Gotowa bibliografia na temat „2016 i-590”

Abstract I surveyed the peer-reviewed literature for studies on crayfish population genetics over the last 20 years (1996 to 2015). My objectives were to determine if there is research disparities based on crayfish conservation status, ecological group, geographic location, and genetic methods used. Additionally, I wished to determine overall trends in crayfish genetics related to population variability, systematics, and technique development. An extensive literature search yielded 201 peer-reviewed articles with genetic information published on 335 of the 590 crayfish species found worldwide. The majority of peer-reviewed articles took place in Europe and Australia/Oceania despite the fact that crayfish biodiversity is greatest in North America. Crayfish within each ecological group (primary burrowers, lotic inhabitants, lentic inhabitants, and stygobitic species) are represented in these published papers. I found published articles on ~ 57% of the estimated 590 extant species. Further, of the 173 species listed as critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, or as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, I found published research on ~ 62% of these species in these classifications thus indicating a knowledge gap for many imperiled species. This lack of basic genetic (and ecological) information is significant as species designation is often used to determine where we should focus our conservation actions. Understanding what constitutes a single interbreeding population and identifying taxonomic designations are priorities for defining conservation management plans.

Abstract I surveyed the peer-reviewed literature for studies on crayfish population genetics over the last 20 years (1996 to 2015). My objectives were to determine if there is research disparities based on crayfish conservation status, ecological group, geographic location, and genetic methods used. Additionally, I wished to determine overall trends in crayfish genetics related to population variability, systematics, and technique development. An extensive literature search yielded 201 peer-reviewed articles with genetic information published on 335 of the 590 crayfish species found worldwide. The majority of peer-reviewed articles took place in Europe and Australia/Oceania despite the fact that crayfish biodiversity is greatest in North America. Crayfish within each ecological group (primary burrowers, lotic inhabitants, lentic inhabitants, and stygobitic species) are represented in these published papers. I found published articles on ~ 57% of the estimated 590 extant species. Further, of the 173 species listed as critically endangered, endangered, vulnerable, or as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, I found published research on ~ 62% of these species in these classifications thus indicating a knowledge gap for many imperiled species. This lack of basic genetic (and ecological) information is significant as species designation is often used to determine where we should focus our conservation actions. Understanding what constitutes a single interbreeding population and identifying taxonomic designations are priorities for defining conservation management plans.

Показана возможность синтеза соединений Cu2SnS3 и Cu2SnSe3 на стеклянных подложках путём отжига в парах халькогена тонкой металлической плёнки сплава Cu:Sn = 2:1 в вакуумной графитовой камере типа квазизамкнутого объёма. Методом рентгеновской дифракции установлено, что полученные плёнки халькогенидов имеют подобную сфалериту кристаллическую структуру. Для кубической модификации Cu2SnS3 и Cu2SnSe3 преимущественными плоскостями отражений являются (111), (220) и (311). Элементный состав плёнок соответствует стехиометрии соединений Cu2SnS3 и Cu2SnSe3. Методом ИК-спектроскопии определены энергии активации прямозонных переходов для Cu2SnS3 – 0.96 eV, а для Cu2SnSe3 – 0.70 eV. ИСТОЧНИК ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯ Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке гранта РФФИ № 18-32-00971 – мол_а. ЛИТЕРАТУРА Milichko V. A., Shalin A. S., Mukhin I. S., et al. Usp., 2016, vol. 59, pp. 727–772. https://doi.org/10.3367/ufne.2016.02.037703 Wesley Herche. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2017, vol. 77, pp. 590-595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.028 Rujun Suna, Daming Zhuang, Ming Zhao, et al. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, 2018, vol. 174, pp. 42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2017.08.011 Orletskii I. G., Mar’yanchuk P. D., Solovan M. N., et al. Physics of the Solid State, 2016. vol. 58, no. 5, pp. 1058-1064. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1063783416050188 Ren Y. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Uppsala, 2017, 85 p. URL: https://uu.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1072439/FULLTEXT01.pdf Lokhande A. C. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, August 2016, vol. 153, pp. 84-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2016.04.003 Shelke H. D., Lokhande A. C., Patil A. M., et al. Surfaces and Interfaces, 2017, vol. 9, pp. 238-244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2017.08.006 Orletskii I. G., Solovan M. N., Pinna F., et al. Physics of the Solid State. 2017, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 801-807. https://doi.org/10.1134/s1063783417040163 Mingrui He. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, April 2017, vol. 701, pp. 901-908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.01.191 Pin-Wen, GuanShun-Li Shang, Greta Lindwall. Solar Energy, 2017, vol. 155, pp. 745-757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2017.07.017 Ju Yeon Lee. Solar Energy, 2017, vol. 145, pp. 27-32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2016.09.041 Subbotina, O. Y., Kishkoparov N. V., Frishberg I. V. High Temperature, 1999, vol. 37, no. 2, pp. 198–203. URL: http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=tvt&paperid=2266&option_lang=rus (in Russ.) Budanov A. V., Vlasov Yu. N., Grechkina M. V., et al. Condensed Matter and Interphases, 2016, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 481–486. URL: http://www.kcmf.vsu.ru/resources/t_18_4_2016_004.pdf (in Russ.) Zhang, Huang L. L., Zhu X. G., et al. Scripta Materialia, 2019, vol. 159, pp. 46–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2018.09.010 Lukashev P., Lambrecht W. R. L., Kotani T., Schilfgaarde M. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys., 2007, vol. 76, p. 195202. https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevb.76.195202

U radu su prikazani rezultati prinosa zrna (kg ha-1) pri standardnoj sjetvi hibrida kukuruza i sjetvi u udvojene redove/sjetva u trake (engl. twin row sowing). Istraživanja su provedena od 2016. do 2018. godine na pokušalištu Fakulteta agrobiotehničkih znanosti, pokraj mjesta Tenja (45°31’1,83” s. z. š.; 18°46›37,5» i. z. d.). Na standardni sustav sjetve s razmakom redova od 70 cm sjetvom i sjetvom u udvojene redove s razmakom od 22 cm posijani su hibridi FAO grupa dozrijevanja: H1 = FAO 290, H2 = FAO 380, H3 = FAO 410, H4 = FAO 450 i H5 = FAO 590. U standardnoj sjetvi hibrid H1 ostvario je prosječni prinos od 11.450 kg ha-1, a sjetvom u udvojene redove 12.243 kg ha-1 zrna, odnosno 3,77-9,66% više od standardne sjetve, ovisno o godini uzgoja. Hibrid H2 sjetvom u udvojene redove ostvario je veći prinos za 6,46 do 10,97% u odnosu na standardnu sjetvu. Hibrid H3 u standardnoj sjetvi ostvario je prosječni prinos od 11.731 kg ha-1, a kod sjetve u udvojene redove 12.763 kg ha-1 (veći prinos zrna za 3,45-9,95%). Najveća razlika u prinosa zrna između sustava sjetve utvrđena je 2018. godine kod hibrida H4, koji je ostvario veći prinos sjetvom u udvojene redove, za 11,72%. Kod hibrida H5 utvrđene su najmanje razlike u prinosu zrna s obzirom na sustav sjetve, pa je u 2018. godina sjetva u trake ostvarila manji prinos za 0,59% s obzirom na standardnu sjetvu.

SummaryAlthough factor (F) VIIIa is inactivated by activated protein C (APC) through cleavages in the FVIII heavy chain-derived A1 (Arg336) and A2 subunits (Arg562), the FVIII light chain (LC) contributes to catalysis by binding the enzyme. ELISA-based binding assays showed that FVIII and FVIII LC bound to immobilised active site-modified APC (DEGRAPC) (apparent K d ~270 nM and 1.0 μM, respectively). Fluid-phase binding studies using fluorescence indicated an estimated K d of ~590 nM for acrylodan-labelled LC binding to DEGR-APC. Furthermore, FVIII LC effectively competed with FVIIIa in blocking APC-catalysed cleavage at Arg336 (K i = 709 nM). A binding site previously identified near the C-terminal end of the A3 domain (residues 2007–2016) of FVIII LC was subjected to Ala-scanning mutagenesis. FXa generation assays and western and dot blotting were employed to assess the contribution of these residues to FVIIIa interactions with APC. Virtually all variants tested showed reductions in the rates of APC-catalysed inactivation of the cofactor and cleavage at the primary inactivation site (Arg336), with maximal reductions in inactivation rates (~3-fold relative to WT) and cleavage rates (~3 to ~9-fold relative to WT) observed for the Met2010Ala, Ser2011Ala, and Leu2013Ala variants. Titration of FVIIIa substrate concentration monitoring cleavage by a dot blot assay indicated that these variants also showed ~3-fold increases relative to WT while a double mutant (Met2010Ala/Ser2011Ala) showed a >4-fold increase in K m. These results show a contribution of a number of residues within the 2007–2016 sequence, and in particular residues Met2010, Ser2011, and Leu2013 to an APC-interactive site.

ABSTRACT Parents and early childhood educators still find it difficult to find ways to self-identify children's motor development, there needs to be innovation that measures motoric development can be easily used by parents The purpose of this study is to identify indicators of motor development in early childhood, make measuring instruments, and create a web-based measurement application. This Research and Development methodology uses mix method data analysis. This research is located in Indonesia with a sample of 590 participants. The results of the study show that valid and reliable measurement instruments for motoric development from the results of testing as many as 97 indicators are considered high value. Applications made by Information Technology experts to produce a systematic performance measurement system, making it easier for users, teachers / parents who are famous to get the results of the examination quickly and accurately. The implications of research are expected to be able to build a measuring device with the application of technology that is more developed in aspects of child development in addition to motor development, to become a facility for assessing early childhood development that makes it easier for educators to use it. Keywords: Early Childhood, Motoric Development, Web Based Application Instrument. REFERENCES Ali, A. (2012). Persepsi guru terhadap penggunaan kurikulum berasaskan bermain bagi aspek perkembangan bahasa dan literasi murid prasekolah. Malay Language Education Journal (MyLEJ), 2(1). Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327953978 Azwar, S. (2014). Reliabilitas dan Validitas Edisi 4. yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar. Barnett, L. M., Stodden, D., Miller, A. D., Cohen, K. E., Smith, J. J., Dudley, D., … Morgan, P. J. (2016). Fundamental Movement Skills : An Important Focus Only Leads to a Limited Number, 219–225. Cairney, J., Clark, H. J., James, M. E., Mitchell, D., Dudley, D. A., & Kriellaars, D. (2018). The Preschool Physical Literacy Assessment Tool : Testing a New Physical Literacy Tool for the Early Years, 6(June), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00138 Carson, H. J., Collins, D., & Carson, H. J. (2016). The fourth dimension : A motoric perspective on the anxiety – performance relationship The fourth dimension : A motoric perspective on the anxiety – performance relationship, 9858(February), 0–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2015.1072231 Griffiths, A., Toovey, R., Morgan, P. E., Spittle, A. J., & Pe, M. (2018). Psychometric properties of gross motor assessment tools for children : a systematic review, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-021734 Hasnida. (2014). Analisis Kebutuhan Anak Usia Dini. Jakarta: Luxima. Helmawati. (2015). Mengenal dan Memahami PAUD. Bandung: PT Remaja Rosdakarya. Hiryanto. (2013). Pemetaan Tingkat Pencapaian Mutu Program Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini (Paud) Di Propinsi DIY. Yogyakarta. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url? Hurlock, E. B. (1999). Perkembangan Anak Jilid I. (Erlangga, Ed.). jakarta. Loprinzi, P. D., Davis, R. E., & Fu, Y. (2015). Early motor skill competence as a mediator of child and adult physical activity Early / Middle Childhood. PMEDR, 2, 833–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2015.09.015 Malina, R. M. (2003). Motor Development during Infancy and Early Childhood : Overview and Suggested Directions for Research. International Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2(5), 50–66. Retrieved from http://www.soc.nii.ac.jp/jspe3/index.htm Monnas, L. B. (2018). Insight stories : Looking into teacher support in enhancing scientific thinking skills among pre-school students. Journal of Educational Sciences., 2(1), 19–25. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/url? Pendidikan, M., Kebudayaan, D. A. N., & Indonesia, R. PERATURAN MENTERI PENDIDIKAN DAN KEBUDAYAAN REPUBLIK INDONESIA NOMOR 137 TAHUN 2014 TENTANG STANDAR NASIONAL PENDIDIKAN ANAK USIA DINI (2014). Purna, R. & Kinasih, A. S. (2015). Psikologi Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. Jakarta: PT. Indeks. Rao, N., Sun, J., Richards, B., Weber, A. M., Sincovich, A., Darmstadt, G. L., & Ip, P. (2018). Assessing Diversity in Early Childhood Development in the East Asia-Pacific. Richard, D. (2013). Aplikasi Teori Pembelajaran Motorik di Sekolah. yogyakarta: Diva Press. Rolina, N., & Muhyidin. (2015). Metode & Media Pembelajaran (jilid 4). In Ensiklopedia Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini. yogyakarta: Pustaka Insan Madani. Sani, N. A., & Yunus, F. (2018). Amalan Perancangan , Pelaksanaan dan Pentaksiran dalam Proses Pengajaran dan Pembelajaran Pranumerasi di Tadika Swasta. Jurnal Pendidikan Malaysia, 43(2), 101–110. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/JPEN-2018-43.02-10 Amalan Santioso, L. . (2016). Tes Minat dan Bakat Anak. Jakarta: Penebar Swadaya Group. Suyadi. (2014). Manajemen PAUD (TPA-KB-TK/RA). yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar.

