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Gotowe bibliografie tematyczne / 52100 Steel

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Gotowa bibliografia na temat „52100 Steel”

Autor: Grafiati

Data publikacji: 4 czerwca 2021

Data aktualizacji: 2 lutego 2022

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Artykuły w czasopismach na temat "52100 Steel"

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Torrance, A. A., R. J. Stokes i T. D. Howes. "Steel Composition Effects on Grindability and Rolling Contact Fatigue Resistance of Bearing Steels". Journal of Tribology 107, nr 4 (1.10.1985): 496–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3261115.

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Measurements of the grindability of a bearing quality AISI 1070 steel show that it is far less susceptible to grinding burn than is AISI 52100 steel. Whereas the behavior in this respect of AISI 52100 steel has been shown to correlate well with Malkin’s thermal model, the behavior of the AISI 1070 material did not show such good correlation, even when the difference in thermal conductivity of the two materials was taken into account. It was shown, however, that the more empirically based model of Peters et al. could provide a useful prediction for AISI 1070 steel and subsequently also for the AISI 52100 steel. Rolling contact tests indicate that its fatigue resistance is as good as that of AISI 52100, so it would seem to merit serious consideration as a cheaper alternative material for mass produced bearings.

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Şen, Uğur, Murat Uzun i Şaduman Şen. "Tribological Properties of Vanadium Nitride Coated AISI 52100 Steel". Advanced Materials Research 445 (styczeń 2012): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.445.643.

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In the present study, the wear and friction behaviour of vanadium nitride coated AISI 52100 steel against hardened AISI D2 steel disc was studied using ball-on-disc arrangement. Vanadium nitride coating treatment was performed on pre-nitrided AISI 52100 steel balls using thermo-reactive diffusion techniques. The presence of VN and V2N phases in the coating layer was confirmed by X-ray diffraction analysis. Friction and wear tests were carried out at dry test conditions under 2.5 N, 5 N and 10 N loads at 0.1 m/s, 0.2 m/s and 0.3 m/s sliding speeds. The results showed that the friction coefficient values of vanadium nitride coated AISI 52100 steel balls against hardened AISI D2 steel disc are changing between 0.49 and 0.71, depending on test conditions. The wear rates of the vanadium nitride coated AISI 52100 steel is ranging from 6.704×104 mm3/m to 2.619 × 106 mm3/N m. In general, the wear rate increased with the increase in load and sliding speed.

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Wu, Li Ning, Xin Feng, Yan Qiu Xia i Jun Ying Hao. "Comparative Study of Friction and Wear Behavior of Diamond-Like Carbon Coating under Various Lubricants". Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (luty 2011): 1288–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1288.

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The friction and wear properties of AISI 52100 steel and DLC coatings were evaluated while being lubricated with silicone oil, PAO and PAG lubricants by using a reciprocating ball-on-disk sliding UMT tester. The morphologies of original surface and worn surfaces for the DLC and Ti doped DLC coatings were observed by using a scanning electron microscope. The results show that the DLC coatings have better tribological properties than AISI 52100 steel under silicone oil, PAO and PAG lubrication conditions. In addition, the DLC coatings have much better wear resistance than the AISI 52100 steel.

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Liu, Ya Jun, Jia Bin Huang, Meng Yang Qin, Wei Xia i Yong Tang. "High Speed Machining of AISI 52100 Steel". Advanced Materials Research 69-70 (maj 2009): 466–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.69-70.466.

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This paper gives the details of High Speed Milling experiments with AISI 52100 steel (HRC52) by using coated carbide end mills. Cutting force and Surface roughness data are presented. The effects of cutting speeds (1000-8000rpm), widths of cut (0.05-0.4mm) and cutting conditions (dry cutting and dry cutting with air coolant) are investigated. The results show that in high speed milling of hardened steels, when cutting speed surpasses a critical value, cutting forces decrease as cutting speed increasing; and the increasing of widths of cut causes the increase of cutting forces approximately linearly; surface roughness does not experience obvious increase or decrease and has a minimum in a specific condition; the machining results of dry cutting with air.

