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Wang, Jiasheng, Yongxian Hu, Yanlei Zhang, Guoqing Wei, Huijun Xu, Wenjun Wu, Shaohui Liu i in. "Quantification of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Disease Burden Using FDG PET-CT Helps Predict the Severity of Cytokine Release Syndrome". Blood 132, Supplement 1 (29.11.2018): 2997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-117983.
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Abstract Background: CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has shown great efficacy in patients with refractory/relapsed non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but was associated with serious adverse effects such as cytokine release syndrome (CRS). It has been speculated that NHL baseline disease burden might affect clinical outcome and CRS, but such assumption has not been explored in detail in previous studies. Metabolic tumor volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG), calculated using FDG PET-CT, are quantitative indicators of baseline tumor burden. Methods: Utilizing FDG PET-CT, we calculated MTV and TLG at baseline and post CAR T-cell therapy in 15 patients with NHL. Results: Among all the patients, the median MTV was 72 (range 0.02-3024.9) cm3 and the median TLG was 610.1 (range 0.011-13156.3). After a median follow-up of 6 months, the overall response rate (ORR) was 66.7% (95% CI 38.4-88.2%). The baseline MTV and TLG did not have significant difference in patients with or without response (p=0.271 and 0.95, respectively). Cox-regression analysis did not find lower baseline MTV and TLG significantly associated with better overall survival (p=0.67 and 0.45, respectively). Patients with mild and moderate CRS (defined as Grade 0-2) had significantly lower MTV and TLG than those with severe CRS (Grade 3, 4) (median MTV: 49.3 v.s. 1137.7 cm3, p=0.012; median TLG: 379.1 v.s. 9384, p=0.012, Figure A, B). The median MTV in patients received tocilizumab, an IL-6 antagonist for the treatment of severe CRS, was 963.4 cm3, which was significantly higher than the patients not receiving tocilizumab (58.1 cm3, p=0.037). The median TLG in patients received tocilizumab was 9187.1, compared with 610.1 in patients not receiving tocilizumab (p=0.053). Using FDG PET-CT, we also demonstrated that CAR T-cell therapy in NHL patients could associate with severe local complications such as local compression and local inflammation. Conclusions: Low NHL baseline disease burden is not associated with better response rate or long-term outcome. Patients with higher baseline disease burden have more severe CRS Figure. Figure. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Adeniji, Folashayo. "Burden of out-of-pocket payments among patients with cardiovascular disease in public and private hospitals in Ibadan, South West, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study". BMJ Open 11, nr 6 (czerwiec 2021): e044044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044044.
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ObjectiveGiven that the mechanism for financial protection is underdeveloped in Nigeria, out-of-pocket (OOP) payment for treating cardiovascular disease could impose substantial financial burden on individuals and their families. This study estimated the burden of OOP expenditures incurred by a cohort of patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) in Ibadan, Nigeria.Design and settingsThis study used a descriptive cross-sectional study design. A standardised survey questionnaire originally developed by Initiative for Cardiovascular Health Research in Developing Countries was used to electronically collect data from all the 744 patients with CVD who accessed healthcare between 4 November 2019 and 31 January 2020 in the cardiology departments of private and public hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria. Baseline characteristics of respondents were presented using percentages and proportions. The OOP payments were reported as means±SDs. Costs/OOP payments were in Nigerian Naira (NGN). The average US dollar to NGN at the time of data collection was ₦362.12 per $1. All quantitative data were analysed using STATA V.15.Outcome measuresThe burden of outpatient, inpatient and rehabilitative care OOP payments.ResultsMajority of the patients with CVD were within the age range of 45–74 years and 68.55% of them were women. The diagnostic conditions reported among patients with CVD were hypertensive heart failure (84.01%), dilated cardiomyopathy (4.44%), ischaemic heart disease (3.9%) and anaemic heart failure (2.15%). Across all the hospital facilities, the annual direct and indirect outpatient costs were ₦421 595.7±₦855 962.0 ($1164.2±$2363.8) and ₦19 146.5±₦53 610.1 ($52.87±$148.05). Similarly, the average direct and indirect OOP payments per hospitalisation across all facilities were ₦182 302.4±₦249 090.4 ($503.43±$687.87) and ₦14 700.8±₦ 69 297.1 ($40.60±$191.37), respectively. The average rehabilitative cost after discharge from index hospitalisation was ₦30 012.0 ($82.88).ConclusionThe burden of OOP payment among patients with CVD is enormous. There is a need to increase efforts to achieve universal health coverage in Nigeria.
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Wang, Heng Long, Chin Wei Tu, Wei Zhi Wu, Chen Yi Lin, Su Yu Chen, Wen Jen Yang, Jer Chia Chang, Mei Kuang Lu i Wei Tung Liao. "Isolation a Homogalacturonan from the Outer Seed Coat of Shaddock (Citrus grandis Osbeck)". Natural Product Communications 13, nr 6 (czerwiec 2018): 1934578X1801300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1801300625.
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An acidic mucilage was isolated from the outer-layer seed coat of shaddock (Citrus grandis Osbeck) by water extraction at room temperature, and purified by DE-52 anion-exchange chromatography using 0.26 – 0.37 M NaCl. This purified mucilage was almost entirely composed of galacturonic acid residues. Glycosyl-linkage analysis showed that the backbone was 1→4 linked. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic analysis and determination of the degree of methylation further revealed that the mucilage was a low-degree (11.94%) esterified homogalacturonan. Size exclusion chromatography showed that the major molecular weight distribution of 610.9 kDa.
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Ter-Minassian, Monica, Brinda Somasundaram i Kala Visvanathan. "Abstract P2-11-12: Benign breast disease and breast malignancy". Cancer Research 82, nr 4_Supplement (15.02.2022): P2–11–12—P2–11–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.sabcs21-p2-11-12.