Hoy por hoy, la responsabilidad social empresarial (RSE) es una nueva forma de enfocar las organizaciones, y de tener un poco de conciencia o respeto hacia los diferentes medios o entornos en los cuales éstas desarrollan sus actividades empresariales. Aparte de ello se puede mencionar que, aunque no existe una gran cantidad de organizaciones pertenecientes al sector secundario, encargado de transformar la materia prima en un bien final, existe una amplia cantidad de pequeñas y medianas empresas (Pymes) del sector primario en la región amazónica, que realizan actividades como la extracción de madera, carbón, peces, producción de ganado, entre otras, acciones que perjudican toda la biodiversidad de la Amazonía colombiana. El presente artículo es de enfoque cualitativo y tipo metodológico descriptivo, ya que se buscó caracterizar el impacto de la RSE en la Amazonía colombiana por parte de las pequeñas y medianas empresas. Referencias: Acero, R. (2016). Lineamientos estratégicos para la incorporación congruente de la variable ambiental en los planes y esquemas de ordenamiento territorial de Colombia (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad de Chile. Recuperado de http://mgpa.forestaluchile.cl/Tesis/Acero%20Ronald.pdf Agudelo, E. (2015). Bases científicas para contribuir a la gestión de la pesquería comercial de bagres (familia pimelodidae) en la Amazonía colombiana y sus zonas de frontera. Recuperado de https://ddd.uab.cat/record/142475 Agudelo, S. (2009). Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, Una mirada desde Colombia. Revista de Negocios Internacionales, 2(1), 3‐11. Altuna, M. (2013). Los Factores de la Responsabilidad Social: El Análisis de las Pequeñas y Medianas Empresas Manufactureras Guipuzcoanas. Azkoaga, 16, 149-172. Anónimo. (s.f.). La RSE. “Modelo de Buena Práctica Empresarial”. Recuperado de https://aprendeenlinea.udea.edu.co/revistas/index.php/ tgcontaduria/article/viewFile/323512/20780676 Arenas, A., Escobar, E., Acosta, J., Monsalve, L. y Oyola, E. (2012). RSE “Moda o Compromiso Real” (Trabajo de Grado). Universidad de Medellín. Medellín, Colombia. Recuperado de http://repository.udem.edu.co/bitstream/handle/11407/357/ Responsabilidad%20social%20empresarial.%20%E2%80%9CModa% 20o%20compromiso%20 real%E2%80%9D.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Aristimuño, M. y Rodríguez, C. (2014), Responsabilidad social universitaria. Su gestión desde la perspectiva de directivos y docentes. Estudio de caso: una pequeña universidad latinoamericana. Interciencia, 39(6), 375-382. Baltera, P., Díaz, E. y Dussert, J. (2005). Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, Alcances y Potencialidades en Materia Laboral. Cuaderno de Investigación N° 25. Recuperado de http://www.dt.gob.cl/portal/1626/articles-88984_recurso_1.pdf Barrena, A. (2012). La protección de las especies silvestres, especial tratamiento de la protección en situ (Tesis doctoral). Universidad de Alicante. Recuperada de https://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/28038Bencomo, T. (2007). Desarrollo de las TIC y la formación profesional. http://www.saber.ula.ve/bitstream/handle/123456789/25149/articulo1.pdf; jsessionid=A8697326F48141C4F9366A86EA3CED46?sequence=2 Buriticá, L. (2011). La RSE y su Relación Teórica con la Gestión del Talento Humano. Universidad de Manizales (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad de Manizales. Recuperado de http://ridum.umanizales.edu.co:8080/xmlui/bitstream/handle/6789/297/Buritica_ Castro_Lida_Marcela_ 2011.pdf?sequence= Camejo, A. y Cejas, M. (2009). Responsabilidad social: factor clave de la gestión de los recursos humanos en las organizaciones del siglo XXI. Nómadas, Critical Journal of Social and Juridical Sciences, 21(1), 127-142. Cardona, C. y Giraldo, L. (2010). Estandarización de Indicadores de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial Propuestas por Organizaciones de Reconocimiento Mundial (Trabajo de Grado). Universidad Tecnológica de Pereira. Recuperado de http://repositorio.utp.edu.co/dspace/bitstream/handle/11059/1549/ 658408C268. pdf;jsessionid=A24F7FD84FFE4F942F3159EE7AB68BF7?sequence=1 Congreso de la República de Colombia. (2000). Ley 590 de 2000 “por la cual se dicta disposiciones para promover el desarrollo de las micro, pequeñas y medianas empresas”. Bogotá, Colombia. Recuperada de http://www.alcaldiabogota.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=12672 Curatola, G. (2011). Patrones de distribución espacial de Triplaris Americana en Tambopata, Perú. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Recuperado de http://tesis.pucp.edu.pe/repositorio/handle/123456789/454 De La Cuadra, F. (2013). Cambio climático, movimientos sociales y políticas públicas, una vinculación necesaria. Recuperado de https://journals.openedition.org/polis/9651 Delgado, V. y Olarte, M. (2012). Responsabilidad social corporativa en el sector de la televisión. Un estudio longitudinal de las memorias de sostenibilidad. Revista Internacional de Investigación en Comunicación aDResearch ESIC, 6(6), 112-129. Delgado, Y., Herrera, N. y Gallón, C. (2014). La Responsabilidad Social Empresarial: una mirada a la aplicación en el sector transporte público automotor. Trabajos de Grado Contaduría Pública, 8(1), 1-29. Duque, Y., Cardona, M. y Rendón, J. (2013). Responsabilidad Social Empresarial: Teorías, índices, estándares y certificaciones. Cuadernos de Administración, 29(50), 196-206. Escamilla, S., Jiménez, I. y Prado, C. (2013). La Responsabilidad Social Empresarial, una forma de crear valor. Madrid, España: Editorial Académica Española. Fernández, C. (2012). Responsabilidad Social Empresarial: Cultura y Medio ambiente (Tesis de Posgrado). Recuperado de http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/112084 Franco, C. (s.f.). Dinámica de construcción de una nueva sociedad desde los negocios. Recuperado de http://interamerican-usa.com/articulos/Gob-Corp-Adm/Responsabilidad%20Social%20Carolina%20Franco[1].pdf García, M. y Duque, J. (2012). Gestión Humana y Responsabilidad Social Empresarial: un enfoque estratégico para la vinculación de prácticas responsables a las Organizaciones. Libre Empresa, 17, 13-37. Gil, F. (2013). La responsabilidad social universitaria desde la perspectiva ambiental: universidad y desarrollo sustentable (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Recuperado de http://132.248.9.195/ptd2013/agosto/0700625/0700625.pdf Gómez, M. (2010). La Gestión y la Información sobre la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial de las PYMES: la Necesidad de Diferenciación. Contaduría Universidad de Antioquia, 56, 15-40. Gómez-Villegas, M. y Quintanilla, D. (2012). Los informes de Responsabilidad Social Empresarial: su evolución y tendencias en el contexto internacional colombiano. Cuadernos de Contaduría, 13(32), 121-158. Gómez, H. (2014). Responsabilidad Social Empresarial en la municipalidad de Huehuetenango (Trabajo de Grado). Universidad Rafael Landívar. Recuperado de http://biblio3.url.edu.gt/Tesario/2014/01/01/Gomez-Helen.pdf Guerra, F., Higuera, K., Molina, F. y Villagrán, P. (2015). Estudio comparativo sobre responsabilidad social entre empresas y países. Recuperado de http://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/131943/ Estudio%20comparativo %20sobre% 20responsa.pdf Henao, J. (2013). La Responsabilidad Social Empresarial como Estrategia de Gestión en la Organización Pranha S.A. (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Recuperado de http://www.bdigital.unal.edu.co/12095/1/7711507.2013.pdf Lara, M. (2003). La responsabilidad social de la empresa: implicaciones contables. España: Editorial Edisofer S.L. López, I. (2014). El cambio climático, ¿reto para la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial? Revista Internacional de Organizaciones, 13, 39-53. Mantilla, M. (2012). Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y Población Indígena Colombiana. Bogotá, Colombia: Fondo de Publicaciones de la Universidad Sergio Arboleda. Méndez-Beltrán, J. y Peralta-Borray, D. (2014). Reflexiones respecto a la Responsabilidad Social Empresarial y la creación de valor económico desde la perspectiva de los proveedores. Cuadernos de Contabilidad, 15(38), 625-645. Meza, A. (2007). La Responsabilidad Social Empresarial como factor de competitividad (Trabajo de Grado). Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia. Recuperado de http://www.javeriana.edu.co/biblos/tesis/economia/tesis27.pdf Milian, L. (2015). Responsabilidad social corporativa. Origen y evolución del concepto de RSC en el entorno empresarial europeo y español. Recuperado de https://repositorio.comillas.edu/rest/bitstreams/7232/retrieve Montoya, J. (2011). Plan de educación ambiental para el desarrollo sostenible en los colegios de la institución La Salle. Recuperado de https://www.tesisenred.net/handle/10803/41714 Montoya, B. y Martínez, P. (Coord.). (2012). Responsabilidad Social Empresarial: Una Respuesta Ética ante los Desafíos Globales. Recuperado de http://www.kas.de/wf/doc/kas_37565-1522-4-30.pdf?140425034037 Navarro, F. (2008). Responsabilidad Social Corporativa: Teoría y Práctica. Recensiones, Revista del Ministerio de Trabajo e Inmigración, 76, 193-195. Núñez, I., González, E. y Barahona, A. (2003). La biodiversidad: historia y contexto de un concepto. Interciencia, 28(7), 387-393. Observatorio de Responsabilidad Social Corporativa. Comisión Europea. (2001). Libro Verde: Fomentar un Marco Europeo para la Responsabilidad Social de las Empresas. Recuperado de https://observatoriorsc.org/libro-verde-fomentar-un-marco-europeo-para-la-responsabilidad-social-de-las-empresas/ Ortiz, P. (2009). La Responsabilidad Social Empresarial como base de la estrategia competitiva de HZX (Trabajo de Grado). Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Colombia. Recuperado de https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/handle/10554/9169 Pérez, C. (2014). Acuerdos ambientales multilaterales para la conservación de la biodiversidad. Análisis de cumplimiento en Chile (Tesis de Maestría). Universidad de Chile. Recuperado de http://mgpa.forestaluchile.cl/Tesis/Perez%20Cristian.pdf Porter, M. & Kramer, M. (2011). Creating Shared Value. Recuperado de https://hbr.org/2011/01/the-big-idea-creating-shared-value Puentes, R., Antequeras, J. y Velasco, M. (2008). La responsabilidad social corporativa y su importancia en el espacio europeo de educación superior. Recuperado de https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=2740076 Rodríguez, Y., Alemán, R., Domínguez, J., Soria, S., Hernández, H. Salazar, C. y Jara, A. (2016). 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AbstractEUV and X-ray radiation emitted from wind-embedded shocks can affect the ionization balance in the outer atmospheres of massive stars, and can also be the mechanism responsible for producing highly ionized atoms detected in the wind UV spectra. To investigate these processes, we implemented the emission from wind-embedded shocks and related physics into our atmosphere/spectrum synthesis code FASTWIND. We also account for the high energy absorption of the cool wind, by adding important K-shell opacities. Various tests justfying our approach have been described by Carneiro+(2016, A&A 590, A88).In particular, we studied the impact of X-ray emission on the ionization balance of important elements. In almost all the cases, the lower ionization stages (O iv, N iv, P v) are depleted and the higher stages (N v, O v, O vi) become enhanced. Moreover, also He lines (in particular He ii 1640 and He ii 4686) can be affected as well.Finally, we carried out an extensive discussion of the high-energy mass absorption coefficient, κν, regarding its spatial variation and dependence on Teff. We found that (i) the approximation of a radially constant κν can be justified for r ⩾ 1.2R* and λ ⩽ 18 Å, and also for many models at longer wavelengths. (ii) In order to estimate the actual value of this quantity, however, the He ii background needs to be considered from detailed modeling.

