Artykuły w czasopismach: „Acceleration patterns”

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Burwick, Thomas. "Temporal Coding: Assembly Formation Through Constructive Interference". Neural Computation 20, nr 7 (lipiec 2008): 1796–820. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2008.09-06-342.

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Temporal coding is studied for an oscillatory neural network model with synchronization and acceleration. The latter mechanism refers to increasing (decreasing) the phase velocity of each unit for stronger (weaker) or more coherent (decoherent) input from the other units. It has been demonstrated that acceleration generates the desynchronization that is needed for self-organized segmentation of two overlapping patterns. In this letter, we continue the discussion of this remarkable feature, giving also an example with several overlapping patterns. Due to acceleration, Hebbian memory implies a frequency spectrum for pure pattern states, defined as coherent patterns with decoherent overlapping patterns. With reference to this frequency spectrum and related frequency bands, the process of pattern retrieval, corresponding to the formation of temporal coding assemblies, is described as resulting from constructive interference (with frequency differences due to acceleration) and phase locking (due to synchronization).

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JEON, HYEONG-MIN, JI-WON KIM, YURI KWON, JAE-HOON HEO, EUI-BUM CHOI i GWANG-MOON EOM. "UPPER BODY ACCELERATIONS DURING LOCOMOTION IN DIFFERENT AGE GROUPS AND GENDERS". Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 17, nr 07 (listopad 2017): 1740026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519417400267.

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Aim: The purpose of this study is to measure the acceleration of upper body (pelvis, shoulder and head) during walking and to investigate whether the acceleration patterns differ among age groups and genders. Methods: Twenty-nine old subjects and thirty young subjects participated in this study. Tri-axial accelerations were measured on the back of upper body (head, shoulder and pelvis). Subjects performed two trials of walking on a treadmill in their own comfortable speeds. Three-way ANOVA (repeated measures) was carried out for the root mean square of each directional acceleration with age, gender and sensor position as independent factors. Results: Age effect was significant on the RMS accelerations of the transverse plane. In the anteroposterior direction, the pelvis acceleration was greater in the younger group, while the head acceleration was greater in the older group ([Formula: see text]). In the mediolateral direction, the pelvis acceleration was comparable between age groups but the shoulder and head accelerations were greater in the older group ([Formula: see text]). The overall accelerations were greater in men than in women ([Formula: see text]). The phase-delay and attenuation of shoulder acceleration relative to the pelvis acceleration was smaller for the elderly in AP and ML directions ([Formula: see text]). Normalization of RMS accelerations by height, weight and leg length did not affect the age differences but negated the gender differences. Discussion: Greater head acceleration in older subjects were related to less attenuation of acceleration in the upper body, which may affect the sensory systems in the head and deteriorate balance control during locomotion.

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Davis, Irene, Todd Hayano i Adam Tenforde. "The Relationship Between Vertical Loadrates and Tibial Acceleration Across Footstrike Patterns". Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 3, nr 3 (1.07.2018): 2473011418S0020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011418s00200.

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Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: While the etiology of injuries is multifactorial, impact loading, as measured by the loadrate of the vertical ground reaction force has been implicated. These loadrates are typically measured with a force plate. However, this limits the measure of impacts to laboratory environments. Tibial acceleration, another measure of running impacts, is considered a surrogate for loadrate. It can be measured using new wearable technology that can be used in a runner’s natural environment. However, the correlation between tibial acceleration measured from mobile devices and vertical ground reaction force loadrates, measured from forceplates, is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between vertical and resultant loadrates to vertical and resultant tibial acceleration across different footstrike patterns (FSP) in runners. Methods: The study involved a sample of convenience made up of 169 runners (74 F, 95 M; age: 38.66±13.08 yrs) presenting at a running injury clinic. This included 25 habitual forefoot strike (FFS), 17 midfoot strike (MFS) and 127 rearfoot strike (RFS) runners. Participants ran on an instrumented treadmill (average speed 2.52±0.25 m/s), with a tri-axial accelerometer attached at the left distal medial tibia. Only subjects running with pain <3/10 on a VAS scale during the treadmill run were included to reduce the confounding effect of pain. Vertical average, vertical instantaneous and resultant instantaneous loadrates (VALR, VILR and RILR) and peak vertical and resultant tibial accelerations (VTA, RTA) were averaged for 8 consecutive left steps. Correlation coefficients (r) were calculated between tibial accelerations and loadrates. Results: All tibial accelerations were significantly correlated across all loadrates, with the exception of RTA with VILR for FFS (Table 1) which was nearly significant (p=0.068). Correlations ranged from 0.37-0.82. VTA was strongly correlated with all loadrates (r = 0.66). RTA was also strongly correlated with both loadrates for RFS and MFS, but only moderately correlated with loadrates for FFS (r = 0.47). Correlations were similar across the different loadrates (VALR, VILR, RILR). Conclusion: The stronger correlation between vertical tibial acceleration and all loadrates (VALR, VILR, RILR) suggests that it may be the best surrogate for loadrates when studying impact loading in runners.

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KIM, JI-WON, YU-RI KWON, JAE-HOON HEO, GWANG-MOON EOM, MOON-SEOK KWON, GYE-RAE TACK i SEONG-BEOM KOH. "ACCELERATION PATTERN OF THE UPPER BODY DURING LEVEL WALKING IN PATIENTS WITH PARKINSON'S DISEASE". Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 16, nr 08 (25.11.2016): 1640025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021951941640025x.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Parkinson's disease (PD) on upper body acceleration patterns during level walking. Twenty-three patients with PD and 29 controls of similar age participated in this study. Subjects walked along a 12 m linear walkway at self-selected comfortable speeds. Upper body accelerations were measured using three-axis accelerometers located at the pelvis, shoulder, and head. Acceleration magnitude, stride-to-stride irregularity, and degree of coupling among three body parts were derived from the acceleration signals. In the vertical (supero-inferior) direction, PD patients exhibited a smaller acceleration magnitude, a more irregular pattern, and less coupling of acceleration among body parts compared to the controls ([Formula: see text]). In the anterio-posterior (AP) direction, acceleration magnitude at the pelvis in PD patients was smaller than that in the controls ([Formula: see text]). In addition, the phase lag of AP head acceleration from shoulder and pelvis was smaller in PD patients than in the controls ([Formula: see text]). These results suggest that PD patients walk with reduced ankle power generation and a more rigid upper body in the AP direction and with more irregular muscle force generation in the SI direction.