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Mizobe, Koshiro, Edson Costa Santos, Takashi Honda, Hitonobu Koike, Katsuyuki Kida i Takuya Shibukawa. "Effect of Repeated Quenching on the Rotating Bending Strength of SAE52100 Bearing Steel". Advanced Materials Research 457-458 (styczeń 2012): 1025–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.457-458.1025.

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Martensitic high carbon high strength SAE 52100 bearing steel is one of the main alloys used for rolling contact applications where high wear resistance are required. Due to its high fatigue strength, SAE 52100 is recently being used not only for the production of bearings but also shafts. Refining of prior austenite grain through repeated quenching is a procedure that can be used to enhance the material’s strength. In this work, the microstructure of repeatedly quenched SAE 52100 steel and its fatigue strength under rotating bending were investigated. It was found that repeated furnace heating and quenching effectively refined the martensitic structure and increased the retained austenite content. Repeated quenching was found to improve the fatigue strength of SAE 52100.

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Millard, N., G. Marest, N. Moncoffre i J. Tousset. "Boron implantation into AISI 52100 steel". Surface and Coatings Technology 51, nr 1-3 (kwiecień 1992): 446–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0257-8972(92)90279-j.

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Nakane, Kazuaki, Koshiro Mizobe, Edson Costa Santos i Kida Katsuyuki. "The Quantization of the Structure of Fisheyes via Homology Method". Applied Mechanics and Materials 307 (luty 2013): 409–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.307.409.

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Martensitic high carbon high strength SAE 52100 bearing steel is one of the main alloys used for rolling contact applications where high wear resistance are required. Due to its high fatigue strength, SAE 52100 is recently being used not only for the production of bearings but also shafts. In this work, quenched SAE 52100 steel fatigue strength under rotating bending was investigated. Especially, we focus on “fisheye around inclusion” where the fatigue crack starts. Quantitative evaluation of its optical micrograph has not been enough carried out. In order to develop easy evaluation method for the fisheye area, we apply homology technique to the optical observation.

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Chavan, Ajay, i Vikas Sargade. "Surface Integrity of AISI 52100 Steel during Hard Turning in Different Near-Dry Environments". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2020 (24.08.2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4256308.

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AISI 52100 hardened bearing steel is popular in many industrial applications due to its excellent wear resistance and high strength. Therefore, a high level of surface integrity of the same is the utmost important requirement to enhance fatigue life. Machining of hardened AISI 52100 steel is difficult because severe plastic deformation and generation of high temperature alter the surface metallurgy of the machined component and hamper the tool life. The present investigation includes a comparative analysis of surface integrity of AISI 52100 bearing steel during hard turning under different near-dry environments, namely, dry, Minimum Quantity Cooling and Lubrication (MQCL), Compressed Chilled Air by Vortex Tube (CCAVT), and Hybrid Nanofluid Minimum Quantity Cooling and Lubrication (Hybrid NF-MQCL). Soyabean (a vegetable) oil is used as cutting fluid in MQCL and base fluid in Hybrid NF-MQCL environments. To prepare hybrid nanofluid, two different nanoparticles Al2O3 and MWCNT, are used. The chilled air is generated through a vortex tube. The surface integrity of AISI 52100 steel was studied in terms of microhardness, the thickness of the white layer, surface roughness (Ra), and residual stresses. Higher cutting speed and feed show positive and negative correlation on surface integrity of AISI 52100 steel, respectively. Hybrid nanofluid MQCL exhibits the lowest surface roughness (0.34 μm), microhardness (625 Hv0.1), compressive residual stresses (−168 MPa), and thin white layer (0.9 μm) in contrast, and dry machining shows higher surface roughness, microhardness, tensile residual stress, and thick white layer. In comparison, MQCL and CCAVT are found to be intermediate. It is found that hybrid nanofluid MQCL enhances the overall performance of the machined surface as compared to other near-dry techniques.

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Williamson, D. L., F. M. Kustas, D. F. Fobare i M. S. Misra. "Mössbauer study of Ti‐implanted 52100 steel". Journal of Applied Physics 60, nr 4 (15.08.1986): 1493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337278.

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Bartha, B. B., J. Zawadzki, S. Chandrasekar i T. N. Farris. "Wear of hard-turned AISI 52100 steel". Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 36, nr 6 (czerwiec 2005): 1417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11661-005-0234-9.