La obesidad y la diabetes mellitus tipo II (DMT2) han sido declaradas pandemias del nuevo siglo, en virtud de su acelerado crecimiento y presencia en la población mundial. Sin embargo, el enfoque empleado en los tratamientos de estas condiciones ha radicado en la atención farmacológica de las comorbilidades asociadas, sin conseguir efectos positivos en la enfermedad en el largo plazo. En tal sentido, la investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar los parámetros básicos de atención de la obesidad y la DMT2, a través de la atención nutricional no farmacológica mediante una revisión bibliográfica en bases de datos atendiendo el contenido científico de cada estudio analizado. La evidencia científica es consistente es señalar que un tipo de alimentación con unaporte bajo en grasa, contenido moderadamente alto en proteínas, hidratos de carbono de bajo índice glucémico es adecuada para mantener y/o restablecer las condiciones de salud en este tipo de paciente. Palabras Clave: Diabetes, Obesidad, Diabesidad, Nutrición. Referencias [1]M. Mangas, A. Martínez y P. García, «“Tratamiento Farmacológico de la Diabesidad”,» Nutr. Clín. Med, vol. VI, nº 1, pp. 34-4, 2012. [2]L. Altamiro, M. Vásquez, G. Cordero, R. Álvarez, R. Añez, J. Rojas y V. Bermúdez, «Prevalencia de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y sus factores de riesgo en individuos adultos de la ciudad de Cuenca- Ecuador,» Avances en Biomedicina, vol. 6, nº 1, pp. 10-21, 2017. [3]A. Forero, J. Hernández, S. Rodríguez, J. Romero, G. Morales y G. Ramírez, «La alimentación para pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 en tres hospitalespúblicos de Cundinamarca, Colombia,» Biomédica, nº38, pp. 355-362, 2018. [4]S. Durán, E. Carrasco y M. Araya, «Alimentación y diabetes,» Nutrición Hospitalaría, vol. 27, nº 4, pp. 1031-1036, 2012. [5]J. Hernandez, «Recomendaciones para el tratamiento médico de la obesidad exógena en el nivel primario de atención,» Rev cuba med gen integr, vol. 34, nº 3, pp. 123-144, 2018. [6]M. Acebo, «Obesidad y Salud: ¿En realidad existe el paciente obeso metabólicamente sano?,» Respyn, vol. 16, nº 2, p. 44–55, 2017. [7]T. Suarez, J. Sandoval, M. Galván, G. López, A.Olivo, A. J y M. González, «Nutracéuticos: usos potenciales en el tratamiento de la diabetes,» Educacióny Salud Boletín Científico de Ciencias de la Salud del ICSa, vol. 6, nº 12, p. doi: https://doi.org/10.29057/icsa.v6i12.3101, 2018. [8]R. Orellana, E. Salinas, D. Sánchez, J. Guajardo, E. Díaz y F. Rodríguez, «Tratamiento farmacológico de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 dirigido a pacientes con sobrepeso y obesidad,» Medicina Interna México, vol. 35, nº4, pp. 525-536, 2019. [9]O. Pereira, «Diabesidad: una epidemia del siglo XXI,» Medisan , vol. 16, nº 2, pp. 295-299, 2012. [10]S. Andino, «Evolución de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en pacientes obesos mórbidos después del by pass gástrico. Tesis para la obtención del título de posgrado de Doctor en Medicina,» Universidad Católica de Córdoba , Córdoba- Argentina , 2016. [11]A. Muñoz, M. Jiménez, R. Mora, A. Hidalgo y D. Montoya, «Glucosa: amiga o enemiga,» de Diabetes mellitus: el reto a vencer, vol. 44, México, EditorialesFT, S. A., 2013, pp. 9-24. [12]H. Bays, L. Mandarino y R. DeFronzzo, «Role of the adipocyte, free fatty acids, and ectopic fat in pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus: peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor agonists provide a rational therapeutic approach,» J Clin Endocrinol Metab, vol.89, nº 2, pp. 463-478, 2014. [13]C. Quintanilla y S. Zúñiga, «El efecto incretina y su participación en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2,» Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc, vol. 48, nº 5, pp. 509-520, 2013. [14]L. Baggio y D. Drucker, «Biology of incretins: GLP-1 and GIP,» Gastroenterology, vol. 132, nº 6, pp. 2131-2157, 2014. [15]Z. Cabrera y J. Díaz, «Sobrepeso - obesidad como factor de riesgo a la nefropatía en pacientes diabéticos del Hospital Víctor Lazarte Echegaray.2015,» Cientifi-k , vol. 5, nº 2, pp. 155-201, 2017. [16]F. Abbasi, J. Chu, C. Lamendola, T. McLaughlin, J. Hayden, G. Reaven y et al, «Discrimination between obesity and insulin resistance in the relationship withadiponectin,» Diabetes, vol. 53, nº 3, pp. 585-590, 2014. [17]M. Navarro, I. Jáuregui y G. Herrero, «Trastornos de la conducta alimentaria y diabetes mellitus: Tratamiento nutricional,» vol. 5, nº 9, pp. 914-1066, 2020. [18]A. Forero, J. Hernández, M. Rodríguez, J. Romero, G. Morales y G. Ramirez, «“La alimentación para pacientes con diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 en tres hospitales públicos de Cundinamarca, Colombia,» Biomédica, vol. 38, pp. 355-62, 2018. [19]S. Ramón y G. Medina, «Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas nutricionales en diabéticos tipo 2 que integran los clubes de diabéticos urbanos, Cuenca, 2015,» Recimundo, vol. 2, pp. 595-610, 2018. [20]A. Prado, M. Mazacón y T. Estrada, «Aspectos nutricionales en la atención del paciente con diabetes,» Universidad, Ciencia y Tecnología, nº 02, pp. 132-139,2019. [21]D. Cárdenas, C. Bermúdez, S. Echeverri, A. Pérez, M. Puentes, L. López, M. Correia, J. Ochoa, A. Ferreira, M. Texeira, D. Arenas, H. Arenas, M. León y D. Rodríguez, «Declaración de Cartagena. declaración internacional sobre el derecho al cuidado nutricional y la lucha contra la malnutrición Cartagena,» Nutr Hosp, vol. 36, nº 4, pp. 974-980, 2019. [22]M. Manrique, M. de la Maza, F. Carrasco, M. Moreno, C. Albala, J. García, J. Díaz y C. Liberman, «Diagnóstico, evaluación y tratamiento no farmacológicodel paciente con sobrepeso u obesidad,» Rev Méd Chile, vol. 137, pp. 963-971, 2009. [23]A. Laparra, «Revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de los diferentes enfoques dietéticos para el tratamiento de la diabetes tipo 2: Lectura Crítica DARE,» Revista española de nutrición humana y dietética , vol. 21, nº 4, pp. 393-396, 2017. [24]F. Represa, «Comorbilidad, control metabólico y calidad de vida en los pacientes diabéticos tipo 2,» Biblioteca Lascasas, 2016. [25]P. Riobó Serván, «“Pautas dietéticas en la diabetes y en la obesidad”,» Nutr. Hosp., vol. 35, nº 4, pp. 109-115, 2018. [26]M. Hernández, M. Batle, B. Martínez, R. San Cristobal, S. Pérez, S. Navas y J. Martínez, «Cambios alimentarios y de estilo de vida como estrategia en la prevención del síndrome metabólico y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2: hitos y perspectivas,» Anales Sis San Navarra , vol. 39, nº 2, pp. 269-289, 2016. [27]R. Li, S. QU , P. Zhang, S. Chattopadhyay , E. Gregg , A. Albright , D. Hopkins y N. Pronk, «Economic evaluation of combined diet and physical activitypromotion programs to prevent type 2 diabetes among persons at increased risk: a systematic review for the Community Preventive Services,» Ann Intern Med, vol. 163, nº 6, pp. 452-460, 2016. [28]J. López, Envejecimiento y nutrición. Intervención nutricional en pacientes diabéticos, Madrid: Sociedad Española de Geriatría y Gerontología , 2015. [29]I. Brajkovich, M. Izquierdo, R. Nieto y M. Cordero , «Tratamiento no farmacológico: aspectos nutricionales, estilo de vida y actividad física. Cirugía bariátrica,»Revista Venezolana de Endocrinología y Metabolismo, vol. 1, nº 1, pp. 47-57, 2012. [30]O. González, «Manejo nutricional en la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y obesidad,» Revista Médica, vol. 4, nº1, pp. 22-31, 2014.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya kontribusi retribusi daerah terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kota Pontianak selama periode 5 (lima) tahun yaitu tahun 2015-2019 serta kriteria efektivitasnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif atau dengan cara mengumpulkan, menyusun dan mengklasifikasikan data sehingga diperoleh gambaran yang dapat dipahami mengenai masalah yang dihadapi serta dapat ditarik sebuah kesimpulan. Penulis melakukan pengumpulan data sekunder yang diperlukan untuk penelitian. Dari hasil analisis yang telah diolah menunjukan bahwa kontribusi Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kota Pontianak dari retribusi daerah rata-ratanya adalah sebesar 8,91% sisanya yaitu sebesar 91,09% dari Pendapatan Asli Daerah bersumber dari pendapatan pajak daerah, pendapatan hasil pengelolaan kekayaan daerah yang dipisahkan dan juga pendapatan lain-lain dalam Pendapatan Asli Daerah yang sah. Tingkat efektivitas dari retribusi daerah sendiri mengalami fluktuasi dimana pada tahun 2015 mendapatkan 94,94%, tahun 2016 mendapatkan 97,60%, tahun 2017 mendapatkan 86,36%, tahun 2018 mendapatkan 91,98% dan tahun 2019 mendapatkan 104,93%. Meskipun mengalami fluktuasi dalam 5 (lima) tahun (2015-2019), retribusi daerah termasuk dalam kriteria efektif dengan rata-rata persentase efektivitasnya sebesar 95,16%. Kata Kunci: Pendapatan Asli Daerah; Retribusi Daerah; Efektivitas. DAFTAR PUSTAKA Asteria, B., (2015). Analisis Pengaruh Penerimaan Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kabupaten/Kota di Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Riset Manajemen STIE Widya Wiwaha, 51-61.Badan Pusat Statistik. (2020). Realisasi Pendapatan Daerah Otonom Kota Pontianak, 2016-2017 Actual Autonomous Income of Pontianak Municipality, 2016-2017. Pontianak: Badan Pusat Statistik.Bawuna, N. N., Kalangi, L., & Runtu, T., (2016). Analisis Efektivitas Kinerja Penerimaan Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah di Kabupaten Siau Tagulandang Biaro. Jurnal Ilmiah Berkala Efisiensi Universitas Sam Ratulangi, 593-603.Dwiastuti, N., (2018). Efektivitas Penerimaan Retribusi Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. Prosiding SATIESPE 2018. Pontianak, Indonesia: Universitas Tanjungpura.Ersita, M., & Elim I., (2016). Analisis Efektivitas Penerimaan Retribusi Daerah dan Kontribusinya Terhadap Peningkatan Pendapatan Asli Daerah di Provinsi Sulawesi Utara. Jurnal EMBA Universitas Sam Ratulangi, 889-897.Ferdiansyah, F., (2018). Analisis Efektivitas Penerimaan Pajak Daerah, Retribusi Daerah dan Kontribusinya Terhadap Peningkatan Pendapatan Asli Daerah (Studi pada Badan Pengelolaan Pajak Daerah Kota Palembang 2012-2016). Jurnal Universitas Sriwijaya, 1-32.Handoko, S., (2013). Analisis Tingkat Efektivitas Pajak Daerah sebagai Sumber Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kota Pontianak. Jurnal Ilmiah Magister Ekonomi Universitas Tanjungpura, 1-17.Kusuma, M. K. A. A., & Wirawati, N. G. P., (2013). Analisis Pengaruh Penerimaan Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah Terhadap Peningkatan Pendapatan Asli Daerah Se-Kabupaten/Kota di Provinsi Bali. E-Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Udayana, 574-585.Lakoy, T. W., Engka, D. S. M., & Tumangkeng, S. Y. L., (2016). Kontribusi dan Pengaruh Penerimaan Retribusi Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah di Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan (2005-2014). Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Efisiensi Universitas Sam Ratulangi, 559-567.Laksmi, D. N., (2016). Kontribusi Komponen Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) Terhadap Realisasi Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) Tahun Anggaran 2006-2015 Kota Magelang. Jurnal Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, 1-89.Marselina B. E., (2013). Analisis Kontribusi Pajak Parkir dan Retribusi Pasar Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Pada Pemerintah Kota Padang. Jurnal Universitas Negeri Padang, 1-23.Mauri A. P., Mattalatta, Hasmin., (2017). Analisis Pengaruh Penerimaan Retribusi Daerah dan Pajak Daerah Terhadap Peningkatan Pendapatan Asli Daerah Pada Kabupaten Soppeng. Jurnal Mirai Management STIE Amkop Makassar, 175-193.Murniati S., Kasasih, D., (2017). Analisis Kontribusi dan Efektivitas Penerimaan Retribusi Pelayanan Pasar Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) Daerah Kota Palembang. Jurnal Kompetitif Universitas Tridinanti Palembang, 85-109.Putriani, E., (2016). Pengaruh Retribusi Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) Kabupaten Bulukumba. Jurnal Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar, 1-106.Ponto, C. D., Karamoy, H., & Runtu, T., (2015). Analisis penerapan Sistem dan Prosedur Pemungutan Pajak Hiburan di Kota Bitung. Jurnal Universitas Sam Ratulangi Manado, 1-13.Peraturan Wali Kota Nomor 25 Tahun 2019, tentang Masterplan Pontianak Smart City Tahun 2019-2028Rahmadani A., (2018) Pengaruh Retribusi Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kabupaten Batu Bara (Studi Kasus Badan Pengelolaan Pajak dan Retribusi Daerah Kabupaten Batu Bara). Jurnal Akuntansi Syariah Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, 1-73.Republik Indonesia. Undang-Undang Nomor 33 Tahun 2004, tentang Pemerintah Daerah-------------------. Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014, tentang Pemerintahan Daerah-------------------. Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2009, tentang Perimbangan Keuangan antara Pusat dan Daerah pasal 1 angka 18-------------------. Undang-Undang Nomor 28 Tahun 2009, tentang Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah pasal 1 ayat 10-------------------. Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014, tentang Pemerintahan DaerahSafrita, (2011). Pengaruh Retribusi Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kota Jayapura. Jurnal Universitas Yapis Papua, 114-102.Sarno, (2012). Analisis Potensi dan Realisasi Pendapatan Asli Daerah dalam Mencapai Kemandirian Keuangan Daerah di Kabupaten Sekadau Tahun 2006-2011. Jurnal Universitas TanjungpuraSitinjak, N. D., (2016). Tinjauan Pajak Daerah dan PDRB atas Efektivitas dan Kontribusinya Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kota Madiun. Jurnal Universitas Merdeka Malang, 1-7.Temaja, I. D. G. A D., & Saputra, I. D. G. D., (2014) Pengaruh Retribusi Pelayanan Pasar, Pajak Hotel dan Restoran pada Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kabupaten Gianyar. E-Jurnal Akuntansi Universitas Udayana, 209-220.Toduho, D. A. M., Saerang, D. P. E, & Elim A., (2014). Penerimaan Retribusi Pasar dalam Upaya Meningkatkan Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kota Tidore Kepulauan. Jurnal Akuntansi-EMBA, 1090-1103Tresnawati, R., & Putri, E. A., (2017). Tinjauan atas Retribusi Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Pemerintah Kota Bandung. Jurnal Akuntansi Riset (ASET) Universitas Widyatama Bandung, 73-80.Umbas, B. R., Nangoi, G. B., & Tirayoh, V., (2018). Analisis Pengelolaan Dan Kontribusi Penerimaan Retribusi Pelayanan Kesehatan Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Di Kabupaten Minahasa Utara. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi Going Concern Universitas Sam Ratulangi, 796-803.Widyaningsih, A., & Srimartina, A., (2007). Analisis Sumber-Sumber Pendapatan Asli Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah di Kabupaten/Kota Wilayah Provinsi Jawa Barat. Jurnal Akuntansi Riset (ASET) Universitas UPI, 388-399.Yuliastuti, I. A. N., & Dewi, N. L. P. S., (2017). Analisis Efektivitas dan Kontribusi Retribusi Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah Kota Denpasar. Jurnal Riset Akuntansi (JUARA) Universitas Mahasaraswati Denpasar, 91-102.Zahari, M., (2016). Pengaruh Pajak dan Retribusi Daerah Terhadap Pendapatan Asli Daerah. Jurnal Universitas Batanghari. 133-148