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Höchel, Joachim, Ryuichi Akiyama, Takuya Masuko, James T. Pearson, Martin Nichelmann i Hiroshi Tazawa. "Development of heart rate irregularities in chick embryos". American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 275, nr 2 (1.08.1998): H527—H533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1998.275.2.h527.

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Heart rate (HR) irregularities in chick embryos were defined as large fluctuations (>10 beats/min) comprising irregular, brief deceleration and/or acceleration of instantaneous HR (IHR). IHR was determined directly from the arterial blood pressure while adequate gas exchange was maintained through an eggshell and chorioallantoic membrane. Five embryos were examined on each day from day 11 to day 19 of incubation. Baseline HR was stable until day 12–13, and on around day 13–14 transient, rapid deceleration of HR (termed V pattern) began to appear, with a subsequent increase in its frequency and magnitude. The acceleration patterns (lambda, avian omega, and periodic patterns) appeared later, and the IHR became increasingly irregular, with additional, spontaneous deceleration and acceleration patterns toward hatching. Additional experiments with intravenous administration of autonomic drugs clearly showed that rapid deceleration of HR was mediated by parasympathetic nervous function but did not always show clear relations of sympathomimetic and sympathetic blocking agents to the acceleration patterns.

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Diffey, Brian L., i Steven A. Frank. "Age-specific acceleration in malignant melanoma". F1000Research 6 (9.01.2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10491.1.

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Background:The overall incidence of melanoma has increased steadily for several years. The relative change in incidence at different ages has not been fully described. Objective:To describe how incidence at different ages has changed over time and to consider what aspects of tumour biology may explain the observed pattern of change in incidence. Methods:The slope of incidencevsage measures the acceleration of cancer incidence with age. We described the pattern of change over time in the overall incidence of melanoma, as well as in acceleration. We used data for males and females from 3 different countries in the 17 sequential 5-year birth-cohort categories from 1895-99 to 1975-79, from which we derived the incidence patterns. Results:Over time, there has been a tendency for the overall incidence of melanoma to increase and for the acceleration (slope) of the age-incidence curves to decline. The changing patterns of melanoma incidence and acceleration differ between males and females and between the countries analysed. Conclusions:The observed pattern in melanoma of rising incidence and declining acceleration occurs in other cancers in response to genetic knockouts of mechanisms that protect against cancer. Perhaps some protective mechanism with respect to melanoma may be less effective now than in the past, possibly because of more intense environmental challenges.

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Diffey, Brian L., i Steven A. Frank. "Age-specific acceleration in malignant melanoma". F1000Research 6 (24.02.2017): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.10491.2.

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Background:The overall incidence of melanoma has increased steadily for several years. The relative change in incidence at different ages has not been fully described. Objective:To describe how incidence at different ages has changed over time and to consider what aspects of tumour biology may explain the observed pattern of change in incidence. Methods:The slope of incidencevsage measures the acceleration of cancer incidence with age. We described the pattern of change over time in the overall incidence of melanoma, as well as in acceleration. We used data for males and females from 3 different countries in the 17 sequential 5-year birth-cohort categories from 1895-99 to 1975-79, from which we derived the incidence patterns. Results:Over time, there has been a tendency for the overall incidence of melanoma to increase and for the acceleration (slope) of the age-incidence curves to decline. The changing patterns of melanoma incidence and acceleration differ between males and females and between the countries analysed. Conclusions:The observed pattern in melanoma of rising incidence and declining acceleration occurs in other cancers in response to genetic knockouts of mechanisms that protect against cancer. Perhaps some protective mechanism with respect to melanoma may be less effective now than in the past, possibly because of more intense environmental challenges.

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Echaveguren, Tomás, Cristian Henríquez i Gustavo Jiménez-Ramos. "Longitudinal Acceleration Models for Horizontal Reverse Curves of Two-Lane Rural Roads". Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 15, nr 1 (17.03.2020): 103–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2020-15.463.

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The operating speed profile models adopt acceleration and deceleration as constant values obtained from kinematic models, assuming that the operating speeds between two consecutive sections are not spatially correlated. Existent research shows that acceleration and deceleration in horizontal reverse curves (HRC) depend on the tangent length and curve radii. In this paper, accelerations/decelerations-geometry models for light cars are proposed. The models are based on the data obtained in-field with a 10 Hz GPS under favourable traffic, weather, and pavement condition to isolate the effect of road geometry over the speed changes. The models were calibrated using the 95th percentile of acceleration probability density function (pdf) obtained section to section in the HRC. It was found that the acceleration and deceleration pdf follow the Burr distribution. Therefore, a Box–Cox transformation is needed to properly calibrate acceleration-geometry models. The models obtained confirmed that accelerations and decelerations depend on the radius of entrance and departure curves of the HRC. The results contribute to better understanding of the acceleration/deceleration patterns of light cars and to enhancing operating speed models in the HRC.

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Jo, Heung-Kuk, i Soo-Young Ye. "Classification of walking patterns using acceleration signal". Journal of the Korean Institute of Information and Communication Engineering 14, nr 8 (31.08.2010): 1901–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.6109/jkiice.2010.14.8.1901.

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Cornou, Cécile, i Søren Lundbye-Christensen. "Classifying sows’ activity types from acceleration patterns". Applied Animal Behaviour Science 111, nr 3-4 (czerwiec 2008): 262–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2007.06.021.

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Brown, Derrick D., Jurjen Bosga i Ruud G. J. Meulenbroek. "Effects of Mirror and Metronome Use on Spontaneous Dance Movements". Motor Control 25, nr 1 (1.01.2021): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/mc.2020-0012.

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This study investigated effects of mirror and metronome use on spontaneous upper body movements by 10 preprofessional dancers in a motor task in which maximally diverse upper body movement patterns were targeted. Hand and trunk accelerations were digitally recorded utilizing accelerometers and analyzed using polar frequency distributions of the realized acceleration directions and sample entropy of the acceleration time. Acceleration directions were more variably used by the arms than by the torso, particularly so when participants monitored their performance via a mirror. Metronome use hardly affected the predictability of the acceleration time series. The findings underscore the intrinsic limitations that people experience when being asked to move randomly and reveal moderate effects of visual and acoustic constraints on doing so in dance.

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SHI, XIAODONG, i YUQIANG MA. "ORIENTATION OF THE STRIPED PATTERNS IN A RECTANGULAR GRANULAR SYSTEM". International Journal of Modern Physics B 19, nr 15n17 (10.07.2005): 2786–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979205031705.

