the case for both the budget system and the performance management system. In addition to this, from an internal perspective, the budget was used to promote a sense of equity and fairness, at the same time reducing conflict in the organisation. Finally, the budget system was found to be a source of power in the organisation; it determined the level of control used to direct organisational activity. Implications for future research are presented in the concluding section.

This thesis provides an attempt to better understand the design and operation of accounting control systems as part of an interrelated control package in an Australian higher education institution subject to an increasingly competitive environment. The study was designed: (1) to understand how and why the accounting control systems changed; (2) to understand how accounting shapes and can be shaped by other institutional processes; and (3) to understand the roles accounting control systems play in higher education institutions. The research aims and objectives lend to a longitudinal case study approach. The data collection consisted of two phases: (1) a pilot study to determine issues for the intensive study and to identify or develop a suitable theoretical framework; and (2) an intensive field study of the subject organisation to develop and explain the observations. Data collection involved a triangulation approach that mixes three sources: interview, observation, and document evidence over a two-year period between 2000 and 2002. The interviewees were selected from different hierarchical levels: Vice-Chancellor, Pro-Vice-Chancellor, Deans, Heads of School, general staff, and Education Queensland. This thesis draws on multiple theoretical perspectives to understand the complexities of accounting control systems change. These perspectives are: institutional theory, leadership theories, political and power theories, and resistance theories. Such an emergent research strategy was deemed pertinent to build a more holistic analysis and to offer alternative explanations of the phenomena under scrutiny. The case highlights a number of findings. First, despite the suggestion that universities operate as autonomous institutions, the University studied still succumbed to external pressures, especially from the Federal Government, for a more managerialist approach. In this study Federal Government pressures were the primary source of change identified. Second, the design and operation of the accounting control systems was found to be contingent on the related control systems and vice versa. Third, the accounting control systems played several roles in the organisation. In particular, they provided visibility to external constituents giving the impression that rational techniques had been employed consistent with Government prescriptions. This was the case for both the budget system and the performance management system. In addition to this, from an internal perspective, the budget was used to promote a sense of equity and fairness, at the same time reducing conflict in the organisation. Finally, the budget system was found to be a source of power in the organisation; it determined the level of control used to direct organisational activity. Implications for future research are presented in the concluding section.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Accounting and Finance
Full Text

This dissertation is composed of three research papers that deal with the topic of “accounting and innovation” and provide evidence for the area of innovation from two accounting perspectives, i.e., the external disclosure perspective and the internal management control system perspective. The disclosure perspective is addressed in the first paper. Using content analysis, it examines the innovation capital disclosure characteristics, i.e., disclosure quantity and quality, in intellectual capital statements of 51 European for-profit firms. Additionally, the relationship between innovation capital disclosure characteristics and industry, firm size, region of domicile, and disclosure guidelines adopted are analyzed. The second and third paper address the management control system perspective. The second paper contributes to the research on management control systems in product development by exploring the performance effects and the interplay of the levers of control, i.e., interactive, diagnostic, beliefs, and boundary control systems, based on data from a survey of 468 senior managers from the manufacturing industry. Therefore, I compare by structural equation modeling a base model of unrelated levers of control (additive model) with (a) a model of mutual association of levers of control (interdependence model), (b) a model of joint use of levers of control (interaction model), and (c) a combined model of mutual association and joint use of levers of control (combined interdependence/interaction model). The best fitting and most parsimonious model is analyzed in terms of the performance effects of the levers of control. Based on the sample of the second paper, the third paper contributes to the recent literature on the relationship between management control systems and innovation by considering how the four levers of control are used as “packages” in product development. I employ cluster analysis to determine how the levers of control are combined, depending on the type of strategy formation (i.e., intended or emergent) and the degree of innovativeness of the firm. Furthermore, I explore which of these combinations are equifinal in terms of product development and organizational performance.

Bakgrund:  Denna studie tar sin utgångspunkt i två kontextuella förutsättningar som i akademisk litteratur sägs påverka möjligheterna för hur redovisningsekonomers och controllers roller i företag utformas och förändras. Den första förutsättningen grundas i utvecklingen av informationssystem, däribland integrerade redovisningssystem, vilket i grunden förändrat sätten information kan framställas, användas och omsättas i företag. Den andra förutsättningen tar sin utgångspunkt i en pågående akademisk debatt om förhållandet mellan extern- och internredovisning. Flera forskare har uppmärksammat att dessa forskningsområden särskiljs i akademisk litteratur, medan extern- och internredovisning i praktiken, enligt vissa forskare, närmat sig varandra. Vad detta, sammantaget med utvecklingen av informationssystem, ger för möjligheter att utforma redovisningsekonomers och controllers yrkesroller har i tidigare studier lyfts fram som ett intressant forskningsområde. Syfte:  Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för hur redovisningsekonomers och controllers yrkesroller utvecklas och utformas i och med användning av ett integrerat redovisningssystem och en harmonisering av extern- och internredovisning. Metod:  I studien tillämpas en kvalitativ metod där det empiriska materialet består av intervjuer inom en ekonomifunktion. Studien har genomförts som en fallstudie med longitudinella inslag. Slutsats och diskussion:  Studiens resultat visar tecken på en hybridisering av redovisningsekonomens och controllerns yrkesroller i och med användning av ett integrerat redovisningssystem och en harmonisering av extern- och internredovisning. Dessa kontextuella förutsättningarna kan sägas ha möjliggjort denna hybridisering, men kan dock inte sägas vara de definitiva orsakerna till denna.
Background:  This thesis is based on two contextual conditions that in academic literature are said to affect the possibilities of how financial and management accountants’ roles can be designed and changed. The first condition is based in the development of information systems, including integrated accounting systems, which are said to have fundamentally changed the ways information is produced, used, and treated within organizations. The second condition is based on an ongoing academic debate regarding the relation between financial and management accounting. Several researchers have noted that these research areas have diverted in academic literature, while the relationship in practice, as suggested by some researchers, is the opposite. The opportunities in this context to design and change management and financial accountants’ roles have, in previous studies, been presented as an interesting research area. Purpose:  The purpose of this thesis is to gain a better understanding of how financial and management accountants’ roles evolve and are designed provided the use of an integrated accounting system and harmonization of financial and management accounting. Research method:  The study is based on a qualitative approach where the empirical data consists of interviews with employees within an accounting department. The study has been conducted as a single case study with longitudinal aspects. Conclusion:  Results from this study indicate signs of a hybridization of financial and management accountants’ roles provided the use of an integrated accounting system and harmonization of financial and management accounting. These conditions could possibly facilitate this hybridization, but cannot be said to be the definitive cause of it.

More than three decades ago the notion of trust was introduced into the management accounting (MA) literature, and a growing stream of empirical papers elaborating on the relation between MA controls and trust signals the importance andvitality of this research area. However, a closer look at the literature shows that while major insights have been made, there is also considerable confusion around both research models and the meanings of key concepts. Accordingly, the time seems opportune to conduct an extended and critical review of the legacies of this literature. More precisely, the aims of the study are to (i) analyze how MA and trust have been conceptualized and related to each other; (ii) identify weaknesses andknowledge gaps in the literature; and, (iii) based on these, suggest how the literature may be synthesized and developed in the future. In so doing, this thesis analyses 37 empirical studies focusing specifically on the association between MA and trust. Overall, two key findings emerge from the analysis. A first key finding is that the area can be characterized as fragmented. More specifically, many different terms are used to denote similar concepts, and vice versa. The literature is also characterized by different levels of analysis, and different, potentially conflicting research models. The literature is also underpinned by different theoretical perspectives, of which some have conflicting assumptions. The second key finding is that there are several knowledge gaps and weaknesses in th eliterature. For example, while a majority of studies shows that MA is a factor affecting trust, MA itself is oftentimes left unexplained. Also, many studies conceptualize trust from the perspective of only one party in a relationship, and the questions of how and why MA and trust (co)develops and emerges over time are largely unaddressed. Furthermore, while researchers have empirically studied both personal trust and system trust, respectively, no one has modelled how they may be interrelated. Based on these findings, a model is proposed which not only synthesizes the extant literature, but also indentifies new, potentially important associations between different MA and trust factors. The model—consisting of twelve propositions—also theorizes how these factors affect each other over time. The thesis concludes with a number of suggestions for how to develop this research area in the future.

This thesis is focused on internal control system. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the development and elements of internal control system, and then demonstrate the possible form of the internal control system in practice. The thesis is divided into two parts -- theoretical and practical. The beginning of the theoretical part is devoted to characteristics of internal controls and their relation to internal control, attention is also paid to economic crimes which the internal control system helps prevent. Next part deals with the development of approach to the internal control system. The main part of the theoretical part is devoted to the elements of internal control system -- control environment, information system, control procedures, risk and internal audit. The theoretical part is completed with the internal guidelines, which is the written expression of the internal control system. The last part is devoted to the evaluation of the internal control system by the external auditor. The practical part demonstrates internal control system in anonymous production company, in detail analysis its interesting parts.

The diploma thesis is about management control system. The first part contains the analysis of the subject, the factors, components and tools of management control. In the second part is about the difference of management control in profit and non-profit organizations.