Le travail réalisé a pris en considération en premier lieu le droit international privé de l'UE, puis des aspects plus à proprement parler de « droit international procédural », en se concrétisant par une « systémisation » et une cartographie des voies de recours proposées au consommateur par le droit européen pour les litiges transfrontaliers. La première partie, concernant la loi applicable aux contrats internationaux du consommateur et le tribunal compétent dans le droit international privé de l'Union européenne, permit d'identifier les problématiques de droit international privé sous-jacentes aux contrats et aux litiges internationaux en matière de consommation, qui sont exacerbées dans le domaine du commerce électronique. La thèse traite deuxièmement la protection du consommateur par l'assouplissement et la simplification des procédures ordinaires et la protection du consommateur par des procédures collectives transfrontalières. Enfin, la thèse concerne la protection du consommateur par les procédures alternatives au contentieux ordinaire
The thesis analyzes, under various aspects related to private international law and international civil procedure of the European Union, the status of the protection offered to the European consumers in their international contracts, in particular in relation to the objectives and in the context of the single market. The thesis is divided into three chapters. The first chapter deals with consumer protection in the international private law of European Union (regulation (UE) 1215/2012 and regulation (CE) 593/2008). The second chapter deals with the protection offered to consumers by european international civil procedure with reference to individual and collective litigations. The third chapter deals with alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and with on-line dispute resolution (ODR) and analyzes EU directive 2013/11/UE and regulation (EU) 524/2013
La tesi analizza, sotto vari aspetti relativi al diritto internazionale privato e processuale dell’Unione Europea, lo stato della protezione offerta al consumatore europeo nei contratti e nelle controversie internazionali, con uno specifico riguardo alle tutele di carattere processuale e giurisdizionale. La tesi si articola in tre capitoli, che investono gli ambiti in cui tale tutela può esplicarsi, ovvero, l’individuazione di un foro e di una legge applicabile favorevoli agli interessi del consumatore, la semplificazione delle regole di procedura nelle controversie individuali internazionali, la possibilità di dare luogo a procedimenti transfrontalieri collettivi e la creazione di un sistema efficace di risoluzione delle controversie internazionali in via stragiudiziale anche on-line. Il primo capitolo ricostruisce dapprima il sistema di diritto internazionale privatodell'Unione europea in materia di contratti di consumo, dando conto del contesto politico ed economico in cui si inserisce ed alla cui luce devono esserne letti gli obiettivi. Vengono quindi individuati i principi e gli obiettivi che fondano le norme di diritto internazionale privato in materia di contratti internazionali del consumatore, le quali si caratterizzano per l’essere ispirate a finalità materiali, ovvero, volte a permettere di individuare un foro competente ed una legge applicabile che siano in grado di bilanciare tra loro le esigenze dei consumatori e degli operatori del mercato, con la conseguenza di favorire l’esplicarsi degli scambi commerciali e della concorrenza nel mercato unico. Ciò avviene garantendo al consumatore l’applicazione della legge e la competenza del foro a lui più prossimi, ovvero quelli del suo paese di residenza abituale (la cui coincidenza permette peraltro una riduzione dei costi delle liti transfrontaliere) e la prevedibilità delle soluzioni agli operatori del mercato.Il capitolo traccia quindi lo sviluppo normativo e giurisprudenziale delle norme di diritto internazionale privato europee in materia di contratti del consumatore, prendendo in particolare in considerazione le più recenti sentenze della Corte di Giustizia che, dal 2010 ad oggi, hanno ridefinito l’ambito di applicazione delle norme contenute nel regolamento (CE) 44/2001 (Bruxelles I), oggi rifuso nel regolamento (UE) 1215/2012 (Bruxelles I-bis), e nel regolamento (CE) 593/2008 (Roma I), insistendo sulla definizione del concetto, volutamente aleatorio, di “attività diretta” e sul suo ruolo di preminenza nel connettere la fattispecie contrattuale allo Stato della residenza del consumatore per permetterne la competenza dei giudici e l’applicabilità della relativa legge. Viene svolta infine una analisi critica sull’interpretazione fornita dalla Corte di Giustizia che rischia, nel concreto, di rendere le norme in oggetto applicabili in maniera variabile dai giudici nazionali, garantendo alle volte una tutela troppo estesa o troppo ristretta al consumatore, senza riguardo per l’esigenza di certezza giuridica degli operatori del mercato

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger and others v Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources and others (Joined cases C-293/12 and C-594/12), ECLI:EU:C:2014:238, [2014] ECR I-238, 8 April 2014. The document also included supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger and others v Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources and others (Joined cases C-293/12 and C-594/12), EU:C:2014:238, [2014] ECR I-238, 8 April 2014. The document also included supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.

La presente publicación surgió como consecuencia de los reiterados reportes sobre actos violentos denominados comúnmente como justicia por mano propia, los cuales llevaron a las investigadoras a plantear la siguiente problemática: ¿qué factores inciden en el ciudadano para deslegitimar al Estado como ente sancionador, dando lugar al uso de la justicia por mano propia intentando resarcir un daño, independien-temente del sistema jurídico estatal? Se acogió la Teoría de la Justicia propuesta por John Rawls como soporte teórico, pues se considera idónea para desarrollar el principio de la Justicia como fin del Estado Social de Derecho, a partir de un sistema amplio de libertades básicas para todos, que ofrece a los asociados igualdad de oportunidades, previendo el principio de diferencia y las desigualdades socioeconó-micas, además de resaltar la prioridad de la libertad y de la justicia sobre la eficiencia de la norma. Inicialmente se planteó la hipótesis de que los factores que incidían en la sociedad colombiana para deslegitimar al Estado como ente sancionador eran: i) la ineficacia del sistema legal, ii) el dif ícil acceso a la administración de justicia, iii) el desconocimiento de los derechos por parte del ciudadano. Estas deficiencias se traducen en la vida cotidiana del ciudadano, como, por ejemplo, en las dificultades que el sistema jurídico le presenta a la persona cuando se dispone a denunciar un hecho del cual fue víctima; circunstancia que, analizada desde una perspectiva sociológica, ocasiona un alto índice de omisión de denunciasLa investigación se estructuró en los principios rectores de la teoría de la justicia de Rawls, además de soportarse metodológicamente en la teoría funcionalista de Jakobs y la teoría de los sistemas de Luhmann, quienes integran las categorías del sistema a partir de los fines del Derecho. A su vez, se aborda el análisis de la Constitución Política de Colombia, el Código Penal (Ley 599 de 2000), Jurisprudencia de las Altas Cortes, junto con la doctrina que trata el problema socio-jurídico central. Asimismo, se hace uso de muestras representativas porcen-tuales, que permiten deducir de manera aproximada la frecuencia de la conducta, los índices de denuncia e impunidad, la aceptación de esta y la percepción social generalizada de desconfianza frente a las instituciones y autoridades encargadas de administrar justicia. Los integrantes de la sociedad colombiana que ejercen, apoyan y legi-timan los actos de justicia por mano propia durante el lapso 2011 y 2017 hacen parte del corpus de investigación. Estos se identifican gracias a los datos suministrados por entidades gubernamentales y no guberna-mentales especializadas en recolección de información, que cuentan con alta credibilidad en el escenario mundial a través de cuestionarios, entrevistas y encuestas que miden los ítems relacionados.En la actualidad los asociados están cuestionando la legitimidad otorgada por el contrato social al Estado para sancionar los compor-tamientos que transgreden el bienestar general. Este cuestionamiento se ve reflejado en los actos de justicia por mano propia en los cuales la sociedad asume el papel juzgador, justificando su actuar en la opinión generalizada de ineficacia e ineficiencia estatal. Tal opinión está basada en el incumplimiento por parte del Estado de la función delegada en el contrato social.

This casenote reviews and discusses the series of decisions regarding sanctions imposed by the UN Security Council against Yassin Abdullah Kadi, as implemented in the EU legal order. In this series of cases, the EU Courts at different times take different positions regarding the relationship of the UN and the EU legal order, as well as their power to review EU acts implementing Security Council sanctions and (indirectly) the sanctions themselves. The series of cases marks a watershed moment in UN Security Council targeted sanctions, forcing EU member states to disobey them and eventually leading to the creation and strengthening of an internal UN review mechanism, the Office of the Ombudsperson.

AbstractMuch has been written about how migrants may utilise social networks to access jobs. Nevertheless, gaps remain in our understanding of how skills, labour market sectors, education level, language proficiency, etc. may influence the relationship between network ties and employment opportunities. Moreover, it is important to adopt a temporal perspective to understand change over time (Ryan L, D’Angelo A, Soc Netw 53:148–158, 2018). Strategies adopted to initially access the labour market, in a new destination, may differ from how employment seeking trajectories develop as migrants become more familiar with local contexts and gain relevant work-experience. This chapter draws upon interviews with diverse migrants, in London, across varied public and private sectors jobs. Beyond a simple binary of strong versus weak ties, I build upon my analytical framework (Ryan L, Sociol Rev, 59(4):707–724, 2011; Ryan L, Sociol Rev, 64(4):951–969, 2016), I explore the relationships within ties, the flow of resources and the relative social location of the actors vertically and horizontally. In so doing, this chapter aims to contribute to understanding migrant networks in three key ways. (1) How migrants’ networks operate both directly and indirectly in job seeking strategies and career development. (2) How the role of networks may differ across varied labour market sectors. (3) How weak and strong ties can be conceptualised as a continuum of dynamic relationships.

AbstractDionne Brand’s The Blue Clerk: Ars Poetica in 59 Versos (2018) is an exquisite address to the problem of the colonial archive and the challenges it poses to literature. Brand has long engaged this issue in her writing, and in her recent work of poetry she structures her interrogation with two figures, the “author” and the “clerk.” The author and clerk sometimes spar and sometimes mirror one another in their ongoing arguments and conversations about the poet’s writing and the clerk’s duty to the unwritten record of what is left out of the archive. The structuring debate between the clerk, the archivist and keeper of bales of paper, and the author, the keeper of memory and experience, addresses the fact that in a Caribbean context, archival records are not so much historical evidence as they are remains and ruins of histories untold. Remnants, ruins, and wrecks, colonial archives entice artists and writers to do counter-archival work that dives into the wreck, that does the work Brand does in The Blue Clerk, of what I call in this chapter, wreckognition.

The objectives of this work are: to analyze the low performance in the disciplines of General Chemistry I and Environmental Chemistry, between the years 2012-2 and 2016-2, in the Higher Course of Environmental Management, at the Federal Institute of Rio de Janeiro (IFRJ) of the Maracanã Campus; report the creation of a leveling discipline called "Fundamentals of Chemistry", which aimed to mitigate the low performance in Chemistry-related disciplines, due to the high retention and, consequently, the dropout of students; We also investigate the performance of students after the introduction of this discipline in the course between 2017-1 and 2018-2. The methodology used was the elaboration of graphs that could show the percentage of failures of students in these two disciplines, over the years, before the creation of the leveling discipline, and after. The results were very worrying. The discipline of Environmental Chemistry had rates of more than 60% of failures, from 13% in the year 2016-1 alone. In the discipline of General Chemistry I, the situation was much worse, with the lowest index, in 2014-1 and 2015-1, equal to 59%. After the creation of the leveling course, the results improved significantly for the Environmental Chemistry course, but not for the General Chemistry I course, which still had high failure rates. It is concluded that it is still necessary to investigate more about the conjuncture of failure, retention, probable cause of abandonment of the course, that is, of dropout.

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger and others v Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources and others (Joined cases C-293/12 and C-594/12), EU:C:2014:238, [2014] ECR I-238, 8 April 2014. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger and others v Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources and others (Joined cases C-293/12 and C-594/12), EU:C:2014:238, [2014] ECR I-238, 8 April 2014. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger and others v Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources and others (Joined cases C-293/12 and C-594/12), EU:C:2014:238, [2014] ECR I-238, 8 April 2014. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger and others v Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources and others (Joined cases C-293/12 and C-594/12), EU:C:2014:238, [2014] ECR I-238, 8 April 2014. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O’Meara.

Essential Cases: EU Law provides a bridge between course textbooks and key case judgments. This case document summarizes the facts and decision in Digital Rights Ireland and Seitlinger and others v Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources and others (Joined cases C-293/12 and C-594/12), EU:C:2014:238, [2014] ECR I-238, 8 April 2014. The document also includes supporting commentary from author Noreen O'Meara.