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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "52100 Steel"

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Shih, Chung-Yuang. "Unlubricated friction study in 52100 steel with soft metal coatings /". The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487268021747004.

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Aussaguel, Pierre. "A simplified finite element simulation for hard turning 52100 steel". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19609.

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Thiele, Jeffery D. "An investigation of surface generation mechanisms for finish hard turning of AISI 52100 steel". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17642.

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Malmberg, Andreas. "The influence of carbonitriding on hardness, retained austenite and residual stress in 52100 steel". Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173804.

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High rolling contact fatigue parts are vital for the long service life of fuel pumps. Cummins Fuel Systems are currently using an M2 tool steel for one of the most important roller bearing application in their pumps, namely the cam follower. The future design of the cam follower is a pin-less tappet roller. The wear and fatigue properties of the roller is vital to ensure reliability of the fuel system. M2 tool steel is an expensive material and becomes even more so if diamond like coating (DLC) is needed to decrease the friction coefficients. To cut costs of the fuel pump it might be possible to replace the M2 tool steel with 52100 steel (100Cr6). Competitive methods have proven that carbonitrided 52100 can reach excellent wear and fatigue properties making it a candidate to replace M2 tool steel. How the properties of hardness, toughness and compressive residual stresses are developed in 52100 and how they affect the fatigue and wear resistance has been researched from the literature. A big part of this project was to do an extensive analysis of a roller bearing that was believed to have gone through one of these competitive methods that produce excellent wear and fatigue resistance. The analysis was done with background to the knowledge gathered from the literature. Finally process trials were set up to carbonitride 52100 steel samples. The trials were done to develop a better understanding of how adding carbon together with nitrogen to the surface of 52100 steel will influence the metallurgical parameters that results in good wear and fatigue resistance. From this analysis Cummins hope to create a process recipe that can be used for carbonitriding the cam follower and maybe other components in their fuel systems.

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Huq, Fazul, i dpmeng@bigpond com. "Development of Life Prediction Models for Rolling Contact Wear in Ceramic and Steel Ball Bearings". RMIT University. Aerospace, Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080215.145624.

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The potential for significant performance increases, using ceramic materials in un-lubricated rolling element bearing applications, has been the subject of research over the past two decades. Practical advantages over steel include increased ability to withstand high loads, severe environments and high speeds. However, widespread acceptance has been limited by the inability to predict wear life for ceramic bearing applications. In this thesis, the rolling contact wear of 52100 bearing steel and Over-aged Magnesia-Partially-Stabilised Zirconia (OA-Mg-PSZ) ceramic are examined using a newly developed rolling contact wear test rig. The new wear test rig simulates the system geometry of an un-lubricated hybrid (ceramic and steel) ball bearing. The new wear test rig is versatile in that it allows low cost samples to be utilised resulting in a larger number of samples that can be tested. Wear samples of 52100 bearing steel and OA-Mg-PSZ produced by the new wear test rig were examined for mass loss and wear depth. The wear behavior of both the steel and ceramic material showed a dependence on operating variables time and load. Load was varied between 300N to 790N. Typical mass loss after 1 hour of testing 52100 bearing steel at 790N was 0.03 grams as compared to OA-Mg-PSZ which was 0.001 grams. The rolling contact wear of the OA-Mg-PSZ was an order of magnitude lower than that of the 52100 bearing steel. The wear mechanism for 52100 bearing steel was typical of plastic deformation and shearing near and below the surface of rolling contact. Once cracks extend to reach the surface, thin flat like sheets are produced. In OA-Mg-PSZ the wear mechanism initially is that of plastic deformation on the scale of the surface asperities with asperity polishing occurring followed by lateral cracks and fatigue spallation. Results obtained using the new rolling contact wear test rig led to the establishment of a new equation for wear modeling of 52100 bearing steel and OA-Mg-PSZ ceramic materials.

