Rozprawy doktorskie na temat „Absorptiometer”

[Truncated abstract] Areal bone mineral density (BMD) is measured routinely in the clinic by a quantitative radiological technique, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). BMD is used widely to assess non-invasively but indirectly the mechanical fragility of bone and consequently is able to predict fracture risk. While BMD correlates well with in vitro measurements of bone strength it does not directly measure a mechanical property; half of incident minimally traumatic fractures in women occur with BMD values above the World Health Organisation defined threshold for osteoporosis. This arises partly because the mechanical strength of bone is dependent on its structural geometry and material strength as well as bone mineral mass. Essentially, bones fracture when load stresses exceed the mechanical capacity of the material to withstand them. The structural geometry (i.e., the amount of bone tissue and its complex three-dimensional arrangement within the macroscopic bone envelope) defines the stresses produced by a given load, while the intrinsic load capacity of the material is defined by the composition and microstructure of the bone tissue itself. Hip structural analysis (HSA) is a technique that elucidates the structural geometric component of bone strength; essentially combining information available from conventional DXA images of the proximal femur with a biomechanical beam model based on the stresses arising in a combination of pure bending and axial compression. A version of HSA has recently been released commercially, and has obtained US Food and Drug Administration approval for its clinical application. ... Given the acknowledged limitations of the HSA method when applied to 2-D projection images, a 3-D approach to structural geometry, using imaging modalities such as pQCT and QCT or a recently introduced version of DXA that mimics QCT, is indicated for the future. With that in mind and the possibility of the anthropometric phantom being adopted for future accuracy and precision assessments, improvements in the design of this phantom are recommended. Studies to better understand and verify Contents v the relevance of the 'local buckling' phenomenon as a structural geometric factor in the genesis of macro-fractures are also recommended. In summary, it is essential that superior (compared to BMD) non-invasively determined clinical predictors of bone fragility leading to fracture be investigated. Structural geometric variables are potential candidates. This has led to consideration of; (i) the need to progress beyond BMD for a more sensitive and specific bone strength measurement; (ii) theoretical advantages of structural geometry over BMD; (iii) limitations of the current HSA technique based on DXA, including those introduced by its restrictive assumptions; (iv) the value of HSA in longitudinal studies, exemplified by the 'normal' but rapid skeletal changes seen in human lactation, with possible implications for an analogous study of the menopause; and (v) an investigation, using a custom-designed anthropometric phantom, of the adaptation of HSA to certain emerging imaging modalities and methods able to resolve bone structural geometry in three dimensions.

Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry is the current technique used for bone mineral density measurements and recently for soft tissue analysis. The technique of dual energy absorptiometry was investigated as a method of measuring heavy elements induced or found in human body, in particular platinum and iodine, by using two energies, one energy below the k-edge and the other above it. The accuracy of iodine measurement was predicted to be 3.2, which is comparable with other methods. The discrimination between different tissue types was investigated by building a phantom and scanning it at 180 different angles using the Hologic QDR-1000/W system. The raw data files were analysed and tomographically reconstructed to produce 6 different axial images from beams with different energy spectra, produced by a combination of two x-ray voltages and three beam filters. The final part of the thesis concerns a new method to solve the beam hardening problem. A new exponential beam hardening formula was derived first by simulation work and then tested on real phantom. The measured attenuations were combined in a polynomal (quadratic) expression, which was optimised using a least squares program, and separation between different tissue components was successfully carried out on the data from the Hologic system. Measuring the bone density with the new procedure can achieve an r.m.s error of 0.26% over a wide range of body composition, and a maximum error of 1.5%, which represents a significant improvement over previous published work.

Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry is a proven technique used to identify unknown materials, by measuring the transmission of two X-ray energies. This technique is limited to measuring a single chemical quantity and is not able to handle more chemical variation. To overcome this, one approach is to use multiple-energies to resolve more information. The differences in the processes controlling the Xray transmission limits the theoretical resolution capability to three characteristics. Of these three, one is dependent on the sample geometry and density. The remaining two are purely chemical characteristics and are investigated in this thesis. It is found that using X-ray photon energies in the range 20-90 keV, it is possible to measure one chemical characteristic to a high precision. Two chemical characteristics can be measured in limited circumstances and even though the precision is good, the measurement is prone to inaccuracies in machine modeling and stability. A two step method is defined, first finding an approximation of the X-ray spectra and then reconstructing the attenuation coefficient of the sample to a high precision (< 0.2%) using a robust low-rank basis for the characteristics.
DXA (Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) är en teknik för att identifiera okända material genom att mäta transmissionen för två olika röntgenenergier. Den här metoden är begränsad till att mäta en kemiskt variation. Vid mer än en varierande komponent, kan MXA (Multiple Energy X-ray Absorptiometry) användas för att utröna mer information. MXA är dock begränsat av de små skillnaderna i de fysikaliska processerna som styr röntgenfotonernas interaktion med materialet. Teoretiskt är det bara möjligt att mäta tre egenskaper med MXA, varav en är beroende på provets geometri och densitet. De kvarvarande kemiska egenskaper är utforskade i den här rapporten. Det är möjligt att mäta en kemisk material egenskap med hög precision med röntgen energier mellan 20 - 90 keV. Två kemiska egenskaper går att mäta i vissa fall, dock är precisionen sämre och mätningen är känslig för fel i modelleringen av maskinen och mätningens stabilitet. I den tvåstegs metod som används uppskattas först de använda röntgenspectra och sedan återskapas provets attenueringskoefficient med en hög precision (< 0.2 %) med en lågranks bas av attenueringsegenskaperna.

Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) is amedical imaging modality used to quantify bone mineral density and to detect fractures. It is widely used due to its cheap cost and low radiation dose, however it produces noisy images that can be difficult to interpret for a human expert or a machine. In this study, we investigate denoising on DXA lateral spine images and automatic vertebra segmentation in the resulting images. For denoising, we design adaptive filters to avoid the frequent apparition of edge artifacts (cross contamination), and validate our results with an observer experiment. Segmentation is performed using deep convolutional neural networks trained on manually segmented DXA images. Using few training images, we focus on depth of the network and on the amount of training data. At the best depth, we report a 94 % mean Dice on test images, with no post-processing. We also investigate the application of a network trained on one of our databases to the other (different resolution). We show that in some cases, cross contamination can degrade the segmentation results and that the use of our adaptive filters helps solving this problem. Our results reveal that even with little data and a short training, neural networks produce accurate segmentations. This suggests they could be used for fracture classification. However, the results should be validated on bigger databases with more fracture cases and other pathologies.
Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) är en medicinsk bildbehandlingmodalitetsom används för att kvantifiera bentäthet och upptäckafrakturer. Det används i stor utsträckning tack vare sin låga kostnadoch sin låga exponering, men producerar brusiga bilder som kanvara svåra att förstå för en mänsklig expert eller en maskin. I den här studien undersöker vi avbrusning i DXA i laterala ryggradsbilderoch automatisk segmentering av ryggkotorna i de resulterandebilderna. För avbrusning skapar vi adaptiva filter för att förhindrafrekventa kantartefakter (korskontaminering), och validerar våraresultat med ett observatörsexperiment. Segmentering utförs medanvändning av djupa konvolutionella neuronnät tränade på manuelltsegmenterade DXA-bilder. Med få träningsbilder fokuserar vi pånätverksdjup och mängden träningsdata. På bästa djup rapporterarvi 94% medel-Dice på testbilder utan efterbehandling. Vi undersökerockså tillämpning av ett nätverk tränat på en av våra databaser till enannan databas (annan upplösning). Vi visar att i vissa fall kan korskontamineringförsämra segmenteringsresultatet och att användningenav våra adaptiva filter hjälper till att lösa problemet. Våra resultatvisar att även med få data och korta träningar så producerar neuuronnätkor- rekta segmenteringar. Detta tyder på att de kunde användasför frak- turklassificering. Dock, resultaten bör valideras på större databasermed fler fall av frakturer och andra patologier.

This study explores DXA's utility as a new reference method for body composition, and compares its total and regional tissue masses in different athletic groups and controls. Findings: Body Composition. Athletes had significantly greater lean tissue and less fat than controls, but bone mineral content (BMC) depended on the type of activity. Anthropometry proved superior to BIA in predicting fat and fat-free mass in male athletes, and the accuracy of predictions of published skinfold equations applied to the athletes appeared to depend upon appropriate skinfold selection. DXA data showed athletes appeared to distribute fat differently from sedentary controls after controlling for age and adiposity, although this was not influenced by exercise type or differences in lean tissue distribution. Female athletes had different distributions of bone, lean and fat tissue to anorexics and controls. A new body composition descriptor - the DXA morphotype - was derived for athletic groups using bone and soft tissue Z scores, which discriminated the groups differently from traditional somatotype measures. Differences in fat content by MRI and DXA of the upper leg were consistent with the variable lipid fraction of adipose tissue with adiposity; while MRI muscle mass was slightly better predicted from anthropometry than DXA lean tissue mass. Findings: Bone. Eleven out of 26 female athletes had significantly reduced bone mineral density (BMD) at the lumbar spine, which was best predicted from the combined index (CX); the sum of BMI and oestrogen status (OS, defined as 0 for oligo- or amenorrhoea; 1 for eumenorrhoea or supplemented). These data suggest women athletes with a CX ≤ 20.4 carry a 2.4 fold increased risk of spinal osteopenia. Variation in BMD between male athletic groups exposed differences in physical impact. Rugby showed the highest BMD of all groups, after correction for body size. Compared with controls, running was associated with increased BMD in the legs, while cycling was associated with a decreased BMD in the spine. Cyclists had a mean T score of -1.16, and were seven times as likely as controls to have osteopenia. While unimportant in the legs, muscular torque appeared to contribute to increased BMD in the arms and spine, suggesting different mechanisms for adjusting skeletal architecture may operate at different sites.