Abstract Human’s motion and its mechanisms had become interesting in the last years, where the medecine’s field search for rehabilitation methods for handicapped persons. Other fields, like sport sciences, professional or military world, search to distinguish profiles and ways to train them with specific purposes. Besides, recent findings in neuroscience try to describe these mechanisms from an organic point of view. Until now, different researchs had given a model about control motor that describes how the union between the senses’s information allows adaptable movements. One of this sense is the proprioception, the sense which has a quite big factor in the orientation and position of the body, its members and joints. For this reason, research for new strategies to explore proprioception and improve the theories of human motion could be done by three different vias. At first, the sense is analysed in a case-study where three groups of persons are compared in a controlled enviroment with three experimental tasks. The subjects belong to each group by the kind of sport they do: sedentary, normal sportsmen (e.g. athletics, swimming) and martial sportmen (e.g. karate, judo). They are compared thinking about the following hypothesis: “Martial Sportmen have a better proprioception than of the other groups’s subjects: It could be due to the type of exercises they do in their sports as empirically, a contact sportsman shows significantly superior motor skills to the members of the other two groups. The second via are records from encephalogram (EEG) while the experimental tasks are doing. These records are analised a posteriori with a set of processing algorithms to extract characteristics about brain’s activity of the proprioception and motion control. Finally , the study tries to integrate graphic tools to make easy to understand final scientific results which allow us to explore the brain activity of the subjects through easy interfaces (e.g. space-time events, activity intensity, connectivity, specific neural netwoks or anormal activity). In the future, this application could be a complement to assist doctors, researchers, sports center specialists and anyone who must improve the health and movements of handicapped persons. Keywords: proprioception, EEG, assesment, rehabilitation.References: Röijezon, U., Clark, N.C., Treleaven, J. (2015). Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 1: Basic science and principles of assessment and clinical interventions. ManualTher.10.1016/j.math.2015.01.008. Röijezon, U., Clark, N.C., Treleaven, J. (2015). Proprioception in musculoskeletal rehabilitation. Part 2: Clinical assessment and intervention. Manual Ther.10.1016/j.math.2015.01.009. Roren, A., Mayoux-Benhamou, M.A., Fayad, F., Poiraudeau, S., Lantz, D., Revel, M. (2008). Comparison of visual and ultrasound based techniques to measure head repositioning in healthy and neck-pain subjects. Manual Ther. 10.1016/j.math.2008.03.002. Hillier, S., Immink, M., Thewlis, D. (2015). Assessing Proprioception: A Systematic Review of Possibilities. Neurorehab. Neural Repair. 29(10) 933–949. Hooper, T.L., James, C.R., Brismée, J.M., Rogers, T.J., Gilbert, K.K., Browne, K.L, Sizer, P.S. (2016). Dynamic Balance as Measured by the Y-Balance Test Is Reduced in Individuals with low Back Pain: A Cross-Sectional Comparative Study. Phys. Ther. Sport,10.1016/j.ptsp.2016.04.006. Zemková, G., Stefániková, G., Muyor, J.M. (2016). Load release balance test under unstable conditions effectivelydiscriminates between physically active and sedentary young adults. Glave, A.P., Didier, J.J., Weatherwax, J., Browning, S.J., Fiaud, Vanessa. (2014). Testing Postural Stability: Are the Star Excursion Balance Test and Biodex Balance System Limits of Stability Tests Consistent? Gait Posture. 43(2016) 225-227. Han, Jian., Waddington, G., Adams, R., Anson, J., Liu, Y. (2014). Assessing proprioception: A critical review of methods. J. Sport Health Sci.10.1016/j.jshs.2014.10.004. Hosp, S., Bottoni, G., Heinrich, D., Kofler, P., Hasler, M., Nachbauer, W. (2014). A pilot study of the effect of Kinesiology tape on knee proprioception after physical activity in healthy women. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 18 (2015) 709-713. Mima, T., Terada, K., Ikeda, A., Fukuyama, H., Takigawa, T., Kimura, J., Shibasaki, H. (1996). Afferent mechanism of cortical myoclonus studied by proprioception-related SEPs. Clin. Neurophysiol. 104 (1997) 51-59. Myers, J.B., Lephart, S.M. (2000). The Role of the Sensorimotor System in the Athletic Shoulder. J. Athl.Training.35 (3) 351-363. Rossi, S., della Volpe, R., Ginannesch, F., Ulivelli, M., Bartalini, S., Spidalieri, R., Rossi, A. (2003). Early somatosensory processing during tonic muscle pain in humans: relation to loss of proprioception and motor 'defensive' strategies. Clin. Neurophysiol. 10.1016/S1388-2457(03)00073-7. Chaudhary, U., Birbaumer, N., Curado, M.R. (2014). Brain-Machine Interface (BMI) in paralysis. Ann. Phys. Rehabil. Med.10.1016/j.rehab.2014.11.002. Delorme, A., Makeig, S. (2003). EEGLAB: an open source toolbox for analysis of single-trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. J. Neurosci. Meth.10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.10.009. Morup, M., Hansen, L.K., Arnfred, S.M. (2006). ERPWAVELAB: A toolbox for multi-channel analysis of time-frequency transformed event related potentials. J. Neurosci. Meth.10.1016/j.jneumeth.2003.11.008. Kaminski, M., Blinowska, K., Szelenberger, W. (1996). Topographic analysis of coherence and propagation of EEG activity during sleep and wakefulness. Clin. Neurophysiol. 102 (1997) 216-227. Korzeniewska, A., Manczak, M., Kaminski, M., Blinowska, K.J., Kasicki, S. (2003). Determination of information flow direction among brain structures by a modified directed transfer function (dDTF) method. J. Neurosci. Meth.10.1016/S0165-0270(03)00052-9. Morup, M., Hansen, L.K., Parnas, J., Arnfred, S.M. (2005). Parallel Factor Analysis as an exploratory tool for wavelet transformed event-related EEG. Neuroimage. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.005. Barwick, F., Arnett, P., Slobounov, S. (2011). EEG correlates of fatigue during administration of a neuropsychological test battery. Clin. Neurophysiol. 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.06.027. Osuagwu, B.A., Vuckovic, A. (2014). Similarities between explicit and implicit motor imagery in mental rotation of hands: An EEG study. Neuropsycholgia. Buzsáki, G. (2006). Rhythms of the brain. Ed. Oxford. USA. Trappenberg, T.P. (2010). Fundamentals of Computational Neuroscience. Ed. Oxford. UK. Koessler, L., Maillard, L., Benhadid, A., Vignal, J.P., Felblinger, J., Vespignani, H., Braun, M. (2009). Automated cortical projection of EEG: Anatomical correlation via the international 10-10 system. Neuroimage. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.02.006. Jurcak, V., Tsuzuki, Daisuke., Dan, I. (2007). 10/20, 10/10, and 10/5 systems revisited: Their validity as relativehead-surface-based positioning systems. Neuroimage. 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2006.09.024. Chuang, L.Y., Huang, C.J., Hung, T.M. (2013). The differences in frontal midline theta power between successful and unsuccessful basketball free throws of elite basketball players. Int. J. Psychophysiology.10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2013.10.002. Wang, C.H., Tsai, C.L., Tu, K.C., Muggleton, N.G., Juan, C.H., Liang, W.K. (2014). Modulation of brain oscillations during fundamental visuo-spatialprocessing: A comparison between female collegiate badmintonplayers and sedentary controls. Psychol. Sport Exerc. 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.10.003. Proverbio, A.L., Crotti, N., Manfredi, Mirella., Adomi, R., Zani, A. (2012). Who needs a referee? How incorrect basketball actions are automatically detected by basketball players’ brain. Sci Rep-UK. 10.1038/srep00883. Cheng, M.Y., Hung, C.L., Huang, C.J., Chang, Y.K., Lo, L.C., Shen, C., Hung, T.M. (2015). Expert-novice differences in SMR activity during dart throwing. Biol. Psychol.10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.08.003. Ring, C., Cooke, A., Kavussanu, M., McIntyre, D., Masters, R. (2014). Investigating the efficacy of neurofeedback training for expeditingexpertise and excellence in sport. Psychol. SportExerc. 10.1016/j.psychsport.2014.08.005. Park, J.L., Fairweather, M.M., Donaldson, D.I. (2015). Making the case for mobile cognition: EEG and sports performance. Neurosci. Biobehav. R. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.014. Babiloni, C., Marzano, N., Infarinato, F., Iacoboni, M., Rizza, G. (2009). Neural efficency of experts’ brain during judgement of actions: A high -resolution EEG study in elite and amateur karate athletes. Behav. Brain. Res. 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.10.034. Jain, S., Gourab, K., Schindler-Ivens, S., Schmit, B.D. (2012). EEG during peddling: Evidence for cortical control of locomotor tasks. Clin. Neurophysiol.10.1016/j.clinph.2012.08.021. Behmer Jr., L.P., Fournier, L.R. (2013). Working memory modulates neural efficiency over motor components during a novel action planning task: An EEG study. Behav. Brain. Res. 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.11.031.

Alessandro Camiz ¹ ¹ Department of Architecture, Girne American University, Cyprus, Association for Historical Dialogue and Research, Home for Cooperation (H4C), 28 Marcou Dracou Street, Nicosia, Cyprus, 1102. E-mail: alessandrocamiz@gau.edu.tr Keywords (3-5): urban tissues, urban morphology, urban routes, theory, history Conference topics and scale: Tools of analysis in urban morphology Recent urban morphology studies consider urban tissues as living organisms changing in time (Strappa, Carlotti, Camiz, 2016), following this assumption the theory should examine more analytically what Muratori called ‘medievalisation’ (Muratori, 1959), a term describing some of the transformations of urban routes happened in the middle ages. The paper considers the diachronic deformation of routes, and other multi-scalar occurrences of the attraction phenomena (Charalambous, Geddes, 2015), introducing the notion of attractors and repellers. Archaeological studies already do consider attractors and repellers as a tool to interpret some territorial transformations, following the assumption that “the trajectory that a system follows through time is the result of a continuous dynamic interaction between that system and the multiple 'attractors' in its environment” (Renfrew, Bahn, 2013, p. 184). There are different elements that can act as attractors in an urban environment, such as bridges, city walls, city gates, water systems, markets, special buildings, and it is possible to consider each of these anthropic attractors as equivalent to a morphological attractor at the geographical scale. We can even interpret the ridge-top theory (Caniggia, 1976) as the result of attraction and repellence of geographic features on anthropic routes. The territorial scale analysis is the methodological base of the theory, but the attractors herein considered operate at the urban scale, deviating locally across time from a rectilinear trajectory and defining a specific urban fabric. The research interprets and reads the effects of attractors on urban routes and fabrics as a method for the reconstruction of Nicosia’s medieval city walls, in continuity between the Conzenian approach (Whitehand, 2012) and the Italian School of Urban Morphology (Marzot, 2002). References:, Muratori, S. (1959) Studi per un’operante storia urbana di Venezia (Istituto Poligrafico dello Stato, Roma). Caniggia, G. (1976) Strutture dello spazio antropico. Studi e note (Uniedit, Firenze). Marzot, N. (2002) ‘The study of urban form in Italy’, Urban Morphology 6.2, 59-73. Whitehand, J.W.R. (2012) ‘Issues in urban morphology’, Urban Morphology 16.1, 55-65. Renfrew, C., Bahn, P. (eds.) (2013) Archaeology: The Key Concepts, (London, Routledge). Charalambous, N., Geddes, I. (2015) ‘Making Spatial Sense of Historical Social Data’, Journal of Space Syntax 6.1, 81-101. Strappa, G., Carlotti, P., Camiz, A. (2016) Urban Morphology and Historical Fabrics. Contemporary design of small towns in Latium (Gangemi, Roma).

Uvod. Ciljevi istraživanja su prikazati podatke i rezultate dijagnoze i tretmana melanoma maksilofacijalne regije, evidentirane u desetogodišnjem periodu (2007–2017), prikazati spolnu i starosnu strukturu pacijenata s melanomom maksilofacijalne regije, uporediti stadije bolesti prema TNM klasifikaciji i korelirati ih s Breslow i Clark klasifikacijama, korelirati prisustvo ili odsustvo limfovaskularne invazije sa stadijima bolesti prema TNM klasifikaciji, broj recidiva bolesti korelirati sa stadijima bolesti po TNM klasifikaciji. Materijal i metode. Provedena je retrospektivna studija. U studiju su uključeni pacijenti s hirurški tretiranim melanomom maksilofacijalne regije liječeni u Kliničkom centru Univerziteta u Sarajevu na Klinici za maksilofacijalnu hirurgiju, u periodu od 2007. do 2017. godine. Rezultati. Od ukupnog broja hirurški tretiranih novih slučajeva melanoma maksilofacijalne regije (n=55) u desetogodišnjem periodu, 29 pacijenata (52,7%) su muškog spola. Postoji statistički značajna povezanost između muškog spola i smrtnog ishoda, χ2 (1)=4.097, p=0,043. S provedenim Hi-kvadrat testom i post-hoc analizom utvrđeno je postojanje statistički značajne razlike u medijani površine i veličine melanoma u odnosu na limfovaskularnu invaziju odstranjenje promjene, χ2 (2)=11.404, p=0,003, odnosno post-hoc kod melanoma bez limfovaskularne invazije (108 mm2 , IQR=35 to 266) i s limfovaskularnom invazijom (400 mm2 , 97,5 to 900) (p=0.003). Postoji statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija između TNM klasifikacije i broja relapsa bolesti, rs (52)=0,465, p=0,001, te postoji statistički značajna pozitivna korelacija između stadija bolesti prema TNM klasifikaciji i Breslow klasifikacije, rs (54)=0,679, p<0.001. Zaključci. Terapijski izbor u liječenju melanoma je hirurško odstranjenje tumora u cijelosti Melanom 59 uz patohistološku analizu. Gotovo podjednak broj pacijenata oboljelih od melanoma glave i vrata su i muškog i ženskog spola, pri čemu muški pacijenti imaju veću stopu smrtnosti. Biopsija, kao metoda uzimanja uzorka, nije kontraindicirana. Melanomi glave i vrata okarakterisani kao Breslow T1 i Clark I i II imaju dobru prognozu, s visokim stepenom izlječenja i niskom stopom relapsa bolesti. Stadij 3. i 4. bolesti prema TNM klasifikaciji u direktnoj su vezi s višom Breslow klasifikacijom, a istovremeno povećavaju i broj relapsa bolesti. I prisustvo limfovaskularne invazije u direktnoj je vezi sa stadijem bolesti prema TNM klasifikaciji.

Objective: To evaluate treatments performed in women with malignant breast cancer treated at the mastology service of a public secondary-level hospital. Method: A cross-sectional study with women diagnosed with breast cancer from 2012 to 2019. Treatments evaluated were surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and hormone therapy. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software (vision 26.0), considering p<0.05 as significant. Results: We evaluated the data of 227 patients with tumors in stages I (10.1%), II (35.2%), III (26.9%), and IV (12.78%), with 55.5% of them between the ages of 40 and 60 years. Mastectomy was performed in 61.7% of the patients, with 84.6% not undergoing immediate reconstruction, while 12.8% undergoing late reconstruction. Techniques used were large dorsal muscle flap with prosthesis (29.4%), rectus abdominis muscle (26.5%), and only prosthesis (23.5%). Patients aged <0.001). Radiotherapy was performed in 56.8% of the patients, with those aged <40 years found significant (p=0.005). Hormone therapy was performed in 59.0% of the patients. The mean time between diagnosis and the start of chemotherapy was 134.8±126.5 days, and the average gap between treatments (chemotherapy/radiotherapy) was 188.2±204.6 days. Conclusion: Mastectomy was the most performed treatment, with a small part of the patients obtaining breast reconstruction. Most patients needed some type of complementary therapy, especially the younger ones. The average time between diagnosis and treatment was longer than that recommended by current legislation. Awareness measures and better access to women with breast complaints should be emphasized, especially in younger women.

The felt load of life is often mirrored to well-being and how people feel. Typically organizations are looking the workload of their staff because that is the thing which organizations can affect and made adjustments. Organization´s culture often starts to change people to be alike and large tendencies and trends are carving people to feel and act as same. In this research we are looking how university students and personnel feel about heir workload and how they feel their team spirit and mood. This research will be conducted by utilizing two different questionnaire tools called Eezy Spirit and Student barometer. Eezy spirit is a questionnaire, which has been developed to study employee experience and it is widely used in Finland in different industries. It was chosen to be the one for studying the staff experience since it has questions about felt justice and personnel´s feelings towards management. Student barometer is a questionnaire for higher education students in Finland. It´s objectives are to provide data and information for researchers, research institutes education developers and decision makers in the institutes. Student barometer handles a variety of different matters from student life by asking students´ opinions from quality of studies to their civil life activities and their expectations of the future. This research will be based on material from Turku University of Applied Sciences (TUAS). Data will be gathered from Eezy spirit employee experience questionnaires done annually 2016-2020. The study was done to whole personnel in TUAS and number of respondents varied from 598 to 633 in different years. Respondents answered to propositions in Likert scale 1-4 and “I don´t know”. Number of propositions varied between years from 63 to 65. Respondents were grouped to units which were responsible for specific degree programs. Student barometer data consists of 2165 individual students as respondents in year 2019. They answered at most to 201 different questions and propositions. As the questionnaire was dynamic and depended partly on the previous answers, not all the questions and propositions were targeted to all of the students. Also the students’ responses were grouped by their degree programs, which makes it possible to compare the felt justice of the staff members to that of the students per each degree program. We utilize data sets between years 2016-2020. Data is analyzed with Excel and SPSS. Samples were taken from the data mass and were composed to a statistical model with excel spreadsheet. Staff members as well as students were grouped under schools and arithmetic averages and standard deviations were calculated to each proposition. After calculating the arithmetic averages further analysis was done with SPSS statistical analysis program. In SPSS proposition’s correlations were analyzed by single tailed Pearson correlation.The overall research question is: Is there a correlation between 1) workload for university students and staff 2) team spirit and relationships in organization? If so, how can this correlation be interpreted and what conclusions can be made? Future research aspects and practical recommendations will also be issued in the paper.