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Abstract Introduction: Women with specific types of benign breast disease (BBD) are at higher than average risk for breast cancer. Non-proliferative BBD are at lower risk (1.3-2, compared to women without BBD), proliferative without atypia (1.8), and atypical proliferative such as atypical hyperplasia (AH) and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) are at highest risk (2.5-4). We sought to categorize BBD subtypes for inclusion in a study to evaluate follow up screening and preventative care provided in a real world setting, by leveraging electronic health record and claims databases with refined diagnosis coding. Methods: We used the Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic States (KPMAS) Research Data Warehouse (RDW), capturing claims and encounter data, to search for BBD among female patients with diagnosis dates from 1-1-2004 to 1-04-2020 and with at least 30 days of membership during the study period. We first selected patients with ICD-9 codes (217, 233, 610.8, 610.9), ICD-10 (D05.00-02, D05.81-82, D05.90, D24.1-2, D24.9, N60.81-2, N60.89, N60.91-2, N60.99, N62, N64.89). Filtering on IDs that capture standard diagnosis names, we included the diagnoses: benign neoplasm, intraductal papilloma, phyllodes tumor, ductal and stromal hyperplasias, dysplasia, atypical ductal and lobular hyperplasias (ADH, ALH), LCIS, and excluded fibroadenoma, sebaceous cysts, and non-specific carcinoma in situ. We calculated the time between malignant disease (DCIS or breast cancer) and the earliest BBD diagnosis in intervals: prior malignancy 31 or more days before BBD, concurrent malignancy within 30 days prior or after, and developed malignancy 31 or more days after BBD. We calculated overall survival after BC diagnosis, censored at Jan. 4, 2020. Results: We included 8670 unique patients with increased risk BBD subtypes, aged 12-93 years (median 52) at diagnosis. Patients self-reported race/ethnicity as Black (37.5%), White (28%), Asian (6%), Hispanic (1.6%), other (0.6%) and missing/unknown (25%). BBD diagnoses were first reported usually by the department of Surgery (35%), and Pathology (20%): other reporting departments include Hospitals, Radiology, Breast Health, Primary care, Ob/Gyn, and other or missing departments. Patients had more than one diagnosis: 47% benign neoplasm, 30.4% LCIS/DCIS, 12.5% intraductal papilloma, 12.9% ADH, 4% LCIS, 1.9% ALH, and the remainder with dysplasia, and phyllodes tumor or stromal hyperplasias. The benign neoplasm diagnosis was reported in 37% without another more specific diagnosis. Sixty percent, 5205 patients had no history of DCIS or BC at the time of BBD diagnosis. There were 1895 patients with DCIS (26.8% prior, 45.1% concurrent and 28.1% developed after BBD) and 3886 with BC (42.1% prior, 41.8% concurrent and 16.1% developed after BBD). For those with a breast cancer diagnosis, five-year overall survival after BC was 93%, with 649 (16.7%) deaths, median follow-up time of 6.7 yrs. Conclusion: Identifying specific BBD from the EHR can be accomplished with ICD codes and filtering on diagnosis IDs. Those with malignant disease were often diagnosed prior to or concurrent with benign disease. Citation Format: Monica Ter-Minassian, Brinda Somasundaram, Kala Visvanathan. Benign breast disease and breast malignancy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-11-12.
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Song, Xiaoyue, Qing Qin, Shufu Chang, Rende Xu, Mingqiang Fu, Hao Lu, Lei Ge, Juying Qian, Jianying Ma i Junbo Ge. "Clinical Outcomes of Self-Made Polyurethane-Covered Stent Implantation for the Treatment of Coronary Artery Perforations". Journal of Interventional Cardiology 2021 (17.05.2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6661763.
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Objectives. The present study aimed to investigate the short- and long-term clinical outcomes of self-made polyurethane-covered stents (PU-CS) in patients for the management of coronary artery perforation (CAP) during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Background. Coronary artery perforation is reckoned as a serious complication in PCI and associated with considerable morbidity and mortality. Covered stents have been used for treating the life-threatening CAP during PCI. But in some catheterization laboratories, no commercial CS is immediately available when there is an urgent need for CS to rescue the coronary rupture site. Methods. We retrospectively identified 24 patients who underwent 31 self-made PU-CS implantations due to CAP in Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, from June 2015 to January 2020. Results. The total procedural success rate of CS to seal the perforation was 79.2%. Nine patients (37.5%) developed cardiac tamponade, of which 8 patients (33.3%) underwent pericardiocentesis and 4 patients (16.7%) underwent cardiac surgeries. Except for 4 cardiac death cases (16.7%), none of myocardial infarction (MI), target lesion revascularization (TLR), and stent thrombosis (ST) was reported during hospital stay. Data from 22 patients (91.7%) were available at 610.4 ± 420.9 days of follow-up. Major adverse cardiac events (MACE) occurred in 6 patients (27.3%), including 5 cases of cardiac death and one TLR case. Conclusions. Self-made PU-CS demonstrates high rates of successful delivery and sealing of severe CAP during PCI. Although the in-hospital mortality remains high after PU-CS implantation, the long-term follow-up shows favorable clinical outcomes, indicating the feasibility of PU-CS in treating CAP.
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Gómez-Gallego, Carlos, Himanshu Kumar, Izaskun García-Mantrana, Elloise du Toit, Jukka-Pekka Suomela, Kaisa M. Linderborg, Yumei Zhang i in. "Breast Milk Polyamines and Microbiota Interactions: Impact of Mode of Delivery and Geographical Location". Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 70, nr 3 (2017): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000457134.
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Background/Aims: The aim of the present study was to identify and quantify the polyamine levels in human milk obtained from different countries and through different modes of delivery, and to investigate their association with breast milk microbes. Methods: Mature breast milk samples were obtained from 78 healthy mothers after 1 month of lactation from 4 different geographical locations: Finland, Spain (Europe); South Africa (Africa); and China (Asia). Polyamines were determined using HPLC after dansyl derivatization and milk microbiota was obtained by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Results: The mean values of polyamines in breast milk were 70.0, 424.2, and 610.0 nmol/dL for putrescine, spermidine and spermine, respectively, and 1,170.9 nmol/dL of total polyamines. The levels of putrescine were significantly higher in Spain (p < 0.05) and spermidine levels were significantly higher in Finland (p < 0.05) compared with other countries. Cesarean delivery had an impact on polyamine levels and it was related to an increase in the putrescine concentration being significant in Spanish samples (p < 0.01). Furthermore, putrescine levels were correlated positively with Gammaproteobacteria (r = 0.46, p < 0.001), especially with Pseudomonas fragi (r = 0.40, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The results demonstrate significant effect of geographical variations in human milk polyamine concentrations, being correlated with human milk microbiota composition. These differences may have an impact on infant development during lactation.