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Santana, Janaina Silva de. "Avalia??o tribol?gica dos pol?meros NBR, PTFE e PTFE gravitado em contato com a?o AISI 52100". Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2009. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/15591.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:57:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JanainaSS.pdf: 6774864 bytes, checksum: 445b5e932b89fcc09c4b97403b959e26 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-10-02
Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Low cost seals are made of NBR, Nitrile Butadiene Rubber, a family of unsaturated copolymers that is higher resistant to oils the more content of nitrile have in its composition, although lower its flexibility. In Petroleum Engineering, NBR seal wear can cause fluid leakage and environmental damages, promoting an increasing demand for academic knowledge about polymeric materials candidate to seals submitted to sliding contacts to metal surfaces. This investigation aimed to evaluate tribological responses of a commercial NBR, hardness 73 ? 5 Sh A, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), hardness 60 ? 4 HRE and PTFE with graphite, 68 ? 6 HRE. The testings were performed on a sliding tribometer conceived to explore the tribological performance of stationary polymer plane coupons submitted to rotational cylinder contact surface of steel AISI 52100, 20 ? 1 HRC Hardness, under dry and lubricated (oil SAE 15W40) conditions. After screening testings, the normal load, relative velocity and sliding distance were 3.15 N, 0.8 m/s and 3.2 km, respectively. The temperatures were collected over distances of 3.0?0.5 mm and 750?50 mm far from the contact to evaluate the heating in this referential zone due to contact sliding friction by two thermocouples K type. The polymers were characterized through Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA). The wear mechanisms of the polymer surfaces were analyzed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and EDS (Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy). NBR referred to the higher values of heating, suggesting higher sliding friction. PTFE and PTFE with graphite showed lower heating, attributed to the delamination mechanism
Retentores de baixo custo s?o comercialmente dispon?veis de NBR, copol?meros insaturados de borrachas de nitrilo-butadieno que s?o mais resistentes aos ?leos quanto mais altos forem seus teores de nitrila, ? custa de uma menor flexibilidade. Em Engenharia de Petr?leo, o desgaste dos retentores de NBR causa vazamento de fluidos e danos ambientais, provocando uma crescente demanda de conhecimento acad?mico sobre materiais polim?ricos candidatos a retentor submetidos a contatos de deslizamento com superf?cies de metal. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar respostas tribol?gicas de tr?s pol?meros comercialmente dispon?veis, NBR, dureza 73 ? 5 Sh A, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), dureza 60 ? 4 HRE e PTFE com grafite, 68 ? 6 HRE. Os ensaios foram realizados em um trib?metro de deslizamento concebido para explorar o desempenho tribol?gico de corpos-de-prova polim?ricos estacion?rios de superf?cie plana submetidos a um contato seco ou lubrificado (?leo SAE 15W40) de uma superf?cie rotativa cil?ndrica de a?o 52100, dureza 20 ? 1 HRC. A carga normal, a velocidade relativa e a dist?ncia de deslizamento foram, respectivamente, 3,15 N, 0,8 m/s e 3,2 km, determinadas ap?s ensaios explorat?rios iniciais. As temperaturas foram medidas por dois termopares tipo K a 3,0?0,5 mm e 750?50 mm de dist?ncia do contato para avaliar-se o aquecimento em uma mesma regi?o devido ao atrito de deslizamento no contato. Os pol?meros foram caracterizados atrav?s de An?lises Termogravim?tricas (TGA), Calorimetria Diferencial Explorat?ria (DSC) e An?lises Din?mico-Mec?nica (DMA). Os mecanismos de desgaste das superf?cies dos pol?meros foram analisados por Microscopia Eletr?nica de Varredura (MEV) e EDS (Espectroscopia por Energia Dispersiva de Raios-X). NBR apresentou os maiores valores de aquecimento, sugerindo maior atrito de deslizamento. PTFE e PTFE grafitado apresentaram um menor aquecimento, atribu?do ao mecanismo de desgaste por delamina??o

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Enabothula, Sai Krishna. "Simulation and prediction of wear using finite element analysis with experimental validation". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1532531033719696.

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Subramanian, Rohit. "COMPUTATIONAL FRAMEWORK TO ASSESS ROLE OF MANUFACTURING IN MATERIAL-DEFECT RELATED FAILURE RISK". The Ohio State University, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1398998282.

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Kato, Hirotaka. "Sliding wear of nitrided steels". Thesis, Brunel University, 1993. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/5200.