Hip fracture is the leading cause of acute orthopaedic hospital admission amongst the elderly, with around a third of patients not surviving one-year post-fracture. Current risk assessment tools ignore cortical bone thinning, a focal structural defect characterizing hip fragility. Cortical thickness can be measured using computed tomography, but this is expensive and involves a significant radiation dose. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the preferred imaging modality for assessing fracture risk, and is used routinely in clinical practice. This thesis proposes two novel methods which measure the cortical thickness of the proximal femur from multi-view DXA scans. First, a data-driven algorithm is designed, implemented and evaluated. It relies on a femoral B-spline template which can be deformed to fit an individual?s scans. In a series of experiments on the trochanteric regions of 120 proximal femurs, the algorithm?s performance limits were established using twenty views in the range 0? ? 171?: estimation errors were 0.00 ? 0.50 mm. In a clinically viable protocol using four views in the range ?20? to 40?, measurement errors were ?0.05 ? 0.54 mm. The second algorithm accomplishes the same task by deforming statistical shape and thickness models, both trained using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Three training cohorts are used to investigate (a) the estimation efficacy as a function of the diversity in the training set and (b) the possibility of improving performance by building tailored models for different populations. In a series of cross-validation experiments involving 120 femurs, minimum estimation errors were 0.00 ? 0.59 mm and ?0.01 ? 0.61 mm for the twenty- and four-view experiments respectively, when fitting the tailored models. Statistical significance tests reveal that the template algorithm is more precise than the statistical, and that both are superior to a blind estimator which naively assumes the population mean, but only in regions of thicker cortex. It is concluded that cortical thickness measured from DXA is unlikely to assist fracture prediction in the femoral neck and trochanters, but might have applicability in the sub-trochanteric region.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hydration on %BFADP while using %BFDEXA as the criterion measure. Twenty healthy males and females ages 20-28 participated in the study. The subjects underwent dehydration in the environmental chamber at 32°C and 50% relative humidity until a total of 3% of their body weight had been lost. Subjects were measured with ADP and DEXA at euhydration, 1%, 2%, and 3% dehydration. The results revealed significant differences between %BFADP and %BFDEXA at each level of hydration. %BFDEXA did not change due to dehydration; however, %BFADP decreased as a result of dehydration. Therefore, standardization criteria must be employed in order to assure proper hydration and accurate %BF measurements via ADP.
School of Physical Education

This observational study investigated whole body and regional differences in bone mineral density and soft tissue amounts (fat mass versus lean mass) among collegiate runners and swimmers using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for body composition measurement. A data subset was gathered for post-hoc analysis on a group of Caucasian male Cal Poly swimmers (n=20) and Cal Poly track and field runners (n=20) of similar age (18-25 years) and race. In addition to their sport-specific training, both teams had engaged in free weight training and running for approximately 12 weeks prior to their DXA scans. Group mean values for total body and regional bone mineral density (BMD) and percent body fat (% BF) were then compared, as were ratios for soft tissue distribution among the athletes. Multiple correlations between BMD, age, body weight (BW), fat mass (FM), lean tissue mass (LTM) and sport grouping were also determined. Results for bone mineral differences between the two groups were consistent with past literature, as the runners had significantly greater total body BMD (p=0.000), and regional BMD of the legs (p=0.000). Swimmers possessed significantly greater total % BF (p=0.004), and legs % BF (p=0.004), despite having a greater lean torso-to-legs (LTL) ratio than the runners (p=0.000). However, even though the swimmers exhibited the greater average BW of the two groups, the runners actually had more measured LTM (in kg) located in the legs than the swimmers. The track runners had a greater FFM/FM ratio, but this value narrowly missed significance (p=0.012) after Bonferroni correction for multiple test comparisons lowered the level of significance (p<0.0083). The FFM/FM ratio was not correlated to the BMD among all subjects. Several significant correlations were found among the body composition and group descriptive variables. Total BMD was predicted by BW (Pearson r=0.421, p=0.007) and whole-body LTM (r=0.468, p=0.002) among both groups. The strongest correlation was displayed between LTM and BW for both groups (r=0.932, p=0.000). While much is known in the research about the relationship between BW and load-bearing forces among weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing athletes, these data findings suggest that soft tissue distribution differences among such athletes should be further evaluated. Future research conducted with larger athlete sample sizes may possibly be able to determine what other physiological factors (age, hormonal and metabolic variations, muscular contractions, etc.) have the most influence on such differences in body composition.

Assessment of body fat percentage is desirable to identify health risks associated with obesity. There are few studies that have compared the assessment of body fat between air displacement plethysmography and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, particularly related to age and gender differences. The purpose of this study was to determine if body fat percent estimates differ depending on age and/or gender between air displacement plethysmography (Bod Pod, Life Measurements Instrument, Concord, CA) and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA, General Electric Medical Systems, Lunar Prodigy, Madison, WI). Sixty subjects were studied: 15 men and 15 women, 22-35 years and 15 men and 15 women, 55-80 years. Subjects were excluded if they competed in athletics or high-level exercise training in the last year. Standard calibration and testing procedures were used for both methods. Both methods were administered at least twice to evaluate reliability and were repeated a third time if the first two measures differed by >2%. Differences between methods for age groups and gender were analyzed using ANOVA and reliability comparisons between the body composition methods were evaluated with correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots. Using data for all subjects, DEXA (r = .996) and Bod Pod (r = .985) both showed good reliability. However, in younger females the reliability of the Bod Pod (r = .911) was lower. Sixteen of the 60 subjects required a third trial for the Bod Pod, whereas all repeated DEXA measures were consistent. The deviation between trial 1 and 2 for the DEXA (.6%) was significantly less than that in the Bod Pod (1.5%). Significant interactions between the body composition method and age group were found. Mean body fat percentage in the younger group was higher in the DEXA (24.1 + 1.1%) than the Bod Pod (23.0 + 1.3%) however, in the older group it was found to be lower in the DEXA (33.9 ± 1.1%) than the Bod Pod (37.2 ± 1.3%). Both the DEXA and the Bod Pod were reliable but repeated DEXA measures were more consistent than the Bod Pod measures. Bod Pod estimates of body fat percentage were lower for younger subjects, yet higher for older subjects compared to DEXA measurements.
School of Physical Education, Sport, and Exercise Science

Die Dualenergie-Röntgenabsorptiometrie (DEXA, Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry) ist ein in der Humanmedizin und Teilen der Veterinärmedizin etabliertes Verfahren zur Untersuchung der Knochenmineraldichte, des Knochenmineralgehaltes und der Körperzusammensetzung. Für das Pferd existieren bisher lediglich vereinzelte Studien zur Untersuchung des Knochens mittels der DEXA-Methode, welche allesamt auf nur sehr geringen Versuchstierzahlen beruhen. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher die DEXA-Methode für die Untersuchung am Pferd zu validieren. Hierfür wurden die Röhrbeine von 103 Schlachtpferden mittels des Densitometers PIXI LUNAR®, welches aus der Humanmedizin stammt und dort zur Untersuchung des Unterarmes dient, untersucht und die densitometrische Knochenmineraldichte (BMD) und der densitometrische Knochenmineralstoffgehalt (BMC) ermittelt. Als Messpunkt wurde standar-disiert die Mitte zwischen der Basis und dem Caput des Os metacarpale tertium bzw. des Os metatarsale tertium gewählt. Im Anschluss an die densitometrische Messung wurde als Referenzverfahren eine chemische Analyse durchgeführt, in welcher der Rohasche- sowie der Calcium- Phosphor- und Magnesiumgehalt der Röhrbeine bestimmt wurden. Die Angabe der Ergebnisse erfolgt als Median und 25-/75-Perzentil. Der Rohaschegehalt lag im Mittel über alle Röhrbeine bei 698 (69,1 - 70,3) g/kg TS. Für die Mineralstoffe konnten folgende Gehalte ermittelt werden: Calcium 265 (259 - 272) g/kg TS, Phosphor 123 (121 - 126) g/kg TS und Magnesium 2,40 (2,19 - 2,66) g/kg TS. Das Calcium-Phosphor-Verhältnis lag in einem Bereich von 2,14 - 2,18. Die Resultate der DEXA-Methode werden neben dem Mineralstoffgehalt auch vom Knochenumfang beeinflusst, so dass die folgenden Ergebnisse für die Vorder- und Hintergliedmaße (VGM, HGM) separat dargestellt werden: BMD: VGM 3,22 (2,80 - 3,65) g/cm², HGM 4,21 (3,76 - 4,65) g/cm²; BMC: VGM 26,5 (22,8 - 30,1) g, HGM 32,9 (29,0 - 36,3) g. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden Reproduzierbarkeitsstudien durchgeführt, bei denen für die BMD bei der Reproduzierbarkeit ohne Reposition Abweichungen in einem Bereich von 1,06 - 1,85 % und mit Reposition in einem Bereich von 3,51 - 4,48 % gefunden wurden. Für die BMC lag die Abweichung für die Reproduzierbarkeit ohne Reposition in einem Bereich von 1,28 - 2,79 % und mit Reposition schwankte sie zwischen 3,38 und 3,94 %. Um für den Einsatz der DEXA-Methode bei Verlaufsuntersuchungen den Einfluss der exakten Messlokalisation zu eruieren, wurden Messungen in einem Abstand von ein, zwei und drei Zentimetern proximal und distal des ursprünglichen Messpunktes vorgenommen. Die Ergeb-nisse dieser Studie wichen für die BMD um 3,53 - 9,16 % und für den BMC um 4,21 - 12,5 % von den Ergebnissen des zentralen Messpunktes in der Mitte der Diaphyse ab. Diese Abweichung liegt innerhalb der 25-/75-Perzentile der Messergebnisse des zentralen Messpunktes. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Studie führen zu dem Schluss, dass es möglich ist die Knochenmineraldichte und den Knochenmineralgehalt des Röhrbeines des Pferdes mittels der DEXA-Methode zu ermitteln. Die guten Ergebnisse der Reproduzierbarkeitsstudien und der Abstandsmessungen vom zentralen Messpunkt legen die Durchführbarkeit am stehenden, sedierten Pferd nahe. Bei der DEXA-Methode wird ein Knochenabschnitt mit einem sehr hohen Kortikalisanteil erfasst, welcher auf Einflüsse, wie beispielsweise Training oder Ruhigstellung mit einer Veränderung des Knochenumfanges bei gleichbleibenden Mineralstoffkonzentrationen reagiert. Diese Eigenschaft führt zu einem geringen Zusammenhang zwischen der DEXA-Methode und der chemischen Analyse, so dass sich die Ergebnisse der beiden Messverfahren zwar gut in den Kontext anderer Studien einfügen, der direkte Vergleich der beiden Methoden jedoch nicht möglich ist
DXA (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) is an established method for the measurement of bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC) and whole body composition in human and partly in veterinary medicine. However, there are only a small number of studies that examine the bone in horses using DXA. All these studies are based on small samples. Therefore, the objective of this study was to validate the use of DXA for the measurement of BMD and BMC in the horse. In total the cannons of 103 horses were scanned ex vivo, using the PIXI LUNAR® densitometer. In human medicine this densitometer is used for the exami-nation of the forearm. The measuring point was the exact middle between basis and caput of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone. In a second step the DXA measurements were complemented with a chemical analysis, analyzing the ash content, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium content of the bones. The results are presented as median and 25-/75-percentile. The average ash content of the cannon bones was 698 (691 - 703) g/kg DM. The average mineral content was measured in the following order: calcium 265 (259 - 272) g/kg DM, phosphorus 123 (121 - 126) g/kg DM und magnesium 2.44 (2.19 - 2.66) g/kg DM. The ratio of calcium to phosphorus ranged from 2.14 to 2.18. The DXA results are influenced not only by the bone´s mineral content, but also by its diameter. Because of this the results are separated into the results of the forelimb (fl) and the hindlimb (hl) which generates the following results: BMD: fl 3.22 (2.80 - 3.65) g/cm², hl 4.21 (3.76 - 4.65) g/cm²; BMC: fl 26.5 (22.8 - 30.1) g, hl 32.9 (29.0 - 36.3) g. Several robustness checks of the measurements were conducted. For the BMD measurements, the range of measurements diverged by 3.51-4.48 % for measurements with limb repositioning, and by 1.06-1.85 % for measurements without limb repositioning. For the BMC measurements, the range of measurements diverged by 3.38-3.94 % for measurements with limb repositioning, and by 1.28-2.79 for measurements without limb repositioning. To determine the importance of the exact bone position for follow-up investigations, measurements in a distance of one, two and three centimeters proximal and distal of the original measuring point were performed. The results of these measurements deviated from the result of the central measuring point at the centre of the diaphysis in a range of 3.53 – 9.16 % for BMD and a range of 4.21 – 12.5 % for BMC. This variation falls within the percentiles of the central measuring point. Overall, the results of this study indicate that DXA is useable for determining BMD and BMC at the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone of the horse. The high reproducibility of the results and the distance measurements suggest that DXA is suitable for measurements at the standing, tranquilized horse. However, the cannon bone is a bone with a high content of cortical bone. This means that the diameter of the bone changes as a result of training or immobilization, while the BMD and BMC remain unchanged by such influence. This leads to a weak correlation between the results from the DXA and chemical analyses. Thus, while these two types of analysis fit well into the context of prior studies, a direct comparison between these measurements is not possible

Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Animal and Avian Sciences. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

Arterial calcification is a manifestation of atherosclerosis, which over the last two decades has become a recognised predictor of cardiovascular disease. Abdominal Aortic Calcification (AAC) and osteoporosis have been shown to coincide in older individuals. The accepted method of diagnosing osteoporosis is through the measurement of bone mineral density by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) images obtained alongside BMD using DXA technology provide an inexpensive resource for AAC diagnosis. Although several simple methods have been proposed for manual semi-quantitative scoring of AAC in x-ray images in the past, these methods have limitations in terms of capturing small changes in atherosclerosis progression and are time-consuming. Several automatic approaches have been proposed to measure AAC on radiographs. However, these methods have not been related to any accepted medical AAC scoring systems and thus are not likely to be adopted easily by the medical community. In addition, there has been no attempt to apply the proposed methods to VFA images. The main focus of the research presented in this thesis is the automatic quantification of AAC in VFA images acquired in single energy mode. The thesis is divided into two main parts. In the first part, an automatic method for AAC detection and quantification in VFA images is proposed and evaluated on a large number of images. In the second part, the performance of both single and dual energy VFA imaging for the detection of uniformly distributed calcification is investigated. The automatic method for AAC detection consists of two stages. In the first stage an active appearance model was employed for the purpose of segmentaion. In the second stage, adaptive thresholding techniques were used to detect AAC, whilst automatic iii classification techniques were used to quantify the detected calcification. The performance of several classifiers were investigated, and the proposed method was evaluated against the manual AC-24 scoring method using several hundred images and two human readers. A thorough statistical analysis of the results showed that, overall, the SVM classifier gave the best results. Weighted accuracy, sensitivity, specificity assessed for 4 AAC categories were 89.2%, 78.5% and 92.3% respectively while the corresponding values for 3 AAC categories were 88.6%, 86%, 90.4%. In the second part, a study using a tissue-mimicking physical phantom is described. The phantom consists of an aluminium strip within Perspex to simulate calcification and abdominal soft tissue respectively. VFA images of different phantom configurations were acquired in single energy (SE) and dual energy (DE) modes. The minimum detectable aluminium thickness was assessed visually and related to contrast and contrast-to-noise ratio. Percentage coefficient of variation was used to quantify uniformity, repeatability and reproducibility with a Perspex width of 25 cm, the smallest thickness of aluminium that could be detected was 0.20- 0.25 mm. The initial results are promising, and the system proposed in this research can be used as an alternative method to the manual scoring system (AC-24) for a wide range of AAC. The principal conclusion from the phantom work is that under idealised imaging conditions, VFA images have the potential to be used for detecting small thicknesses of calcification with good linearity, repeatability and reproducibility in SE and DE modes for patients with a body width < 30 cm.

Includes bibliographical references.
Bone mineral density (BMD) is an indicator of bone strength. While femoral and spinal BMDs are traditionally used in the management of osteoporosis, BMD at peripheral sites such as the hand has been shown to be useful in evaluating fracture risk for axial sites. These peripheral locations have been suggested as alternatives to the traditional sites for BMD measurement. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is the gold standard for measuring BMD due to low radiation dose, high accuracy and proven ability to evaluate fracture risk. Computed digital absorptiometry (CDA) has also been shown to be very effective at measuring the bone mass in hand bones using an aluminium step wedge as a calibration reference. In this project, the aim was to develop algorithm s for accurate measurement of BMD in hand bones on a slot - scanning digital radiography system. The project assess e d the feasibility of measuring bone mineral mass in hand bones using CDA on the current system. Images for CDA - based measurement were acquired using the default settings on the system for a medium sized patient. A method for automatic processing of the hand images to detect the aluminium step wedge, included in the scan for calibration, was developed and the calibration accuracy of the step wedge was evaluated. The CDA method was used for computation of bone mass with units of equivalent aluminium thickness (mmA1). The precision of the method was determined by taking three measurements in each of 1 6 volunteering subjects and computing the root - mean - square coefficient of variation (CV) of the measurements. The utility of the method was assessed by taking measurements of excised bones and assessing the correlation between the measured bone mass and ash weight obtained by incinerating the bones. The project also assessed the feasibility of implementing a DXA technique using two detectors in a slot-scanning digital radiography system to acquire dual-energy X-ray images for measuring areal and volumetric BMD of the middle phalanx of the middle finger. The dual-energy images were captured in two consecutive scans. The first scan captured the low- energy image using the detector in its normal set-up. The second scan captured the high- energy image with the detector modified to include an additional scintillator to simulate the presence of a second detector that would capture the low-energy image in a two-detector system. Scan parameters for acquisition of the dual-energy images were chosen to optimise spectral separation, entrance dose and image quality. Simulations were carried out to evaluate the spectral separation of the low- and high-energy spectra.

In this thesis a method was developed to reconstruct both the 3D shape and the BMD distribution of bone structures from Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) images. The method incorporates a statistical model built from a large dataset of Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) scans together with a 3D-2D intensity based registration process. The method was evaluated for its ability to reconstruct the proximal femur from a single DXA image. The resulting parameters of the reconstructions were subsequently evaluated for their hip fracture discrimination ability. The reconstruction method was finally extended to the reconstruction of the lumbar vertebrae from anteroposterior and lateral DXA, thereby incorporating a multi-object and multi-view approach. These techniques can potentially improve the fracture risk estimation accuracy over current clinical practice.
En esta tesis se desarrolló un método para reconstruir tanto la forma 3D de estructuras óseas como la distribución de la DMO a partir de una sola imagen de DXA. El método incorpora un modelo estadístico construido a partir de una gran base de datos de QCT junto con una técnica de registro 3D-2D basada en intensidades. Se ha evaluado la capacidad del método para reconstruir la parte proximal del fémur a partir de una imagen DXA. Los parámetros resultantes de las reconstrucciones fueron evaluados posteriormente por su capacidad en discriminar una fractura de cadera. Por fin, se extendió el método a la reconstrucción de las vértebras lumbares a partir de DXA anteroposterior y lateral incorporando así un enfoque multi-objeto y multi-vista. Estos técnicas pueden potencialmente mejorar la precisión en la estimación del riesgo de fractura respecto a la estimación que ofrece la práctica clínica actual.

No research has been performed comparing percent body fat measurements using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and air plethysmography after weight loss. The purpose of this investigation was to compare body composition assessments using the Bod Pod® Body Composition System (BP) and the DEXA ProdigyTM before and after an 8-week weight loss diet and exercise program. Based on prior comparison studies, it was hypothesized that percent fat values would be significantly lower using the BP compared to the DEXA before and after weight loss. Also since both methods have been shown to be reliable, it was hypothesized that the BP and DEXA would detect similar changes in percent fat in response to a weight-loss intervention. Twelve women (42 ± 8 yrs) and ten men (40 + 11 yrs) had their percent body fat estimated using the BP and whole body DEXA ProdigyTM scanner. A similar significant (P < 0.05) decrease in percent body fat was observed using the BP and DEXA ProdigyTM (-2.2% and -1.8%, respectively) after weight loss. Percent body fat using the BP was significantly lower than the DEXA ProdigyTM before (36 ± 10.7% and 38.1 ± 9.4%, respectively) and after (33.8 ± 10.8% and 36.3 + 10.6%, respectively) the weight loss program. Significant Pearson correlation coefficients between the DEXA ProdigyTM and the BP were noted pre (r = 0.975) and post (r = 0.968) weight loss. These data indicate the BP provides significantly lower absolute %fat values within a range of body fat levels (20-56%) when compared to the DEXA. However, the BP and DEXA detect similar changes in %fat, fatfree mass, and fat mass from weight loss in men and women. Also, the BP consistently overestimated fat-free mass and underestimated %fat and fat mass compared to values obtained from DEXA.
School of Physical Education