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Nur Rosyid, Fahrun, Edi Dharmana, Ari Suwondo, K. Heri Nugroho HS i Sugiarto Sugiarto. "The Effect of Bitter Melon (Momordica charantia L.) Leaves Extract on TNF-α Serum Levels and Diabetic Foot Ulcers Improvement : Randomized Controlled Trial". Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal 11, nr 3 (4.09.2018): 1413–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1505.
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Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is among the many complications of diabetes and it takes a very long period of time to heal. It can lead to the amputation of the lower limb, thereby resulting to death or in most cases, a bad quality of life. The aim and objective of this study is to assess the effect of bitter melon leaves extracts on serum TNF-α levels and improvement of diabetic foot ulcers. The study technique used here is the randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Thirty patients suffering from DFU participated in the trial and according to PEDIS scores were divided into two groups, of which 15 patients were in the treatment group and administered with bitter melon leaves extract at a dose of 6 g/day and the remaining 15 patients were in the control group and were given placebo. This intervention was done for 4 weeks and the examination of serum TNF-α levels was carried out at baseline and at the end of treatment. The readings of the healing process for diabetic foot ulcers with PEDIS scores were also taken at baseline, weeks 2, 3 and 4. Data were analyzed using the paired t-test and the independent t test. After 4 weeks of treatment, there was a decrease in baseline serum TNF-α levels in the treatment and control groups (29.5 ± 8.6 pg/ml, P = 0.0001 and 202.5 ± 610.2 pg/ml, P = 0.001). There was no effect on serum TNF-α levels (P = 0.28). There was a decrease in PEDIS degrees from baseline, week 2, 3 and 4 in the treatment and control groups (2.7±0.5; 2.7±0.5; 2.7±0.6; 1.9±0.6 and 2.6±0.5; 2.6±0.5; 2.5±0.6; 2.2±0.8). However there was no effect on diabetic foot ulcer improvement both groups in week 2 (P = 0.46), week 3 (P = 0.57) and week 4 (P = 0.29). Bitter melon leaves extracts is proven to have no effect on the serum TNF-α levels and improvement of diabetic foot ulcers.
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Bhattarai, Amit Sharma, Gentle Sunder Shrestha, Megha Koirala, Pramesh Sunder Shrestha i Moda Nath Marhatta. "Evaluation of the Effects of Ultra-Low Dose Naloxone on Brachial Plexus Block with Bupivacaine". Birat Journal of Health Sciences 6, nr 1 (14.06.2021): 1373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/bjhs.v6i1.37640.
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Introduction: Adjuvants are used in conjunction with local anaesthetics for brachial plexus block to quicken onset, prolong duration and augment the quality of anaesthesia.
Objectives: The study aims to evaluate the effect of adding ultra-low dose naloxone to bupivacaine on the duration of postoperative analgesia.
Methodology: A prospective, randomized, double-blind study was conducted including forty American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA PS) I and II patients of either sex between 15 and 65 years of age scheduled for upper limb surgery. They were randomized into two groups. Group BN received a mixture of 0.33% plain bupivacaine with ultra-low dose naloxone (100 ng) and group BS received 0.33% plain bupivacaine with saline. The procedure was standardized in both groups. The onset of sensory and motor block were assessed with pinprick sensation and muscle power respectively. Visual Analogue Score (VAS) was used to assess the pain at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 12 hours postoperatively.
Result: The patients were comparable with respect to age, sex, ASA PS, baseline hemodynamic and respiratory parameters and duration of surgery. The mean duration of analgesia in group BN was significantly longer (610.7±125.4 mins) as compared to group BS (354.3±59.6 mins) (p<0.001). No complications were noted in both the groups.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 100 ng naloxone, when used with 0.33% plain bupivacaine for supraclavicular brachial plexus block, prolongs postoperative analgesia significantly after upper limb surgeries, without any significant side effects.
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Cherevko, Oleksander, Valeriy Mikhaylov, Andrii Zahorulko, Aleksey Zagorulko i Irina Gordienko. "Development of a thermal-radiation single-drum roll dryer for concentrated food stuff". Eastern-European Journal of Enterprise Technologies 1, nr 11 (109) (27.02.2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/1729-4061.2021.224990.
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The design of a thermal-radiation single-drum roll dryer with a combined method of heat supply, application and cutting of the dried layer of raw materials was developed. The dryer allows obtaining a powder fraction of a semi-finished product with a solids content of 3...5 %. Such a design solution will make it possible to obtain a high-quality semi-finished product due to low-temperature drying.
The effective viscosity of the studied pastes produced by blending apple, sea buckthorn, black chokeberry, beet and pumpkin purees was determined. Adding different percentages of raw materials to apple paste increases the effective viscosity by 9...18 %. According to the results of the organoleptic evaluation, the sample with the following composition turned out to be the best: apple – 30 %, sea buckthorn – 20 %, black chokeberry – 15 %, beet – 15 % and pumpkin – 20 %. The drying time of the blended paste with a solids content of 45 % at a temperature of 65 °C and different layer thicknesses of application to the working surface (8, 6 and 4 mm) is 75, 60 and 56 min, respectively.
All the samples of pastes have a reddish-purple color with a wavelength of 610.5...614.5 nm and a tone purity of 66.5...78.8 %. The wavelength of the dried fraction is 495...615.3 nm with a tone purity of 34.3...34.8 %, from bluish-red to bluish-purple. The brightness of the samples after drying decreases within 3...4 %. The obtained color change values and drying time of the samples confirm the possibility of using the improved dryer to obtain high-quality vegetable semi-finished products of the dried fraction. The experimental data will be useful in design calculations and testing of the developed dryer in order to obtain its maximum efficiency
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Khairi, Hilmy, Muhammad Burhannudinnur i Firman Herdiansyah. "Carbonate Reservoir Characterization Based on Rock Type Analysis in Minahaki Formation and Tomori Formation, "HK" Field, Banggai Basin". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1104, nr 1 (1.11.2022): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1104/1/012037.