Este estudo investiga, sob a ótica da teoria da contingência, os efeitos dos fatores contingenciais sobre o perfil do sistema de controle gerencial (SCG) das empresas brasileiras tendo como objetivo compreender as características do SCG, em função dos fatores contingenciais. São examinados os efeitos diretos e interativos dos fatores contingenciais internos estratégia, estrutura, tecnologia da informação e estágio do ciclo de vida organizacional e do ambiente no perfil do SCG. Avalia-se também o efeito do SCG no desempenho organizacional. Esta pesquisa defende a tese de que os fatores contingenciais internos e externos influenciam o perfil do SCG que possui associação com o desempenho, sendo possível estabelecer arranjos (fit) entre fatores contingenciais, características do SCG e desempenho organizacional. As hipóteses relativas aos efeitos dos fatores contingenciais no SCG preveem que o ambiente, fator contingencial externo, possui associação com os fatores contingenciais internos i) estratégia, ii) estrutura, iii) estágio do CVO e iv) tecnologia da informação; que o ambiente e os fatores contingenciais internos possuem associação com o perfil do SCG e que o SCG possui associação com o desempenho. A amostra envolveu 120 empresas brasileiras de grande porte e os dados para obtenção de informações sobre as mesmas foram coletados através de uma survey (levantamento). Para o tratamento dos dados, foram utilizadas as técnicas estatísticas de análise fatorial, análise de clusters e modelagem de equações estruturais. Os resultados indicaram que quando analisadas em um único grupo de empresas, não foi possível identificar associação entre os fatores contingenciais e o SCG e deste com o desempenho organizacional, rejeitando-se as hipóteses estabelecidas. Entretanto, ao separar as empresas em dois grupos distintos, i) indústria e ii) comércio e serviços, a hipótese de associação entre o fator contingencial ambiente e o SCG foi aceita. Também foram aceitas as hipóteses de: i) associação do ambiente com os fatores contingenciais internos da organização, ii) de associação dos fatores contingenciais internos com o SCG e, finalmente, iii) do SCG com o desempenho organizacional. A validação das hipóteses da pesquisa indica que a escolha e a utilização dos artefatos do SCG sofrem influência dos fatores contingenciais vivenciados pela empresa. Os resultados da pesquisa estão sujeitos a algumas limitações: i) as respostas refletem a percepção dos profissionais de controladoria das empresas, ii) a amostra não é probabilística e, portanto, todas as inferências não podem ser generalizadas para a população. Entretanto, considerando o atual estágio da pesquisa em contabilidade gerencial no Brasil, a pesquisa fornece uma visão importante de um grupo de empresas classificadas entre as maiores do País. Esta análise pode ser o ponto de partida para futuras pesquisas que utilizem a teoria da contingência.
This study investigates, from the perspective of contingency theory, the effects of contingency factors on the profile of the management control system (SCG) of Brazilian companies. The study examines the direct and interactive effects of internal contingency factors - strategy, structure, information technology and stage of organizational life cycle - and the environment in the profile of the SCG. It also evaluates the effect of SCG on organizational performance. This research supports the view that the contingent factors internal and external influence the profile of the SCG that has membership to the performance, it is possible to make arrangements (fit) between contingency factors, characteristics of the SCG and organizational performance. The assumptions of the effects of contingency factors in the SCG predict that the environment, external contingency factor, has association with membership to the internal contingency factors i) strategy, ii) structure, iii) stage of the CVO and iv) information technology, the environment and the internal contingency factors are associated with the profile of the SCG and the SCG has association with the performance. The sample involved 120 Brazilian companies large and the data to obtain information about them was collected through a survey (survey). For the treatment of data, we used the statistical techniques of factor analysis, cluster analysis and structural equation modeling. The results showed that when analyzed in a single group of companies, we could not identify an association between contingency factors and the SCG and this organizational performance, rejecting the hypotheses. However, the separate companies in two distinct groups: i) industry and ii) trade and services, the hypothesis of association between the environment and contingency factor SCG was accepted. We also accept the following hypotheses: i) linking the environment with the contingency factors internal to the organization, ii) the association of contingency factors internal to the SCG and, finally, iii) the SCG with organizational performance. The validation of the hypotheses of research indicates that the choice and use of artifacts from the SCG are influenced by the contingent factors experienced by the company. The survey results are subject to some limitations: i) the responses reflect the perceptions of professionals controlling companies, ii) the sample is not probabilistic and, therefore, all inferences can not be generalized to the population. However, considering the current state of research in management accounting in Brazil, the study provides important insight into a group of companies ranked among the highest in Brazil. This analysis can be the starting point for future studies using the contingency theory.

Abstract This dissertation investigates the use of management accounting and control systems in R&D intensive firms in different organizational life-cycle stages. The thesis consists of four essays focusing on two categories of management accounting and control systems: capital budgeting decisions and management control systems. First, we investigate the evaluation and financing of investment projects in R&D intensive firms. Second, we moreover investigate how R&D intensive firms themselves use management control systems and how investors control their investments in R&D intensive target firms. The survey method within a contingency framework is used in the first three essays while the last essay represents the case study method. However, the dissertation as a whole is based on two main contexts, i.e. the organizational life-cycle and the field of high technology. The results indicate that more sophisticated capital budgeting methods are used in large-sized R&D intensive firms while small-sized firms are not so likely to use these methods. The results indicate that firms understand the nature of R&D investment on the level of strategic management, because they have adopted strategic management tools in order to achieve better financial performance. We conclude that high R&D intensity plays an important role in management accounting, suggesting that large-sized high R&D intensity firms take note of special characteristics of R&D investments when taking strategic capital budgeting decisions. The comparison of the growth and revival stages extends the earlier life-cycle literature indicating that the information produced by management accounting and control systems is at least as important in the revival firm as it is during the first growth stage.

Management accounting research is substantially focused on the area of management control, where the concept of management control systems is used. A vivid debate among academics is held whether management accounting research is not excessively focused on management control field while decision making information support tends to be rather neglected. The aim of the thesis is to assess the contribution of the concept of management control system, its progressive potential and value added from the point of view of management accounting. In the first part, the thesis is concerned with theoretical background of management control systems and the potential of prevailing theories to conceptualize an effective management control system. In the second part, the thesis focuses on contentual analysis of the concept of management control system. Relation between management accounting and management control system is examined in particular. The thesis assesses the contribution of the concept of management control system and its progressive potential derived from the ability of this concept to describe relevant facts and links in a more suitable way, concluding that the concept of management control system is advantageous in researching the control systems of companies and their information support, because certain aspects of this concept enables to understand to researched issues at a higher qualitative level.

This thesis is concerned with accounting for the brand management function. Two distinct perspectives are taken: the first derives from aspects of organisational and behavioural accounting research, and the second concerns organisational implications of brand valuation. Both perspectives were initially approached by means of exploratory interviews and a literature review. Hypotheses pertaining to the first perspective were analysed via survey data collected in nine strongly-branded, fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) companies. Propositions concerned with the implications of brand valuation were developed and used as the basis for measuring attitudes to brand valuation. A questionnaire concerned with brand valuation attitudes was administered to senior-ranking officials in strongly-branded, FMCG companies. The final methodological phase, for both perspectives, involved a case study conducted in a strongly-branded, FMCG company. Significant findings arising from this study include: 1) Managers who see their company as being short-termist, hold more positive attitudes to brand valuation. 2) Marketing-orientated managers are more favourably disposed to brand valuation than accounting-orientated managers. 3) Organisational benefits arising from brand valuation are more strategically, than operationally, orientated. 4) Brand manager budget participation is significantly negatively-related to job-related tension, and positivelyrelated to trust in superior and attitude to reliance on accounting performance measures. 5) Budget participation is more effective in reducing jobrelated tension in situations of high, compared to low, task uncertainty situations. 6) Reliance on a brand manager's accounting performance is positively related to brand manager performance and motivation, and negatively associated with job-related tension.

Budgetary control has been used and researched for years by both Western academics and practitioners. In China, it is re-emerging as a tool to implement management control, but might be used in different ways both in terms of understanding and operation. The research objective of this thesis is to examine the applicability of Western theories of change in management accounting in the context of budgeting in Chinese corporations. Challenges can exist because of the differences between Western assumptions and Chinese reality. The current thesis focuses on difficulties Chinese companies encounter in practical and deeper ideological ways: firstly, Western market-based ideology conflicts with an ideology which has been shaped by central-planning for decades; secondly, difficulties stem from the different cultural context of China which emphasizes hierarchical politeness, kinship ties, trust based on personal relationships, collectivism and social harmony, diligence and individual modesty, and less developed modern legal regulatory systems – these all contribute to China’s own way of doing things. This thesis also focuses on the transition process in China. Based on the assumption that budgetary changes do not happen in isolation from other management accounting changes, this thesis discusses these changes which synchronically took place while the case-study companies were implementing budgetary systems. This thesis adopts a longitudinal and in-depth qualitative case study research design, after adjustments made during the learning experience of the pilot study. It takes an interpretive and constructive philosophical underpinning, which allows the researcher to observe and understand the process of change, as well as the differences between Chinese practices and Western theories. Findings show that certain Western management accounting theories of change and Western theories of budgeting work in the case study Chinese corporations. Management accounting theories using an interpretive approach (for example, Berry et al., 1985; Scapens and Roberts, 1993; Ahrens and Chapman, 2002) lead the researcher to interpret management accounting practices from the practitioner’s points of view, and they have provided a range of terms to explain success or failure of management accounting changes. This approach together with Scapens et al.’s Institutional theory approach in management accounting have been found especially useful, in explaining the differences between Chinese vs. Western context. Furthermore, the contingency theory approach in management accounting gives a ‘platform’ which allows the researcher to assess a wide range of possible factors and their relationships with budgetary systems in studied companies. This approach is found useful in this thesis to present changes in other management accounting perspectives. Last but not least, this thesis finds existing Western literature in technical perspective of budgetary objectives, budgetary evaluation and participation, and budgetary effectiveness useful in a different context of China. By describing the change management process, an aspect which is not addressed frequently in the research literature, this thesis argues that to sufficiently understand Chinese companies’ budgetary changes, one also needs to understand unique cultural, social-economical and religious circumstances, and to adjust literature and methodology to adapt to these circumstances. This thesis provides an empirical experience concerning these issues. This thesis contributes to the understanding of management accounting change in China, and the tension which exists when Chinese companies are moving into Western management accounting practices.