Il crescente utilizzo di sistemi di analisi high-throughput per lo studio dello stato fisiologico e metabolico del corpo, ha evidenziato che una corretta alimentazione e una buona forma fisica siano fattori chiave per la salute. L'aumento dell'età media della popolazione evidenzia l'importanza delle strategie di contrasto delle patologie legate all'invecchiamento. Una dieta sana è il primo mezzo di prevenzione per molte patologie, pertanto capire come il cibo influisce sul corpo umano è di fondamentale importanza. In questo lavoro di tesi abbiamo affrontato la caratterizzazione dei sistemi di imaging radiografico Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Dopo aver stabilito una metodologia adatta per l'elaborazione di dati DXA su un gruppo di soggetti sani non obesi, la PCA ha evidenziato alcune proprietà emergenti dall'interpretazione delle componenti principali in termini delle variabili di composizione corporea restituite dalla DXA. Le prime componenti sono associabili ad indici macroscopici di descrizione corporea (come BMI e WHR). Queste componenti sono sorprendentemente stabili al variare dello status dei soggetti in età, sesso e nazionalità. Dati di analisi metabolica, ottenuti tramite Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) su campioni di urina, sono disponibili per circa mille anziani (provenienti da cinque paesi europei) di età compresa tra i 65 ed i 79 anni, non affetti da patologie gravi. I dati di composizione corporea sono altresì presenti per questi soggetti. L'algoritmo di Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) è stato utilizzato per esprimere gli spettri MRS come combinazione di fattori di base interpretabili come singoli metaboliti. I fattori trovati sono stabili, quindi spettri metabolici di soggetti sono composti dallo stesso pattern di metaboliti indipendentemente dalla nazionalità. Attraverso un'analisi a singolo cieco sono stati trovati alti valori di correlazione tra le variabili di composizione corporea e lo stato metabolico dei soggetti. Ciò suggerisce la possibilità di derivare la composizione corporea dei soggetti a partire dal loro stato metabolico.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:02:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo8577_1.pdf: 1277931 bytes, checksum: 3fa83084d4bb4f85991aa2e7f000febd (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
A obesidade é uma excessiva acumulação de energia sob a forma de gordura corporal com prejuízos à saúde. O aumento da prevalência de obesidade em diferentes populações leva a acreditar que esta condição clínica caminha para ser a mais importante causa de doença crônica no mundo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar a importância da obesidade em especial a central e seus fatores de risco à saúde em homens adultos jovens por meio de revisão da literatura, bem como, realizar um estudo comparativo entre duas técnicas de avalição da composição corporal: a Antropometria e o Dual Energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). O delineamento do estudo foi do tipo transversal com seleção aleatória. Participaram 45 indivíduos com idades entre 20 e 30 anos, distribuídos em três grupos segundo o Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), nas categorias peso normal, pré-obeso e obeso I. O referido estudo originou uma nova equação de predição para a gordura centralizada utilizando o perímetro abdominal (Pab) e a gordura do tronco medida pelo DXA em homens adultos jovens, permitindo ainda classificar os referidos indivíduos em risco à saúde de acordo com o Z-score usando a quantidade de gordura estimada pela referida equação

Over the past 30 years, obesity has been primarily identified by the body mass index (BMI). Due to its ease of calculation, the BMI has become the most widely used diagnostic tool to identify weight problems. This study examined the association between hypertension and BMI in White, Black, and Hispanics in the United States. The study’s hypothesis was that this relationship was weaker in Blacks than in the other groups. Data for the study came from the 2007-2008 and 2009-2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. The association was weaker in Black men than in Whites or Hispanics on a univariate basis, and at most BMI levels on a multivariate basis. For females, it was also weaker in Blacks at most BMI levels on a univariate basis. However, multivariate logistic regression analysis did not indicate that the hypothesis held for Black women when adding covariates to the models.

Orientador: Gil Guerra Júnior
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T19:08:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Goncalves_EzequielMoreira_D.pdf: 5365817 bytes, checksum: 7f7c98bf013498181e9a1d0f32614cfc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012
Resumo: Objetivos: a) Validar equações com base nas espessuras de dobras cutâneas (EDC) para estimar o percentual de massa gorda (%MG) e na impedância bioelétrica (BIA) para a massa isenta de gordura (MIG) em pacientes com hiperplasia adrenal congênita por deficiência da enzima 21-hidroxilase (HAC-D21OH); b) desenvolver equações específicas para estes pacientes para estimar o %MG e MIG, utilizando os valores determinados pela absorciometria por dupla emissão de raio X (DXA) como referência; e c) avaliar a relação entre os parâmetros da massa óssea (MO) determinados pela ultrassonometria quantitativa (QUS) das falanges proximais e sua capacidade de diagnosticar a baixa MO para a idade cronológica em comparação ao DXA em pacientes com HAC-D21OH. Casuística: Foram avaliados 71 pacientes de ambos os sexos, com idades entre seis e 27 anos. Métodos: Foram realizadas medidas antropométricas, de BIA, de DXA e de QUS em um mesmo dia. Foram testadas quatro equações (Eq. 1, 2, 3 e 4), previamente publicadas para a estimativa do %MG e quatro equações (Eq. 5, 6, 7, e 8) para a estimativa da MIG em kg, todas específicas para o sexo e faixa etária. Foram utilizados o teste t de Student, os parâmetros da regressão linear simples e a concordância entre os métodos para testar a validade das equações, regressão linear múltipla para desenvolver os novos modelos e a análise dos parâmetros da curva ROC para avaliar a capacidade diagnóstica do QUS. Resultados: Eq. 1, 2, 3, e 4, apresentaram alta correlação (R>0,80), porém subestimaram significativamente (p<0,01) os valores de %MG em comparação ao DXA. Com relação à MIG, apesar de todas as equações apresentarem R> 0,95, no geral apenas uma apresentou validade considerada aceitável (Eq. 6, grupo masculino). Foram desenvolvidas e validadas quatro equações propostas no presente estudo específicas para a estimativa do %MG e uma para a estimativa da MIG em pacientes HAC-D21OH. Os parâmetros do QUS apresentaram valores variando entre: 0,57-0,74 (R), 62,5-100% (sensibilidade) e 21-64,4% (especificidade) em relação ao DXA. Conclusão: As equações específicas para indivíduos com HAC-D21OH demonstraram maior validade para estimar a MIG e principalmente o %MG, comparadas as equações previamente publicadas e desenvolvidas a partir de amostras com pessoas saudáveis. O QUS apresentou relação significativa, porém moderada e baixa capacidade de diagnosticar a baixa MO para a idade cronológica quando comparado ao DXA nestes pacientes
Abstract: Objectives: a) To evaluate the accuracy of skinfold-based models, to estimate the percentage of fat mass (%FM) and the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to estimate fat-free mass (FFM) in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (CAH-21OHD); b) to develop specific equations for these patients to estimate the % MG and MIG using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) as the reference method; and c) to evaluate the relationship between the parameters of bone mass (BM) determined by quantitative ultrasound of proximal phalanges (QUS) and the ability to diagnose low bone mass for chronological age in comparison to DXA in patients with CAH-21OHD. Patients: Seventy one patients of both genders, with age ranged from six and 27 years were inclued. Methods: Anthropometric measurements, BIA, DXA and to QUS were evaluated in the same day. Four equations (Eq. 1, 2, 3 and 4) previously published to estimate the %FM, and four equations (Eq. 5, 6, 7, and 8) to estimated the FFM, all specific for sex and age, the Student t test, the parameters of simple linear regression and the agreement between methods were used to test the validity of the equations, multiple linear regression to develop the new model and the parameters of the ROC curve to evaluate the diagnostic ability of QUS. Results: The four equations (Eq. 1, 2, 3, and 4) were highly correlated (R>0.80), but the %FM values were significantly underestimated (p<0.01) when compared to DXA. With respect to MIG, despite all the equations presented R>0.95, only one had acceptable validity (Eq. 6 for males). Four new specific equations to estimated %FM and one FFM were developed and validate in patients with CAH-21OHD. QUS parameters showed values ranging from 0.57 to 0.74 (R), 62.5 to 100% (sensitivity) and 21 to 64.4% (specificity) compared to DXA. Conclusion: The new specific equations for patients with CAH-21OHD showed greater validity to estimate FFM and mainly the %FM compared to previously equations published and developed with samples from healthy pearsons. The QUS showed a significant relationship, but moderate and low ability to diagnose low bone mass for chronological age when compared to DXA in these patients
Doutorado
Saude da Criança e do Adolescente
Doutor em Saude da Criança e do Adolescente

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of hydration status on the prediction of body composition using BIA, NIR, and DEXA. Twenty healthy males and females ages 18 to 28 were recruited for this study. The subjects were dehydrated in the climate control chamber and engaged in physical exercise, until they lost approximately 1%, 2%, and 3% of their pre-exercise body weight. Percent body fat (%BF), body weight, and urinalysis measures were taken initially on day 1, on day 4 at euhydration, following 1%, 2%, and 3% dehydration, and upon rehydration during day 5. The results indicated that there were significant decreases for %BFBIA and %BFNIR between euhydration and 1%, 2%, and 3% dehydration. %BFDExA did not significantly change.There were also significant differences in the response to dehydration between each technique. Proper hydration should be ensured before %BF is estimated with BIA and NIR.
School of Physical Education

Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-07T19:06:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 000431001-Texto+Completo-0.pdf: 1016980 bytes, checksum: 9deb0aea0f4febd49e279573945ce6b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
BACKGROUND: Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is considered the most accurate method for assessing body composition. With the steady increase in survival in premature babies there is an increasing interest in relation to nutritional assessment, since an adequate diet in the first weeks of life influences long-term development. Therefore the assessment of body composition is of fundamental importance in the nutritional care of preterm infantsOBJECTIVE: To evaluate body composition by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in preterm infants fed human milk supplemented (FM85 ®. Nestle Nutrition) or human milk. METHODS: We studied 26 newborn preterm infants less than 1500g birth weight, while in the conventional UTINeonatal Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS, between July 2006 and January 2010. The newborns were randomized into two groups: one group received human milk plus FM85 ® and Group 2 received human milk without FM85 ®. Anthropometric variables were recorded measures. Body composition was assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: We compared 15 premature infants who used human milk FM85 ® and 11 who ate only human milk. The two groups showed no significant differences in the entrance and at the end of the study in relation to gestational age (mean 30. 2 ± 2. 38 without versus 30 ± 1. 62 without, P = 0. 76), weight (1232. 7 g versus 1161. 4 ± 166. 82 g ± 228. 43, p = 0. 37), length (37. 4 cm ± 1. 9 cm versus 36. 6 ± 2. 65, p = 0. 25) and perimeter circumference (26. 5 cm ± 2. 91 cm versus 25. 9 ± 1. 51, p = 0. 5). The percentages at the beginning and end of the study showed no significant difference in lean body mass (80 ± 1. 89 versus 80. 3 ± 1. 22, p = 0. 63), fat mass (19. 6 ± 1. 81 versus 19, 4 ± 1. 2, p = 0. 72) and bone mineral content (0. 4 ± 0. 3 versus 0. 18 ± 0. 09, p = 0. 18), The volume and percentage of ingested human milk as well as thelength of hospital stay was similar in both groups at the Neonatal care Unit discharge. The bone mineral content / kg was significantly higher in newborns receiving human milk plus FM85™ (5,46 ± 2,63 g/Kg versus 3,55 ± 1,54 g/Kg; p =0,04)CONCLUSIONS: There was no difference between groups in relation to lean body mass, fat mass and bone mineral content.
INTRODUÇÃO: A Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) é considerada o método mais acurado para avaliação da composição corporal. Com o aumento progressivo da sobrevida em prematuros tem ocorrido um interesse crescente em relação a avaliação nutricional, uma vez que uma alimentação adequada nas primeiras semanas de vida influencia o desenvolvimento a longo prazo. Portanto a avaliação da composição corporal é de fundamental importância nos cuidados nutricionais dos prematuros. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a composição corporal através da Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry em recém-nascidos prematuros alimentados com leite humano suplementado (FM85®. Nestlé Nutrition) ou leite humano.MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 26 recém-nascidos prematuros com menos de 1500g de peso ao nascimento, durante a internação na UTI Neonatal do Hospital São Lucas da PUCRS, entre julho de 2006 e janeiro de 2010. Os recém-nascidos foram randomizados em dois grupos: o grupo 1 recebeu leite humano acrescido de FM85® e o grupo 2 que recebeu leite humano sem FM85®. Foram registrados as medidas antopométricas. A composição corporal foi avaliada através da Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTADOS: Foram comparados 15 recém-nascidos prematuros que utilizaram leite humano com FM85® e 11 que ingeriram apenas leite humano. Os dois grupos não apresentaram diferenças significativas tanto na entrada como no final do estudo em relação a idade gestacional (média 30,2 sem ± 2,38 versus 30 sem ± 1,62; p = 0,76), peso (1232,7 g ± 166,82 versus 1161,4 g ± 228,43; p = 0,37), comprimento (37,4 cm ± 1,9 versus 36,6 cm ± 2,65; p = 0,25) e perímetro cefálico (26,5 cm ± 2,91 versus 25,9 cm ± 1,51; p = 0,5). As percentagens no início e ao final do estudo não apresentaram diferença significativa de massa magra (80 ± 1,89 versus 80,3 ± 1,22; p = 0,63), massa gorda (19,6 ± 1,81 versus 19,4 ± 1,2; p = 0,72) e conteúdo mineral ósseo (0,4 ± 0,18 versus 0,3 ± 0,09; p = 0,18), O volume percentual de leite humano ingerido, e tempo de internação também foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos no momento da alta. A concentração mineral óssea/Kg do grupo FM85® foi maior no grupo do leite humano suplementado (5,46 ± 2,63 g/Kg versus 3,55 ± 1,54 g/Kg; p =0,04) ao final do estudo. CONCLUSÕES: Não houve diferença entre os grupos em relação a massa magra, massa gorda e massa mineral óssea.

Uvod: Osteoporoza je sistemsko oboljenje skeleta koje se karakteriše smanjenjem mase kosti i promenama u koštanoj strukturi, što sve ima za posledicu povećanu sklonost koštanog tkiva ka prelomima. Prema preporuci Svetske zdravstvene organizacije, dijagnoza osteoporoze postavlja se ukoliko je T-score -2,5 SD i ispod te vrednosti, a normalan nalaz ako je vrednost T-score -1,0 SD i iznad te vrednosti. Danas se smatra da je zlatni standard u dijagnostici osteoporoze primena dvostruke X apsorpcione denzitometrije lumbalne kičme i kuka putem koje se dobiju vrednosti koštane mase Bone mineral density i T-score. Međutim, poznato je da postoje faktori rizika koji utiču na redukciju mase kosti na taj način što smanjuju maksimum mase kosti koji se stiče do 35. godine života i / ili ubrzavaju inače normalan proces postepenog i blagog smanjenja mase kosti koji počinje posle 35. godine života i na taj način povećavaju rizik za frakture. Takođe, poznato je da neki od faktora rizika i njihova udruženost može dovesti do povećanog rizika za frakture i nezavisno od koštane mase i T-score. Ciljevi istraživanja : 1. Utvrditi koštanu masu u postmenopauznih žena primenom dvostruke X apsorpcione denzitometrije. 2. Analizirati distribuciju faktora rizika u pacijentkinja sa T-score ispod -2.5 SD u poređenju sa pacijentkinjama sa T-score iznad -1.0 SD. 3. Utvrditi odnos između statističkog prostora koji čine pojedinačni i udruženi faktori rizika (sa karakteristikama svakih od njih) i mase kosti određene denzitometrijski. Materijal i metode rada: Istraživanje je koncipirano delom kao prospektivna, a delom kao retrospektivna studija koja je sprovedena kod pacijentkinja u postmenopauznom periodu života, životne dobi od 50 do 80 godina. Nakon urađene dvostruke X apsorpcione denzitometrije lumbalne kičme i kuka ispitivane pacijentkinje su same popunjavale upitnik uz pomoć medicinske sestre ili lekara. Nakon dobijenih podataka pacijentkinje su podeljene u dve grupe: sa osteoporozom i bez osteoporoze. U grupi sa osteoporozom je bilo 270 pacijentkinja, a u grupi bez osteoporoze 250 pacijentkinja. Potom je sprovedena statistička obrada podataka. Nakon sveobuhvatne analize dobijenih rezultata istraživanja izvedeni su sledeći zaključci: 1.Ustanovljeno je da 60% postmenopauznih žena prosečne životne dobi od 67.0 ± 7.0 godina ima osteoporozu odnosno vrednost T-score ≤ -2.5 SD. 2. Postoji statistička značajna povezanost između koštane mase i sledećih faktora rizika: pozitivna porodična anamneza na osteoporozu i frakture, telesna težina, telesna visina, ranije frakture, česti padovi i smanjenje u visini više od 3 cm. 3. Analizom faktora rizika se dobijaju karakteristike osoba sa osteoporozom: pozitivna porodična anamneza na osteoporozu i frakture, manja telesna težina i telesna visina, smanjenje u visini više od 3 cm, česti padovi i ranije frakture. 4. Hipertireoidizam i hiperparatireoidizam, reumatoidni artritis, primena kortikosteroidne terapije su faktori rizika koji su više zastupljeni kod ispitivanih pacijentkinja sa osteoporozom. 5. Pušenje, rana menopauza, alergija na mleko bez adekvatne supstitucije sa kalcijumom i nedovoljan boravak na suncu bez adekvatne supstitucije sa vitaminom D su faktori rizika koji su više zastupljeni kod ispitivanih pacijentkinja sa osteoporozom. 6. Najveći doprinos celini daje pozitivna porodična anamneza na osteoporozu i frakture (20.99%), zatim slede telesna težina, telesna visina, Index telesne mase (19.03%), ranije frakture, česti padovi, smanjenje u visini više od 3 cm (18.41%), pušenje i nedovoljna fizička aktivnost (12.75%), alergija na mleko i nedovoljan boravak na suncu (12.14%), rana menopauza (8.72%), hipertireoidizam, hiperparatireoidizam, reumatoidni artritis (7.93%). 7. Analizom tri grupe obeležja koja daju najveći doprinos celini ustanovljeno je da pozitivna porodična anamneza na frakture (37.7%) i telesna težina (31.3%) predstavljaju major faktore rizika za osteoporozu. 8. Matematičkom obradom dolazi se do formule pomoću koje bi sa verovatnoćom od 64.0 % mogla predvideti osteoporoza, a sa verovatnoćom 73.2 % odsustvo osteoporoze, čime se između ostalog u našem istraživanju donekle relativizuje neophodnost određivanja koštane mase u proceni rizika za prelome i u proceni potrebe za uvođenje antiosteoporotične terapije. Formula je +.214 O +.562 F +.202 R +.223 P +.335 S +.493 T +.057 V +.020 9. Potrebno je testirati dobijenu formulu na ispitivanim pacijentkinjama i nastaviti istraživanje na većem uzorku na faktore rizika koji nisu pokazali statističku značajnost.
Introduction: Osteoporosis is a systematic disease of skeleton characterized by the reduction of bone mass and changes in bone structure which result in the increased aptitude of bone tissue to fractures. According to the suggestion of the World Health Organization, the diagnosis for osteoporosis is set if the T-score is -2.5 SD and below it and the normal report if the value of T-score is -1.0 SD and above it. Nowadays, it is considered that the golden standard in osteoporosis diagnostic is the use of double X absorption densitometry of lumbal spine and hipe which provides the values of bone mass Bone mineral density as well as T-score. However, it has been known that there are risk factors whish influence the reduction of bone mass by reducing maximum bone mass gained by the age of 35 and/or by quckening, the normal process of gradual and mild reduction of bone mass starting after 35 and in that way increase the risk toward fractures. It mas also been known that some of the risk factors and their correlation may cause the increasement of the risk factor toward fractures not having the connection with the bone mass and T-score. Researchment aims: 1. Determine bone mass in postmenopausal women using double X absorption densitometry. 2. Analyse distribution of risk factors in patients whith the T-score below -2.5 SD comparing to the patients with T-score above -1.0SD. 3. Determine the relation between statistical space made by individual and associated risk factors (with the characteristics of each of them) and the bone mass specified by densitometry. Material and methods of working: Researchment is outlined partly as prospective and partly as retrospective study which was carried out in patients in postmenopausal life period, aged 50-80. After applying double X absorption densitometry of lumbal spine and hip the examined patients did the questionnaire by themselves whith the help of nurses and doctors. After obtaining the data, patients were divided into two groups: with and without osteoporosis. There were 270 patients in the group with osteoporosis and 250 of them without it. Thereafter, the statistic data processing was carried out. After the overall analysis of obtained results of researchment, following conclusions were conducted: 1. It has been determined that 60 % of postmenopausal women of average age 67.0±7.0 have osteoporosis, in other words, their T-score is ≤ -2.5 SD. 2. There is statistically important relationship between the bone mass and following risk factors: positive family anamnesis to osteoporosis and fractures, body weight, height, previos fractures, frequent falls and reduction of height for more than 3 cm. 3. Analysing the risk factors, characteristics of persons with osteoporosis have been obtained: positive family anamnesis to osteoporosis and fractures, smaller body weight and height, the reduction in height for more than 3 cm, frequent falls and previous fractures. 4. Hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis and the usage of corticosteroid therapy are the risk factors more incident in the examined patients with osteoporosis. 5. Smoking, early menopause, allergy to milk with no adequate substitution of calcium and insufficient exposition to sun rays with no adequate substitution of vitamine D are the risk factors more incident in patients with osteoporosis. 6. The largest contribution to the total makes positive family anamnesis to osteoporosis and fractures (20.99%), followed by body weight, height, Body mass index (19.03%), previos fractures, frequent falls and reduction in height for more than 3 cm (18.41%), smoking and insufficient physical activity (12.75%), allergy to milk and insufficient exposition to the sun (12.14%), early menopause (8.72%), hyperthyroidism and hyperparathyroidism, rheumatoid arthritis (7.93%). 7. By the analysis of all three goups of features giving the largest cintribution to the total, it has been determined that positive family anamnesis to fractures (37.7%), and body weight (31.3%), present the major risk factors for osteoporosis. 8. By mathematical processing we obtain the formula which can with the probability of 64.0% predict osteoporosis, and with the probability of 73.2% the absence of osteoporosis, which can, among other things in our research to some extent, require relative necessity for introduction of antiosteoporotic therapy. The formula is +.214 O +.562 F +.202 R +.223 P +.335 S +.493 T +.057 V +.020. 9. It is necessary to test the formula obtained in examined patients and continue the reseachment, on larger sample, of risk factors which have not shown statistic importance.