Introduction: Luminal breast cancer cases, those with positive hormone receptors and human epidermal growth factor (HER 2) negative range around 70% of cases and it is known to be more frequent in older patients. Out of the neoadjuvant therapies, neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) has been gaining more ground due to fewer side effects and tumor downstaging, making it possible for advanced breast cancer tumor patients to undergo breast conservation surgery (BCS). Objectives: To evaluate clinical and pathological response in women that underwent NET with Anastrozole (ANAS) at Pérola Byington Hospital (CRSM), a breast cancer reference center in São Paulo, Brazil. To determine the BCS (breastconserving surgery) rate after NET and the rate of disease progression during treatment. Methods: CRSM patients from 2018 to 2019 that underwent NET for luminal breast cancer with HER 2 negative were identified and data were reviewed. Results: 59 patients were identified, among which only 34 patients underwent breast surgery. All patients were treated with ANAS 1mg/daily. The median age was 63.5 years and average time on treatment was 203.5 days (approximately 6.78 months). Clinical stage at presentation was 3% Stage I, 6% Stage IIA, 32% stage IIB, 43% stage IIIA and 18% stage IIIB. After NET we found pathologic complete response (pCR) in 3% of the cases. and pathological downstage in different stages: Stage I 15%, Stage IIA 24%, Stage IIB 26%, stage IIB 26%, Stage IIIA 29% and stage IIIB 3%. During treatment 6.78% patients progressed, and all of them received chemotherapy. After NET 71% were submitted to adjuvant chemotherapy. The change for BCS was 19.35%. During surgical treatment patients 74% were submitted to axillary dissection and 26% had sentinel node biopsy (SNB). The average number of SNB removed was 5.33. No patients had to stop the medication due to toxicity. Conclusions: NET is still underutilized, having its optimal period of drug administration range around 8 to 12 months. It has been very important in aiding patients obtain better outcomes allowing for BCS while having fewer side effects when compared to neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

This paper presents a peer to peer assessment experience. It is an experience with 59 students of the subject named "Educational System & School Organisation" of the Primary Education Bachelor's Degree at the University of Barcelona. In the last years a change in feedback paradigm has been stated. The feedback is understood not only as the information is given but as the actions are taken accordingly. That is, the focus has gone from being in the agent that gives the feedback to being in the agent that receives the feedback. It is about making sense of the information that the student receives and raising concrete changes in his/her future learning processes. From this perspective, the carried-out research analyses the actions done by students as a response to the received peer feedback. Two questions were thrown: (a) What do I have to do considering my peer's comments? (specific actions) and (b) Which changes have I integrated into the next delivery? How have I done it? The main results indicate that students do not propose any action derived from positive comments. Only critical comments lead to changes. In many cases the changes refer to formal aspects (33%) but are also related to the revision of the content (22%) and the extension of the content (24%) and the revision of the processes (17%) or their expansion (31%). The analysis of this experience evidence prior training is needed to involve students in the assessment process, and if so, what content should be included.

The agricultural sector plays a crucial role in Guyanas economic development by contributing 21.15% of gross domestic product (GDP). However, the share of the agricultural sector has been gradually decreasing over the years. This monograph offers an update of the OCDEs Producer Support Estimate (PSE) methodology applied to Guyana for 2015-2019. The PSE approach focuses on two main elements of support: (i) the effect of government policy on prices received by agricultural producers, and (ii) the support provided through budgetary transfers to the sector. The market price support (MPS) remained Guyanas main PSE component. Expressed as a share of the total PSE, Guyanas MPS averaged 59% between 2015 and 2018. Following the end of Government transfers to GuySuCo in 2019, which led to a sharp decline in budget transfers to the agricultural sector, it rose to 96%. The main driver of Guyanas MPS remained the import duties in place to protect domestic producers of poultry meat. This report also documents the evolution of agricultural policies-related greenhouse gas emissions in Guyana for the first time. The poultry subsector, which receives most of the policy support in Guyana, emits little. Sugar and rice, on the other hand, are the commodities with the highest GHG emissions per hectare. To conclude, several policy recommendations are presented.

As a student undertaking a Longitudinal Integrated Clerkship (LIC)1 based in a GP practice in a rural community in the North of Scotland, I have been lucky to be given responsibility and my own clinic lists. Every day I conduct consultations that change my practice: the challenge of clinically applying the theory I have studied, controlling a consultation and efficiently exploring a patient's problems, empathising with and empowering them to play a part in their own care2 – and most difficult I feel – dealing with the vast amount of uncertainty that medicine, and particularly primary care, presents to both clinician and patient. I initially consulted with a lady in her 60s who attended with her husband, complaining of severe lower back pain who was very difficult to assess due to her pain level. Her husband was understandably concerned about the degree of pain she was in. After assessment and discussion with one of the GPs, we agreed some pain relief and a physio assessment in the next few days would be a practical plan. The patient had one red flag, some leg weakness and numbness, which was her ‘normal’ on account of her multiple sclerosis. At the physio assessment a few days later, the physio felt things were worse and some urgent bloods were ordered, unfortunately finding raised cancer and inflammatory markers. A CT scan of the lung found widespread cancer, a later CT of the head after some developing some acute confusion found brain metastases, and a week and a half after presenting to me, the patient sadly died in hospital. While that was all impactful enough on me, it was the follow-up appointment with the husband who attended on the last triage slot of the evening two weeks later that I found completely altered my understanding of grief and the mourning of a loved one. The husband had asked to speak to a Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 2 doctor just to talk about what had happened to his wife. The GP decided that it would be better if he came into the practice - strictly he probably should have been consulted with over the phone due to coronavirus restrictions - but he was asked what he would prefer and he opted to come in. I sat in on the consultation, I had been helping with any examinations the triage doctor needed and I recognised that this was the husband of the lady I had seen a few weeks earlier. He came in and sat down, head lowered, hands fiddling with the zip on his jacket, trying to find what to say. The GP sat, turned so that they were opposite each other with no desk between them - I was seated off to the side, an onlooker, but acknowledged by the patient with a kind nod when he entered the room. The GP asked gently, “How are you doing?” and roughly 30 seconds passed (a long time in a conversation) before the patient spoke. “I just really miss her…” he whispered with great effort, “I don’t understand how this all happened.” Over the next 45 minutes, he spoke about his wife, how much pain she had been in, the rapid deterioration he witnessed, the cancer being found, and cruelly how she had passed away after he had gone home to get some rest after being by her bedside all day in the hospital. He talked about how they had met, how much he missed her, how empty the house felt without her, and asking himself and us how he was meant to move forward with his life. He had a lot of questions for us, and for himself. Had we missed anything – had he missed anything? The GP really just listened for almost the whole consultation, speaking to him gently, reassuring him that this wasn’t his or anyone’s fault. She stated that this was an awful time for him and that what he was feeling was entirely normal and something we will all universally go through. She emphasised that while it wasn’t helpful at the moment, that things would get better over time.3 He was really glad I was there – having shared a consultation with his wife and I – he thanked me emphatically even though I felt like I hadn’t really helped at all. After some tears, frequent moments of silence and a lot of questions, he left having gotten a lot off his chest. “You just have to listen to people, be there for them as they go through things, and answer their questions as best you can” urged my GP as we discussed the case when the patient left. Almost all family caregivers contact their GP with regards to grief and this consultation really made me realise how important an aspect of my practice it will be in the future.4 It has also made me reflect on the emphasis on undergraduate teaching around ‘breaking bad news’ to patients, but nothing taught about when patients are in the process of grieving further down the line.5 The skill Andrew MacFarlane Year 3 ScotGEM Medical Student 3 required to manage a grieving patient is not one limited to general practice. Patients may grieve the loss of function from acute trauma through to chronic illness in all specialties of medicine - in addition to ‘traditional’ grief from loss of family or friends.6 There wasn’t anything ‘medical’ in the consultation, but I came away from it with a real sense of purpose as to why this career is such a privilege. We look after patients so they can spend as much quality time as they are given with their loved ones, and their loved ones are the ones we care for after they are gone. We as doctors are the constant, and we have to meet patients with compassion at their most difficult times – because it is as much a part of the job as the knowledge and the science – and it is the part of us that patients will remember long after they leave our clinic room. Word Count: 993 words References 1. ScotGEM MBChB - Subjects - University of St Andrews [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/subjects/medicine/scotgem-mbchb/ 2. Shared decision making in realistic medicine: what works - gov.scot [Internet]. [cited 2021 Mar 27]. Available from: https://www.gov.scot/publications/works-support-promote-shared-decisionmaking-synthesis-recent-evidence/pages/1/ 3. Ghesquiere AR, Patel SR, Kaplan DB, Bruce ML. Primary care providers’ bereavement care practices: Recommendations for research directions. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2014 Dec;29(12):1221–9. 4. Nielsen MK, Christensen K, Neergaard MA, Bidstrup PE, Guldin M-B. Grief symptoms and primary care use: a prospective study of family caregivers. BJGP Open [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1 [cited 2021 Mar 27];4(3). Available from: https://bjgpopen.org/content/4/3/bjgpopen20X101063 5. O’Connor M, Breen LJ. General Practitioners’ experiences of bereavement care and their educational support needs: a qualitative study. BMC Medical Education. 2014 Mar 27;14(1):59. 6. Sikstrom L, Saikaly R, Ferguson G, Mosher PJ, Bonato S, Soklaridis S. Being there: A scoping review of grief support training in medical education. PLOS ONE. 2019 Nov 27;14(11):e0224325.

Previous research has identified several likely causes of eligible non-participation in the Canada Learning Bond (CLB), including awareness, financial exclusion, and administrative barriers. This study expands on that research, with a particular focus on the role of tax-filing as an administrative obstacle to accessing the CLB. I present results from an online survey of low and modest income parents (n=466) conducted in 2021. We find that, even among parents reporting they have received the CLB (46%), a majority (51%) report low confidence in their familiarity with the program, and more than one in six (17%) are unaware of the need to file tax returns to maintain eligibility for annual CLB payments. Self-reported regular tax-filing is associated with a 59% increase in the probability of accessing the CLB, even when controlling for a range of parental characteristics. This study confirms previous work by Harding and colleagues (2019) that non-filing may explain some share of eligible non-participation in education savings incentives. Tax-filing services may be an important pathway to improve CLB access. Low and modest income parents show substantial diversity in their preferred filing methods and outreach efforts cannot be concentrated in only one avenue if they are to be successful. The study also tests a small ‘nudge’ to address gaps in awareness and finds that information-only approaches to outreach are likely to have limited success, even with motivated populations.