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A numerical study of the pattern formation in a vibrated granular layer is presented. Granules are considered to fill in a rectangular container with its length and width changeable. Other control parameters are the vibration frequency and relative acceleration. By the molecular dynamics simulation, there are rich striped patterns to appear. It is interesting to find that the orientation of the striped patterns is related to the length and width of the container, as well as to the vibration frequency and relative acceleration. In is also found that a transition phase, the hexagon structure, is formed in some intermediate parameters.

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Bevis, Michael, Christopher Harig, Shfaqat A. Khan, Abel Brown, Frederik J. Simons, Michael Willis, Xavier Fettweis i in. "Accelerating changes in ice mass within Greenland, and the ice sheet’s sensitivity to atmospheric forcing". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, nr 6 (22.01.2019): 1934–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1806562116.

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From early 2003 to mid-2013, the total mass of ice in Greenland declined at a progressively increasing rate. In mid-2013, an abrupt reversal occurred, and very little net ice loss occurred in the next 12–18 months. Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and global positioning system (GPS) observations reveal that the spatial patterns of the sustained acceleration and the abrupt deceleration in mass loss are similar. The strongest accelerations tracked the phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). The negative phase of the NAO enhances summertime warming and insolation while reducing snowfall, especially in west Greenland, driving surface mass balance (SMB) more negative, as illustrated using the regional climate model MAR. The spatial pattern of accelerating mass changes reflects the geography of NAO-driven shifts in atmospheric forcing and the ice sheet’s sensitivity to that forcing. We infer that southwest Greenland will become a major future contributor to sea level rise.

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Xie, Yi, i Li-Chun Wang. "The timing residual patterns due to pulsar acceleration". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics 20, nr 12 (grudzień 2020): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4527/20/12/191.

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Cooke, J. D., i S. H. Brown. "Movement-related phasic muscle activation. II. Generation and functional role of the triphasic pattern". Journal of Neurophysiology 63, nr 3 (1.03.1990): 465–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1990.63.3.465.

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1. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of arm movements made at constant velocity was studied in humans. In these movements, acceleration was temporally separated from deceleration by a period of constant velocity (zero acceleration) lasting up to 600 ms. 2. Agonist (AG1) and antagonist (ANT1) bursts were associated with acceleration. AG1 began before acceleration onset. ANT1 started after the onset of AG1 and was often partially coextensive with AG1. The initial phasic activity was followed by tonic EMG activity during the constant-velocity phase of the movements. Movement deceleration was associated with an antagonist burst (ANT2) and an agonist (AG2) burst. 3. Subjects could alter the magnitudes of the acceleration- and deceleration-related activities independently, with resulting independent changes in the movement acceleration and deceleration. 4. When the duration of the constant-velocity phase was decreased, the agonist/antagonist burst pairs occurred progressively closer in time. When movement duration was decreased to the point at which the velocity profile resembled that of step-tracking movements, the four periods of phasic EMG activity formed the classic triphasic pattern. 5. Triphasic EMG patterns were occasionally seen at the beginning or end of long-duration, constant-velocity movements. When they occurred, these triphasic patterns were associated with an acceleration/deceleration pattern similar to that seen in step-tracking movements. 6. The data indicate that paired agonist/antagonist activation is the basic unit of movement control. The AG1/ANT1 burst pair determines the increase and decrease of acceleration, respectively, and the ANT2/AG2 burst pair the increase and decrease of deceleration. These muscle activation pairs can be combined as needed to produce movements having different temporal characteristics.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

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Cockain, Alex. "Regarding Mr. Wu, a dragon and conversations in traffic: Social acceleration, deceleration and re-acceleration in Shanghai". Time & Society 27, nr 3 (22.10.2015): 363–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0961463x15611394.

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Based upon ethnographic data gathered in Shanghai, this paper explores residents’ experiences of, and responses to, living within an environment, which displays features of what Rosa terms ‘social acceleration’. After exploring anxieties induced in residents who feel sedentary – relative to others – and their attempts to cope with this, this paper focuses upon how residents’ attitudes towards social acceleration become refracted in imaginative forms, especially texts currently circulating within Shanghai, which insinuate ostensibly supernatural characters into certain prominent locations in the city. As these texts critique ‘progress’ and register residents’ anxieties regarding social acceleration so they smooth over disquiet and unease thereby encouraging not only discourses of development but also the patterns, pace and tempo of social acceleration. The final part of this paper explores the costs of ‘slowdown’, arguing these are sufficient to compel residents not only to re-engage with, and therefore perpetuate, socially accelerating forms but perhaps even to intensify them, hence the deployment of the term ‘re-acceleration’ in the title of this paper.

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Dieng, Sokhna, Pierre Michel, Abdoulaye Guindo, Kankoe Sallah, El-Hadj Ba, Badara Cissé, Maria Patrizia Carrieri, Cheikh Sokhna, Paul Milligan i Jean Gaudart. "Application of Functional Data Analysis to Identify Patterns of Malaria Incidence, to Guide Targeted Control Strategies". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, nr 11 (11.06.2020): 4168. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114168.

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We introduce an approach based on functional data analysis to identify patterns of malaria incidence to guide effective targeting of malaria control in a seasonal transmission area. Using functional data method, a smooth function (functional data or curve) was fitted from the time series of observed malaria incidence for each of 575 villages in west-central Senegal from 2008 to 2012. These 575 smooth functions were classified using hierarchical clustering (Ward’s method), and several different dissimilarity measures. Validity indices were used to determine the number of distinct temporal patterns of malaria incidence. Epidemiological indicators characterizing the resulting malaria incidence patterns were determined from the velocity and acceleration of their incidences over time. We identified three distinct patterns of malaria incidence: high-, intermediate-, and low-incidence patterns in respectively 2% (12/575), 17% (97/575), and 81% (466/575) of villages. Epidemiological indicators characterizing the fluctuations in malaria incidence showed that seasonal outbreaks started later, and ended earlier, in the low-incidence pattern. Functional data analysis can be used to identify patterns of malaria incidence, by considering their temporal dynamics. Epidemiological indicators derived from their velocities and accelerations, may guide to target control measures according to patterns.

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Choi, Sang-Il, Jucheol Moon, Hee-Chan Park i Sang Tae Choi. "User Identification from Gait Analysis Using Multi-Modal Sensors in Smart Insole". Sensors 19, nr 17 (31.08.2019): 3785. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19173785.