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Abstract The research area is located in the Banggai Basin, Central Sulawesi, which part of the Eastern Arm of Sulawesi Island that originated from the collision between Banggai - Sula Microcontinent and West Arm Volcanic Arc from Sulawesi Island. This research has reservoir target in Minahaki Formation and Tomori Formation those are carbonate rocks. The problem limitation of this research is to characterize carbonate reservoir based on the distribution of rock types. The intention of this research is to analyze carbonate reservoirs with petrophysical properties and analyze reservoir characterization based on rock type distribution, while the purpose is determine the petrophysical property values of the Minahaki Formation and Tomori Formation, then determine the distribution of rock types for characterizing the reservoir rocks. The research methods begin with literature study, data collection, and data analysis. The results of the petrophysical analysis and pay zone in Minahaki Formation obtained an average: net pay thickness is 359.5 feet – 398.5 feet, vshale 23.55% - 34.48%, PHIT 13.33% - 22.84%, PHIE 9.9% - 16.89%, Sw 61.23% - 76.95%, and permeability 610.5 mD – 1360.1 mD. Meanwhile, Tomori Formation obtained an average: net pay thickness is 52.5 feet – 679 feet, vshale 16.53% - 34.7%, PHIT 3.5% - 7.87%, PHIE 2.77% - 6.09%, Sw 26.01% - 42.97%, and permeability 39 mD – 161.9 mD. There are six rock type distribution in the research area those are rock type 1 is ≤ 0.245 micrometers, rock type 2 is 0.314 – 0.48 micrometers, rock type 3 is 0.5 – 0.965 micrometers, rock type 4 is 1.04 – 2.35 micrometers, rock type 5 is 2.36 – 15.08 micrometers, and rock type 6 is 19.66 – 78.82 micrometers.
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Cheng, Xin, Gan Zhao, Aihua Dong, Zhonghuai He, Jiarong Wang, Brian Jiang, Bo Wang i in. "A First-in-Human Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Immunogenicity of a G Protein-Based Recombinant Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccine in Healthy Adults 18–45 Years of Age". Vaccines 11, nr 5 (18.05.2023): 999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11050999.
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Background: With the enormous morbidity and mortality caused by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections among infants and the elderly, vaccines against RSV infections are in large market demand. Methods: We conducted a first-in-human (FIH), randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled dose escalation study to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity response of the rRSV vaccine (BARS13) in healthy adults aged 18–45. A total of 60 eligible participants were randomly assigned to receive one of four dose levels or vaccination regimens of BARS13 or placebo at a 4:1 ratio. Results: The mean age was 27.40, and 23.3% (14/60) were men. No treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) led to study withdrawal within 30 days after each vaccination. No serious adverse event (SAE) was reported. Most of the treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) recorded were classified as mild. The high-dose repeat group had a serum-specific antibody GMC of 885.74 IU/mL (95% CI: 406.25–1931.17) 30 days after the first dose and 1482.12 IU/mL (706.56–3108.99) 30 days after the second dose, both higher than the GMC in the low-dose repeat group (885.74 IU/mL [406.25–1931.17] and 1187.10 IU/ mL [610.01–2310.13]). Conclusions: BARS13 had a generally good safety and tolerability profile, and no significant difference in terms of adverse reaction severity or frequency was observed between different dose groups. The immune response in repeat-dose recipients shows more potential in further study and has guiding significance for the dose selection of subsequent studies.
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Ananda, Ricki, i Muhammad Amin. "ANALISIS PENGARUH PEMASANGAN SEPULUH KAPASITOR KERAMIK 6.8 NF/ 100V TERHADAP PENGIRIMAN DAYA TANPA KABEL DENGAN RANGKAIAN ROYER". JURTEKSI (Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Informasi) 5, nr 1 (24.01.2019): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.33330/jurteksi.v5i1.301.
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Abstrack: Wireless usage is no longer only able to send data or files, power delivery or power transfer can be applied using wireless networking technology system or also called wireless energy transfer. Research purposes, to make prototype power wireless transfer by using royer oscilator circuit, and turning the load to the maximum with the minimum possible input. Using the 9.8 V input from Trafo 5A and changing the capacitor value of 6.8nf / 100v x10 C on the transmitter (coil transmitter bigger than coil receiver). Installation of each capacitor with a distance of 7 cm, give effect to maximal value increase, with Voltage 14.2 V, current 0.02 A, power 0.284 W and Decrease Freq 610.5 KHz. As for the distance of 12 cm also get a maximum value of 11.8 V voltage, current 0.02 A, and a decrease in Frequency 614 Khz. The greatest efficiency at both distances is obtained, and . To turn the load to the maximum (7 lamps used 7 W lamps with a total load 28 W), PWT connected to USB 5V, and connected to battery and booster converter circuit so the distance is 12 cm, obtained input voltage 2.2 and output voltage 47.8 V, with output power of 1.43 W, current 0.03 A, and percentage increase of 2072 voltage. Installation of capacitors affects the voltage values, current, distance and power on the receiver. To light a large load, used a series of booster converter to power 28 W load, with 3.7 V input on battery packed on USB 5V, type TP-4056. Keyword : Royer Oscillator circuit, Power wireless transfer, Booster converter circuit Abstrak: Penggunaan Wireless saat ini tidak lagi hanya bisa mengirim data atau file, pengiriman daya atau perpindahan daya bisa diterapkan menggunakan sistem teknologi jaringan nirkabel atau disebut juga wireless energy transfer. Tujuan penelitian, untuk membuat prototype power wireless transfer dengan menggunakan rangkaian royer oscilator, dan menyalakan beban secara maksimal dengan input seminimal mungkin. Dengan menggunakan input 9.8 V dari Trafo 5A dan perubahaan nilai kapasitor 6,8nf / 100v x10 C pada bagian transmitter (coil transmitter lebih besar dari coil receiver). Pemasangan tiap-tiap kapasitor dengan jarak 7 cm, memberi dampak peningkatan nilai maksimal, dengan Tegangan 14.2 V, arus 0.02 A, daya 0.284 W dan Penurunan Freq 610.5 KHz. Sedangkan untuk jarak 12 cm juga mendapatkan nilai maksimal tegangan 11.8 V, arus 0.02 A, dan penurunan Frequensi 614 Khz. Efisiensi terbesar pada kedua jarak tersebut didapat, dan . Untuk menyalakan beban secara maksimal (beban digunakan lampu 7 W sebanyak 4 lampu dengan total beban 28 W), PWT dihubungkan ke USB 5V, dan terhubung ke baterai dan rangkaian booster converter, sehingga jarak 12 cm, didapat input tegangan 2.2 dan keluaran tegangan 47.8 V, dengan daya keluaran 1.43 W, arus 0.03 A, dan Persentasi kenaikan tegangan 2072. Pemasangan kapasitor mempengaruhi nilai tegangan, arus,jarak dan daya pada receiver. Untuk menyalakan beban yang besar, digunakan rangkaian booster converter untuk menyalakan beban 28 W, dengan input 3.7 V pada baterai yang dicas pada USB 5V, jenis TP-4056. Kata Kunci : Rangkaian Royyer Oscillator, Power wireless transfer , Rangkain Booster
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Lenhard, R. J., J. C. Parker i S. Mishra. "Closure to “ On the Correspondence between Brooks‐Corey and van Genuchten Models ” by R. J. Lenhard, J. C. Parker, and S. Mishra (August, 1989, Vol. 115, No. 4)". Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 117, nr 4 (lipiec 1991): 610–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(1991)117:4(610.2).