Banco de la República is celebrating its 100th anniversary in 2023. This is a very significant anniversary and one that provides an opportunity to highlight the contribution the Bank has made to the country’s development. Its track record as guarantor of monetary stability has established it as the one independent state institution that generates the greatest confidence among Colombians due to its transparency, management capabilities, and effective compliance with the central banking and cultural responsibilities entrusted to it by the Constitution and the Law. On a date as important as this, the Board of Directors of Banco de la República (BDBR) pays tribute to the generations of governors and officers whose commitment and dedication have contributed to the growth of this institution.1 Banco de la República’s mandate was confirmed in the National Constitutional Assembly of 1991 where the citizens had the opportunity to elect the seventy people who would have the task of drafting a new constitution. The leaders of the three political movements with the most votes were elected as chairs to the Assembly, and this tripartite presidency reflected the plurality and the need for consensus among the different political groups to move the reform forward. Among the issues considered, the National Constitutional Assembly gave special importance to monetary stability. That is why they decided to include central banking and to provide Banco de la República with the necessary autonomy to use the instruments for which they are responsible without interference from other authorities. The constituent members understood that ensuring price stability is a state duty and that the entity responsible for this task must be enshrined in the Constitution and have the technical capability and institutional autonomy necessary to adopt the decisions they deem appropriate to achieve this fundamental objective in coordination with the general economic policy. In particular, Article 373 established that “the State, through Banco de la República, shall ensure the maintenance of the purchasing power of the currency,” a provision that coincided with the central banking system adopted by countries that have been successful in controlling inflation. In 1999, in Ruling 481, the Constitutional Court stated that “the duty to maintain the purchasing power of the currency applies to not only the monetary, credit, and exchange authority, i.e., the Board of Banco de la República, but also those who have responsibilities in the formulation and implementation of the general economic policy of the country” and that “the basic constitutional purpose of Banco de la República is the protection of a sound currency. However, this authority must take the other economic objectives of state intervention such as full employment into consideration in their decisions since these functions must be coordinated with the general economic policy.” The reforms to Banco de la República agreed upon in the Constitutional Assembly of 1991 and in Act 31/1992 can be summarized in the following aspects: i) the Bank was assigned a specific mandate: to maintain the purchasing power of the currency in coordination with the general economic policy; ii) the BDBR was designatedas the monetary, foreign exchange, and credit authority; iii) the Bank and its Board of Directors were granted a significant degree of independence from the government; iv) the Bank was prohibited from granting credit to the private sector except in the case of the financial sector; v) established that in order to grant credit to the government, the unanimous vote of its Board of Directors was required except in the case of open market transactions; vi) determined that the legislature may, in no case, order credit quotas in favor of the State or individuals; vii) Congress was appointed, on behalf of society, as the main addressee of the Bank’s reporting exercise; and viii) the responsibility for inspection, surveillance, and control over Banco de la República was delegated to the President of the Republic. The members of the National Constitutional Assembly clearly understood that the benefits of low and stable inflation extend to the whole of society and contribute mto the smooth functioning of the economic system. Among the most important of these is that low inflation promotes the efficient use of productive resources by allowing relative prices to better guide the allocation of resources since this promotes economic growth and increases the welfare of the population. Likewise, low inflation reduces uncertainty about the expected return on investment and future asset prices. This increases the confidence of economic agents, facilitates long-term financing, and stimulates investment. Since the low-income population is unable to protect itself from inflation by diversifying its assets, and a high proportion of its income is concentrated in the purchase of food and other basic goods that are generally the most affected by inflationary shocks, low inflation avoids arbitrary redistribution of income and wealth.2 Moreover, low inflation facilitates wage negotiations, creates a good labor climate, and reduces the volatility of employment levels. Finally, low inflation helps to make the tax system more transparent and equitable by avoiding the distortions that inflation introduces into the value of assets and income that make up the tax base. From the monetary authority’s point of view, one of the most relevant benefits of low inflation is the credibility that economic agents acquire in inflation targeting, which turns it into an effective nominal anchor on price levels. Upon receiving its mandate, and using its autonomy, Banco de la República began to announce specific annual inflation targets as of 1992. Although the proposed inflation targets were not met precisely during this first stage, a downward trend in inflation was achieved that took it from 32.4% in 1990 to 16.7% in 1998. At that time, the exchange rate was kept within a band. This limited the effectiveness of monetary policy, which simultaneously sought to meet an inflation target and an exchange rate target. The Asian crisis spread to emerging economies and significantly affected the Colombian economy. The exchange rate came under strong pressure to depreciate as access to foreign financing was cut off under conditions of a high foreign imbalance. This, together with the lack of exchange rate flexibility, prevented a countercyclical monetary policy and led to a 4.2% contraction in GDP that year. In this context of economic slowdown, annual inflation fell to 9.2% at the end of 1999, thus falling below the 15% target set for that year. This episode fully revealed how costly it could be, in terms of economic activity, to have inflation and exchange rate targets simultaneously. Towards the end of 1999, Banco de la República announced the adoption of a new monetary policy regime called the Inflation Targeting Plan. This regime, known internationally as ‘Inflation Targeting,’ has been gaining increasing acceptance in developed countries, having been adopted in 1991 by New Zealand, Canada, and England, among others, and has achieved significant advances in the management of inflation without incurring costs in terms of economic activity. In Latin America, Brazil and Chile also adopted it in 1999. In the case of Colombia, the last remaining requirement to be fulfilled in order to adopt said policy was exchange rate flexibility. This was realized around September 1999, when the BDBR decided to abandon the exchange-rate bands to allow the exchange rate to be freely determined in the market.Consistent with the constitutional mandate, the fundamental objective of this new policy approach was “the achievement of an inflation target that contributes to maintaining output growth around its potential.”3 This potential capacity was understood as the GDP growth that the economy can obtain if it fully utilizes its productive resources. To meet this objective, monetary policy must of necessity play a countercyclical role in the economy. This is because when economic activity is below its potential and there are idle resources, the monetary authority can reduce the interest rate in the absence of inflationary pressure to stimulate the economy and, when output exceeds its potential capacity, raise it. This policy principle, which is immersed in the models for guiding the monetary policy stance, makes the following two objectives fully compatible in the medium term: meeting the inflation target and achieving a level of economic activity that is consistent with its productive capacity. To achieve this purpose, the inflation targeting system uses the money market interest rate (at which the central bank supplies primary liquidity to commercial banks) as the primary policy instrument. This replaced the quantity of money as an intermediate monetary policy target that Banco de la República, like several other central banks, had used for a long time. In the case of Colombia, the objective of the new monetary policy approach implied, in practical terms, that the recovery of the economy after the 1999 contraction should be achieved while complying with the decreasing inflation targets established by the BDBR. The accomplishment of this purpose was remarkable. In the first half of the first decade of the 2000s, economic activity recovered significantly and reached a growth rate of 6.8% in 2006. Meanwhile, inflation gradually declined in line with inflation targets. That was how the inflation rate went from 9.2% in 1999 to 4.5% in 2006, thus meeting the inflation target established for that year while GDP reached its potential level. After this balance was achieved in 2006, inflation rebounded to 5.7% in 2007, above the 4.0% target for that year due to the fact that the 7.5% GDP growth exceeded the potential capacity of the economy.4 After proving the effectiveness of the inflation targeting system in its first years of operation, this policy regime continued to consolidate as the BDBR and the technical staff gained experience in its management and state-of-the-art economic models were incorporated to diagnose the present and future state of the economy and to assess the persistence of inflation deviations and expectations with respect to the inflation target. Beginning in 2010, the BDBR established the long-term 3.0% annual inflation target, which remains in effect today. Lower inflation has contributed to making the macroeconomic environment more stable, and this has favored sustained economic growth, financial stability, capital market development, and the functioning of payment systems. As a result, reductions in the inflationary risk premia and lower TES and credit interest rates were achieved. At the same time, the duration of public domestic debt increased significantly going from 2.27 years in December 2002 to 5.86 years in December 2022, and financial deepening, measured as the level of the portfolio as a percentage of GDP, went from around 20% in the mid-1990s to values above 45% in recent years in a healthy context for credit institutions.Having been granted autonomy by the Constitution to fulfill the mandate of preserving the purchasing power of the currency, the tangible achievements made by Banco de la República in managing inflation together with the significant benefits derived from the process of bringing inflation to its long-term target, make the BDBR’s current challenge to return inflation to the 3.0% target even more demanding and pressing. As is well known, starting in 2021, and especially in 2022, inflation in Colombia once again became a serious economic problem with high welfare costs. The inflationary phenomenon has not been exclusive to Colombia and many other developed and emerging countries have seen their inflation rates move away from the targets proposed by their central banks.5 The reasons for this phenomenon have been analyzed in recent Reports to Congress, and this new edition delves deeper into the subject with updated information. The solid institutional and technical base that supports the inflation targeting approach under which the monetary policy strategy operates gives the BDBR the necessary elements to face this difficult challenge with confidence. In this regard, the BDBR reiterated its commitment to the 3.0% inflation target in its November 25 communiqué and expects it to be reached by the end of 2024.6 Monetary policy will continue to focus on meeting this objective while ensuring the sustainability of economic activity, as mandated by the Constitution. Analyst surveys done in March showed a significant increase (from 32.3% in January to 48.5% in March) in the percentage of responses placing inflation expectations two years or more ahead in a range between 3.0% and 4.0%. This is a clear indication of the recovery of credibility in the medium-term inflation target and is consistent with the BDBR’s announcement made in November 2022. The moderation of the upward trend in inflation seen in January, and especially in February, will help to reinforce this revision of inflation expectations and will help to meet the proposed targets. After reaching 5.6% at the end of 2021, inflation maintained an upward trend throughout 2022 due to inflationary pressures from both external sources, associated with the aftermath of the pandemic and the consequences of the war in Ukraine, and domestic sources, resulting from: strengthening of local demand; price indexation processes stimulated by the increase in inflation expectations; the impact on food production caused by the mid-2021 strike; and the pass-through of depreciation to prices. The 10% increase in the minimum wage in 2021 and the 16% increase in 2022, both of which exceeded the actual inflation and the increase in productivity, accentuated the indexation processes by establishing a high nominal adjustment benchmark. Thus, total inflation went to 13.1% by the end of 2022. The annual change in food prices, which went from 17.2% to 27.8% between those two years, was the most influential factor in the surge in the Consumer Price Index (CPI). Another segment that contributed significantly to price increases was regulated products, which saw the annual change go from 7.1% in December 2021 to 11.8% by the end of 2022. The measure of core inflation excluding food and regulated items, in turn, went from 2.5% to 9.5% between the end of 2021 and the end of 2022. The substantial increase in core inflation shows that inflationary pressure has spread to most of the items in the household basket, which is characteristic of inflationary processes with generalized price indexation as is the case in Colombia. Monetary policy began to react early to this inflationary pressure. Thus, starting with its September 2021 session, the BDBR began a progressive change in the monetary policy stance moving away from the historical low of a 1.75% policy rate that had intended to stimulate the recovery of the economy. This adjustment process continued without interruption throughout 2022 and into the beginning of 2023 when the monetary policy rate reached 12.75% last January, thus accumulating an increase of 11 percentage points (pp). The public and the markets have been surprised that inflation continued to rise despite significant interest rate increases. However, as the BDBR has explained in its various communiqués, monetary policy works with a lag. Just as in 2022 economic activity recovered to a level above the pre-pandemic level, driven, along with other factors, by the monetary stimulus granted during the pandemic period and subsequent months, so too the effects of the current restrictive monetary policy will gradually take effect. This will allow us to expect the inflation rate to converge to 3.0% by the end of 2024 as is the BDBR’s purpose.Inflation results for January and February of this year showed declining marginal increases (13 bp and 3 bp respectively) compared to the change seen in December (59 bp). This suggests that a turning point in the inflation trend is approaching. In other Latin American countries such as Chile, Brazil, Perú, and Mexico, inflation has peaked and has begun to decline slowly, albeit with some ups and downs. It is to be expected that a similar process will take place in Colombia in the coming months. The expected decline in inflation in 2023 will be due, along with other factors, to lower cost pressure from abroad as a result of the gradual normalization of supply chains, the overcoming of supply shocks caused by the weather, and road blockades in previous years. This will be reflected in lower adjustments in food prices, as has already been seen in the first two months of the year and, of course, the lagged effect of monetary policy. The process of inflation convergence to the target will be gradual and will extend beyond 2023. This process will be facilitated if devaluation pressure is reversed. To this end, it is essential to continue consolidating fiscal sustainability and avoid messages on different public policy fronts that generate uncertainty and distrust. 1 This Report to Congress includes Box 1, which summarizes the trajectory of Banco de la República over the past 100 years. In addition, under the Bank’s auspices, several books that delve into various aspects of the history of this institution have been published in recent years. See, for example: Historia del Banco de la República 1923-2015; Tres banqueros centrales; Junta Directiva del Banco de la República: grandes episodios en 30 años de historia; Banco de la República: 90 años de la banca central en Colombia. 2 This is why lower inflation has been reflected in a reduction of income inequality as measured by the Gini coefficient that went from 58.7 in 1998 to 51.3 in the year prior to the pandemic. 3 See Gómez Javier, Uribe José Darío, Vargas Hernando (2002). “The Implementation of Inflation Targeting in Colombia”. Borradores de Economía, No. 202, March, available at: https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/5220 4 See López-Enciso Enrique A.; Vargas-Herrera Hernando and Rodríguez-Niño Norberto (2016). “The inflation targeting strategy in Colombia. An historical view.” Borradores de Economía, No. 952. https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/6263 5 According to the IMF, the percentage change in consumer prices between 2021 and 2022 went from 3.1% to 7.3% for advanced economies, and from 5.9% to 9.9% for emerging market and developing economies. 6 https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/noticias/junta-directiva-banco-republica-reitera-meta-inflacion-3