A fundamentação de métodos diagnósticos precoces na ortopedia de eqüinos é de extrema importância clínica, cirúrgica e econômica. O presente estudo teve como objetivo estudar a correlação da densidade mineral óssea do terceiro metacarpiano de eqüinos, obtida pelo método de absorciometria radiográfica, com a resistência dos mesmos quando submetidos a ensaios biomecânicos de compressão e flexão. Utilizaram-se trinta pares de osso terceiro metacarpiano de eqüinos adultos, os quais foram dissecados, radiografados, analisados pelo método de absorciometria radiográfica, submetidos ao estudo tomográfico e a ensaios biomecânicos. Através dos dados obtidos não se observou correlação significativa entre os valores de densidade óptica radiográfica e as propriedades biomecânicas do osso terceiro metacarpiano. Concluiu-se que não se pode inferir que os valores de densidade óssea obtidos pela absorciometria radiográfica do osso terceiro metacarpiano de um eqüino tenha correlação com a capacidade deste osso de absorver cargas de compressão e flexão.
The complete knowledge about non-invasive methods for early disgnostics in equine orthopedy is economicaly important. This experiment has studied the correlation between bone mineral density determined by radiographic absorptiometry and bone resistance of equine third metacarpal bone submitted to both compression and flexion testings. Thirty pairs of third metacarpal bone of adult horses were collected, dissected, radiographed, analysed by the radiographic absorptiometry technique, and submitted to tomographic study and biomechanical testings. The results have shown there is no significant correlation between radiographic bone density values and biomechanical properties of the third metacarpal bone. Therefore, it has been concluded bone mineral density of the third metacarpal bone determined by radiographic absorptiometry do not predict bone capacity to resist compression and flexion loads.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:32:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 431001.pdf: 1016980 bytes, checksum: 9deb0aea0f4febd49e279573945ce6b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-28
INTRODU??O: A Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) ? considerada o m?todo mais acurado para avalia??o da composi??o corporal. Com o aumento progressivo da sobrevida em prematuros tem ocorrido um interesse crescente em rela??o a avalia??o nutricional, uma vez que uma alimenta??o adequada nas primeiras semanas de vida influencia o desenvolvimento a longo prazo. Portanto a avalia??o da composi??o corporal ? de fundamental import?ncia nos cuidados nutricionais dos prematuros. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a composi??o corporal atrav?s da Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry em rec?m-nascidos prematuros alimentados com leite humano suplementado (FM85? .Nestl? Nutrition) ou leite humano. M?TODOS: Foram estudados 26 rec?m-nascidos prematuros com menos de 1500g de peso ao nascimento, durante a interna??o na UTI Neonatal do Hospital S?o Lucas da PUCRS, entre julho de 2006 e janeiro de 2010. Os rec?m-nascidos foram randomizados em dois grupos: o grupo 1 recebeu leite humano acrescido de FM85? e o grupo 2 que recebeu leite humano sem FM85?. Foram registrados as medidas antopom?tricas. A composi??o corporal foi avaliada atrav?s da Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTADOS: Foram comparados 15 rec?m-nascidos prematuros que utilizaram leite humano com FM85? e 11 que ingeriram apenas leite humano. Os dois grupos n?o apresentaram diferen?as significativas tanto na entrada como no final do estudo em rela??o a idade gestacional (m?dia 30,2 sem ? 2,38 versus 30 sem ? 1,62; p = 0,76), peso (1232,7 g ? 166,82 versus 1161,4 g ? 228,43; p = 0,37), comprimento (37,4 cm ? 1,9 versus 36,6 cm ? 2,65; p = 0,25) e per?metro cef?lico (26,5 cm ? 2,91 versus 25,9 cm ? 1,51; p = 0,5). As percentagens no in?cio e ao final do estudo n?o apresentaram diferen?a significativa de massa magra (80 ? 1,89 versus 80,3 ? 1,22; p = 0,63), massa gorda (19,6 ? 1,81 versus 19,4 ? 1,2; p = 0,72) e conte?do mineral ?sseo (0,4 ? 0,18 versus 0,3 ? 0,09; p = 0,18), O volume percentual de leite humano ingerido, e tempo de interna??o tamb?m foram semelhantes entre os dois grupos no momento da alta. A concentra??o mineral ?ssea/Kg do grupo FM85? foi maior no grupo do leite humano suplementado (5,46 ? 2,63 g/Kg versus 3,55 ? 1,54 g/Kg; p =0,04) ao final do estudo. CONCLUS?ES: N?o houve diferen?a entre os grupos em rela??o a massa magra, massa gorda e massa mineral ?ssea

A osteoporose é uma epidemia mundial, exprime altas taxas de morbidade e mortalidade, resultando também em altos custos sociais. O exame de densitometria óssea por dupla emissão de raios-X (DXA) é o exame padrão ouro para o diagnóstico da doença, porém a baixa disponibilidade de equipamentos e o alto custo dificultam o acesso ao exame, principalmente nos países pobres e nos emergentes. Desta forma absorciometria radiografica da falange (AR) se destaca pois tem baixa dose de radiação, é mais simples utilizando apenas uma radiografia de mão e um software. A radiografia panorâmica é amplamente utilizada na rotina do atendimento odontológico no mundo todo, e tem sido estudada para a avaliação de pacientes com baixa densidade mineral óssea (DMO). O objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar a qualidade óssea mandibular, por meio dos índices radiomorfométricos em radiografia panorâmica, com a qualidade óssea das falanges da mão não dominante, por meio da AR. A amostra constituiu-se por 167 pacientes (128 mulheres e 39 homens) com média de idade de 52.09 (± 11.5) divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com o exame AR: Mulheres Normais (MN) com 92; Mulheres Doentes (MD) com 36; Homens Normais (HN) com 25; e Homens Doentes (HD) com 14.9. Os resultados demonstraram que houve correlação (p<0.00037) entre a classificação de Klemetti com a AR. A análise de variância de IM, IG, IFM, IFP apresentaram diferenças significativas (p <0.05) entre os grupos comparados. A área encontranda sob a curva ROC foi de 0.74 (SE = 97.4%, ES= 78%) para IM, 0.79 (SE = 94, ES= 54%) para IG, 0.77 (SE =94.8%, ES= 64%) para IFM, 0.76 (SE= 93,1%, ES= 62%) para IFP, 0.71(SE =96.5%, ES 86%) para DF. Concluiu-se que a análise dos índices radiomorfométricos apresentaram acurácia moderadamente precisa para a detecção da alteração na qualidade óssea mandibular de acordo com a AR.
Osteoporosis is a worldwide epidemic, expressed high rates of morbidity and mortality, also resulting in high social costs. Bone densitometry by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) is gold standard for the diagnosis of disease, but the low availability of equipment and high costs make it difficult to take, especially in poor and emerging countries. Thus absorptiometry radiographically phalanx (AR) stands out because has low radiation dose, it is simpler using only one hand X-ray and software. Panoramic radiography is widely used in routine dental care worldwide, and has been studied for the evaluation of patients with low bone mineral density (BMD).The aim of this study was to correlate the mandibular bone quality through radiomorphometric indices in panoramic radiograph with bone quality of the non-dominant hand phalanges, through AR. The sample consisted of 167 patients (128 women and 39 men) with a mean age of 52.09 (± 11.5) divided into four groups according to the AR test: Healthy Women (MN) 92; Diseased Women (MD) 36; Men healthy (HN) 25 and Diseased Men (HD) with 14.9. The results showed correlation (p <0.00037) between the Klemetti with RA. Variance analysis IM, IG, MFIs, IFP shown significant differences (p <0.05) between the two groups. Area under the ROC curve was 0.74 (SE = 97.4%, ES = 78%) for MI, 0.79 (SE = 94, ES = 54%) for IG, 0.77 (SE = 94.8%, ES = 64%) for MFIs, 0.76 (SE = 93.1%, ES = 62%) for IFP, 0.71 (SE = 96.5%, ES 86%) for DF. It was concluded that the analysis of radiomorphometric indices showed moderate accuracy for detecting the change in mandibular bone quality according to AR.