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Recent studies indicate that individuals can be identified by their gait pattern. A number of sensors including vision, acceleration, and pressure have been used to capture humans’ gait patterns, and a number of methods have been developed to recognize individuals from their gait pattern data. This study proposes a novel method of identifying individuals using null-space linear discriminant analysis on humans’ gait pattern data. The gait pattern data consists of time series pressure and acceleration data measured from multi-modal sensors in a smart insole used while walking. We compare the identification accuracies from three sensing modalities, which are acceleration, pressure, and both in combination. Experimental results show that the proposed multi-modal features identify 14 participants with high accuracy over 95% from their gait pattern data of walking.

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Thandiackal, Robin, Carl H. White, Hilary Bart-Smith i George V. Lauder. "Tuna robotics: hydrodynamics of rapid linear accelerations". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 288, nr 1945 (17.02.2021): 20202726. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2020.2726.

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Fish routinely accelerate during locomotor manoeuvres, yet little is known about the dynamics of acceleration performance. Thunniform fish use their lunate caudal fin to generate lift-based thrust during steady swimming, but the lift is limited during acceleration from rest because required oncoming flows are slow. To investigate what other thrust-generating mechanisms occur during this behaviour, we used the robotic system termed Tunabot Flex, which is a research platform featuring yellowfin tuna-inspired body and tail profiles. We generated linear accelerations from rest of various magnitudes (maximum acceleration of 3.22 m s − 2 at 11.6 Hz tail beat frequency) and recorded instantaneous electrical power consumption. Using particle image velocimetry data, we quantified body kinematics and flow patterns to then compute surface pressures, thrust forces and mechanical power output along the body through time. We found that the head generates net drag and that the posterior body generates significant thrust, which reveals an additional propulsion mechanism to the lift-based caudal fin in this thunniform swimmer during linear accelerations from rest. Studying fish acceleration performance with an experimental platform capable of simultaneously measuring electrical power consumption, kinematics, fluid flow and mechanical power output provides a new opportunity to understand unsteady locomotor behaviours in both fishes and bioinspired aquatic robotic systems.

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Morrison, S., D. M. Russell, K. Kelleran i M. L. Walker. "Bracing of the trunk and neck has a differential effect on head control during gait". Journal of Neurophysiology 114, nr 3 (wrzesień 2015): 1773–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00059.2015.

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During gait, the trunk and neck are believed to play an important role in dissipating the transmission of forces from the ground to the head. This attenuation process is important to ensure head control is maintained. The aim of the present study was to assess the impact of externally restricting the motion of the trunk and/or neck segments on acceleration patterns of the upper body and head and related trunk muscle activity. Twelve healthy adults performed three walking trials on a flat, straight 65-m walkway, under four different bracing conditions: 1) control-no brace; 2) neck-braced; 3) trunk-braced; and 4) neck-trunk braced. Three-dimensional acceleration from the head, neck (C7) and lower trunk (L3) were collected, as was muscle activity from trunk. Results revealed that, when the neck and/or trunk were singularly braced, an overall decrease in the ability of the trunk to attenuate gait-related oscillations was observed, which led to increases in the amplitude of vertical acceleration for all segments. However, when the trunk and neck were braced together, acceleration amplitude across all segments decreased in line with increased attenuation from the neck to the head. Bracing was also reflected by increased activity in erector spinae, decreased abdominal muscle activity and lower trunk muscle coactivation. Overall, it would appear that the neuromuscular system of young, healthy individuals was able to maintain a consistent pattern of head acceleration, irrespective of the level of bracing, and that priority was placed over the control of vertical head accelerations during these gait tasks.

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Burwick, Thomas. "Oscillatory Neural Networks with Self-Organized Segmentation of Overlapping Patterns". Neural Computation 19, nr 8 (sierpień 2007): 2093–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/neco.2007.19.8.2093.

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Temporal coding is considered with an oscillatory network model that generalizes the Cohen-Grossberg-Hopfield model. It is assumed that the frequency of oscillating units increases with stronger and more coherent input. We refer to this mechanism as acceleration. In the context of Hebbian memory, synchronization and acceleration take complementary roles, and their combined effect on the storage of patterns is profound. Acceleration implies the desynchronization that is needed for self-organized segmention of two overlapping patterns. The superposition problem is thereby solved even without including competition couplings. With respect to brain dynamics, we point to analogies with oscillation spindles in the gamma range and responses to perceptual rivalries.

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Sowers, MaryFran R., Huiyong Zheng, Daniel McConnell, Bin Nan, Sioban Harlow i John F. Randolph. "Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Its Rate of Change in Defining Menopause Transition Stages". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 93, nr 10 (1.10.2008): 3958–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0482.

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Context/Objective: The objective of the study was to identify menopause transition stages using acceleration or deceleration patterns of FSH rates of change from the late reproductive years to postmenopause. Setting/Participants: Participants were the Michigan Bone Health and Metabolism Study cohort of 629 women, aged 24–44 yr (in 1992/3), with 5757 annual FSH data points over a 14-yr period. Design/Main Outcome Measures: The study was designed to relate acceleration/deceleration patterns in FSH rate of change to time to final menstrual period (FMP) and chronological age using nonparametric and piecewise regression modeling. Results: Four major FSH stages, based on rate of FSH change patterns, were identifiable in relation to the FMP. In FSH stage 1, the rate of FSH change increased modestly up to −7 yr prior to the FMP; in FSH stage 2 (−7 to −2 yr prior to FMP), there was a major acceleration in FSH rate of change. FSH stage 3 had an acute increase in FSH rate of change (−2 to +1 yr around the FMP), with average FSH level of 34 mIU/ml. The fourth, or plateau, FSH stage began at 1 yr after FMP when the average FSH level was 54 mIU/ml. During the yr 28–60, there were eight age-specific epochs defined by significant changes of FSH trajectory accelerations or decelerations and rate of change. Conclusions: Four menopause transition stages bounding the FMP and eight epochs in chronological aging from age 28 to 60 yr were defined by changes of FSH trajectory accelerations/decelerations and rates of change. This timing information, combined with knowledge of FSH levels and menstrual cycle characteristics, can help discern the likely status of women with respect to their reproductive viability and menopause transition stage.

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Krylov, Victor V. "Computation of Ground Vibrations Generated by Accelerating and Braking Road Vehicles". Journal of Vibration and Control 2, nr 3 (lipiec 1996): 299–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107754639600200303.