Introducción En 2023 el Banco de la República celebra 100 años de su fundación. Este es un aniversario de gran significado, el cual ofrece la oportunidad de resaltar el aporte que el Banco ha hecho al desarrollo del país. Su trayectoria como garante de la estabilidad monetaria lo ha consolidado como la institución estatal independiente que genera mayor confianza entre los colombianos por su transparencia, capacidad de gestión y el cumplimiento efectivo de las funciones de banca central y culturales encomendadas en la Constitución y la Ley. En una fecha tan importante como esta, la Junta Directiva del Banco de la República (JDBR) hace un reconocimiento a las generaciones de directivos y funcionarios que con su compromiso y dedicación contribuyeron a engrandecer esta institución1. El mandato del Banco de la República se consolidó en la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente de 1991, para cuya integración los ciudadanos tuvieron la oportunidad de elegir a las setenta personas que tendrían como tarea redactar una nueva constitución. Los dirigentes de los tres movimientos políticos más votados fueron elegidos presidentes de la Asamblea, y esta presidencia tripartita reflejó la pluralidad y la necesidad de consenso entre las diferentes fuerzas políticas para sacar adelante la reforma. Entre los asuntos considerados, la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente le otorgó especial importancia a la estabilidad monetaria. Por esta razón decidió incluir el tema de banca central y dotar al Banco de la República de la autonomía necesaria para utilizar los instrumentos a su cargo sin injerencia de otras autoridades. El constituyente entendió que velar por la estabilidad de precios es un deber del Estado y que la entidad responsable de este cometido debe estar consagrada en la Constitución y contar con la capacidad técnica y autonomía institucional necesaria para adoptar las decisiones que considere pertinentes para alcanzar este objetivo fundamental, en coordinación con la política económica general. En particular, el artículo 373 estableció que “el Estado, por intermedio del Banco de la República, velará por el mantenimiento de la capacidad adquisitiva de la moneda”, disposición que coincidía con el esquema de banca central adoptado por países exitosos en el control de la inflación. En 1999, mediante sentencia 481, la Corte Constitucional indicó que “el deber de mantener la capacidad adquisitiva de la moneda no solo se predica de la autoridad monetaria, crediticia y cambiaria, esto es de la Junta del Banco de la República, sino también de quienes tienen responsabilidades en la formulación y ejecución de la política económica general del país” y que “la finalidad constitucional básica del Banco de la República es la protección de la moneda sana, pero esa autoridad debe tomar en consideración en sus decisiones los otros objetivos económicos de la intervención del Estado, como el pleno empleo, pues sus funciones deben coordinarse con la política económica general.” La reforma al Banco de la República concertada en la Constituyente de 1991 y en la Ley 31 de 1992 se puede resumir en los siguientes aspectos: i) asignó al Banco un mandato específico: mantener la capacidad adquisitiva de la moneda, en coordinación con la política económica general; ii) designó a la JDBR como autoridad monetaria, cambiaria y crediticia; iii) otorgó al Banco y a su Junta Directiva un importante grado de independencia frente al Gobierno; iv) prohibió al Banco otorgar crédito al sector privado distinto del financiero; v) estableció que para otorgar crédito al Gobierno se requería del voto unánime de su Junta Directiva, a menos que se trate de operaciones de mercado abierto; vi) determinó que el legislador, en ningún caso, podrá ordenar cupos de crédito a favor del Estado o de los particulares; vii) designó al Congreso, en representación de la sociedad, como principal destinatario del ejercicio de rendición de informes del Banco; y viii) delegó en el presidente de la República la función de inspección, vigilancia y control sobre el Banco de la República. Los miembros de la Asamblea Nacional Constituyente entendieron claramente que los beneficios de una inflación baja y estable se extienden a toda la sociedad y contribuyen al buen funcionamiento del sistema económico. Entre los más importantes cabe mencionar que una inflación baja promueve el uso eficiente de los recursos productivos, al permitir que los precios relativos guíen de mejor forma la asignación de recursos, lo cual promueve el crecimiento económico y aumenta el bienestar de la población. Igualmente, una inflación baja reduce la incertidumbre sobre la rentabilidad esperada de la inversión y sobre el precio futuro de los activos, lo que aumenta la confianza de los agentes económicos, facilita la financiación de largo plazo y estimula la inversión. Una inflación baja evita redistribuciones arbitrarias del ingreso y la riqueza, debido a que los estratos de ingresos bajos de la población no pueden protegerse de la inflación mediante la diversificación de sus activos, y concentran una elevada proporción de su ingreso en la compra de alimentos y otros bienes básicos, ítems que generalmente son los más afectados por los choques inflacionarios2. Por otra parte, una baja inflación facilita las negociaciones salariales, lo cual crea un buen clima laboral y reduce la volatilidad del nivel de empleo. Finalmente, una inflación baja contribuye a que el sistema de impuestos sea más transparente y equitativo, al evitar las distorsiones que la inflación introduce sobre el valor de los activos y de los ingresos que componen la base tributaria. Desde el punto de vista de la autoridad monetaria, uno de los beneficios más relevantes de una inflación baja es la credibilidad que los agentes económicos adquieren en la meta de inflación, lo que la convierte en un ancla nominal efectiva sobre el nivel de precios. Al recibir su mandato, y en uso de su autonomía, el Banco de la República empezó a anunciar metas puntuales de inflación anual a partir de 1992. Si bien en esta primera etapa las metas de inflación propuestas no se lograron cumplir de forma precisa, sí se consiguió imprimirle a la inflación una tendencia descendente, que la llevó desde un nivel del 32,4% en 1990 al 16,7% en 1998. Para aquella época la tasa de cambio se mantenía dentro de una banda, lo cual limitaba la efectividad de la política monetaria, que buscaba cumplir simultáneamente una meta de inflación y un objetivo de tasa de cambio. La crisis asiática se contagió a las economías emergentes y afectó de manera importante a la economía colombiana. La tasa de cambio presentó una fuerte presión a la depreciación al cerrarse el acceso al financiamiento externo en condiciones de un elevado desequilibrio externo. Lo anterior, junto con la falta de flexibilidad cambiaria, impidió hacer una política monetaria contracíclica, lo que condujo a una contracción del PIB del 4,2% en dicho año. En este contexto de desaceleración económica, la inflación anual se redujo al 9,2% a finales de 1999, situándose por debajo de la meta del 15% que se había fijado para ese año. Este episodio reveló plenamente lo costoso que podría ser, en términos de actividad económica, el tener simultáneamente metas para la inflación y para la tasa de cambio. Hacia finales de 1999 el Banco de la República anunció la adopción de un nuevo régimen de política monetaria que denominó Esquema de Inflación Objetivo. Este régimen, conocido internacionalmente como ‘Inflation Targeting,’ venía ganando creciente aceptación en países desarrollados, al haber sido adoptado a partir de 1991 por Nueva Zelanda, Canadá e Inglaterra, entre otros, logrando importantes avances en el manejo de la inflación, sin incurrir en costos en términos de actividad económica. En América Latina, Brasil y Chile también lo acogieron en 1999. En el caso colombiano, el último requisito pendiente por cumplir para adoptar dicho esquema de política era la flexibilidad de la tasa de cambio, la cual se materializó hacia septiembre de 1999, cuando la JDBR decidió abandonar las bandas cambiarias para permitir que la tasa de cambio se determinara libremente en el mercado. De forma coherente con el mandato constitucional, el objetivo fundamental de este nuevo esquema de política consistía en “el cumplimiento de una meta de inflación que contribuya a mantener un crecimiento del producto alrededor de su capacidad potencial”3. Dicha capacidad potencial se entendía como aquel crecimiento del PIB que la economía puede obtener si utiliza plenamente sus recursos productivos. Para cumplir este objetivo la política monetaria debe cumplir necesariamente un papel contracíclico en la economía. Ello porque cuando la actividad económica está por debajo de su potencial y existen recursos ociosos, la autoridad monetaria puede reducir la tasa de interés ante la ausencia de presiones inflacionarias para estimular por esa vía la economía y, de manera inversa, cuando el producto supera su capacidad potencial. Este principio de política, que está inmerso en los modelos para guiar la postura de política monetaria, hace que, en el mediano plazo, sean totalmente compatibles los objetivos del cumplimiento de la meta de inflación y de un nivel de actividad económica compatible con su capacidad productiva. Para alcanzar este propósito, en el esquema de inflación objetivo se utiliza la tasa de interés del mercado monetario (a la cual el banco central suministra liquidez primaria a los bancos comerciales), como el instrumento primordial de política. Con ello se sustituyó la cantidad de dinero como meta intermedia de política monetaria, que el Banco de la República, al igual que varios otros bancos centrales, utilizaron por mucho tiempo. En el caso colombiano, el objetivo del nuevo esquema de política monetaria implicaba, en términos prácticos, que la recuperación de la economía, luego de la contracción ocurrida en 1999, debía lograrse al tiempo que se cumplían las metas decrecientes de inflación establecidas por la JDBR. De manera notable este propósito se cumplió. En la primera mitad de la década del 2000 la actividad económica logró una recuperación importante, hasta alcanzar un crecimiento del 6,8% en 2006. Entretanto, la inflación fue descendiendo gradualmente, en línea con las metas de inflación. Fue así como la tasa de inflación se redujo desde el 9,2% en 1999 al 4,5% en 2006, cumpliendo con la meta de inflación establecida para ese año, mientras que el PIB alcanzó su nivel potencial. Después de lograrse este equilibrio en 2006, la inflación repuntó al 5,7% en 2007, por encima de la meta del 4% fijada para ese año, debido a que el crecimiento del PIB del 7,5% superó su capacidad potencial4. Luego de comprobarse la eficacia del esquema de inflación objetivo en sus primeros años de operación, este régimen de política continuó consolidándose a medida que la JDBR y el equipo técnico ganaron experiencia en su manejo y se incorporaron modelos económicos de última tecnología para diagnosticar el estado presente y futuro de la economía, y evaluar la persistencia de los desvíos de la inflación y sus expectativas con respecto a la meta de inflación. A partir de 2010 la JDBR estableció la meta de inflación anual de largo plazo del 3%, que continúa vigente en la actualidad. La menor inflación ha contribuido a crear un entorno macroeconómico más estable, que ha favorecido el crecimiento económico sostenido, la estabilidad financiera, el desarrollo del mercado de capitales y el funcionamiento de los sistemas de pagos. Gracias a ello se lograron reducciones en la prima por riesgo inflacionario y menores tasas de interés de los TES y de crédito. A su vez, la duración de la deuda interna pública aumentó de forma importante pasando de 2,27 años en diciembre de 2002 a 5,86 años en diciembre de 2022 y la profundización financiera, medida como el nivel de la cartera como porcentaje del PIB, pasó de cerca del 20% a mediados de la década de los noventa a valores superiores al 45% en años recientes, en un contexto saludable de los establecimientos de crédito. Los logros tangibles alcanzados por el Banco de la República en el manejo de la inflación al haber contado con la autonomía que le otorgó la Constitución para cumplir con el mandato de preservar el poder adquisitivo de la moneda, junto con los importantes beneficios que se derivaron del proceso de llevar la inflación a su meta de largo plazo, hacen que el reto que actualmente enfrenta la JDBR de retornar la inflación a la meta del 3% sea aún más exigente y apremiante. Como es bien conocido, a partir de 2021, y especialmente en 2022, la inflación en Colombia volvió a convertirse en un serio problema económico, con elevados costos de bienestar. El fenómeno inflacionario no ha sido exclusivo de Colombia y es así como muchos otros países desarrollados y emergentes han visto alejarse sus tasas de inflación de las metas propuestas por sus bancos centrales5. Las razones de este fenómeno se han analizado en los recientes Informes al Congreso, y en esta nueva entrega se profundiza al respecto con información actualizada. La sólida base institucional y técnica que soporta el esquema de inflación objetivo bajo el cual opera la estrategia de política monetaria le da a la JDBR los elementos necesarios para enfrentar con confianza este difícil reto. Al respecto, en su comunicado del 25 de noviembre la JDBR reiteró su compromiso con la meta de inflación del 3,0%, la cual prevé alcanzar hacia finales de 20246. La política monetaria continuará enfocada en cumplir este objetivo, al tiempo que velará por la sostenibilidad de la actividad económica, tal y como lo ordena la Constitución. Las encuestas a analistas llevadas a cabo en marzo mostraron un incremento importante (del 32,3% en enero al 48,5% en marzo) en el porcentaje de respuestas que sitúan las expectativas de inflación a dos años o más en un rango entre el 3% y 4%. Este es un indicativo claro de recuperación de credibilidad en la meta de inflación a mediano plazo, lo cual guarda coherencia con el anuncio de la JDBR de noviembre pasado. La moderación de la tendencia alcista de la inflación que se observó en enero, y especialmente en febrero, contribuirá a reforzar esta revisión de expectativas de inflación, y ayudará a cumplir los objetivos propuestos. Luego de registrarse una inflación del 5,6% a finales de 2021, la inflación mantuvo una tendencia alcista a lo largo de 2022 debido a las presiones inflacionarias tanto de origen externo, asociadas con las secuelas de la pandemia y las consecuencias del conflicto bélico en Ucrania, como de origen interno, resultantes de: el fortalecimiento de la demanda local; los procesos de indexación de precios estimulados por el aumento de las expectativas de inflación; las afectaciones a la producción de alimentos provocadas por el paro de mediados de 2021, y el traspaso de la depreciación a los precios. Los aumentos del salario mínimo del 10% en 2021 y del 16% en 2022, que en ambos casos superaron la inflación observada y el incremento de la productividad, acentuaron los procesos de indexación al haber establecido un elevado referente de ajuste nominal. De esta forma, la inflación total aumentó al 13,1% a finales 2022. La variación anual de alimentos, que subió del 17,2% al 27,8% entre esos dos años, fue el factor que más influyó en la aceleración del Índice de Precios al Consumidor (IPC). Otro rubro que contribuyó de manera importante a las alzas de precios fue el de regulados, cuya variación anual aumentó del 7,1% en diciembre de 2021 al 11,8% a finales de 2022. Por su parte, la medida de inflación básica sin alimentos ni regulados subió del 2,5% al 9,5% entre finales de 2021 y finales de 2022. El aumento sustancial de la inflación básica muestra que la presión inflacionaria se extendió a la mayoría de los rubros de la canasta familiar, lo cual es característico de procesos inflacionarios con una indexación de precios generalizada, como ocurre en Colombia. La política monetaria empezó a reaccionar tempranamente a estas presiones inflacionarias. Fue así como a partir de su sesión de septiembre de 2021 la JDBR inició un cambio progresivo de la postura de la política monetaria a partir del mínimo histórico del 1,75% de la tasa de interés de política al cual se había llegado para estimular la recuperación de la economía. Este proceso de ajuste prosiguió sin interrupción a lo largo de 2022 y hasta inicios de 2023, cuando la tasa de política monetaria alcanzó el 12,75% en enero pasado, con lo cual acumuló un incremento de 11 puntos porcentuales (pp). El público y los mercados se han mostrado sorprendidos de que la inflación continuara aumentando, a pesar de los significativos incrementos de la tasa de interés. Pero como lo ha explicado la JDBR en sus diversas comunicaciones, la política monetaria actúa con rezago. Así como en 2022 la actividad económica se recuperó hasta alcanzar un nivel superior al de prepandemia, impulsada, entre otros factores, por el estímulo monetario otorgado durante el período de pandemia y de los meses subsiguientes, así también los efectos de la actual política monetaria restrictiva se irán dando paulatinamente, lo que permite esperar que hacia finales de 2024 la tasa de inflación converja hacia el 3%, como es el propósito de la JDBR. Los resultados de la inflación en enero y febrero de este año mostraron incrementos marginales decrecientes (13 pb y 3 pb respectivamente), en comparación con la variación observada en diciembre (59 pb). Esto sugiere que se aproxima un punto de inflexión en la tendencia de la inflación. En otros países de América Latina, como Chile, Brasil, Perú y México, la inflación llegó a su techo y ha empezado a descender lentamente, aunque con algunos altibajos. Es previsible que en Colombia ocurra un proceso similar durante los próximos meses. El descenso previsto de la inflación en 2023 obedecerá, entre otros factores, a las menores presiones de costos externos por cuenta de la progresiva normalización de las cadenas de suministro, a la superación de los choques de oferta por razones de clima y por los bloqueos viales de años anteriores, lo que se reflejará en menores ajustes en los precios de los alimentos, como ya se observó en los primeros dos meses del año y, por supuesto, al efecto rezagado de la política monetaria. El proceso de convergencia de la inflación a la meta será gradual y se extenderá más allá de 2023. Dicho proceso se facilitará si se revierten las presiones a la devaluación, para lo cual resulta esencial que se continúe consolidando la sostenibilidad fiscal y se eviten mensajes en diferentes frentes de la política pública que generan incertidumbre y desconfianza. _______________________________________ 1 Este Informe al Congreso contiene el recuadro 1 que resume la trayectoria del Banco de la República en estos 100 años. Adicionalmente, con auspicio del Banco, varios libros que profundizan diversos aspectos de la historia de esta institución fueron publicados en años recientes. Véase, por ejemplo: Historia del Banco de la República 1923-2015; Tres banqueros centrales; Junta Directiva del Banco de la República: grandes episodios en 30 años de historia; Banco de la República : 90 años de la banca central en Colombia. 2 Es por ello que una menor inflación se ha reflejado en la reducción de la desigualdad del ingreso medida a través del coeficiente de Gini al pasar de 58,7 en 1998 a 51,3 en el año previo a la pandemia. 3 Véase Gómez Javier, Uribe José Darío, Vargas Hernando (2002). “The Implementation of Inflation Targeting in Colombia”. Borrador de Economía, núm. 202, marzo, disponible en: https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/5220 4 Véase López-Enciso Enrique A.; Vargas-Herrera Hernando y Rodríguez-Niño Norberto (2016). “La estrategia de inflación objetivo en Colombia. Una visión histórica”, Borrador de Economía, núm. 952. https://repositorio.banrep.gov.co/handle/20.500.12134/6263 5 Según el FMI, la variación porcentual de los precios al consumidor entre 2021 y 2022 pasó del 3,1 % al 7,3 % para las economías avanzadas, y del 5,9 % al 9,9 % para las economías de mercados emergentes y en vías de desarrollo. 6 https://www.banrep.gov.co/es/noticias/junta-directiva-banco-republica-reitera-meta-inflacion-3