Submitted by Reginaldo Soares de Freitas (reginaldo.freitas@ufv.br) on 2016-12-15T16:59:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 539718 bytes, checksum: 3ad6687576071520f8da459f3e1d7851 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-15T16:59:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 539718 bytes, checksum: 3ad6687576071520f8da459f3e1d7851 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido baseado em três estudos. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi avaliar um novo método para estimar a composição química entre a 9 e 11a seção das costelas (costela9-11) através de equações usando um aparelho de absorptometria radiológica de dupla energia (DXA). O DXA é um método validado usado para caracterizar a composição de tecidos em seres humanos e outros animais, mas poucos estudos avaliaram esta técnica em bovinos de corte e, especialmente, em animais Zebus. Um total de 116 costela9-11 foram utilizadas para desenvolver novos modelos de regressão usando o procedimento de validação cruzada (cross-validation). Para os modelos propostos, 93 costela9-11 foram selecionadas aleatoriamente para gerar as novas equações de regressão, e 23 costela9-11 diferentes foram selecionados aleatoriamente para validar as equações geradas. As seções da costela9-11 de carcaças foram retiradas de animais Nelore e Nelore × Angus de três diferentes experimentos e escaneadas usando o equipamento DXA (GE Healthcare, Madison, Wisconsin, EUA) na Divisão de Saúde da Universidade Federal de Viçosa. Os outputs do relatório do DXA foram DXA massa magra (g), DXA massa livre de gordura (água, proteína e matéria mineral), DXA massa gorda (g), e DXA BMC (conteúdo mineral ósseo; g). Depois de serem escaneadas, as seções das costela9-11 foram dissecadas, liofilizadas, e analisadas para EE, PB, MS e teor de cinzas. Novas equações foram estabelecidas através do procedimento de validação cruzada usando o procedimento REG do SAS. As equações foram como se segue: magro (g) = 37,082 + 0,907 × DXA magra (R2 = 0,95); massa livre de gordura (g) = 103,224 + 0,869 × DXA massa livre de gordura (R2 = 0,93); EE (g) = 122,404 + 1.119 × DXA massa gorda (R2 = 0,86); cinzas (g) = 18,722 + 1,016 × DXA BMC (R2 = 0,39). As equações foram validadas pelo teste de Mayer (teste conjunto do intercepto e inclinação), o coeficiente de correlação e concordância (CCC), e a decomposição do quadrado médio do erro predição (MSEP). Comparando valores observados e preditos usando as novas equações propostas, o teste de Mayer foi não significativo para a massa magra (P = 0,26), massa livre de gordura (P = 0,67), EE (P = 0,054), e cinzas (P = 0,14). Concluiu-se que a composição da costela9-11 de novilhos Nelore e Nelore × Angus pode ser estimada a partir do DXA usando as equações propostas. O segundo estudo foi desenvolvido utilizando novilhos Nelore desmamados (n = 36; 274 ± 34 kg) em delineamento em blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 2 × 2, para avaliar o consumo, a excreção fecal e desempenho com diferentes níveis de minerais na dieta de terminação. O experimento incluiu dois níveis de Ca e P (fator macro mineral; CaP+ ou CaP-) e dois níveis de micro minerais (fator micro mineral; ZnMnCu + ou ZnMnCu-). O fator CaP- foi sem suplementação de calcário e fosfato bicálcico e o fator ZnMnCu- foi sem suplementação inorgânica de micro minerais (premix). As dietas foram isoprotéicas (13,3% PB). A ingestão foi monitorada individualmente todo dia. A fibra em detergente neutro indigestível foi usada como indicador interno para calcular a digestibilidade. Os animais foram abatidos em diferentes períodos (84 e 147 dias de confinamento), características de carcaça foram medidas e amostras de fígado e ossos da costela foram retirados. Amostras de alimentos, fezes, costelas e fígado foram analisadas para MS, cinzas, PB, EE, Ca, P, e micro minerais (Zn, Mn e Cu). Não houve interação significativa (P ≥ 0,06) entre a suplementação de macro e micro minerais para todas as variáveis estudadas. Concentração de Ca, P e micro minerais na dieta não afetou (P ≥ 0,20) os consumos de MS, MO, FDN, EE, PB e CNF. Ingestão de Ca e P foram influenciados (P <0,01) pelo fator macro mineral. Animais alimentados sem suplementação de Ca e P consumiram menores quantidades destes minerais. A excreção de matéria seca e de nutrientes foram similares (P ≥ 0,23) entre os fatores estudados. Desempenho e características de carcaça foram similares (P ≥ 0,09) entre as dietas. O teor de cinzas nos ossos das costelas não foi afetado (P ≥ 0,06) pelas dietas. O fósforo e a concentração de fosfatase alcalina no plasma foram semelhantes (P ≥ 0,52) entre as dietas. A concentração plasmática de cálcio foi afetada (P < 0,01) pelo fator micro mineral; no entanto, todos os metabólitos do sangue analisados estavam dentro dos valores de referência. A excreção fecal de Ca e P foi diferente (P < 0,01) entre o fator macro mineral. Estes resultados indicam que a suplementação de minerais (Ca, P, Zn, Mn e Cu) não é necessária em dietas convencionais de confinamento para animais Nelore em terminação. A redução nas dietas destes minerais representaria uma diminuição nos custos de dietas de confinamento. Reduções nas concentrações de Ca e P na dieta pode diminuir a excreção fecal destes minerais. Diminuir a excreção fecal de P através da diminuição deste mineral na dieta é uma oportunidade para reduzir o impacto ambiental dos confinamentos. O terceiro estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o consumo de água, a composição química corporal, o consumo alimentar residual e ganho residual conjunto, e as exigências nutricionais de energia, proteína para mantença e ganho, e cálcio e fósforo para a mantença de novilhos da raça Nelore, bem como suas eficiências. Foram utilizados animais Nelore desmamados (n = 44; 273 ± 34 kg), os novilhos foram alimentados em um delineamento em blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 2 × 2 com ausência ou presença de suplementação mineral (Ca, P, Zn, Mn e Cu). O experimento incluiu dois níveis de Ca e P (fator macro mineral; CaP+ ou CaP-) e dois níveis de micro minerais (fator micro mineral; ZnMnCu+ ou ZnMnCu- ). As dietas foram isoprotéicas (13,3% PB). A ingestão foi monitorada individualmente todo dia. Fibra em detergente neutro indigestível foi usada como indicador interno para mensurar a digestibilidade. Quatro animais foram utilizados no grupo de referência (abatidos no dia 0); quatro novilhos foram alimentados ao nível de mantença (1,3% do peso corporal); e os 36 animais restantes foram alimentados ad libitum. Após o abate, as amostras de todo o corpo foram amostradas. Todas as amostras foram liofilizadas, moídas com nitrogênio líquido e agrupadas como percentagem do peso de corpo vazio (PCVZ) de cada animal. As amostras foram analisadas para MS, cinzas, PB, EE, Ca e P. O consumo de água foi semelhante (P ≥ 0,07) entre os tratamentos. A média de ingestão de água livre foi de 17 L/d. O consumo alimentar residual e ganho residual conjunto (GCAR) alto de touros tiveram menor CMS (P < 0,01) do que touros de baixo GCAR, mas com GMD semelhante (P = 0,82). A PB, EE e água presente no PCVZ aumentou à medida que o animal cresceu, o crescimento de cinzas foi menor do que o PCVZ. Equações de regressão não-lineares foram desenvolvidos para predizer a produção de calor, o consumo de energia metabolizável (CEM) e a energia retida (ER). As exigências líquidas de energia para mantença (ELm) e energia metabolizável para mantença (EMm) foram 66,5 e 107 kcal/PCVZ0,75/d, respectivamente. A eficiência (km) foi de 62%. A equação obtida para energia líquida para ganho (ELg) foi: ELg (Mcal/dia) = 0,0388 × PCVZ0,75 × GPCVZ1.095 e a eficiência foi de 25%. Para a proteína líquida para ganho obteve-se: PLg (g/dia) = 179,74 × GPCVZ - 5,43 × ER. A exigência de mantença líquida do Ca foi de 2,33 mg/PCVZ e de P foi de 9,10 mg/PCVZ. O coeficiente de absorção de Ca foi de 54% e do P de 64%. Em conclusão, a exigência de energia líquida para mantença de bovinos Nelore confinados é 66,5 kcal/PCVZ0,75/dia. Exigências de energia líquida para ganho e de proteína líquida para ganho podem ser obtidas através das seguintes equações: ELg (Mcal/dia) = 0,0388 × PCVZ0,75 × GPCVZ1.095 e PLg (g/dia) = 179,74 × GPCVZ - 5,43 × ER. Exigência de mantença líquida do Ca é 2,33 mg/PCVZ e para o P é 9,10 mg/PCVZ. O coeficiente de absorção do Ca é de 54% e do P é de 64%. O consumo de água não é influenciado pela suplementação de Ca, P, Zn, Mn e Cu. Animais que possuem alto consumo alimentar residual e ganho residual conjunto tem menor CMS que animais que apresentam baixo GCAR, e apresentando o mesmo ganho de peso. A PB, EE e água presente no PCVZ aumenta à medida que o animal cresce, o crescimento de cinzas não segue o mesmo padrão que o PCVZ. No geral, o consumo e o desempenho de animais Nelore em terminação confinados não foram afetados pela redução de minerais (Ca, P, Zn, Mn e Cu) na dieta. Concluiu-se que a redução dos teores de minerais em dietas de confinamento para Nelore em terminação não influencia no consumo, desempenho, composição química corporal e exigências nutricionais de bovinos Nelore terminados em confinamento.
The present work was developed based on three studies. The objective of the first study was to evaluate a method to predict the 9th to 11th rib section (rib9-11) composition through empirical equations using Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA). DXA is a validated method used to describe tissue composition in humans and other animals, but few studies have evaluated this technique in beef cattle, and especially in the Zebu genotype. A total of 116 rib9-11 sections were used to evaluate published prediction equations for rib9-11 composition and to develop new regression models using a cross-validation procedure. For the proposed models, 93 ribs were randomly selected to calculate the new regression equations, and 23 different ribs were randomly selected to validate the regressions. The rib9-11 sections from left carcasses were taken from Nellore and Nellore × Angus bulls from three different studies and scanned using DXA equipment (GE Healthcare, Madison, Wisconsin, USA) in the Health Division at Universidade Federal de Viçosa. The outputs of the DXA report were DXA lean (g), DXA fat free mass (g), DXA fat mass (g), and DXA BMC (bone mineral content; g). After being scanned, the rib9-11 sections were dissected, grounded, and chemically analyzed for total EE, CP, water, and ash content. The predictions of rib fat and protein from previous published equations were different (P < 0.01) from the observed composition. New equations were established through leave-one-out cross-validation using REG procedure using SAS. The equations were as follows: Lean (g) = 37.082 + 0.907× DXA lean (R 2 = 0.95); Fat free mass (g) = 103.224 + 0.869 × DXA fat free mass (R2 = 0.93); EE mass (g) = 122.404 + 1.119 × DXA fat mass (R2 = 0.86); Ash mass (g) = 18.722 + 1.016 × DXA BMC (R2 = 0.39). The equations were validated using Mayer’s test, the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC), and the mean square error of prediction (MSEP) for decomposition. Comparing observed and predicted values using the new equations, Mayer’s test was not significant for lean mass (P = 0.26), fat free mass (P = 0.67), EE mass (P = 0.054), and ash mass (P = 0.14). We concluded that the rib9-11 composition of Nellore and Nellore × Angus bulls can be estimated from DXA using the proposed equations. The second study was developed using weaned Nellore bulls (n = 36; 274 ± 34 kg) in a randomized complete block 2 × 2 factorial design experiment to evaluate intake, fecal excretion and performance with different levels of minerals. The design included two levels of Ca and P (macro mineral factor; CaP+ or CaP-) and two levels of micro minerals (micro mineral factor; ZnMnCu+ or ZnMnCu-). The factor CaP- was without supplementation of limestone and dicalcium phosphate and the factor ZnMnCu- was without inorganic supplementation of micro minerals. The diets were isonitrogenous (13.3% CP). Intake was individually monitored every day. Indigestible NDF was used as an internal marker for fecal excretion measurements. The animals were slaughtered (84 and 147 days on feed; DOF), carcass characteristics were measured and liver and rib samples were collected. Feed, feces, rib bones and liver samples were analyzed for DM, ash, CP, EE, Ca, P, and micro minerals (Zn, Mn, and Cu). There were no significant interactions (P ≥ 0.06) between macro and micro minerals supplementation for any variables in the study. Calcium, P and micro minerals concentrations did not affect (P ≥ 0.20) intakes of DM, OM, NDF, EE, CP, TDN and NFC. Calcium and P intake were affected (P < 0.01) by macro mineral factor. Animals fed without Ca and P supplementation consumed lower levels of these minerals. Dry matter and nutrient fecal excretion were similar (P ≥ 0.23) among factors. Performance and carcass characteristics were similar (P ≥ 0.09) among diets. The content of ash in rib bones was not affected (P ≥ 0.06) by diets. Phosphorus and phosphatase alkaline plasma concentration were similar (P ≥ 0.52) among diets. Calcium plasma concentration was affected (P < 0.01) by micro mineral factor; nevertheless, all blood metabolites were within the reference values. Fecal excretion of Ca and P was different (P < 0.01) among macro mineral factor. These results indicate that supplementation of minerals (Ca, P, Zn, Mn, and Cu) is not necessary in conventional feedlot diets for finishing Nellore. Dietary reductions in these minerals would represent a decrease in the costs of feedlot diets. Dietary reductions in Ca and P decrease fecal excretion of these minerals. Decreasing the P fecal excretion through decreasing content minerals is an opportunity to reduce environmental impact of feedlot operations. The third study aimed to evaluate the water intake, the chemical body composition, the residual feed intake and gain, and the nutritional requirements of energy, protein for maintenance and gain, and calcium and phosphorus for maintenance of Nellore bulls, as well as their efficiencies. Weaned Nellore bulls (n = 44; 273 ± 34 kg) were fed in a randomized complete block design 2 × 2 factorial arrangement to evaluate the nutritional requirements with absence or presence of mineral supplementation. The design included two levels of Ca and P (macro mineral factor; CaP+ or CaP-) and two levels of micro minerals (micro mineral factor; ZnMnCu+ or ZnMnCu-). The diets were isonitrogenous (13.3% CP). Intake was individually monitored every day. Indigestible NDF was used as an internal marker for digestibility measurements. Four animals were used in the reference group (harvested d 0); four bulls were fed at the maintenance level (1.1% of BW); and the remaining 36 bulls were fed ad libitum. Bulls are blocked by days on fed, they were slaughtered on d 84 and 147, after slaughter, samples of the whole body were taken. All samples were lyophilized, ground with liquid nitrogen and grouped as percentage of component in empty BW from each bull. Samples were analyzed for DM, ash, CP, EE, Ca, and P. The water intake was similar (P ≥ 0.07) among treatments. The average of free water intake was 17 L/d for each bull. High residual feed intake and gain (RFIG) bulls had lower DMI (P < 0.01) than low RFIG bulls, but similar ADG (P = 0.82). The CP, EE and water present in the EBW increased as the animal grew, the ash growth is lower than the EBW. Non-linear regression equations were developed to predict heat production (HP) from metabolizable energy (ME) intake and retained energy (RE). The net energy requirements for maintenance (NEm) and metabolizable energy for maintenance (MEm) were 66.5 and 107 kcal/EBW0.75/d, respectively. The efficiency (km) was 62%. The equation obtained for net energy for gain (NEg) was: NEg (Mcal/day) = 0.0388 × EBW0.75 × EBWG1.095 and the efficiency was 25%. For net protein for gain was: NPg (g/day) = 179.74 × EBWG – 5.43 × RE. The net maintenance requirement for Ca was 2.33 mg/EBW and for P was 9.10 mg/EBW. The coefficient of absorption for Ca was 54% and P was 64%. In conclusion, the requirement of net energy for maintenance for Nellore feedlot cattle is 66.5 kcal/EBW0.75/day. Requirements of net energy for gain and net protein for gain can be obtained by the following equations: NEg (Mcal/day) = 0.0388 × EBW0.75 × EBWG1.095 and NPg (g/day) = 179.74 × EBWG – 5.43 × RE. Net maintenance requirement for Ca is 2.33 mg/EBW and for P is 9.10 mg/EBW. The coefficient of absorption for Ca is 54% and P is 64%. The water intake is not influenced by supplementation of Ca, P, Zn, Mn, and Cu. High residual feed intake and gain bulls has lower DMI than low RFIG bulls, with similar ADG. The CP, EE and water present in the EBW increased as the animal grew, the ash growth is lower than the EBW. Overall, intake and performance was not affect by minerals (Ca, P, Zn, Mn, and Cu) diet reduction. It was concluded that the reduction of minerals contents in feedlot diets for Nellore finishing bulls appears not influence in intake, performance, chemical body composition, and nutrient requirements of Nellore finishing bulls in feedlot.