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The problem of ground vibration generation by accelerating and braking road vehicles is considered theoretically for vehicles accelerating (decelerating) with a constant acceleration a from rest to a constant speed, or braking to a stop from a constant speed. According to the low-frequency approximation considered, an accelerating or braking vehicle of mass M is modelled as a point horizontal traction force Fx = aM applied to the ground and moving along with the vehicle. Frequency spectra of the vertical component of the ground vibration velocity are investigated as functions of acceleration, final (initial) speed of the vehicle, ground attenuation, Poisson ratio, and radiation angle Θ relative to the direction of the vehicle movement. It is shown that, in contrast to vehicles travelling on uneven roads, the ground vibrations generated by accelerating and braking vehicles are characterised by directivity patterns V(Θ), which show, in particular, that there is no radiation in the directions perpendicular to the direction of vehicle movement.

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Maeda, Yoshihiro, Norishige Fukushima i Hiroshi Matsuo. "Taxonomy of Vectorization Patterns of Programming for FIR Image Filters Using Kernel Subsampling and New One". Applied Sciences 8, nr 8 (26.07.2018): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8081235.

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This study examines vectorized programming for finite impulse response image filtering. Finite impulse response image filtering occupies a fundamental place in image processing, and has several approximated acceleration algorithms. However, no sophisticated method of acceleration exists for parameter adaptive filters or any other complex filter. For this case, simple subsampling with code optimization is a unique solution. Under the current Moore’s law, increases in central processing unit frequency have stopped. Moreover, the usage of more and more transistors is becoming insuperably complex due to power and thermal constraints. Most central processing units have multi-core architectures, complicated cache memories, and short vector processing units. This change has complicated vectorized programming. Therefore, we first organize vectorization patterns of vectorized programming to highlight the computing performance of central processing units by revisiting the general finite impulse response filtering. Furthermore, we propose a new vectorization pattern of vectorized programming and term it as loop vectorization. Moreover, these vectorization patterns mesh well with the acceleration method of subsampling of kernels for general finite impulse response filters. Experimental results reveal that the vectorization patterns are appropriate for general finite impulse response filtering. A new vectorization pattern with kernel subsampling is found to be effective for various filters. These include Gaussian range filtering, bilateral filtering, adaptive Gaussian filtering, randomly-kernel-subsampled Gaussian range filtering, randomly-kernel-subsampled bilateral filtering, and randomly-kernel-subsampled adaptive Gaussian filtering.

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Murofushi, Koji, Shinji Sakurai, Koji Umegaki i Junji Takamatsu. "Hammer acceleration due to thrower and hammer movement patterns". Sports Biomechanics 6, nr 3 (wrzesień 2007): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14763140701489843.

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Mueller, Alexandra S., i Brian Timney. "Visual Acceleration Perception for Simple and Complex Motion Patterns". PLOS ONE 11, nr 2 (22.02.2016): e0149413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149413.

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Reinker, Lukas, i Sebastian Dendorfer. "Evaluation of acceleration patterns during high-impact jumping exercises". Gait & Posture 100 (marzec 2023): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.11.051.

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Della Villa, Francesco, Matthew Buckthorpe, Fillippo Tosarelli, Matteo Zago, Stefano Zaffagnini i Alberto Grassi. "Video analysis of Achilles tendon rupture in male professional football (soccer) players: injury mechanisms, patterns and biomechanics". BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 8, nr 3 (wrzesień 2022): e001419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001419.

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BackgroundAchilles tendon rupture (ATR), while rare in football, is a severe career-threatening injury associated with long-layoff times. To date, no study has documented ATR’s mechanism in professional football players.AimTo describe the mechanisms, situational patterns and gross biomechanics (kinematics) of ATR injuries in professional male football players.MethodsEighty-six (n=86) consecutive ATR injuries in professional football players during official matches were identified. Sixty (70%) injury videos were identified for mechanism and situational pattern, with biomechanical analysis feasible in 42 cases. Three independent reviewers evaluated the injury videos. Distribution of ATR during the season, the match play and on the field were also reported.ResultsFifty (n=50, 83%) injuries were classified as non-contact and 10 (17%) as indirect contact. ATRs are injuries occurring during accelerations; three main situational patterns were identified: (1) forward acceleration from standing (n=25, 42%); (2) cross-over cutting (n=15, 25%) and (3) vertical jumping (n=11, 18%). Biomechanically, ATR injuries were consistent with a multiplanar loading at the injury frame consisting of a slightly flexed trunk (15.5°), extended hip (−19.5°), early flexed knee (22.5°) and end-range dorsiflexed (40°) ankle in the sagittal plane and foot pronation; 27 (45%) ATRs occurred in the first 30 min of effective match time.ConclusionsAll ATRs in professional football were either non-contact (83%) or indirect contact (17%) injuries. The most common situational patterns were forward acceleration from standing, cross-over cutting and vertical jumping. Biomechanics was consistent and probably triggered by a multiplanar, although predominantly sagittal, loading of the injured Achilles tendon.

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HUA, BACH LIEN, JAMES C. McWILLIAMS i PATRICE KLEIN. "Lagrangian accelerations in geostrophic turbulence". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 366 (10.07.1998): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112098001001.

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A distinctive property of Lagrangian accelerations in geostrophic turbulence is that they are governed by the large and intermediate scales of the flow, both in time and space, so that the inertial part of the dynamics plays a much larger role than in three-dimensional turbulence where viscous effects are stronger. For the case of geostrophic turbulence on a β-plane, three terms contribute to the Lagrangian accelerations: the ageostrophic pressure gradient which often is the largest term, a meridional acceleration due to the β-effect, and an acceleration due to horizontally divergent ageostrophic motions. Both their spectral characteristics and patterns in physical space are studied in this paper. In particular the total accelerations field has an inertial spectrum slope which is identical to the geostrophic velocity field inertial slope.The accelerations gradient tensor is shown to govern the topology of quasi-geostrophic stirring and transport properties. Its positive eigenvalues locate accurately the position of extrema of potential vorticity gradients. The three-dimensional distribution of tracer gradients is such that the vertical distribution is entirely constrained by the horizontal one, while the reverse is not true. We make explicit analytically their dependence on the three-dimensional accelerations gradient.

