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Gofar, Nuni. "Synergism of Wild Grass and Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria in Petroleum Biodegradation". JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 18, nr 2 (13.06.2013): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.v18i2.161-168.
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The concept of plants and microbes utilization for remediation measure of pollutant contaminated soil is the newest development in term of petroleum waste management technique. The research objective was to obtain wild grass types and hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria which are capable to synergize in decreasing petroleum concentration within petroleum contaminated soil. This research was conducted by using randomized completely block design. This research was conducted by using randomized completely block design. The first factor treatments were consisted of without plant, Tridax procumbens grass and Lepironia mucronata grass. The second factor treatments were consisted of without bacterium, single bacterium of Alcaligenes faecalis, single bacterium of Pseudomonas alcaligenes, and mixed bacteria of Alcaligenes faecalis with P. alcaligenes. The results showed that mixed bacteria (A. faecalis and P. alcaligenes) were capable to increase the crown and roots dry weights of these two grasses, bacteria population, percentage of TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbon) decrease as well as TPH decrease and better pH value than that of single bacterium. The highest TPH decrease with magnitude of 70.1% was obtained on treatment of L. mucronata grass in combination with mixed bacteria.[How to Cite: Gofar N. 2013.Synergism of Wild Grass and Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria in Petroleum Biodegradation. J Trop Soils 18 (2): 161-168. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.161][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.161]REFERENCESBello YM. 2007. Biodegradation of Lagoma crude oil using pig dung. Afr J Biotechnol 6: 2821-2825.Gerhardt KE, XD Huang, BR Glick and BM Greenberg. 2009. Phytoremediation and rhizoremediation of organic soil contaminants: Potential and challenges. Plant Sci 176: 20-30.Glick BR. 2010. Using soil bacteria to facilitate phytoremediation. Biotechnol Adv 28: 367-374. Gofar N. 2011. Characterization of petroleum hydrocarbon decomposing fungi isolated from mangrove rhizosphere. J Trop Soils 16(1): 39-45. doi: 10.5400/jts.2011.16.1.39Gofar N. 2012. Aplikasi isolat bakteri hidrokarbonoklastik asal rhizosfer mangrove pada tanah tercemar minyak bumi. J Lahan Suboptimal 1: 123-129 (in Indonesian). Hong WF, IJ Farmayan, CY Dortch, SK Chiang and JL Schnoor. 2001. Environ Sci Technol 35: 1231.Khashayar T and T Mahsa. 2010. Biodegradation potential of petroleum hydrocarbons by bacterial diversity in soil. Morld App Sci J 8: 750-755.Lal B and S Khanna. 1996. Degradation of Crude Oil by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus and Alcaligenes odorans, J Appl Bacteriol 81: 355- 362.Mackova M, D Dowling and T Macek. 2006. Phytoremediation and rhizoremediation: Theoretical background. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands. 300 p. Malik ZA and S Ahmed. 2012. Degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons by oil field isolated bacterial consortium. Afr J Biotechnol 11: 650-658.Mendez MO and RM Maier. 2008. Phytostabilization of mine tailings in arid and semiarid environment an emerging remediation technology. Environ Health Prospect 116: 278-283.Milic JS, VP Beskoski, MV Ilic, SM Ali, GDJ Cvijovic and MM Vrvic. 2009. Bioremediation of soil heavily contaminated with crude oil and its products: composition of the microbial consortium. J Serb Chem Soc 74: 455-460.Mukre AM, AA Hamid, A Hamzah and WM Yusoff. 2008. Development of three bacteria consortium for the bioremediation of crude petroleum-oil in contaminated water. J Biol Sci 8: 73-79.Ndimele PE. 2010. A review on the phytioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbon. Pakistan J Biol Sci 12: 715-722.Newman LA and CM Reynolds. 2004. Phytoremediation of organic compounds. Curr Opin Biotechnol 15: 225-230.Onwuka F, N Nwachoko, and E Anosike. 