Mestrado em Ciências Empresariais
A indústria hoteleira em Portugal está a trabalhar num mercado de grandes mudanças, devido ao avanço das novas tecnologias. As empresas dependem da capacidade dos gestores para se modernizarem e obterem ferramentas / tecnologias que permitam ganhar vantagens competitivas e assim conseguirem acompanhar as exigências do mercado. O objetivo deste relatório, para além de descrever as tarefas realizadas ao longo do estágio, bem como as competências adquiridas e sugestões de melhorias, passa também pela proposta de implementação de um sistema de auxílio ao departamento administrativo e financeiro do hotel. A proposta de implementação do sistema Voxel-BavelEbiling, surgiu da própria necessidade enquanto estagiário e da observação durante o estágio da necessidade de agilizar, organizar e, de certa forma facilitar o trabalho à equipa do departamento administrativo e financeiro do hotel.
The hospitality industry in Portugal is working in a marketplace of great changes due to the advance of the new technologies. The companies depend on the ability of managers to modernize and obtain tools / technologies that allow to gain competitive advantage and keep in pace with the market demands. The purpose of this report, in addition to describing the tasks performed throughout the internship and the skills acquired and suggestions of improvement, involves the proposal of implementation of a system of assistance to the hotel's administrative and financial department. The proposal to implement the Voxel-BavelEbiling system, comes up of the own need as a trainee and from the observation during the internship of the need to simplify, organize in a way to facilitate the work of the team of the hotel's administrative and financial department.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Rinkos sąlygomis kiekviena įmonė siekia užimti ir išlaikyti geriausią rinkos dalį. Viena iš priemonių tai pasiekti – efektyvi įmonės vidaus kontrolė. Stiprėjant konkurencijai, sparčiai plėtojantis ir keičiantis technologijoms, taip pat sudėtingėjant verslo projektams bei didėjant verslo įvairovei, įmonės valdymas tampa vis sudėtingesnis. Todėl ir įmonės vidaus kontrolė tampa vis sudėtingesnė problema. Gera įmonės vidaus kontrolės sistema – vienas iš efektyvios tos įmonės veiklos garantų. Lietuvai įstojus į Europos Sąjungą ir sparčiai augant ekonomikai, organizacijos ieško naujų galimybių, plečiasi veiklos mastas, todėl susiduriama su naujomis rizikos rūšimis. Įmonė, norėdama pasiekti kuo geresnių veiklos rezultatų, turi išnaudoti visus galimus resursus. Tokiomis aplinkybėmis įmonei neturint efektyvios vidaus kontrolės sistemos gali būti sudėtinga įgyti konkurencinį potencialą Europos Sąjungoje. XX a. pab. iš pasaulyje pasklidusių stambių finansinių skandalų: Enron, Worldcom, Ahold ir Parmalat ir kt., matyti, kad neturinčios vidaus kontrolės sistemos įmonės yra pasmerktos žlugti. Šie bankrotai taip pat parodė, kad vidaus kontrolės reglamentavimas yra nepakankamas. Tačiau šiandieninė per pasaulį nuvilnijusi krizė parodė, kad įmonių vidaus kontrolė nesugebėjo atskleisti esminių įmonėms gresiančių verslo rizikų ir sumažinti tiek, kad jos taptų priimtinos. Be to, įmonių valdymo sistemos nesugebėjo skubiai įgyvendinti antikrizinių priemonių. Tai lėmė šios problemos nagrinėjimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
In the market environment every company is seeking to obtain and maintain the best market share. One of the mechanisms in achieving this goal is an effective internal control of the company. With growing competition, fast development and introduction of new technologies, progressing complexity of business projects, and enlarging business diversity, company management is becoming increasingly more complicated. Consequently, company internal control is becoming a more and more complicated task. A good company internal control system is one of the guarantees of effective company business. Following Lithuanian accession to the EU the economy grows fast and organisations look for new courses of action, expand the scope of their activities and thus face new types of risk. To achieve the best possible results a company must exploit all possible resources. Under such circumstances it may be difficult to acquire a competitive potential in the European Union unless there is an efficient internal control in place. Huge financial scandals of the end of the 20th century, such as Enron, WorldCom, Ahold, Parmalat, etc. made it obvious that companies without an internal control system are destined to die. Moreover, those bankruptcy cases revealed insufficient regulation of internal control. The current global crisis showed that corporate internal control failed to reveal major business risks faced by companies and to minimize such risks to an acceptable level. Likewise, corporate... [to full text]

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A participaÃÃo da sociedade no acompanhamento dos gastos pÃblicos, tambÃm conhecida como controle social, exige que os ÃrgÃos de controle apresentem resultados expressivos. Os tribunais de contas, para exercer de forma mais eficiente seu papel constitucional de controle externo, utilizam diversos recursos tecnolÃgicos, dentre estes os sistemas de informaÃÃo contÃbil. Nesse ambiente, o Tribunal de Contas do Estado do Cearà (TCE-CE) utiliza o Sistema Integrado de Contabilidade (SIC), para monitorar a execuÃÃo orÃamentÃria, financeira, patrimonial e contÃbil dos ÃrgÃos jurisdicionados, de forma a assegurar a eficÃcia do controle e instruir o julgamento das contas. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo investigar a aderÃncia do SIC Ãs necessidades informacionais para a realizaÃÃo das atividades de controle externo do TCE-CE. Para tanto, foi utilizado, como principal estratÃgia de pesquisa, o estudo de caso, que teve como unidade de anÃlise os tÃcnicos e analistas do TCE-CE usuÃrios do SIC, apoiado pela pesquisa bibliogrÃfica e documental. Entende-se que, quanto aos fins, a pesquisa pode ser classificada como exploratÃria, sendo utilizada para a coleta de dados a aplicaÃÃo de questionÃrio aos tÃcnicos e analistas do TCE-CE, desenvolvido por meio de um grupo focal formado por servidores com maior experiÃncia nos assuntos abordados no estudo, e a realizaÃÃo de uma entrevista semiestruturada com o analista desenvolvedor do SIC. A anÃlise dos dados foi feita por intermÃdio de uma triangulaÃÃo entre os resultados da aplicaÃÃo dos questionÃrios e as declaraÃÃes apresentadas na entrevista pelo analista desenvolvedor do SIC. Os resultados permitem concluir que o SIC à aderente à parte (55%) dos atributos apresentados, visto que as deficiÃncias identificadas nesse sistema interferem diretamente no bom desenvolvimento das atividades de controle externo do TCE-CE. PorÃm, foi possÃvel constatar indÃcios, de que o conhecimento abrangente das funcionalidades do SIC està sob a tutela de poucos servidores, gerando a necessidade de capacitaÃÃo dos tÃcnicos e analistas sobre esse sistema, como tambÃm retratam a importÃncia do acompanhamento dessa Corte de Contas no desenvolvimento do Sistema de GestÃo Governamental por Resultados (S2GPR), para que as inconsistÃncias do SIC identificadas nesta pesquisa nÃo sejam replicadas no futuro.
The participation of society in the monitoring of public expenditure, also known as social control, requires oversight bodies present significant results. The courts of auditors to perform more efficiently its constitutional role of control external use various technological resources, among these information systems accounting. In this environment, the Cearà State Court of Auditors (ECA-CE) uses the Integrated Accounting System (SIC), to monitor budget execution, financial, asset and accounting of jurisdictional bodies in order to ensure the effectiveness control and direct the trial of accounts. This research aims to investigate the SIC adherence to the information needs for the performance of control activities External TEC-CE. Thus, it was used as the main research strategy, the study case, which had as its unit of analysis technicians and analysts TEC-CE users SIC, supported by bibliographic and documentary research. It is understood that, for the purposes, research can be classified as exploratory, being used to collect data a questionnaire to technical analysts and TEC-CE, developed through a focal group of servers with greater experience in the issues addressed in the study, and conducting a semi-structured interview with the analyst SIC developer. THE Data analysis was made by means of a triangulation between the results of the questionnaires and statements made in the interview by the analyst SIC developer. The results show that the SIC is adherent to the part (55%) the listed attributes as the weaknesses identified in this system interfere directly to the proper development of external control activities TEC-CE. However, it was possible to evidence that the comprehensive knowledge of the features of SIC It is under the tutelage of a few servers, creating the need for training of technicians and analysts on this system, but also portray the importance of monitoring this Accounts Court in the development of Government Management System for Results (S2GPR), so that the SIC inconsistencies identified in this research are not replicated in the future.

This diploma thesis focuses on Managerial Accounting and its tools and techniques. The main part of it would serve to review whether theoretical principles of Managerial Accounting are efficiently implemented and whether Key Performance Indicators are properly set to fulfil their essential functions to measure, motivate and manage achievement of performance goals. It further investigates Responsibility Accounting, Performance Management and how they influence and impact the reward system and the motivation of employees. This thesis would provide a general overview related to modern techniques such as Management Control Systems, which are nowadays popularly used to coordinate development of human resources, their motivation, assessment and other factors influencing performance. The practical part of this thesis includes analysis of the remuneration system in concrete company, namely Philip Morris ČR a.s. The last chapter also summarizes strengths and weaknesses of the current system and suggests improvements to influence performance and employees motivation more positively and how to prosper from the application of Managerial Accounting tools.

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У роботі досліджено теоретичні та практичні аспекти спрощеної системи обліку та оподаткування на вітчизняних підприємствах. Розглянута діюча практика організації спрощеного бухгалтерського обліку на малому підприємстві «ЮК «Верітас», яке займається діяльністю у сфері права, надання інших комерційних послуг. Вивчено особливості формування первинних документів за різними об’єктами обліку та складання спрощеної фінансової та податкової звітності на досліджуваному підприємстві. Досліджено теоретико-прикладні основи фінансового аналізу та внутрішнього контролю малого підприємства, і запропоновано напрями удосконалення обліку та контролю.
Theoretical and practical aspects of the simplified system of accounting and taxation at domestic enterprises are investigated in the work. The current practice of organizing simplified accounting at a small enterprise «LF «Veritas», which is engaged in activities in the field of law, the provision of other commercial services. Peculiarities of formation of primary documents on various objects of accounting and preparation of simplified financial and taxes reporting at the researched enterprise are studied. Theoretical and applied bases of financial analysis and internal control of a small enterprise are investigated, and the directions of improvement of the account and control are offered.