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Piltz, John W., Kristy L. Bailes, Suzanne P. Boschma i Leslie A. Weston. "The Impact of Ensiling at Different Moisture Contents on Germinability and Viability of Selected Weed Species’ Seeds". Agronomy 11, nr 8 (17.08.2021): 1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11081639.
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Weeds are an increasingly significant issue inhibiting agricultural production worldwide. Forage conservation could form part of an integrated weed management program if ensiling killed weed seeds. In Experiment 1, seeds of five grass (Hordeum spp., Bromus diandrus, Bromus hordeaceum, Lolium rigidum and Vulpia spp.) and two broad-leaved temperate weed species (Echium spp. and Raphanus raphanistrum), that were either untreated, ensiled in pasture (Trifolium subterranean/Lolium rigidum mixture) forage for a minimum of three months, underwent 48 h in sacco digestion in steers or ensiled prior to digestion were tested for germinability and viability. In Experiment 2, seeds of eight tropical weed species (Cenchrus ciliaris, Rumex spp., Bidens pilosa, Sorghum halepense, Urochloa panicaoides, Paspalum dilatatum, Brachiara eruciformis and Choris truncata) were ensiled in Sorghum bicolor forage. In Experiment 3, L. rigidum and R. raphanistrum seeds were ensiled in either Medicago sativa forage wilted to 336.9, 506.5 or 610.7 g/kg dry matter; or in chaff to which water or water plus acid was added at rates to achieve 350, 450 or 550 g/kg dry matter content with lactic plus acetic acid added in the ratio of 3:2 at 80, 45 or 10 g/kg DM, respectively. In Experiment 4, L. rigidum and R. raphanistrum seeds were ensiled in cotton wool to which water or water plus acid was added at the same rates as in Experiment 3. Germinability of all seeds following ensiling was substantially reduced or nil. The extent of the reduction varied with species and experiment. In sacco digestion reduced germinability in Experiment 1, but to a lesser extent than ensiling; while ensiling plus digestion reduced germination rates to 0%.
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Fernández-Asián, Martínez-González, Torres-Lagares, Serrera-Figallo i Gutiérrez-Pérez. "External Connection versus Internal Connection in Dental Implantology. A Mechanical in vitro Study". Metals 9, nr 10 (15.10.2019): 1106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9101106.
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(1) Background: In today's dentistry, implantology has become a therapeutic resource of choice in certain clinical situations. The design of implants has evolved in several aspects since their inception. Dental implants were initially designed with an external hex connection, although due to force transmission and security in the adjustment of the prosthesis, later implants featured an internal hex connection. This study aims to analyse the mechanical properties of two types of implants (an internal connection and an external connection) from the same manufacturer and their different prosthetic components (union screw between implant and prosthetic abutment, and the abutment itself) when subjected to different types of load. (2) Materials and methods: Intraosseous dental implants of similar shape, design and size, although different in type of connection (external vs. internal), were studied. The specifications of the UNI EN ISO 14801 test standard were used, with all determinations being carried out three times. Finally, the dimensional characterisation of the samples analysed after the dynamic load study was carried out, and the values of both study groups were compared by means of the non-parametric Mann–Whitney U test to find statistically significant differences (p < 0.05). (3) Results: For the static characterisation test, we found between 610.9 N and 986.1 N for the external connection and between 1263.6 N and 1324 N for the internal connection (p = 0.011). All of the dynamic load tests were positive and there was no failure in any of the components studied. (4) Conclusions: After the analysis of the samples studied in vitro, satisfactory results were obtained, demonstrating that both connections can support considerable mechanical loads according to international standards (UNI EN ISO 14801).
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Arias-Díaz, Alejandro, Hugo Murcia, Felipe Vallejo-Hincapié i Károly Németh. "Understanding Geodiversity for Sustainable Development in the Chinchiná River Basin, Caldas, Colombia". Land 12, nr 11 (11.11.2023): 2053. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12112053.
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Geodiversity, comprising both endogenous and exogenous geological processes, plays a crucial role in shaping the structure and functionality of natural systems, alongside its substantial impact on human well-being. However, the often-overlooked interconnection between geodiversity components limits our comprehension of geosystems. In the Chinchiná River Basin (CRB) in Colombia, located in the northern Andes in South America, we established criteria to differentiate geodiversity classes, calculated indices to understand the distribution of geological elements, and discussed systemic relationships. This comprehensive approach lays the foundation for a holistic comprehension of the territory’s structure and functionality. Our findings revealed the convergence in an area of 1052 km2 of 10 rock types, 7 slope ranges, 13 landforms, 5 drainage density features, 610.4 km of faults with 9 kinematic tendencies, 5 soil orders, 5 climate types, a 3328 km surface drainage network with 7 hydrographic orders, 1 underground aquifer, 4 areas with lakes, 2 zones with glaciers, 27 polygenetic and monogenetic volcanoes, and several thermal springs. This discussion explores the implications of various methodologies used to establish the value of the general geodiversity index while also examining the relationships between abiotic elements and their distribution patterns. This forms a fundamental basis for understanding the geosystem services of the basin in terms of regulation, support, and provisioning processes, as well as the culture and knowledge derived from geodiversity. These conceptual elements are indispensable for enhancing the sustainability of a region that is susceptible to the impacts of climate change. Furthermore, they serve as the foundations for the objective’s achievement, as set by the UNESCO Global Geopark project “Volcán del Ruiz”, currently ongoing within the region.