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The unlubricated sliding wear behaviour of gas nitrided, plasma nitrided, and ferritic nitrocarburized BS970,905M39 (EN41B) steels was investigated systematically from an engineering point of view. Commercial nitriding processes were employed, and the wear studies were carried out using a pin-on-disc machine over a wide range of sliding speeds and applied loads. The worn specimens and wear debris were examined by several techniques; including optical and electron microscopy and X-ray analysis. A sharp wear rate transition between mild and severe regimes was identified by varying the load for both untreated and gas nitrided steels. The wear rate was reduced by gas nitriding by up to two orders of magnitude, depending on the sliding condition. Moreover, gas nitriding expanded the mild wear region toward higher loads and sliding speeds. In the mild regime an oxidative wear mechanism operated, contrasting with the metallic wear in the severe regime. Wear maps for untreated and gas nitrided steels have been constructed, which show the dominant regimes of the wear mechanisms. A "wear-face-limited" gas nitrided pin test showed that the benefit of the treatment was lost once the effective surface layer was completely worn away. It is suggested that hardness has a crucial role in determining the wear rate through nitrided diffusion layers. A thick and porous compound layer produced by gas nitriding showed a poor wear behaviour owing to its brittleness, while a thin nitrocarburized E-Fe3N compound layer exhibited a low wear rate. There was no significant difference between the nitride steels in terms of transition load and wear rate. However, the wear lives of the nitrided layers were dependent on their case depth. Severe wear should be avoided in engineering component design, and operating conditions should ensure that only mild wear occurs. Both the hardness profiles and the cost performance of nitriding processes should be considered in the selection of nitriding treatments.

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Części książek na temat "52100 Steel"

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Sidoroff-Coicaud, Christine, Christophe Le Bourlot, Carole Dessolin, Michel Perez, Victor Lejay, Pierre-Emmanuel Dubois i Pierre Dierickx. "Influence of Heat Treatment Conditions on the Dimensional Stability of SAE 52100". W Bearing Steel Technologies: 12th Volume, Progress in Bearing Steel Metallurgical Testing and Quality Assurance, 202–45. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp162320190096.

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Wang, Q. Y., Hong Yan Zhang, M. R. Sriraman i S. X. Li. "Very Long Life Fatigue Behavior of Bearing Steel AISI 52100". W Key Engineering Materials, 1846–51. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-978-4.1846.

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Singh, Ankita, Swati Gangwar i Rajneesh Kumar Singh. "Experimental Investigation on Chemical-Assisted AISI 52100 Alloy Steel Using MAF". W Numerical Optimization in Engineering and Sciences, 513–22. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3215-3_50.

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Xu, Xiaohong, Jigang Liu, Guoqing Xu, Qing Yin, Xudong Zhang i Hans-Åke Munther. "Improvements in GCr15 (52100) High Carbon Bearing Steel Steelmaking and Their Effect on Inclusions, Segregation, and Fatigue Properties". W Bearing Steel Technologies: 12th Volume, Progress in Bearing Steel Metallurgical Testing and Quality Assurance, 381–402. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp162320190060.

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Burkart, K., H. Bomas, R. Schroeder i H. W. Zoch. "Rolling Contact and Compression-Torsion Fatigue of 52100 Steel with Special Regard to Carbide Distribution". W Bearing Steel Technologies: 9th Volume, Advances in Rolling Contact Fatigue Strength Testing and Related Substitute Technologies, 218–36. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp104506.

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Burkart, K., H. Bomas, R. Schroeder i H. W. Zoch. "Rolling Contact and Compression-Torsion Fatigue of 52100 Steel with Special Regard to Carbide Distribution". W Bearing Steel Technologies: 9th Volume, Advances in Rolling Contact Fatigue Strength Testing and Related Substitute Technologies, 1–19. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp104506t.

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Meddour, Ikhlas, Mohamed Athmane Yallese i Hamdi Aouici. "Investigation and Modeling of Surface Roughness of Hard Turned AISI 52100 Steel: Tool Vibration Consideration". W Applied Condition Monitoring, 419–31. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14532-7_43.

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Alok, Anupam, i Manas Das. "Analysis of Chip Formation of AISI 52100 Steel During Hard Turning with Newly Developed HSN2 Coated Carbide Insert". W Advances in Mechanical Engineering, 429–37. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0124-1_38.

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Mane, Sandip, i Sanjay Kumar. "Effect of Cutting Parameters on Microhardness in Turning of AISI 52100 Hardened Alloy Steel with Multilayer Coated Carbide Insert". W Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation, 177–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4485-9_19.