Contabilidade Gerencial e a Estratégia têm em comum a questão do desempenho organizacional, a primeira tem como objetivo medir o desempenho, a segunda se preocupa em como as organizações podem obter desempenho por meio de vantagens competitivas. Uma abordagem utilizada pela Estratégia é a Visão Baseada em Recursos, nessa ótica, o desempenho é potencializado pelas competências organizacionais da empresa, mas, nessa busca pelas competências, as organizações utilizam-se do Sistema de Controle Gerencial - SCG. Dependendo de como o SCG é utilizado, diagnóstica ou interativamente, ou uma combinação dos ambos, este pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento das competências e balancear as Tensões Dinâmicas e, indiretamente, influenciar o desempenho organizacional. Fundamentado no modelo teórico de Henri (2006), o objetivo deste trabalho foi contribuir para o entendimento deste relacionamento nas 1.000 maiores empresas brasileiras, utilizando a técnica estatística multivariada Modelagem de Equações Estruturais com o método de estimação Partial Least Square PLS. Os resultados em um total de 104 empresas indicam que (i) não existem evidências de relacionamento negativo entre o Uso Diagnóstico e o desenvolvimento de competências organizacionais, sugerindo que, no Brasil, o Uso Diagnóstico pode ter um menor componente disfuncional, e também, que este pode ser visto como uma rotina organizacional necessária para manter a organização dentro de um caminho planejado, o que não é incompatível com o desenvolvimento das competências; (ii) não existem relacionamentos significativos positivos entre desenvolvimento de competências e desempenho econômico, medido pelo Retorno sobre Patrimônio Líquido, o que é coerente com o estudo de Henri (2006), sugerindo que devem existir outras variáveis não contempladas no modelo, ou ainda que o indicador RSPL possa não ser uma proxy adequada de desempenho nos anos de 2005 a 2007; (iii) existe relacionamento positivo entre o Uso Interativo e o desenvolvimento de competências, com exceção do Empreendedorismo, o que é consistente com os resultados de Henri (2006); (iv) existe relacionamento positivo entre as Tensões Dinâmicas e as competências, o que está em linha com Henri (2006) e valida a teoria de que as tensões são importantes para busca da eficácia organizacional; (v) Uso Diagnóstico e Uso Interativo do SCG influenciam positivamente as Tensões Dinâmicas, podendo configurar o SCG como um recurso complementar na ótica da VBR; (vi) quando o desempenho é medido por auto-avaliação, ocorre uma alteração nos resultados dos relacionamentos entre competências e desempenho, com as competências Aprendizagem Organizacional e Orientação para Mercado influenciando positivamente o desempenho, indicando que estas duas competências/orientações devem ser estimuladas pelo uso do SCG. Os resultados da pesquisa estão sujeitos a algumas limitações, a principal delas refere-se ao fato que as respostas refletem a percepção dos profissionais de controladoria e finanças das empresas e a análise dos dados também não considerou a estratificação por setores econômicos. Estas limitações ensejam futuras pesquisas, como a sua replicação utilizando outro perfil de respondente, a realização de estudos de casos em empresas com diferentes culturas e desempenhos, bem como estudos que aprofundem a dimensão uso com competências específicas e mesmos construtos oriundos de outros campos de conhecimento.
Managerial Accounting and the Strategy have in common the issue of organizational performance; the first has as the objective of performance measuring the second focuses on how the organizations can obtain performance through competitive advantages. An approach used by the Strategy is the Resource-Based View, through this point of view, the performance is maximized by the company organizational competences, but in this competences search, the organizations use the Management Control System - MCS. Depending on how the MCS is used diagnostically or interactively, or in a combination of both, this can contribute to the competences development and the dynamic tensions balance and indirectly, influence the organizational performance. Originated by the Henri (2006) theoretical model this study proposal is to contribute for this relationship understanding in the 1,000 Brazilian biggest companies, using the multivariate statistic technique Structural Equation Modeling with the estimation method Partial Least Square PLS. The result in a total of 104 companies indicates that (i) there are no evidences of negative relationship between the diagnostic use and the organizational competences development, suggesting that in Brazil, the diagnostic use can have a minor dysfunctional component, and also, that the diagnostic use can be seen as an organizational routine needed to maintain the organization in a planned path, which is not incompatible with the competences development ; (ii) there are no meaningful positive relationships between the competence development and the economical performance, measured by the Return on Equity, which is coherent with the Henri (2006), suggesting that there must be other variables not contemplated in the model, or even that the indicator ROE might not be an adequate proxy of development in the years of 2005-2007; (iii) there is a relationship between the interactive use and the development of competences, excepting the enterprising, which is consistent with Henri (2006) results; there is a positive relation between the dynamic tensions and the competences, which is aligned with Henri (2006) and validates the theory that the tensions are important for the search of the organizational effectiveness (v) diagnostic use and interactive use of the MCS have a positive influence on the dynamic tensions, being able to configure the MCS as an additional resource in the RBV framework ; (vi) when the development measurement is made by self-evaluation, there happens a results change of the relations between competences and performance, with the organizational learning competences and market orientation having a positive influence on the performance, indicating that this two competences/orientations must be stimulates by the MCS use. The research results have some limitation; the main one is that the answers reflect the perception of corporate controllers and finance managers The data analyses did not take in account the stratification by economical sector. These limitations enhance future researches, such as its reply using others professional profiles ; the use cases study methodology in companies with different cultural and performance profiles, and more accurate studies of the usage dimension of specific competences and the same construct deriving from other fields of knowledge.

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Розглянуто у теоретико-практичному аспекті системи обліку та контролю. Проведено аналіз забезпеченості та ефективності використання виробничих запасів. Запропоновано оновити положення облікової політики стосовно ведення обліку виробничих запасів, зокрема, розробити номенклатуру виробничих запасів, робочий план рахунків та графік документообігу. Надано рекомендації щодо вдосконалення синтетичного та аналітичного обліку виробничих запасів, а саме: використання типової кореспонденції рахунків при реалізації запасів та Звіту про використання запасів у розрізі шляхів їх списання.
The paper considers the economic essence of the concept of "inventories", classification and evaluation, organizational and methodological principles of their accounting. The economic characteristics of ENERGOPROFI LLC are given and the main indicators of the enterprise activity are analyzed. It is considered in the theoretical and practical aspect of the accounting and control system. The analysis of security and efficiency of use of production stocks is carried out. It is proposed to update the provisions of the accounting policy regarding the accounting of inventories, in particular, to develop a nomenclature of inventories, a working chart of accounts and a schedule of documents. Recommendations for improving the synthetic and analytical accounting of inventories, namely: the use of standard correspondence of accounts in the sale of inventories and the Report on the use of inventories in terms of ways to write them off.

Веренко, В. В. Інформаційна система контролю успішності та відвідування занять студентами на основі технології автоматичної ідентифікації RFID : випускна кваліфікаційна робота : 123 "Кoмп’ютepнa iнжeнepiя" / В. В. Веренко ; керівник роботи А. І. Роговенко ; НУ "Чернігівська політехніка", кафедра iнфopмaцiйниx тa кoмп’ютepниx cиcтeм. – Чернігів, 2021. – 82 с.
Значні зміни в інформаційній сфері людської діяльності призводять до значного зниження ефективності застарілих підходів до моніторингу навчального процесу учнів. З цієї причини сьогодні доцільно розробити спеціальну систему, яка автоматизує процес обліку роботи студентів та робить його швидшим, зручнішим та надійнішим. Дана робота присвячена створенню інформаційної системи обліку роботи студентів у вигляді веб-додатку з використанням системи RFID. Розроблений веб-додаток має виконувати такі функції: використання бази даних для збереження інформації системи, можливість реєстрації поточної успішності та відвідувань занять студентами в реальному часі, можливість перегляду даних про відвідування, можливість редагування, додавання та видалення записів у базі даних. Розроблений веб-додаток виконуватиме такі функції: використання бази даних для зберігання інформації, можливість реєструвати поточний прогрес та відвідувати заняття студентів у режимі реального часу. Для реалізації програми була обрана архітектура клієнт-сервер, яка дозволяє отримувати доступ до системи.
Significant changes in the information sphere of human activity lead to a significant reduction in the effectiveness of outdated approaches to monitoring the learning process of students. For this reason, today it is advisable to develop a special system that automates the process of accounting for student work and makes it faster, more convenient, and more reliable. This work is devoted to the creation of an information system for recording the work of students in the form of a web application using the RFID system. The developed web application should perform the following functions: use of the database to store system information, the ability to record current progress and attendance of students in real time, the ability to view attendance data, the ability to edit, add and delete records in the database. The developed web application will perform the following functions: use of a database for storing information, the ability to record current progress and attend classes of students in real time. To implement the program, a client-server architecture was chosen, which allows access to the system.

Nos últimos anos a sociedade brasileira tem criticado os lucros alcançados pelos bancos, por considerá-los excessivamente elevados. Tal situação tem, inclusive, incentivado medidas, por parte do governo federal, para proteger o consumidor em relação às tarifas e aos juros cobrados pelas instituições financeiras. Por sua vez, a sociedade parece enxergar o setor de forma homogênea, sem atentar para as diferenças existentes entre seus integrantes. Este estudo tem o intuito de explicitar eventuais diferenças, relativas à rentabilidade, existentes no setor, de forma a fomentar uma visão mais crítica e menos superficial do segmento bancário, podendo, eventualmente, contribuir na elaboração de políticas para o setor. Para tanto, avaliou-se a uniformidade dos resultados dos bancos em relação a origem de capital, tamanho e nível de operações de crédito, a partir de uma base de dados, que compreendeu o período entre 1996 e 2006. O intervalo de tempo total foi dividido em três partes, de 1996 a 1998, denominado 1º período; de 1999 a 2002, 2º período; e, de 2003 a 2006, 3º período. Com esta divisão é possível identificar alterações nas relações entre as categorias das variáveis de um período para outro, além de averiguar a uniformidade da rentabilidade no decorrer do tempo. A análise de correspondência (ANACOR) e a análise de homogeneidade (HOMALS) foram as técnicas estatísticas empregadas no trabalho. A hipótese geral formulada, de que os bancos apresentam rentabilidade não uniforme quando classificados por tamanho, origem de capital ou NOC, foi rejeitada. Todavia, verificou-se que a rentabilidade bancária só apresenta comportamento uniforme quando contraposta ao tamanho dos bancos, pois, quando contraposta à origem de capital, ao nível de operações de crédito e ao tempo, seu comportamento foi, em geral, não uniforme. A categoria de rentabilidade mais baixa associou-se ao 1º período, enquanto as categorias mais altas associaram-se ao 2º e 3º períodos. Os bancos privados nacionais caracterizaram-se pela associação às categorias de rentabilidade e de nível de operação de crédito mais altos; os bancos públicos apresentaram tendência de melhora de desempenho no decorrer dos períodos, afastando-se, progressivamente, da categoria de rentabilidade mais baixa; enquanto os bancos estrangeiros apresentaram comportamento volátil, associando-se à categoria de rentabilidade média no 1º período, muito alta no 2º, e baixa no 3º período. No último período, os bancos estrangeiros associaram-se à categoria de rentabilidade mais baixa, o que fornece indícios de um desempenho inferior aos bancos públicos, contradizendo a literatura pesquisada sobre o assunto.
Nowadays, the brazilian society has criticized banks profits considered excessively high. This situation has motivated government initiatives to protect the consumer from the banking charges and taxes. Besides, the society seems to face the segment in a homogeneous way, without realizing the differences among the banks. This research has the goal to identify differences, in terms of profitability, among the banks, in order to motivate a less superficial approach, and, eventually, contribute for future government initiatives related to this segment. In order to accomplish, the banking profitability homogeneity was assessed relative to the kind of control, size and level of credit operation, using a brazilian banking database between the years of 1996 and 2006. The total period was divided into three parts, namely, respectively, 1st (1996-1998), 2nd (1999-2002) and 3rd (2003-2006) periods, with the intent of identifying changes in the several categories relation from one period to another and to evaluate the homogeneity in profitability within the periods. The correspondence analysis (ANACOR) and the homogeneity analysis (HOMALS) were the statistical techniques applied in this research. The main hypothesis, that the banking profitability is not homogeneous in relation to any one of the three variable chosen, was reject. Although, it was found that the banking profitability is homogeneous just in relation to the banking size, otherwise, in general, has a non-homogeneous behavior when considering the kind of control, level of credit operation, and periods. The lowest profitable category was associated to the 1st period, while the highest profitable categories were associated to the 2nd e 3rd periods. The domestic private banks were associated with the highest profits and level of credit operation categories; the government owner banks apparently enhance their performance during the periods, getting, progressively, further away from the lowest profit category; while the foreign banks showed a volatile performance, associated with the middle profit category in the 1st period, the highest in the 2nd and the lowest in the 3rd period. In the last period, the foreign banks associated to the lowest profit category, which seems to mean a worse performance than government owned banks, this was not found before in the national literature.