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Usifo, Abel Giwa, i Adewole John Adeola. "Delineation of Groundwater at Iseyin, South Western Nigeria". Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 43, nr 6 (14.05.2024): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/cjast/2024/v43i64388.
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Aims: This research was carried out to determine: the variation in resistivity of the different soil profiles in the area, the depth and thickness of the weathered basement, the depth and thickness of the aquifer, the depth to basement, and to establish areas suitable for borehole development. Materials and Methods: Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) was carried out using Schlumberger electrode array. A pair of potential and current electrodes was arranged in such a way that the potential electrodes were positioned in between the current electrodes and the positioning of the electrodes was set out using the measuring tape. The Ohmega resistivity meter was used for the data collection which measures the apparent resistivity of the subsurface. Results and Conclusions: The results showed that the area is composed of four (4) to five (5) layers, namely; the topsoil, clay, sandy clay/clayey sand, sand, and dry sand. The top soil has apparent resistivity ranging from 134.2 to 790.9 \(\Omega\)m with thickness and depth between 0.4 and 2.4 m. Clay is found mainly in traverses 1, 7, and 8. It has apparent resistivity ranging from 37 to 77.4 \(\Omega\)m , thickness between 2.9 and 1.9 m and depth within 5.0 and 16.9 m. Sandy clay/ clayey sand are concentrated in traverses 1, 3, 5 and 8 with apparent resistivity range between 18.4 and151.8 \(\Omega\)m ; thickness of about 1.3 to 18.8 m , and depth ranging from 2.3 to 35.7 m. The sand has apparent resistivities of about 226.2 to 610.8; thickness between 0.4 and 7.7 m, and depth ranging from 1.0 to 12.2 m. They are found in traverses 2, 3, and 4. Dry sand/ dry sand (with quartzite) have apparent resistivities ranging from 407.8 to 924.3 \(\Omega\)m . It has thickness ranging from 0.8 to 3.2 m and depth between 0.8 and 5.1 m. Perched aquifer could be found in sand and sandy clay. Wet sand contains both confined and unconfined aquifers while clayey sand harbours confined aquifer.
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Glazkova, O. L., N. M. Podzolkova, S. V. Shmeleva i N. V. Baymeeva. "Oxidative stress parameters and pro-inflammatory status of patients with menstrual disorders against obesity treatment". Voprosy ginekologii, akušerstva i perinatologii 20, nr 4 (2021): 149–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.20953/1726-1678-2021-4-149-154.
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Objective. To study the effect of cyclical vitamin therapy on the parameters of oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory status of patients with menstrual disorders against the background of obesity treatment. Patients and methods. The study included 49 women aged 20 to 35 years (29.4 (26.5; 33.2) years) with obesity and various menstrual disorders. Twenty-six (53.06%) patients had polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). To treat obesity, 26 patients followed a diet and received Orlistat 120 mg three times a day. Twenty-three women received similar treatment and additionally took micronutrient supplements. In both groups, treatment was continued for 4 months. Results. Body mass index decreased by 1.9 (0.3; 2.3) kg/m2 in the group of women who received Orlistat, and by 1.6 (0.5; 2.7) kg/m2 in the group of women who received Orlistat and vitamins. Menstrual cycle normalized in more than a third of patients in each group. Baseline levels of oxidative stress and C-reactive protein concentrations were abnormal in all patients, especially in PCOS. Decrease of tocopherol (12.8 (6.6; 14.7) μg/mL; 7.1 (3.4; 9.1) μg/mL, p = 0.04) and beta-carotene (680.1 (320.3; 810.3) μg/mL; 420.3 (150.4; 510.1) μg/mL, p = 0.01) concentrations in the blood of patients who did not receive vitamins during treatment was expected, as was their increase in those who took vitamins (tocopherol 10.1 (4.5; 15.1) μg/mL; 13.2 (7.1; 15.9) μg/mL, p = 0.045; beta-carotene 610.4 (450.3; 710.5) μg/mL; 630.4 (570.3; 790.5) μg/mL, p > 0.05). In the blood of those patients who received vitamins, the concentration of the antioxidant ubiquinone (0.6 (0.3; 1.4) μg/mL; 1.1 (0.5; 1.7) μg/mL, p = 0.002) increased, and the positive dynamics of oxidative stress parameters were more considerable and statistically more significant. Conclusion. Supplementation of micronutrient complex in the treatment of obesity helps to improve the parameters of antioxidant protection and pro-inflammatory status. Key words: obesity, menstrual disorders, oxidative stress, pro-inflammatory status, cyclical vitamin therapy
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Harms, Wiebke, Viktoria Mihajlov, Marco Wendorff i Caroline Röhr. "CaAgxZn1– x: Zwischen CrB- und FeB-Strukturtyp – Eine Studie zu elektronischen Einflüssen auf die Stapelung von Zick-Zack-Ketten in polaren Erdalkalimetall-Monometalliden / CaAgxZn1−x: Between CrB and FeB Structure Type – A Study on Electronic Factors Influencing the Stacking of Zig-zag Chains in Polar Alkaline Earth Monometallides". Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 64, nr 10 (1.10.2009): 1127–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-2009-1005.