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Aiyyer, Anantha, i Terrell Wade. "Acceleration of tropical cyclones as a proxy for extratropical interactions: synoptic-scale patterns and long-term trends". Weather and Climate Dynamics 2, nr 4 (5.11.2021): 1051–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/wcd-2-1051-2021.

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Abstract. It is well known that rapid changes in tropical-cyclone motion occur during interaction with extratropical waves. While the translation speed has received much attention in the published literature, acceleration has not. Using a large data sample of Atlantic tropical cyclones, we formally examine the composite synoptic-scale patterns associated with tangential and curvature components of their acceleration. During periods of rapid tangential acceleration, the composite tropical cyclone moves poleward between an upstream trough and downstream ridge of a developing extratropical wave packet. The two systems subsequently merge in a manner that is consistent with extratropical transition. During rapid curvature acceleration, a prominent downstream ridge promotes recurvature of the tropical cyclone. In contrast, during rapid tangential deceleration or near-zero curvature acceleration, a ridge is located directly poleward of the tropical cyclone. Locally, this arrangement takes the form of a cyclone–anticyclone vortex pair. On average, the tangential acceleration peaks 18 h prior to extratropical transition, while the curvature acceleration peaks at recurvature. These findings confirm that rapid acceleration of tropical cyclones is mediated by interaction with extratropical baroclinic waves. Furthermore, the tails of the distribution of acceleration and translation speed show a robust reduction over the past 5 decades. We speculate that these trends may reflect the poleward shift and weakening of extratropical Rossby waves.

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Guo, Chaoyue, Yali Liu, Qiuzhi Song i Shuting Liu. "Research on Kinematic Parameters of Multiple Gait Pattern Transitions". Applied Sciences 11, nr 15 (27.07.2021): 6911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156911.

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Gait recognition technology is the key technology in the field of exoskeletons. In the current research of gait recognition technology, there is less focus on the recognition of the transition between gait patterns. This study aims to determine which kinematic parameters have significant differences in the transitions (between level and stair walking and between level and ramp walking) of different gait patterns, to determine whether these parameters change differently in different gait pattern transitions, and the order the significant differences occur through a comparative analysis of various kinematic parameters between the transition stride and the before stride in the former pattern. We analyzed 18 parameters concerning both lower limbs and trunk. We compared each time point of the transition strides to the corresponding time points of the before stride using a series of two-sample t-tests, and we then evaluated the difference between the transition stride and the before stride based upon the number of time points within the gait cycle that were statistically different. We found that the sagittal plane angular velocity and the angular acceleration of all joints and the resultant velocity of the thigh and shank of the leading limb had significant differences in the process of transition; the sagittal plane angular velocity of all joints of the trailing limb and the velocity of the trunk in the coronary axis direction also showed a significant difference. The angular acceleration of all joints, the sagittal plane angular velocity of the ankle joint of the leading limb, and the acceleration of the trunk in the coronal axis direction showed a difference in the early stage of the transition. In general, the leading limb had a significant difference earlier than the trailing limb, and the acceleration parameters changed earlier than the velocity parameters. These parameters showed different combinations of changes in the transition of different gait patterns, and the changes in these parameters reflected different gait pattern transitions. Therefore, we believe that the results of this study can provide a reference for the gait pattern transition recognition of wearable exoskeletons.

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Nagano, Yasuharu, Shogo Sasaki, Yui Shimada, Takeshi Koyama i Hiroshi Ichikawa. "High-Impact Details of Play and Movements in Female Basketball Game". Sports Medicine International Open 05, nr 01 (3.02.2021): E22—E27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1309-3085.

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AbstractThis study aimed to identify the high-impact details of play and movements with higher acceleration and their frequency during a female basketball match. Trunk acceleration was measured during a simulated basketball game with eight female players. The extracted instance was categorized, which generated at > 6 and 8 G resultant accelerations using a video recording and an accelerometer attached to the players’ trunk, as details of play and movements. The frequency and ratio of the details of play and movements regarding all detected movements were calculated. A total of 1062 and 223 play actions were detected for the resultant acceleration thresholds of > 6 and 8 G, respectively. For these acceleration thresholds, in terms of details of play, positioning on the half-court was the most frequently observed (29.6 and 23.8%, respectively). In terms of movements, deceleration was the most frequently detected movement (21.5 and 23.3%, respectively), followed by landing (7.6 and 15.7%, respectively). Deceleration during positioning on the half-court and defense as well as landing mostly after a shot were detected as high-impact frequent basketball-specific movements. The results also showed that characteristics of movements or playing style and playing position may have an effect on acceleration patterns during a basketball game.

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Hamaguchi, Masafumi, i Takao Taniguchi. "Damping and Transfer Control of Liquid in a Cylindrical Container Using a Wheeled Mobile Robot". Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 17, nr 5 (20.10.2005): 546–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2005.p0546.

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We constructed a spherical pendulum model to represent liquid sloshing in a cylindrical container due to the motions of a wheeled mobile robot (WMR). The model is used to design paths and acceleration patterns for the WMR based on the damping of sloshing. The path curvature radius and WMR acceleration pattern are determined using input shaping. A PD controller enables the WMR to trace the designed path. Maximum sloshing displacement is a constraint condition in control transfer. Simulations and experiments clarified the effectiveness of our method.

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TenBroek, Trampas M., Pedro A. Rodrigues, Edward C. Frederick i Joseph Hamill. "Midsole Thickness Affects Running Patterns in Habitual Rearfoot Strikers During a Sustained Run". Journal of Applied Biomechanics 30, nr 4 (sierpień 2014): 521–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jab.2012-0224.

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The purpose of this study was to: (1) investigate how kinematic patterns are adjusted while running in footwear with THIN, MEDIUM, and THICK midsole thicknesses and (2) determine if these patterns are adjusted over time during a sustained run in footwear of different thicknesses. Ten male heel-toe runners performed treadmill runs in specially constructed footwear (THIN, MEDIUM, and THICK midsoles) on separate days. Standard lower extremity kinematics and acceleration at the tibia and head were captured. Time epochs were created using data from every 5 minutes of the run. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used (P< .05) to determine differences across footwear and time. At touchdown, kinematics were similar for the THIN and MEDIUM conditions distal to the knee, whereas only the THIN condition was isolated above the knee. No runners displayed midfoot or forefoot strike patterns in any condition. Peak accelerations were slightly increased with THIN and MEDIUM footwear as was eversion, as well as tibial and thigh internal rotation. It appears that participants may have been anticipating, very early in their run, a suitable kinematic pattern based on both the length of the run and the footwear condition.