This research examines the management control system (MCS) of a non-Big4 local Egyptian member firm (EMF) with the objectives of understanding and explaining how EMF's MCS is shaped by its idiosyncratic features as an accounting firm, as well as, its membership of a global network (NonA). The research situates accounting firms within the broader context of professional service firms, whose unique features, coupled with accounting firms' cost/quality conflict dilemma, require a control package approach. MCS is construed as a package of bureaucratic and clan controls. The research is theoretically informed by Ouchi's (1979, 1980) control typology, Malmi and Brown's (2008) notion of a package. A case study approach is used relying on interviews, documentation and observations in an interpretative qualitative research design.

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У роботі розглядаються теоретичні аспекти обліку та аудиту основних засобів, організація обліку та внутрішнього контролю основних засобів на КП «Теплопостачання міста Одеси», визначено напрями їх удосконалення. Проаналізовано національні та міжнародні стандарти щодо обліку основних засобів, особливості обліку операцій з основними засобами, їх документальне оформлення, основні показники діяльності та ефективність використання основних засобів на КП «Теплопостачання міста Одеси». Запропоновано замінити та доповнити застарілі форми первинних документів на підприємстві відповідно сучасних економічних і бухгалтерсько-облікових реалій, а також сформувати службу внутрішнього контролю, розробити та затвердити внутрішні документи, спрямовані на забезпечення функціонування елементів внутрішнього контролю. Для більш ефективного використання основних засобів рекомендовано застосовувати прогресивні форми організації та управління виробництвом, ввести в дію нове обладнання, замінити та модернізувати старе тощо.
Thesis deals with theoretical aspects of accounting and auditing of fixed assets, the organization of accounting and internal control of fixed assets at ME «Teplopostachannya of the city of Odesa», identified areas for improvement. Author analyzes national and international standards for accounting of fixed assets, features of accounting for transactions with fixed assets, their documentation, key performance indicators and efficiency of use of fixed assets at ME «Teplopostachannya of the city of Odesa». Author proposes to replace and supplement obsolete forms of primary documents at the enterprise in accordance with modern economic and accounting realities, as well as to form an internal control service, develop and approve internal documents aimed at ensuring the functioning of internal control elements. For more efficient use of fixed assets, it is recommended to use advanced forms of organization and management of production, put into operation new equipment, replace and upgrade old ones, etc.

The thesis topic is the accounting workflow of the company Siemens Enteprise Communications, s.r.o. The first, theoretical, part of the thesis focuses on general characteristics of the accounting system including the company rules and the need for such a system. The second part of the thesis deals with the workflow of accounting documents (invoices, credit notes, travel orders and other accounting documents). The thesis closes with a comparison of two workflow systems.

This master’s thesis aims to point out if national culture has an influence on the use of management control systems. The focus in on studying possible differences found in cultural attributes between Finland and USA. Identified differences are then compared against differences found in management control systems and practices used in these two countries. Geert Hofstede’s original typology of four cultural dimensions is utilized as a basis for identifying and interpreting cultural differences between Finland and USA. Cultural dimensions which are used to identify cultural differences include power distance, individualism, masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance. Management control alternatives are examined by dividing them into four groups: results controls, action controls, personnel controls, and cultural controls, based on the work of Merchant and Van der Stede. The study presents assumptions between possible relations of cultural attributes and the control alternatives. The empirical part of the study was conducted in spring 2014. In order to give the thesis a Finnish view of American culture, four Finnish individuals, who all have worked in the United States for two years or more, were interviewed. The interviews focused on perceptions made at work in US organizations. The interviewees were inquired of their experiences considering differences in national culture, and differences identified between management practices between Finland and USA. Findings from the interviews are then compared against Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, in order to see if a correlation to Hofstede’s results can be identified. Management control alternatives are discussed in the light of the findings, in order to point out whether differences in management control practices are visible. Based on the results it can be stated, that the influence of national culture is visible when comparing management control systems used in Finland and USA.

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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares
A pesquisa une a problemática da assimetria de informações existente na relação de agência, analisada com foco na relação entre agente (executivo) e representantes do principal (conselho de administração - CA), literatura de governança corporativa (GC), com o potencial informativo das ferramentas da contabilidade de gestão (CG), literatura de sistemas de controle de gestão (SCG). Nessa linha, assume-se o escopo diversificado de informações financeiras, originadas em tais ferramentas, como redutor da assimetria, permitindo ao conselheiro melhor desenvolver o monitoramento dos executivos e aconselhamento estratégico, tendo como consequência melhor alinhamento entre agente e principal, papel de ferramenta de GC. Objetiva-se determinar se divulgar com maior ênfase informações originadas na contabilidade de gestão para reduzir a assimetria informacional entre executivos e conselheiros melhora o desempenho das empresas. Para isso, a pesquisa utiliza dados de 2014, primários e secundários, de empresas de capital aberto que atuam no Brasil, com abordagem quantitativa, utilizando regressão linear múltipla e regressão logística para testar hipóteses. Os achados indicam que as informações originadas nas ferramentas da CG são divulgadas ao CA das empresas da amostra e contribuem para o desempenho (ROA). Em particular, é resultado da ênfase nas informações originadas nas relações externas da empresa, de concorrentes e dados ambientais, e dados internos sobre processos e atividades, permitindo confirmar a tese apresentada. A pesquisa também analisa determinantes da divulgação e identifica como fatores contributivos a presença de acionistas influentes, dualidade dos principais cargos, porte da empresa, desempenho, volatilidade do setor, prática de auditoria sobre as informações, uso interativo dos controles e a participação nos segmentos de GC da BM&FBovespa. No entanto, a maioria das variáveis ligadas aos acionistas, conselheiros e executivos não alteraram o fluxo de informações, demonstrando certa imunidade em relação às influências desses grupos. A pesquisa contribui para ambas as literaturas, empresas e seus participantes, ao criar uma escala para medir divulgação de informações ao CA, identificar efetivo fluxo de informações e seus determinantes, com benefício ao desempenho das empresas da amostra. Limitados os resultados pelas escolhas metodológicas e à amostra utilizada, ao final a pesquisa sugere a continuidade dos estudos sobre elementos não respondidos.
The research links the information assimetry problem, existing in the agency relationship, analysed with focus on the agent (executive directors) and principal’s representant (board), literature from corporate governance (CG), with the potential informative for management accounting (MA) tools, literature from management control systems (MCS). In this line, is assumed the diversified scope from financial informational, originated in these tools, like an assimetry reducer, allowing the board to develop a better agent monitoring and the strategic advice, with consequence for a better agent-principal alignment, role a CG tool. Aimed to determine if to disclose more emphasis information originated in MA to reduce informational assymmetry between executives and their boards improves the performance of the companies. For this, the research use data from 2014, primary and secundary, from public firms that act in Brazil, with quantitative approach, using multiple linear regression and logit regression to test hypothesis. The findings indicate that information originated in MA tools are disclosed for the boards, in the sample firms, and contribute for the performance (ROA). In particular, is a result from the emphasis on information originated from the external firms relationships, with customers, suppliers, competitors and environmental data, and internal data about processes and activities, allowing to confirm the presented thesis. The research analyzes the disclosure determinants and identifies a contributive factors, from the influential shareholders, duality of the main positions, firm size, industry volatility, performance, MA information auditing, interactive use of controls and the participation on the CG segments from BM&FBovespa. However, the most part of variable about shareholders, board members and executives not influenced the information flow, showing some immunity against these group influences. The research contributes for both literatures, firms and their participants, creating a scale to evaluate the information disclosure from the board, to identify an effective information flow and their determinants, with the sample firms performance improvement. Restricting the results by the methodological choices and the sample, in the end the research suggests the continuation of studies about the unanswered elements.

A Work Project, presented as part of the requirements for the Award of a Masters Degree in Finance from the NOVA – School of Business and Economics
Recent accounting literature (e.g. Granlund and Taipaleenmäki, 2005; Davila, Foster & Oyon, 2009) suggests that Management Control Systems can influence the process of innovation, especially when they are used interactively. Such work constitutes a rupture with the traditional and diagnostic vision of control where Management Control Systems only act at the process of strategy implementation, limiting their role in accommodating the environment of uncertainty that characterizes innovation (Amabile, 1998; Kanter, 2006). This work project provides contextualized evidence on the use of Management Control Systems and their influence on the innovation process at an information technology company with a research lab.

This dissertation explores the issue of structural choice in organisations, and the role of accounting control systems in this decision is empirically examined. In particular, the thesis addresses" vertical de-integration" process and the role that accounting plays, if any, in that process and in making de-integrated forms operational. To study the research objectives of this dissertation, a case study approach was selected as the most suitable, as it allowed a deeper examination of the case and of the wide variety of environmental influences. The focus of the dissertation was a single design chain, consisting of Boeing Commercial Airplanes Group (BCAG) and the main suppliers to the group's 787 aircraft project. Documentation and interviews were chosen as the two primary methods of data collection. Interviewees were selected from Boeing, from the major suppliers to the 787 program and from aerospace industry experts. This dissertation argues that BCAG's motivations for choosing a de-integrated, collaborative structure and the configuration of accounting control practices used to operationalise this inter-firm network are best understood in an integrated transaction cost theory (TCT) and institutional framework, where economic factors prompt the search for change, while institutional factors influence the particular choice of production mode and the practices that support it. There are a number of findings revealed by the dissertation. From a TCT perspective, the case demonstrated that Boeing undertook a tacit comparison of production costs and transaction costs, but chose to vertically de-integrate in spite of the presence of specific assets. It is proposed that information systems reduced coordination transaction costs, while the network structure minimised the threat of opportunism, thus influencing the transaction/production cost comparison. While pressures for change were mainly economic, Boeing emulated "best practice" when attempting to realise this change, consistent with the institutional concepts of mimetic and normative isomorphism. However, in terms of explaining the design of the 787 accounting control systems, there was no evidence of isomorphism. The control system had evolved in a way that was specific to Boeing and its partners. Institutional theory is less useful, in this case, for explaining the adoption of control practices than it is in explaining the adoption of a particular organisational structure. Instead, the intersection of accounting, design and information technology practices on the project demonstrates a hybridisation of accounting practices with other disciplines, which emerged and was refined over a long period, primarily from technical need but also driven by Boeing's comparatively powerful status in the field. Implications for future research are presented in the concluding section.