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Depending on both electronic (valence electron numbers) and geometric (atom size ratios) characteristics of the contributing elements, the 1 : 1 compounds AIIM of the heavier alkaline earth elements A and electron-rich transition metals M form the well known CrB or FeB structure types. Both structure types exhibit M zig-zag chains, which are stacked in different orientations. In systematic studies of the pseudo-binary section CaAgxZn1−x four new ternary phases with different stacking variants between the CrB (cubic stacking, c) and the FeB (hexagonal stacking, h2) structure type have been prepared and characterized on the basis of single crystal X-ray data. Starting from CaAg (CrB type, orthorhombic, space group Cmcm, a = 405.22(7), b = 1144.7(2), c = 464.43(11) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0197), up to 24% of Ag (CaAg0.76Zn0.24: a = 408.6(2), b = 1144.3(5), c = 460.7(2) pm, R1 = 0.0208) can be substituted by zinc without a change in the structure type. Close to the 1 : 1 ratio of Ag and Zn, the HT-TbNi structure type with the stacking sequence (hc2)2, i. e. 33% hexagonality (CaAg0.52Zn0.48: orthorhombic, space group Pnma, a = 2345.47(6), b = 454.370(10), c = 609.950(10) pm, Z = 12, R1 = 0.0298) is formed, followed by the SrAg type with 50% hexagonality (CaAg0.48Zn0.52: orthorhombic, space group Pnma, a = 1571.0(2), b = 451.50(7), c = 609.80(9) pm, Z = 8, R1 = 0.0733). The amount of hexagonal stacking is further increased with increasing Zn content in CaAg0.33Zn0.67 (Gd0.7Y0.3 structure type, h2c stacking, 67% hexagonality, monoclinic, space group P21/m, a = 610.39(9), b = 448.53(5), c = 1195.7(2) pm, β = 96.829(14)◦, Z = 3, R1 = 0.0221). Finally, a pure hexagonal stacking sequence, i. e. the FeB structure type (orthorhombic, space group Pnma, Z = 4) is observed from CaAg0.14Zn0.86 (a = 804.57(2), b = 443.050(10), c = 611.350(10) pm, R1 = 0.0131) to CaAg0.06Zn0.94 (a = 806.1(3), b = 441.0(2), c = 610.4(3) pm, R1 = 0.0255). Intriguingly, the series ends with the binary compound CaZn, which again crystallizes with the CrB structure type exhibiting cubic stacking of the zig-zag chains only (0% hexagonality). In an accompanying computational study, the chemical bonding in the series Ca(Ge/Ga/Zn/Ag) of isotypic binary metallides with variable valence electron numbers has been analyzed using FP-LAPW band structure methods. The electronic structures of the two border stacking variants are compared using the crystal data of CaZn (CrB type) and CaAg0.06Zn0.94 (FeB type). Geometrical and electronic criteria are used to compare and discuss the stability ranges of the different stacking variants inbetween the CrB and the FeB structure type found in polar intermetallic 1 : 1 phases.
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Losano, J., J. Padín, I. Méndez-López, D. Angrimani, N. Montez, A. García, V. Barnabe i M. Nichi. "143 Stimulated glycolysis is able to maintain ATP levels and motility of bull spermatozoa submitted to mitochondrial depolarisation". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 32, nr 2 (2020): 198. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv32n2ab143.
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Studies have reported the importance of mitochondria in sperm metabolism. However, for some species, glycolysis appears to be as essential as oxidative phosphorylation in sperm physiology. On the other hand, these mechanisms have not been fully elucidated for bovine spermatozoa. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of mitochondria and glycolysis in ATP synthesis and sperm kinetics of bovine spermatozoa. For this purpose, sperm from seven bovine epididymides (n=7) was collected and diluted to a concentration of 100×106 spermatozoamL−1 in Tyrode's albumin lactate pyruvate medium. Then, each sample was divided into 10 aliquots and evaluated in a 2×5 factorial design, with the first factor being the presence or absence of glucose (5mM) to stimulate glycolysis and the second factor being treatment with the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP; 0, 0.1, 0.3, 1, and 3 µM) to deplete mitochondrial ATP. Sperm samples were subjected to measurements of ATP levels using a luminescence technique (CellTiter-Glokit, Promega), with ATP levels measured in duplicate. In addition, sperm samples were subjected to computerised analysis of total and progressive motilities (ISAS, Proiser). Statistical analysis was performed using SAS (SAS Institute Inc.), where the interaction between the factors was analysed using PROC GLM and the comparison between groups was performed using means analysis of variance (least significant difference test). It was considered significant at 5%. Adenosine triphosphate was lower at FCCP concentrations of 0.3 µM (180.3±31.9nM), 1 µM (220.2±40.4nM), and 3 µM (272.3±70.4nM) than at 0 µM (control; 448.6±63.7nM) and 0.1 µM (422.4±41.5nM) in the absence of glucose. However, in the groups treated with FCCP supplemented with glucose, ATP concentrations did not differ among the groups (0 µM: 577.2±70.4 nM; 0.1 µM: 610.8±57.8 nM; 0.3 µM: 606.2±64.2 nM; 1 µM: 670.9±61.9 nM; 3 µM: 696.1±68.5nM). Additionally, total motility was lower in FCCP-treated groups without glucose supplementation. On the other hand, total motility increased in the groups treated with 0.3, 0.1, 1, and 3 µM FCCP supplemented with glucose. A similar effect was verified for progressive motility. Based on these results, we can suggest that glucose supplementation is able to maintain ATP levels and motility in bull sperm undergoing FCCP-induced mitochondrial depolarisation.
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Senapedis, William, Ryan George, Dilara McCauley, Joel Ellis, Marsha Crochiere, Michael Savona, Sharon Shacham, Yosef Landesman i Erkan Baloglu. "Novel Selective Orally Bioavailable Small Molecule PAK4 Allosteric Modulators (PAMs) Display Anti-Tumor Activity in Vitro and in Vivo in Hematological Malignancies". Blood 124, nr 21 (6.12.2014): 2208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v124.21.2208.2208.