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Jeon, Soon-il, Sung-tae Jo, Yeong-il Park i Jang-moo Lee. "Multi-Mode Driving Control of a Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using Driving Pattern Recognition". Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 124, nr 1 (28.08.2000): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1434264.

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Vehicle performance such as fuel consumption and catalyst-out emissions is affected by a driving pattern, which is defined as a driving cycle with grades in this study. To optimize the vehicle performances on a temporary driving pattern, we developed a multi-mode driving control algorithm using driving pattern recognition and applied it to a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (parallel HEV). The multi-mode driving control is defined as the control strategy which switches a current driving control algorithm to the algorithm optimized in a recognized driving pattern. For this purpose, first, we selected six representative driving patterns, which are composed of three urban driving patterns, one expressway driving pattern, and two suburban driving patterns. A total of 24 parameters such as average cycle velocity, positive acceleration kinetic energy, stop time/total time, average acceleration, and average grade are chosen to characterize the driving patterns. Second, in each representative driving pattern, control parameters of a parallel HEV are optimized by Taguchi method though the fuel-consumption and emissions simulations. And these results are compared with those by parametric study. There are seven control parameters, six of them are weighting factors of performance measures for deciding the ratio of engine power to required power from driving load. And the other is the charging/discharging method of battery. Finally, in driving, a neural network (the Hamming network) decides periodically which representative driving pattern is closest to a current driving pattern by comparing the correlation related to 24 characteristic parameters. And then the current driving control algorithm is switched to the optimal one, assuming the driving pattern does not change in the next period.

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Ma, Ruijun, Taymaz Homayouni, Arash Toudeshki, Reza Ehsani i Xiaohua Zhang. "An Experimental Study and Mathematical Modeling of Vibration Transfer in Pistachio Trees Using an Inertia-Type Trunk Shaker and Field-Adapted Wireless Sensors". Shock and Vibration 2022 (27.02.2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9966848.

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Trunk shakers are the most widely used mechanical harvesting machines for harvesting nut trees, including pistachio in California. Improvement of these machines requires a better understanding of the shaking dynamics of the existing trunk shakers during harvest. In this study, the effects of four different shaking patterns on three sizes of pistachio trees of different ages, shapes, and sizes were investigated under field conditions. The vibration acceleration of the real pistachio tree was measured using a wireless network of 3-axis accelerometers installed on the shaker head and different parts of the trees during the shaking harvest. Changes in acceleration and the effect of tree morphology on the magnitude of acceleration in each pattern are presented and discussed. A new location index λ, which is based on the distance of the sensor from the shaking point and diameter of the branch at each sensor location, is introduced. This study focused on mathematical modeling of the variation and distribution of the acceleration throughout the tree canopy. The sensor location index, relative force ratio (RFR), and relative kinetic energy ratio (RKER) were defined to better understand the energy damping in each part of the tree. The results showed that the relationship between the acceleration peaks and the sensor location index could be expressed by a third-degree polynomial function with an acceptable coefficient of determination. Under different shaking patterns, similar changes in the RFR of the tree at different locations and for different trees were observed. This finding indicates that the vibration force is significantly damped as the distance from the shaker clamps increases. However, the RKER values at the same shaking pattern result in different effects at different points on the branches according to tree morphology.

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Edwards, W. S., i S. Fauve. "Patterns and quasi-patterns in the Faraday experiment". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 278 (10.11.1994): 123–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112094003642.

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Parametric excitation of surface waves via forced vertical oscillation of a container filled with fluid (the Faraday instability) is investigated experimentally in a small-depth large-aspect-ratio system, with a viscous fluid and with two simultaneous forcing frequencies. The asymptotic pattern observed just above the threshold for the first instability of the flat surface is found to depend strongly on the frequency ratio and the amplitudes and phases of the two sinusoidal components of the driving acceleration. Parallel lines, squares, and hexagons are observed. With viscosity 100 cS, these stable standing-wave patterns do not exhibit strong sidewall effects, and are found in containers of various shapes including an irregular shape. A ‘quasi-pattern’ of twelvefold symmetry, analogous to a two-dimensional quasi-crystal, is observed for some even/odd frequency ratios. Many of the experimental phenomena can be modelled via cubic-order amplitude equations derived from symmetry arguments.

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D. Johnson, Mark, i John G. Buckley. "Muscle power patterns in the mid-acceleration phase of sprinting". Journal of Sports Sciences 19, nr 4 (styczeń 2001): 263–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/026404101750158330.

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Kawabata, Masahiro, Kenta Goto, Chiho Fukusaki, Ken Sasaki, Eiji Hihara, Takahiro Mizushina i Naokata Ishii. "Acceleration patterns in the lower and upper trunk during running". Journal of Sports Sciences 31, nr 16 (grudzień 2013): 1841–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2013.805884.

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Kipp, Kristof, i Chad Harris. "Patterns of barbell acceleration during the snatch in weightlifting competition". Journal of Sports Sciences 33, nr 14 (22.12.2014): 1467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.992035.

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Li, Y., R. Aissaoui, K. Turcot, K. Boivin, N. Hagemeister i J. A. de Guise. "Classification of gait patterns using kinematic, kinetic and acceleration variables". Journal of Biomechanics 39 (styczeń 2006): S92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9290(06)83261-6.

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Medrano, Carlos, Raul Igual, Inmaculada Plaza i Manuel Castro. "Detecting Falls as Novelties in Acceleration Patterns Acquired with Smartphones". PLoS ONE 9, nr 4 (15.04.2014): e94811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0094811.

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Escalante, Hugo Jair, Sara V. Rodriguez, Jorge Cordero, Anders Ringgaard Kristensen i Cécile Cornou. "Sow-activity classification from acceleration patterns: A machine learning approach". Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 93 (kwiecień 2013): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2013.01.003.

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Trapp, Jessica L., Matthew F. Moran, Julie K. Nolan i Alicja B. Stannard. "Match Acceleration and Deceleration Patterns in Female Collegiate Soccer Players". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 51, Supplement (czerwiec 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000560690.14259.15.

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Sayer, Timothy A., Rana S. Hinman, Kade L. Paterson, Kim L. Bennell, Michelle Hall, Kim Allison i Adam L. Bryant. "Running-related muscle activation patterns and tibial acceleration across puberty". Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 50 (luty 2020): 102381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.102381.