As mudanças turbulentas no ambiente de negócios e a tendência de novas tecnologias para o gerenciamento da base de clientes sinalizam o caminho aos administradores para a gestão e maximização do valor da base de clientes da empresa. No contexto do aparelhamento aos gestores, os sistemas de controles gerenciais focados nos clientes servem como facilitadores do alcance dos objetivos organizacionais. A forma como são desenhados e a forma como são utilizados podem contribuir diretamente no desempenho do sistema e indiretamente para o desempenho organizacional. Assim, o presente estudo buscou, sob a perspectiva da teoria da contingência, compreender, no ambiente empresarial brasileiro, a influência de fatores contingenciais externos e internos no desenho e uso de sistemas de controle gerenciais focados nos clientes e se ambos, na prática, podem contribuir para a melhoria do desempenho desses sistemas nas organizações. Os dados de uma amostra formada por 83 empresas brasileiras foram coletados através de uma pesquisa tipo survey(levantamento). Para a análise dos dados foi adotada a técnica de Modelagem de Equações Estruturais com o método de estimação PartialLeast Square (PLS). Os resultados comprovaram todas as hipóteses de pesquisa. Conclui-se que as características do ambiente participam sobremaneira nas decisões que envolvem a configuração dos fatores contingenciais internos e estes no desenho de Sistemas de Controle Gerencial (SCG) focados nos clientes. O desenho dos SCG focados nos clientes representa, entre as hipóteses de pesquisa estudadas, aquele que se revelou mais forte em termos de associação com o uso intensivo desses mesmos sistemas.O desenho e o uso de SCG focados nos clientes, considerados na forma de artefatos, representados pela Análise da lucratividade do cliente, Valor vitalício do cliente e Valor econômico do cliente podem, inclusive, contribuir para o desempenho econômico da organização. Os resultados da pesquisa estão sujeitos a algumas limitações: i- os respondentes são, na sua maioria, representantes da área de Controladoria. ii- a amostra, constituída por 83 empresas, foi intencional, portanto, os resultados não podem ser generalizados para a população.Estas limitações remetem a novas oportunidades de pesquisa, tais como: i- verificar a possibilidade de estabelecer um arranjo (fit) entre fatores contingenciais, desenho, uso de SCG focados nos clientes e desempenho; iirealizar este modelo de pesquisa com outro público alvo; iii- verificar o impacto de variáveis como \"satisfação do cliente\"; \"lealdade do cliente\" e \"retenção do cliente\" no desempenho econômico da organização.
The changes in the turbulent business environment and the trend of new customer valuation technologies are evidences that challenge the management team to manage and maximize the value of the company customer basis. In the context of managerial tools, the customer oriented management control systems trigger a process that enables the management to reach the company targets and goals. The way they are designed and the way in which they are used can directly contribute to the system performance and indirectly for the economic organizational performance. Therefore, this study sought, based on the contingency theory to understand, in the Brazilian business market, the influence of the environment and internal contextual contingency factors over the design and use of the customers oriented management control systems and if both, in practice, can contribute to the improvement of the model and the own performance of the organization. The data of a sample made up of 83 Brazilian companies have been collected by means of a survey. For the data analysis was adopted the SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) technique and PLS (Partial Least Squares) as a method for estimation. The outcomes have proved all of the hypotheses of this research. It is therefore concluded that the characteristics of the environment are rightly taking part on the decisions that involve the configuration of these internal contextual contingency factors and these on the design of customer oriented management control systems. The design of the customer oriented MCS (Management Control Systems) represents, among all the hypotheses that were studied, the one which has shown itself to be stronger in terms of association with the intensive use of these systems. The design and use of customer oriented MCS which are considered in this study to be in the form of certain artifacts were represented by the Customer Profitability Analysis; Customer Life time Value; and Customer Equity and in its set can even contribute to the overall performance to the firm. The results of the research are subject to certain restrictions: i- the-respondents are in its majority, representatives of the Controllership area. ii- the sample, consisting of 83 companies was intentional, therefore, the results may not be widespread for the population. These constraints address to new opportunities of research, such as: i- to verify the possibility of establishing a fitting-out between internal contextual factors, design, use of customer oriented MCS and performance; ii- have to carry out this model of research with the other public target; iii- to see the impact of variables such as \"satisfaction of the customer\"; \"loyalty of the customer\" and \"retention of the customer\" on the economic performance of the organization.

The thesis uses the New Institutional Theory of Sociology (Di Maggio and Powell, 1983, 1991) to examine how accounting informs decision making in the Greek show caves. The study focuses on four show caves selected out of the eight main shows caves operating in Greece. Three of the studied caves are owned by the local municipal council (one jointly with a prefectural council) and the fourth by the Anthropology Association of Greece. Data is gathered from multiple sources via questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, discussions and documentary evidence focusing on the role of accounting information in the day-to-day operation of the show caves. The first major finding of the thesis is that within the four studied organizations accounting reports are minimally used as key management, planning and control tools, similar to Greek organizations generally. This is not surprising given that prior research has suggested that Greek managers tend to prefer information from other, informal sources in decision making (Balias, 1994). Formal accounting information was therefore subservient to information generated from informal sources in these organizations. Second, institutional change affects the decision-making process in the management and operation of the show caves. This influenced how accounting information is deployed in the day-to-day decision making of the caves. The findings of the thesis challenges the justification for these external influences observed on decision making in the management and operations of the show caves. These external influences resulted in the minimal use of accounting information to support day-to-day decision making of the organizations studied. The study therefore questioned why these accounting systems were designed in the first place if they were not going to be used in practice. Institutional Theory analysis however provided an answer to this question. In effect these accounting systems though serve minimal rational purposes, were designed in order to maintain institutional legitimacy and cultural support (Powell and DiMaggio, 1991).The thesis supports prior research which had proposed New Institutional Theory as a valuable framework for understanding the organizational context of the use of accounting information in decision making. The thesis found that New Institutional Theory offered some relevant explanations for how the institutional environment of the organizations inclined them to use accounting control systems. Institutional theory is particularly important here because it provides explanations for changes in organizational practices such as accounting control practices.

The subject of the thesis is using information from the accountancy during controls 3E type (stands for economy, efficiency and effectiveness) by the subsidies aimed at subsidies from European Union funds. Thesis deals with the possibilities of subsidies from the EU through the. ESI (acronym for European structural and investment funds) funds and then how the Czech Republic fulfills the EU regional policy, including the system of applying for subsidies in the Czech Republic. A relatively large part of the thesis consists of the control system of subsidies from EU in the Czech Republic and in connection with this is generally described the principle 3E. For control purposes is as a source of input data used monitor of the state treasury as a result of state accounting reform. This topic is covered in the next chapter, focusing on requirements in accounting for selected accounting units, including the using of information from financial statements published in the monitor of state treasury, is public sector entities and in this chapter is also formulated a hypothesis to determine the details and the useability of this information for control type 3E by the subsidies. The result was a disproving of the hypothesis that the data from the financial statements of the selected accounting units are useful in controlling type 3E and then efforts to custom design the structure of financial statements.

In 2014, Volkswagen (VW) became the only owner of Scania, acquiring full-control of the company (Pohl, 2017). Scania is the only truck manufacturer that has been able through long period of time to show black figures constantly. VW and Scania have two separate and well- established MACS, namely budgetary system at VW, while lean accounting and rolling forecast at Scania. After the acquisition, the two MACS have presumably been integrated to some extent, in one way or another. The differences in MACS can create barriers for integration and tension may arise. The broad topic of the thesis is management accounting and control challenges and consequences in post-acquisition phase. In previous research, scholars have identified a number of factors that are critical to facilitate the integration of MACS, among other things, the similarities regarding, corporate culture, style of management, and working methods. Otherwise, the subsidiary may choose to adopt one or more containment mechanisms to ease the tension between the two MACS. Our result is in line with Tillema and Van der Steen (2015) who have identified three mechanisms to deal with the tension, namely, colonizing, compromising, decoupling.

This thesis reports on the results of case studies in four commercial banks in Nigeria. The study focuses how management accounting and control systems (MCS) operate in the four banks. The study is motivated by the dearth of literature on management accounting practices in the developing world in general and in Nigeria in specific. The case study approach adopted in conducting the research was useful in exploring the dynamics of the MCS in the organisations. Data was gathered from two sources. First, semi-structured interviews were conducted with managers at the head office, regional office and branches of each bank. The participants were selected from different backgrounds and managerial levels to provide broader understanding of the operations of the MCS. Second, various internal and external documents were reviewed to provide supporting evidence for the interview results. New institutional sociology (NIS) provided the theoretical framework to understand the results. NIS provided explanations for how the MCS in the four banks were shaped by diverse external and internal factors. The key factors identified as shaping the operations of the MCS were the need to comply with the regulatory environment (coercive isomorphism), the need to maintain social and cultural support (normative isomorphism) and the need to imitate successful organisations in order to appear legitimate (mimetic isomorphism). The study also examines the interplay between the institutional forces, market forces and infra-organisational power relations. This analysis is necessary to overcome the criticism of NIS that it downplays the role of market forces, agency and intra-organisational relations. The findings of the study have implications for understanding the operations of MCS in the developing world.

This thesis aims to contribute to research in management accounting and control systems (MACS) in a developing country context: that of Fiji. It seeks to gain a theoretical understanding of how MACS reflect the social and political contexts in which they operate by using a case study of Telecom Fiji Limited (a major supplier of telephone communications in Fiji). The definition of MACS for the purpose of the thesis is broad- a social constructivist perspective is adopted in which systems are used to align employee behaviour with organisational objectives and to assist external relationships (with the State, Commerce Commission, aid agencies and customers). The thesis draws on institutional theory while raising questions as to how to refine and extend institutional theory. This theory has often been associated with institutional embeddedness (stability). The social constructivist approach helps to incorporate agency and cultural issues normally missing in conventional applications of institutional theory to accounting change. Telecom Fiji Limited (TFL) was restructured under the Fiji government's public sector reforms. Such reforms were insisted upon by the international financial agencies of the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank and the International Monetary Fund. Under the reform policy, TFL was transformed from a government department into a corporatised organisation and was subsequently privatised. The MACS changes which eventuated helped to change TFL management and employees' interpretive schemes. However, employees resisted initial changes to commercial business routines and it took some years for TFL actors to assimilate commercial practices. While the literature dealing with MACS changes has mostly portrayed changes as occurring with little resistance, MACS changes at TFL took several years to become institutionalised, partly because of cultural and political factors specific to Fiji. The study has practice implications as it shows that management accountants can act as institutional entrepreneurs in organisations, shaping new accounting technologies in reformed entities, and changing actors' interpretive schemes. The study has implications for policy makers, consultants and other stakeholders in terms of promoting a need for better understanding of the sensitivity to cultural and political circumstances in Less Developed Countries (LDC's) like Fiji in relation to the introduction of MACS changes. The study has implications for other recently corporatized/ privatised and state-sector organisations in Fiji and elsewhere. It also has implications for other researchers as institutional theory can be refined on the basis of new empirical evidence.