Gasto Energético de Repouso (GER) varia ao longo do tempo e apresenta efeitos práticos nas comparações interpessoais. O método tradicional para estimar GER não leva em conta as diferentes atividades metabólicas de órgãos, tecido ósseo (TO), tecido adiposo (TA), tecido músculo esquelético (TME) e cérebro. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o GER de adultos jovens brasileiros de forma multicompartimentada (DXA) referenciada por calorimetria indireta (CI). Uma amostra de 155 jovens universitários de ambos os sexos (18 a 30 anos) foi submetida a medidas antropométricas, estimativa de GER por CI e varredura de corpo total por DXA (nível molecular). Após a transformação dos componentes (DXA) para o nível órgão tecidular, foi determinado o GER de cada componente. A concordância (Bland-Altman) entre GER medido (CI) e predito (DXA) foi realizada para validação do modelo testado. Como a validação falhou um novo modelo foi desenvolvido (Regressão Linear - ENTER) e validado (PRESS) tendo como variável dependente as cinco variáveis geradas após a relativização do GER dado pela CI para o modelo testado mais a variável sexo. As análises foram realizadas com o pacote estatístico SPSS v. 20.0 (Chicago, IL); MedCalc® 2015 (v. 15.2); e Minitab® (v. 17.3.1), com nível de significância em ? = 0,05. Os resultados evidenciaram maiores valores de massa isenta de tecido adiposo (MITA), área craniana e tecido residual (TR) para os homens e menores valores de massa gorda (MG) e tecido adiposo (TA) do que as mulheres. Maiores gastos (p<0,001) foram encontrados nos homens para todos os componentes em relação às mulheres, exceto no gasto do TA (p<0,001). Nas comparações entre medido e predito diferenças (p<0,001) foram encontradas para a amostra total, homens e mulheres. Dessa forma, equações específicas para cada componente foram propostas e validadas pela soma dos quadrados dos resíduos, nos coeficientes (R2PRESS = 0,95; 0,73; 0,80; 0,16; 0,84) e na confiabilidade de erro reduzido (SPRESS = 14,2; 1,8; 46,3; 48,1; 87,2) para o gasto do TA, TO, TME, cérebro e TR. Em conclusão, essa abordagem traz implicações importantes para a avaliação e interpretação do metabolismo energético multicompartimental, considerando as diferenças interpessoais na produção de calor. É uma estratégia aplicável no contexto da saúde ou esporte, para prescrição de exercícios ou manipulação de dietas, pois retrata a magnitude de GER de cada componente corporal
Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) varies over time and has practical consequences for interpersonal comparisons. The traditional method to estimate REE does not take into account the metabolic activities of organs, bone tissue (BT), adipose tissue (AT), muscle tissue (MT) and brain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the REE of Brazilian young adults from a multicompartmental way (DXA) referenced by indirect calorimetry (IC). A sample of 155 university students of both sexes (18-30 years) was submitted to anthropometric measurements, to estimate REE by IC and total body scan (DXA) of the molecular level. After transformation of DXA components to the organ-tissue level, the REE was determined for each component. The agreement (Bland-Altman) between measured REE (CI) and predicted (DXA) was carried out to validate the tested model. How validation failed, a new model was developed (Linear Regression - ENTER) and validated (PRESS) having as dependent variable the five variables generated after the relativization of the GER given by the IC for the model tested plus the sex variable. The analyzes were performed with the statistical package SPSS v. 20.0 (Chicago, IL); MedCalc® 2015 (v.15.2); and Minitab® (see 17.3.1), with significance level at ? = 0.05. The results showed higher values of adipose tissue free mass (ATFM), head area and residual tissue (RT) for men and lower values of fat mass (MG) and adipose tissue (AT) in relation to women. Higher expenditure (p <0.001) were found in men for all components compared to women, except for AT (p <0.001). In the comparisons between measured and predicted differences (p <0.001) were found for the total sample, men and women. In this way, specific equations for each component were proposed and validated by the sum of the squares of the residues, in the coefficients (R2PRESS = 0.95, 0.73, 0.80, 0.16, 0.84) and the reduced error reliability (SPRESS = 14.2, 1.8, 46.3, 48.1, 87.2) for the expenditure of AT, BT, MT, brain and RT. In conclusion, this approach has important implications for the evaluation and interpretation of multicompartmental energy metabolism considering the interpersonal differences in the production of heat. It is a strategy applicable in the context of health or sports, for prescription of exercises or manipulation of diets, as it portrays the magnitude of GER of each body component