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Mane, Sandip, i Sanjay Kumar. "Modeling and Optimization of Cutting Temperature in Hard Turning of AISI 52100 Hardened Alloy Steel Using Response Surface Methodology". W Proceedings of International Conference on Intelligent Manufacturing and Automation, 39–47. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4485-9_5.

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Streszczenia konferencji na temat "52100 Steel"

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Yang, HongBo, PeiWen Yao, Lei Yang i MingZeng Shao. "Effects of Spheroidized Microstructure on Bainite Nucleation in SAE 52100 Steel". W 2017 5th International Conference on Mechatronics, Materials, Chemistry and Computer Engineering (ICMMCCE 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icmmcce-17.2017.206.

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You, Haoxing, Mei Yang, Yishu Zhang i Richard D. Sisson. "Austempering and Bainitic Transformation Kinetics of AISI 52100". W HT2021. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2021p0203.

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Abstract AISI 52100 is a high carbon alloy steel typically used in bearings. One hardening heat treatment method for AISI 52100 is austempering, in which the steel is heated to above austenitizing temperature, cooled to just above martensite starting (Ms) temperature in quench media (typically molten salt), held at that temperature until the transformation to bainite is completed and then cooled further to room temperature. Different austempering temperatures and holding times will develop different bainite percentages in the steel and result in different mechanical properties. In the present work, the bainitic transformation kinetics of AISI 52100 were investigated through experiments and simulation. Molten salt austempering trials of AISI 52100 were conducted at selected austempering temperatures and holding times. The austempered samples were characterized and the bainitic transformation kinetics were analyzed by Avrami equations using measured hardness data. The CHTE quench probe was used to measure the cooling curves in the molten salt from austenitizing temperature to the selected austempering temperatures. The heat transfer coefficient (HTC) was calculated with the measured cooling rates and used to calculate the bainitic transformation kinetics via DANTE software. The experimental results were compared with the calculated results and they had good agreement.

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Sorgente, Donato, Ottavio Corizzo, Antonio Ancona, Leonardo D. Scintilla, Gianfranco Palumbo i Luigi Tricarico. "Laser hardening of AISI 52100 bearing steel with a discrete fiber laser spot". W SPIE LASE, redaktor Friedhelm Dorsch. SPIE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2042083.

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Sari, Amir H. "The Effect of Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen ion implantation of AISI 52100 Steel". W PLASMA PHYSICS: 11th International Congress on Plasma Physics: ICPP2002. AIP, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1593936.

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de Abreu Gonçalves, Ítalo, Leonardo Leite, Carlos Henrique Oliveira, Tarcisio Brito, Anderson Paiva i João Roberto Ferreira. "STUDY OF THE INFLUENCE OF CUTTING FLUID AMOUNT IN STEEL TURNING OF AISI 52100". W Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia de Fabricação. ABCM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26678/abcm.cobef2017.cof2017-1528.

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Reardon, Arthur C., Andrew Freborg, Zhichao (Charlie) Li i Lynn Ferguson. "Investigating a Die Quench Cracking Problem in 52100 Steel Bearing Rings With Computer Simulation". W ASME 2016 11th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2016-8739.

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Quenching using a press with controlled die loads, commonly referred to as press quenching, is a specialized technique used to minimize distortion of critical components such as gears and high quality bearing races. Improper press load magnitudes or timing of the load application may restrict part movement during quenching to the point of imposing stresses that cause cracking, especially in a common bearing steel such as AISI 52100, high carbon, high strength steel. This paper applies a finite element based heat treat simulation tool, DANTE®, to investigate the sensitivity of cracking to press quenching process parameters. The typical method for designing a press quench process to control flatness, out-of-round, and taper is by experience coupled with trial-and-error. This is accomplished by adjusting oil flow rates, flow directions, die loads, and the timing of die loads. Metallurgical phase transformations occur during the quenching process as austenite transforms to martensite and possibly to diffusive phases. Thermal contraction due to cooling and volumetric expansion due to the phase changes therefore occur simultaneously during the heat treating process. A constantly changing stress state is present in the part, and improperly applied die loads, oil flow or oil flow rate can add additional stress to result in cracking. An inconsistent cracking problem in an AISI 52100 bearing ring was evaluated using production trials, but the process statistics were not conclusive in identifying the source of the problem. Heat treatment process modeling using DANTE was used to investigate the effects of quench rate, die load pulsing, and several other process variables to determine how these parameters impact the resulting stresses generated during the press quenching operation.