L'objectiu d'aquesta tesi és examinar la mesura en que l'ús i l'estil d'ús dels sistemes de comptabilitat i control de gestió (MACS) per l'alta direcció contribueixen a la consecució dels resultats desitjables de l'organització. En aquesta investigació, el concepte de resultats d'organització s’explica en termes d'innovació de productes i del rendiment financer. Sobre la base de la teoria de contingència, aquesta recerca està organitzada en un compendi de quatre articles. Un treball teòric i tres estudis d'investigació empírica que es desenvolupen a partir de dues enquestes preexistents i una enquesta original creada exclusivament per a aquesta tesi serveixen de base per a les proves d'hipòtesis. L'objectiu de cadascun dels quatre treballs de recerca d'aquesta tesi és el de contribuir a avançar en el coneixement sobre els efectes i mecanismes mitjançant els quals l'ús dels MACS és capaç de facilitar i donar suport a l'èxit de l'organització. Dos treballs de recerca examinaran els resultats d'organització en termes de ‘resultats de la innovació’, mentre que altres dos articles es focalitzen en els resultats organitzatius en termes de ‘rendiment de l'organització’. El primer article en aquesta tesi pretén contribuir a la literatura sobre les palanques de control (levers of control, LOC) (Simons, 1995), investigant les relacions entre la innovació i MACS, posant l'accent en la importància de l'elecció per la qual les MACS es seleccionen pel seu ús interactiu. Utilitzant dades d'enquestes de 57 empreses espanyoles (catalanes) mitjanes, trobem evidència que recolza (1) l'elecció de MACS per a l'ús interactiu s'associa amb la manera d'una empresa de gestió de la innovació (IMM), i (2) el nivell de la innovació de productes està influenciada per si o MACS seleccionat per ús interactiu i IMM comparteix similars models cognitius i si la sofisticació dels continguts d'informació proporcionada pel MACS interactiu respon a la prioritat de les necessitats percebudes en la IMM. Els nostres resultats indiquen, a més, que la similitud en els patrons d'entre IMM i MACS no dóna lloc a un impacte beneficiós en el nivell dels resultats de la innovació, el que suggereix en canvi que pot induir la replicació de les actuals tendències disfuncionals causades pel ‘innovation momentum’. El segon article analitza la influència dels MACS en el desenvolupament d'algunes capacitats clau d'organització relacionades amb els processos d'innovació. Més específicament, aquesta investigació examina l'associació entre diferents formes de control (controls culturals, controls interactius, i controls de diagnòstic) i les capacitats necessàries en la creativitat i les etapes de conversió del procés d'innovació. Examinem aquestes associacions per separat per les empreses emprenedores i conservadores. Utilitzant dades d'enquestes de 120 empreses espanyoles (catalanes) mitjanes i grans, trobem evidència que cada forma de control dins del paquet de control té influències diferents en les diverses etapes del procés d'innovació i que la rellevància i la direcció d'aquestes influències varia entre empreses emprenedores i empreses conservadores. Mitjançant l'associació de formes específiques de control en el paquet de control amb determinats components o etapes del procés d'innovació, els nostres resultats posen de manifest la simultània complementarietat i suplementàries entre les formes específiques de control. El tercer document té com a objectiu revisar com la variable rendiment (‘performance’) ha estat avaluada en l'àrea de la comptabilitat de gestió en recerca basat en la teoria de la contingència i en enquestes, analitzant els diferents criteris que s'han adoptat en la literatura, i proporcionant algunes idees per millorar la mesura de aquesta variable en futures investigacions empíriques basades en enquestes. En primer lloc, el treball identifica un total de 82 articles basats en enquestes, aquestes treballs es van publicar en revistes de comptabilitat més importants del període 1982-2008. En concret, aquest estudi examina a) els problemes de conceptualització que es reflecteixen en les amenaces a la validesa de constructe i b) mesurament. L'article posa de relleu les qüestions que podrien ajudar els investigadors en la selecció entre les opcions disponibles de mesurament de la variable perfomance considerant les seves debilitats i fortaleses. Finalment, un quart treball examina el grau en què l'ús de sistemes estratègics de mesura del rendiment (SPMS) influeix en el desenvolupament organitzatiu a través de la conformació de les agendes estratègiques i les matrius de decisions estratègiques que es deriven dels processos de (re) formulació de l'estratègia. En aquesta recerca hem definit SPMS com a eines de gestió que es caracteritzen per una combinació d'alts nivells de quatre dimensions constitutives (és a dir, la integració de l'estratègia a llarg termini i les metes operacionals, la presència d'indicadors des d'una perspectiva múltiple, la inclusió dels vincles de causa-efecte, i la presència d'una seqüència d'objectius / metes / plans d'acció). S'argumenta que les organitzacions que utilitzen SPMS aconsegueixen un millor rendiment (en comparació amb les empreses que utilitzen altres sistemes de mesurament de l'acompliment, no qualificats com SPMS) i que aquesta millora s'associa no només amb una millor aplicació de les estratègies destinades com s'ha suposat en anteriors empírica investigació, sinó també amb la integralitat dels programes estratègics i les matrius de decisions estratègiques obtingudes en els processos de (re) formulació d'estratègies. Els resultats de les proves d'un model estructural utilitzant regressions de mínims quadrats parcials (PLS) en dades d'arxiu i enquesta recollits de directors generals de 279 empreses espanyoles (catalanes) mitjanes i grans donen suport a favor de la hipòtesi que suggereix que a) l'efecte positiu de l'ús de SPMS en l’èxit de l'organització està mediada per l'amplitud de la matriu de decisions estratègiques (és a dir, varietat i el nombre de decisions) que resulten dels processos de (re) formulació de l'estratègia, i que (b) més gran és el dinamisme del medi ambient, més positiu l'efecte de l'amplitud de la matriu de decisió estratègica sobre el rendiment organitzatiu.
The purpose of this thesis is to examine the extent to which the usage and style-of-use of management accounting and control systems (MACS) by senior management contribute to the achievement of desirable organisational outcomes. In this research, organizational outcome is conceptualised in terms of product innovation and financial performance. Based on contingency theory, this research is organised in a compendium of four articles. A theoretical paper and three empirical research studies that rely on two pre-existent surveys and an original survey exclusively developed for this dissertation are bases for hypotheses testing. The aim of each of the four research pieces of this thesis is the one of contributing to advance our knowledge on the effects and means by which the use of MACS is capable of enabling and supporting organisational success. Two research papers examine organizational outcome in terms of ‘innovation outputs’, whereas other two articles concentrate on the organisational outcome in terms of ‘organisational performance’. The first paper in this dissertation aims to contribute to the recent levers of control (LOC) (Simons, 1995) literature on the relationships between innovation and MACS by emphasizing the importance of the choice by which individual MACS are selected for interactive use. Using a pre-existing survey collected from 57 medium-sized Spanish firms, we find evidence supporting (1) the choice of individual MACS selected for interactive use is associated with a firm’s innovation management mode (IMM), and (2) the level of product innovation output is influenced by whether or not IMM and interactive MACS feature similar cognitive models and whether the sophistication of the information contents provided by the interactive MACS responds to the priority needs perceived in the IMM. Our findings further indicate that similarity in patterns between IMM and MACS does not lead to a beneficial impact on the level of innovation outcomes, suggesting instead that it may induce the replication of existing dysfunctional trends caused by innovation momentum. The second paper examines the influence of MACS on the development of some key organisational capabilities related to innovation processes. More specifically, this research examines the associations between different forms of control (cultural controls, interactive controls, diagnostic controls) and the capabilities required in the creativity and conversion ability stages of the innovation process. We examine these associations separately for entrepreneurial and conservative firms. Using survey data collected from 120 medium and large Spanish companies, we find evidence supporting that each form of control within the control package has diverse influences on the different stages of the innovation process and that the significance and direction of these influences varies between entrepreneurial and conservative firms. By associating specific forms of control within the control package with specific components or stages of the innovation process, our results highlight the simultaneous complementarities and supplementarities between specific forms of control. The third paper aims to review how the construct ‘performance’ has been assessed in prior contingency-grounded, survey-based management accounting and control systems research, to analyse the alternative approaches that have been adopted in the literature, and to provide some insights for enhancing the assessment of performance in future survey-based empirical research. First, the paper identifies a total of 82 survey-based, contingency-grounded papers published in top accounting journals in the period 1982-2008 where performance was used as a variable of analysis. Specifically, this study examines the problems of a) conceptualization that are reflected on threats to construct validity and b) measurement. The article emphasizes issues that could assist researchers in selecting between the various available choices of performance measurement by considering their respective weaknesses and strengths. Finally, a fourth paper examines the extent to which the use of Strategic Performance Measurement Systems (SPMS) influences organisational performance through the shaping of the strategic agendas and the strategic decision arrays that result from strategy (re)formulation processes. In this research we defined SPMS as management tools that are characterised by a combination of high levels of four constitutive dimensions (i.e. the integration of long-term strategy and operational goals, the presence of multi-perspective metrics, the inclusion of cause-effect linkages, and the presence of a sequence goals/targets/action plans). We argue that organisations that use SPMS achieve enhanced performance (in comparison with those firms that use other performance measurement systems not qualified as SPMS) and that this enhancement is associated not only with a better implementation of intended strategies as it has been assumed in previous empirical research, but also with the comprehensiveness of the strategic agendas and strategic decision arrays obtained in the processes of (re)formulation of intended strategies. Results from tests of a structural model using Partial Least Squares (PLS) regressions on archival and survey data collected from Chief Executive Officers of 279 medium and large Spanish companies provide support in favour of hypotheses suggesting that a) the positive effect of the use of SPMS on organisational performance is mediated by the comprehensiveness of the strategic decision array (i.e. variety and number of decisions) that result from strategy (re)formulation processes; and that (b) the greater the environmental dynamism, the more positive the effect of the comprehensiveness of the strategic decision array on organisational performance.
El objetivo de esta tesis es examinar en qué medida la utilización y el estilo de uso de los sistemas de contabilidad y control de gestión (MACS) por la alta dirección contribuyen a la consecución de resultados deseados por la organización. En esta investigación, los resultados de la organización se conceptualizan en términos de innovación de productos y rendimiento financiero. Esta investigación está organizada en un compendio de cuatro artículos sobre la base de la teoría de la contingencia. Un trabajo teórico y tres estudios de investigación empírica, que se apoyan en dos encuestas pre-existentes y una encuesta original desarrollada exclusivamente para esta tesis, son las bases para las pruebas de hipótesis. El objetivo de cada uno de los cuatro trabajos de investigación de la tesis es el de contribuir al avance del conocimiento sobre los efectos y mecanismos mediante los cuales el uso de los MACS es capaz de facilitar y apoyar el éxito de la organización. Dos trabajos de investigación examinan los resultados de la organización en términos de ‘resultados de la innovación’, mientras que otros dos artículos se concentran en los resultados organizativos en términos de ‘rendimientos financieros’. El primer artículo en esta tesis pretende contribuir a la literatura sobre las palancas de control (levers of control, LOC) (Simons, 1995), investigando las relaciones entre la innovación y MACS, con especial atención a la importancia de la elección por la cual específicos MACS se seleccionan para un uso interactivo. Utilizando una encuesta pre-existente recogida entre 57 empresas españolas de tamaño mediano, encontramos evidencia que (1) la elección de un MACS específico para el uso interactivo está relacionada con el modo de gestión de la innovación (IMM) de una empresa, y (2) el nivel de innovación en productos está influenciada por si el uso interactivo del MACS comparte característica y modelos cognitivos similares y si la sofisticación de los contenidos de información proporcionada por el MACS interactivo responde a la prioridad de las necesidades percibidas por el IMM. Nuestros resultados indican además que la similitud en los patrones entre IMM y MACS no da lugar a un impacto beneficioso en los resultados de la innovación, lo que sugiere en cambio que esta similitud en los patrones puede inducir a la replicación de las actuales tendencias disfuncionales causadas por el ‘innovation momentum’. El segundo artículo analiza la influencia de los MACS en el desarrollo de algunas capacidades claves de la organización relacionadas con los procesos de innovación. Más específicamente, esta investigación examina la asociación entre diferentes formas de control (controles culturales, controles interactivos, y controles diagnósticos) y las capacidades necesarias en la creatividad y conversión en el proceso de innovación. Examinamos estas asociaciones por separado para las empresas emprendedoras y conservadoras. Utilizando datos de encuesta realizada entre 120 empresas españolas medianas y grandes, encontramos evidencia de que cada forma de control dentro del paquete de control tiene influencias diversas en las diferentes etapas del proceso de innovación y que la importancia y la dirección de estas influencias varía entre empresas emprendedoras y conservadoras. Mediante la asociación de formas específicas de control en el paquete de control con determinados componentes o etapas del proceso de innovación, nuestros resultados ponen de manifiesto la simultánea complementariedad y suplementariedad entre las formas específicas de control. El tercer artículo pretende revisar cómo el constructo performance ha sido utilizado por estudios previos en el área de la contabilidad de gestión basados en la teoría de la contingencia y en encuestas, analizando los distintos criterios que se han adoptado en la literatura, y proponiendo algunas ideas para mejorar la calidad de futuras investigaciones empíricas basadas en encuestas y que utilizan la variable performance. En primer lugar, el trabajo identifica un total de 82 artículos basados en encuestas, publicados en las revistas de contabilidad más importantes en el periodo comprendido entre 1982-2008 cuyo constructo performance se utiliza como una variable de análisis. En concreto, este estudio examina a) los problemas de conceptualización que se reflejan en las amenazas a la validez del constructo y b) problemas de medición. El artículo pone en relieve las cuestiones que podrían ayudar a los investigadores en la selección entre las opciones disponibles de medición de la variable performance considerando sus debilidades y fortalezas. Por último, un cuarto estudio en esta tesis examina el grado en que el uso de los Sistemas Estratégico de Medición de Desempeño (SPMS) influye en el rendimiento organizacional a través de la ordenación de las agendas y decisiones estratégicas que se derivan de los procesos de (re)formulación de la estrategia organizacional. En esta investigación hemos definido SPMS como herramientas de gestión que se caracterizan por una combinación de altos niveles de cuatro dimensiones constitutivas (es decir, la integración de la estrategia a largo plazo y las metas operacionales, la presencia de indicadores desde una perspectiva múltiple, la inclusión de los vínculos de causa-efecto, y la presencia de una secuencia de objetivos / metas / planes de acción). En este trabalho se argumenta que las organizaciones que utilizan SPMS logran un mejor rendimiento (en comparación con las empresas que utilizan otros sistemas de medición del desempeño no calificados como SPMS) y que esta mejora se asocia no sólo con una mejor aplicación de las estrategias destinadas como se ha supuesto en investigaciones empíricas anteriores, sino también con la ordenación de las agendas estratégicas y las decisiones estratégicas obtenidas en los procesos de (re) formulación de estrategias. Los resultados de las pruebas de un modelo estructural utilizando regresiones mediante mínimos cuadrados parciales (PLS) en datos de encuesta recogidos entre directores generales de 279 empresas españolas medianas y grandes apoyan la hipótesis que sugiere que a) el efecto positivo del uso de SPMS en el rendimiento de la organización está mediada por la amplitud de la matriz de decisiones estratégicas (es decir, variedad y el número de decisiones) que resultan de los procesos de (re) formulación de la estrategia, y que b) cuanto mayor es el dinamismo del ambiente, más positivo el efecto de la amplitud de la matriz de decisión estratégica sobre el rendimiento organizacional.