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Abstract Introduction: Many hematological cancers have been successfully treated through identification of specialized targets in each specific tumor subtype (e.g. BTK inhibition in NHL or proteasome inhibition in multiple myeloma). The p21-Activated Kinase 4 (PAK4) is critical to cellular signaling and may represent a new target for therapy in many hematologic malignancies. PAK4 is a member of the PAK family of proteins that regulate cell survival, cell division and apoptosis. The six members of the PAK family are divided into two groups; Group I (PAK1, 2, 3) and Group II (PAK4, 5, 6), based upon their sequence homology and regulatory mechanisms. PAK4 is a member of the group II family of PAKs and is amplified or mutated in many cancer types. PAK4 is also a key downstream effector of the K-Ras pathway. Methods: Flow cytometry and CellTiter AQueous One (MTS) assays were used to determine compound effects on cell cycle distribution, proliferation and viability. Immunoblots were used to measure effects of compounds on protein steady state levels and phosphorylation. The T-cell ALL cell line, MOLT-4, and the mantle cell lymphoma cell line, Z-138, were used in xenograft models in mice to test the in vivo efficacy of these compounds. Results: We have identified selective, orally bioavailable, small molecule PAK4 allosteric modulators {PAMs; e.g. KPT-8752 (mw: 585.6), KPT-9274 (mw: 610.6), and KPT-9331 (mw: 628.6)} which demonstrated selective anti-tumor activity in a variety of hematological cancer cell lines (IC50 values = 0.005 – 1 mM). Treatment of cancer cells with these small molecules resulted in the reduction of PAK4 steady state levels and reduced phosphorylation of key growth signaling proteins such as Akt, β-catenin, cofilin, p21, and cyclin D1. There was a measurable increase in phospho-AMPK indicative of autophagy and stress. These allosteric modulators induced apoptosis through the activation of caspases 3 and 8 and subsequent cleavage of PARP. In MOLT-4 and Z-138 xenograft mouse models, daily treatment with oral PAMs resulted in near elimination of small (100 mm3) and large (800 mm3) tumors in the absence of any clinical signs of toxicity within the animals. Additional cell line and primary tumor models are currently being explored. Conclusions: PAK4 represents a novel anti-cancer target as a major downstream effector of the Ras oncogene. We have identified selective, orally-bioavailable small molecule PAK4 allosteric modulators which induce potent cytotoxicity in multiple leukemia and lymphoma cell lines with minimal toxicity to normal cell in vitro and clear anti-tumor activity with excellent tolerability in in vivo models of hematological cancers. These compounds inactivate PAK4 by directly inducing PAK4 destabilization. This represents a novel mechanism of the protein kinase inactivation involving degradation of PAK4 rather than direct inhibition of the kinase activity. Based on the in vitro and in vivo activity, these PAK4 allosteric modulators show promising results for the treatment of a wide variety of hematological cancers. Disclosures Senapedis: Karyopharm: Employment. George:Karyopharm: Employment. McCauley:Karyopharm Therapeutics: Employment, Equity Ownership. Ellis:Karyopharm: Employment. Crochiere:Karyopharm: Employment. Savona:Karyopharm: Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Gilead: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Incyte: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Shacham:Karyopharm Therapeutics: Employment. Landesman:Karyopharm Therapeutics: Employment. Baloglu:Karyopharm: Employment.
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Benini, Anna, Rossella Gottardo, Cristiano Chiamulera, Anna Bertoldi, Lorenzo Zamboni i Fabio Lugoboni. "Continuous Infusion of Flumazenil in the Management of Benzodiazepines Detoxification". Frontiers in Psychiatry 12 (18.03.2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.646038.
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An effective approach in the treatment of benzodiazepine (BZD) overdosing and detoxification is flumazenil (FLU). Studies in chronic users who discontinued BZD in a clinical setting suggested that multiple slow bolus infusions of FLU reduce BZD withdrawal symptoms. The aim of this study was to confirm FLU efficacy for reducing BZD withdrawal syndrome by means of continuous elastomeric infusion, correlated to drugs plasma level and patients' compliance.Methods: Seven-day FLU 1 mg/day subcutaneously injected through an elastomeric pump and BZDs lormetazepam, clonazepam, and lorazepam were assessed by HPLC-MS/MS in serum of patients before and after 4 and 7 days of FLU continuous infusion treatment. Changes in withdrawal severity were assessed by using the BZD Withdrawal Scale (BWS).Results: Fourteen patients (mean age ± SD 42.5 ± 8.0 years, 5 male and 9 female), admitted to the hospital for high-dose BZD detoxification, were enrolled in the study. Serum FLU concentrations significantly decreased from 0.54 ± 0.33 ng/ml (mean ± SD) after 4 days of treatment to 0.1 ± 0.2 ng/ml at the end of infusion. Lormetazepam concentrations were 502.5 ± 610.0 ng/ml at hospital admission, 26.2 ± 26.8 ng/ml after 4 days, and 0 at the end of treatment. BWS values decreased during FLU treatment temporal period. FLU was well-tolerated by patients.Conclusions: Elastomeric FLU infusion for BZD detoxification is a feasible administration device to maintain adequate, constant, and tolerated FLU concentrations for reducing BZD withdrawal symptoms.
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Abdelhady, Salem, Hossam Shokri, Mai Fathy i mona Mokhtar wahid el din. "Evaluation of the direct costs of epilepsy in a sample of Egyptian patients following up in Ain Shams University Hospital". Egyptian Journal of Neurology, Psychiatry and Neurosurgery 56, nr 1 (26.11.2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41983-020-00247-3.
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Abstract Background Epilepsy is a chronic disorder of the brain, and it is considered as the 4th common neurological disorder. Epilepsy is associated with an economic burden by imposing a significant burden on both the individuals who have the condition and on those around them, as well as for the society. Objective Our objective is to study and evaluate the direct costs associated with the medical management of epilepsy, one of the most common neurological conditions. Methods Observational, cross-sectional 4-month study started in December 2018 till April 2019 in patients between 2 and 60 years of age with epilepsy without other concomitant diseases. The direct medical costs include the number of neurology and emergency room visits, number and type of diagnostic tests, days of hospitalization, and treatment administered for epilepsy. Results We studied data from 194 patients, with a mean age of 30.6 years; the mean cost for treatment with carbamazepine was 78.6 Egyptian pound (EGP); for valproate, the cost was 288.4 EGP, and for levetiracetam, the cost was 491 EGP. The mean cost of electroencephalogram (EEG) is 108 EGP, and for computer tomography scan (CT) of the brain and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, it is 149.4 and 423.7 EGP respectively. The mean cost for hospitalization was 610.5 EGP, and the cost for intensive care unit (ICU) stay was 515.4 EGP. Conclusion The economic cost of epilepsy constitutes a major burden for the patients as well as their families; most of the direct cost was attributed to the purchase of AEDs. This necessitates creating strategies to ensure regular access to affordable AEDs as well as introducing other varieties of AEDs more potent with less side effects.