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Peinado-Contreras, Angel, i Mario Munoz-Organero. "Gait-Based Identification Using Deep Recurrent Neural Networks and Acceleration Patterns". Sensors 20, nr 23 (3.12.2020): 6900. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236900.

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This manuscript presents an approach to the challenge of biometric identification based on the acceleration patterns generated by a user while walking. The proposed approach uses the data captured by a smartphone’s accelerometer and gyroscope sensors while the users perform the gait activity and optimizes the design of a recurrent neural network (RNN) to optimally learn the features that better characterize each individual. The database is composed of 15 users, and the acceleration data provided has a tri-axial format in the X-Y-Z axes. Data are pre-processed to estimate the vertical acceleration (in the direction of the gravity force). A deep recurrent neural network model consisting of LSTM cells divided into several layers and dense output layers is used for user recognition. The precision results obtained by the final architecture are above 97% in most executions. The proposed deep neural network-based architecture is tested in different scenarios to check its efficiency and robustness.

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Coole, James, i Greg Stitt. "Traversal Caches: A Framework for FPGA Acceleration of Pointer Data Structures". International Journal of Reconfigurable Computing 2010 (2010): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/652620.

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Field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and other reconfigurable computing (RC) devices have been widely shown to have numerous advantages including order of magnitude performance and power improvements compared to microprocessors for some applications. Unfortunately, FPGA usage has largely been limited to applications exhibiting sequential memory access patterns, thereby prohibiting acceleration of important applications with irregular patterns (e.g., pointer-based data structures). In this paper, we present a design pattern for RC application development that serializes irregular data structure traversals online into a traversal cache, which allows the corresponding data to be efficiently streamed to the FPGA. The paper presents a generalized framework that benefits applications with repeated traversals, which we show can achieve between 7x and 29x speedup over pointer-based software. For applications without strictly repeated traversals, we present application-specialized extensions that benefit applications with highly similar traversals by exploiting similarity to improve memory bandwidth and execute multiple traversals in parallel. We show that these extensions can achieve a speedup between 11x and 70x on a Virtex4 LX100 for Barnes-Hut n-body simulation.

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Takemura, Aya, Yuka Inoue, Hiroaki Gomi, Mitsuo Kawato i Kenji Kawano. "Change in Neuronal Firing Patterns in the Process of Motor Command Generation for the Ocular Following Response". Journal of Neurophysiology 86, nr 4 (1.10.2001): 1750–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.4.1750.

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To explore the process of motor command generation for the ocular following response, we recorded the activity of single neurons in the medial superior temporal (MST) area of the cortex, the dorsolateral pontine nucleus (DLPN), and the ventral paraflocculus (VPFL) of the cerebellum of alert monkeys during ocular following elicited by sudden movements of a large-field pattern. Using second-order linear-regression models, we analyzed the quantitative relationships between neuronal firing frequency patterns and eye movements or retinal errors specified by three parameters (position, velocity, and acceleration). We first attempted to reconstruct the temporal waveform of each neuronal response to each visual stimulus and computed the coefficients for each parameter using the least-square error method for each stimulus condition. The temporal firing patterns were generally well reconstructed [coefficient of determination index (CD) > 0.7] from either the retinal error or the associated ocular following response. In the MST and DLPN datasets, however, the fit with the retinal error model was generally better than with the eye-movement model, and the estimated coefficients of acceleration and velocity ranged widely, indicating that temporal patterns in these regions showed considerable diversity. The acceleration component is greater in MST and DLPN than in VPFL, suggesting that an integration occurs in this pathway. When we determined how well the temporal patterns of the neuronal responses of a given cell could be reconstructed for all visual stimuli using a single set of coefficients, good fits were found only for Purkinje cells (P- cells) in the VPFL using the eye-movement model. In these cases, the coefficients of acceleration and velocity for each cell were similar, and the mean ratio of the acceleration and velocity coefficients was close to that of motor neurons. These results indicate that individual MST and DLPN neurons are each encoding some selective aspects of the sensory stimulus (visual motion), whereas the P-cells in VPFL are encoding the complete dynamic command signals for the associated motor response (ocular following). We conclude that the sensory-to-motor transformation for the ocular following response occurs at the P-cells in VPFL.

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Ueno, Kazunari, i John W. Melvin. "Finite Element Model Study of Head Impact Based on Hybrid III Head Acceleration: The Effects of Rotational and Translational Acceleration". Journal of Biomechanical Engineering 117, nr 3 (1.08.1995): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2794187.

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The translational and rotational components of acceleration measured at the center of gravity of a Hybrid III dummy head were used to investigate their individual and combined effects on a two-dimensional finite element model of the human brain. Each component of acceleration generated distinct patterns of deformation. Although translational acceleration is related to pressure and rotational acceleration has a dominant effect on shear deformations, complete acceleration (combination of translation and rotation) yielded the highest values in all stresses and produced a maximum shear stress at the top of the brain.

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Cysarz, Dirk, Silke Lange, Peter F. Matthiessen i Peter van Leeuwen. "Regular heartbeat dynamics are associated with cardiac health". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 292, nr 1 (styczeń 2007): R368—R372. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00161.2006.

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The human heartbeat series is more variable and, hence, more complex in healthy subjects than in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients. However, little is known about the complexity of the heart rate variations on a beat-to-beat basis. We present an analysis based on symbolic dynamics that focuses on the dynamic features of such beat-to-beat variations on a small time scale. The sequence of acceleration and deceleration of eight successive heartbeats is represented by a binary sequence consisting of ones and zeros. The regularity of such binary patterns is quantified using approximate entropy (ApEn). Holter electrocardiograms from 30 healthy subjects, 15 patients with CHF, and their surrogate data were analyzed with respect to the regularity of such binary sequences. The results are compared with spectral analysis and ApEn of heart rate variability. Counterintuitively, healthy subjects show a large amount of regular beat-to-beat patterns in addition to a considerable amount of irregular patterns. CHF patients show a predominance of one regular beat-to-beat pattern (alternation of acceleration and deceleration), as well as some irregular patterns similar to the patterns observed in the surrogate data. In healthy subjects, regular beat-to-beat patterns reflect the physiological adaptation to different activities, i.e., sympathetic modulation, whereas irregular patterns may arise from parasympathetic modulation. The patterns observed in CHF patients indicate a largely reduced influence of the autonomic nervous system. In conclusion, analysis of short beat-to-beat patterns with respect to regularity leads to a considerable increase of information compared with spectral analysis or ApEn of heart-rate variations.

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