Abstract This thesis investigates how Finnish firms, as examples of Western firms, control and steer the operations of their subsidiaries in Russia and the Baltic countries and the role of accounting in the management control systems. The thesis consists of three essays, which focus on different aspects of the role of accounting in the management control systems. Even though the issues discussed in this thesis are probably not unique to the area of the former Soviet Union, the characteristics of business in this context highlight specific management control questions relating to organising and using power within management control systems. The first essay investigates the changing role of accounting in a knowledge transfer process between a head office and subsidiaries to show the importance of informal communication and cooperation in the development of accounting. Only after some time of intense informal cooperation and the development of social capital in the accounting-mediated knowledge transfer can more formal accounting controls can be relied on. The second essay illustrates how the central social position of an individual can be reproduced and how it affects accounting and formal reporting in the control system. The third essay investigates the role and power of an intermediate subsidiary in using accounting for controlling and steering the operations of its subsidiaries, when the intermediate acts between the subsidiaries and its own Western parent company. The intermediate can invoke the tensions between divergent social systems and thus use accounting signifiers according to its own needs, legitimating its existence despite the inflexibility the multilevel organizational structure may cause. Therefore, the whole thesis suggests that accounting plays an important role in integrating firms in very different contexts, but this can only happen with the help of more informal supportive structures and knowledgeable agents who utilise accounting. This is how accounting develops business thinking so that the practices adapted to the local demanding circumstances could also give something back to the parent companies.

The master's thesis was to develop a controller for an automated system for remote monitoring of electrical networks, capable of receiving data on the status of electrical networks and sending them to a remote server. A controller has been developed that is part of an automated remote monitoring system capable of receiving electrical network status data from the PZEM 004T sensor. There are three algorithms for controller operation with different modules, namely: Ethernet module, GSM module and Wi-fi module. A program was written to operate the controller with the Ethernet module. Test programs have been written to test the operation of the controller with various peripherals, such as: ESP8266 chip based Wi-fi ESP 12-E module, Ethernet module, PZEM 004T sensor.
В дипломній роботі магістра було розробити контролер для автоматизованої системи дистанційного моніторингу електричних мереж, здатний отримувати дані про стан електричних мереж і відправляти їх на віддалений сервер. Розроблено контролер, який є частиною автоматизованої системи дистанційного моніторингу, здатний отримувати дані про стан електричних мереж від датчика PZEM 004T. Складено три алгоритму роботи контролера з різними модулями, а саме: з Ethernet модулем, GSM модулем і Wi-fi модулем. Для роботи контролера з Ethernet модулем була написана програма. Написано тестові програми для перевірки роботи контролера з різними периферійними пристроями, такими як: модуль Wi-fi ESP 12-E на базі мікросхеми ESP8266, модуль Ethernet, датчика PZEM 004T.
ВСТУП 8 1 АНАЛІТИЧНА ЧАСТИНА 11 1.1. Недоліки чинної системи збору та обробки показань приладів обліку...11 1.2. Переваги організації обліку за допомогою автоматизованих систем...12 1.3. Індукційний вимірювальний механізм 17 1.4. Вимірювання енергії електронними лічильниками 19 1.5. Точність вимірювань електричної енергії лічильником 21 1.6. Схеми включення однофазних лічильників 22 1.7. Схеми включення трифазних лічильників в електроустановках напругою 380/220 В 24 1.8. Принцип роботи АСКОЕ 28 1.8.1. Побудова системи АСКОЕ з проведенням опитування приладів обліку через оптичні порти. 30 1.8.2. Організація АСКОЕ з проведенням автоматичного опитування лічильників локальним центром збору та обробки даних 33 1.9. Висновки до розділу 34 2 НАУКОВО-ДОСЛІДНА ЧАСТИНА 35 2.1. Аналіз заходів необхідних для зниження втрат електроенергії 35 2.2. Технічних засобів обліку електроенергії в Тернопільській області 37 2.3. Загальна структурна схема АСКОЕ 43 2.4. Висновки до розділу 45 3 ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНА ЧАСТИНА 46 3.1 Опис системи моніторингу спожитої електроенергії 46 3.2 Вибір компонентів системи моніторингу спожитої електроенергії 48 3.2.1. Універсальна платформа Аduino Uno 48 3.2.2 Ethernet модуль ENC28J60 50 3.2.3 Wi-Fi модуль ESP8266 51 3.2.4 GSM-модуль SIM800L 55 3.2.5 Датчик струму та напруги PZEM-004T 56 3.3. Висновки до розділу 58 4 ПРОЕКТНО-КОНСТРУКТОРСЬКА ЧАСТИНА 59 4.1. Структурна схема системи моніторингу спожитої електроенергії 59 4.2. Алгоритм роботи контролера в системі моніторингу спожитої електроенергії 60 4.3. Експериментальні дослідження споживання електричної енергії розробленою системою моніторингу 64 4.4. Метод корекції похибки перетворювачів струму 66 4.5. Висновки до розділу 69 5 СПЕЦІАЛЬНА ЧАСТИНА 70 5.1. Короткий огляд протоколів для передачі даних 71 5.2. Типи повідомлення в MQTT 72 5.3. Захист та якість передачі даних 78 6 ОБГРУНТУВАННЯ ЕКОНОМІЧНОЇ ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ 81 6.1. Організаційна частина 81 6.2. Економічна частина 82 7 ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ ТА БЕЗПЕКА В НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ 93 7.1. ОХОРОНА ПРАЦІ 93 7.1.1 Безпека при виготовленні друкованих плат 93 7.1.2. Техніка безпеки при експлуатації електрообладнання та електромереж 95 7.2. БЕЗПЕКА В НАДЗВИЧАЙНИХ СИТУАЦІЯХ 98 7.2.1. Проведення планування заходів цивільного захисту на підприємстві у випадку надзвичайних ситуацій 98 7.2.2. Дослідження стійкості роботи у надзвичайних ситуаціях підприємств електротехнічної та світлотехнічної галузі 100 8 ЕКОЛОГІЯ 104 8.1. Енергопостачання та екологічна ситуація в Україні 104 8.2. Екологічні аспекти нетрадиційної енергетики 106 ЗАГАЛЬНІ ВИСНОВКИ ДО ДИПЛОМНОЇ РОБОТИ 110 ПЕРЕЛІК ПОСИЛАНЬ 111