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Makhfi, Soua^d, Malek Habak, Raphaël Velasco, Kamel Haddouche i Pascal Vantomme. "Prediction of Cutting Forces Using ANNs Approach in Hard Turning of AISI 52100 steel". W THE 14TH INTERNATIONAL ESAFORM CONFERENCE ON MATERIAL FORMING: ESAFORM 2011. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3589592.

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Agnani, M., O. L. DeNonno, K. O. Findley i S. W. Thompson. "Microstructure Refinement Strategies in Carburized Steel". W HT2019. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.ht2019p0129.

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Abstract Microstructure refinement strategies in carburized microstructures were evaluated because of their potential for improving the fatigue performance of case carburized components. Commercial 52100 steel was used to simulate the high carbon content in the case. Specimens were subjected to various thermal treatments in a quenching dilatometer. Reheating cycles to austenitizing temperatures were evaluated with respect to both prior austenite grain size (PAGS) and associated martensite and retained austenite refinement. Quantitative stereological measurements were performed to evaluate the micro-geometry of plate martensite and the size distribution of retained-austenite regions. Decreasing the reheating temperature resulted in finer PAGS and multiple reheating cycles resulted in a narrow PAGS distribution. Refinement in PAGS led to a reduction in martensite plate size and finer distribution of RA.

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Han, Sangil, i Shreyes N. Melkote. "Effect of Alloying, Heat Treatment and Carbon Content on White Layer Formation in Machining of Steels". W ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81197.

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This paper describes an experimental investigation of the role of alloying, carbon content, and heat treatment on white layer formation in machining of steels. This is carried out by machining steels that differ in alloying, heat treatment and carbon content, via orthogonal cutting tests performed with low CBN content tools. The thickness of white layer produced in AISI 1045 and AISI 4340 annealed steels are compared to determine the effect of alloying on white layer formation. The effect of heat treatment on white layer formation is investigated by machining annealed and hardened AISI 4340 steels. The effect of carbon content on white layer formation is investigated by cutting AISI 52100 and AISI 4340 steels of the same hardness (53 HRC). Since 52100 steel has almost twice the amount of carbon and less number of alloying elements than AISI 4340 steel, an approximate understanding of the effect of carbon content on white layer formation can be inferred. The results of the study show that alloying, heat treatment, and carbon content influence white layer formation. The possible roles of the maximum workpiece surface temperature, effective plastic strain and stress on white layer formation in the different steels are also analyzed via finite element simulations performed in a commercially available code.

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Buehler, Jane E., i K. Dean Bowles. "Comparative Study of Unprotected vs. Protected Surfaces Using an Innovative Process for Applying Solid Lubricants to Reduce Friction and Wear". W ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82817.

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Two tribocouples were compared neat vs. treated with Induratec™. The tribocouples, tested under dry sliding conditions via a pin-on-disc tribometer, were 52100 steel ball on 52100 steel disc and 8620 steel pin on C67300 bronze disc. Comparisons of coefficient of friction and wear coefficient, K (mm3/N m) are presented. For the 52100 tribocouple two test conditions were completed, a 9.8 N load at 0.75 m/s and a 29.4 N load at 2.0 m/s. The coefficient of friction, for the treated samples compared to the untreated samples, was reduced by 74% for the lower load and speed condition and by 79% for the higher load and speed condition. For the lower load and speed test condition, the wear coefficient was reduced by a factor of 55 and for the higher load and speed condition the wear coefficient was reduced by a factor of 887. For the 8620 steel pin on C67300 bronze disc, two test conditions were completed, a 9.8 N load at 2.5 m/s sliding speed and a 19.6 N load also at 2.5 m/s sliding speed. The treated surface had a 42% lower coefficient of friction at the 9.8 N load and a 57% lower coefficient of friction at the 19.6 N load. The treated tribocouple wear coefficient was reduced by a factor of 600 for the 9.8 N load and by a factor of 1733 for the 19.6 N load.

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