2012. Determination of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) and some cations (Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) in a crude oil polluted soil and possible phytoremediation by Cynodon dactylon L (Bermuda grass). J Environ Earth Sci 2: 12-17.Pezeshki SR, MW Hester, Q Lin and JA Nyman. 2000. The effect of oil spill and clean-up on dominant US Gulf Coast Marsh Macrophytes: a review. Environ Pollution 108: 129-139.Pikoli MR, P Aditiawati and DI Astuti. 2000. Isolasi bertahap dan identifikasi isolat bakteri termofilik pendegradasi minyak bumi dari sumur bangko. Laporan Penelitian pada Jurusan Biologi, ITB, Bandung (unpublished, in Indonesian).Pilon-Smits E and JL Freeman. 2006. Environmental cleanup using plants: biotechnological advances and ecological considerations. Front Ecol Environ 4: 203-10. Rahman KSM, JT Rahman, P Lakshmanaperumalsamy, and IM Banat. 2002. Towards efficient crude oil degradation by a mixed bacterial consortium. Bioresource Technol 85: 257-261.Rossiana N. 2004. Oily Sludge Bioremediation with Zeolite and Microorganism and It’s Test with Albizia Plant (Paraserianthes falcataria) L (Nielsen). Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology, Department of Biology Padjadjaran University, Bandung (unpublished).Rossiana, N. 2005. Penurunan Kandungan Logam Berat dan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Sengon (Paraserianthes falcataria L (Nielsen) Bermikoriza dalam Media Limbah Lumpur Minyak Hasil Ekstraksi. Laboratorium Mikrobiologi dan Biologi Lingkungan Jurusan Biologi Fakultas Matematika dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam Universitas Padjajaran, Bandung (in Indonesian).Sathishkumar M, B Arthur Raj, B Sang-Ho, and Y Sei-Eok. 2008. Biodegradation of crude oil by individual bacterial strains and a mixed bacterial consortium isolated from hydrocarbon contaminated areas clean. Ind J Biotechnol 36: 92-96.Shirdam R, AD Zand, GN Bidhendi and N Mehrdadi. 2008. Phytoremediation of hydrocarbon-contaminated soils with emphasis on effect of petroleum hydrocarbons on the growth of plant species. Phytoprotection 89: 21-29.Singer AC, DE Crowley and IP Thompson. 2003. Secondary plant metabolites in phytoremediation and biotransformation. Trends Biotechnol 21: 123-130.Singh A and OP Ward. 2004. Applied Bioremediation and Phytoremediation. Springler, Berlin, 281p.Surtikanti H and W Surakusumah. 2004. Peranan Tanaman dalam Proses Bioremediasi Oli Bekas dalam Tanah Tercemar. Ekol Biodivers Trop 2: 48-52 (in Indonesian).Wenzel WW. 2009. Rhizosphere processes and management in plant-assisted bioremediation (phytoremediation) of soil. Plant Soil 321: 385-408.Widjajanti H, I Anas, N Gofar and MR Ridho. 2010. Screening of petroleum hydrocarbons degrading bacteria as a bioremediating agents from mangrove areas. Proceeding of International Seminar, workshop on integrated lowland development and management, pp. C7 1-9.Widjajanti H. 2012. Bioremediasi Minyak Bumi Menggunakan Bakteri dan Kapang Hidrokarbonoklastik dari Kawasan Mangrove Tercemar Minyak Bumi. [Disertasi]. Universitas Sriwijaya (in Indonesian).
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Wile, Adam, David L. Burton, Mehdi Sharifi, Derek Lynch, Michael Main i Yousef A. Papadopoulos. "Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on yield, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.)". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 94, nr 2 (maj 2014): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss2013-058.
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Wile, A., Burton, D. L., Sharifi, M., Lynch, D., Main, M. and Papadopoulos, Y. A. 2014. Effect of nitrogen fertilizer application rate on yield, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 129–137. This 2-yr (2008–2009) study conducted in Truro, Nova Scotia, measured plant biomass production (yield and ash content) and greenhouse gas emissions (methane and nitrous oxide), from the bioenergy crops switchgrass (SG; Panicum virgatum L.) and reed canarygrass (RCG; Phalaris arundinacea L.) receiving spring application of nitrogen fertilizer at 0, 40 and 120 kg N ha−1. In both years, crop yields were unresponsive to N fertilizer. In 2008, SG average yields were greater than RCG producing 7.0 vs. 4.6 Mg ha−1, respectively, while ash content was significantly greater for RCG in both years. Cumulative seasonal (May–November) N2O emissions were<1 kg N2O-N ha−1 in 2008 and<0.2 kg N2O-N ha−1 in 2009 with crop (SG>RCG) and N fertilizer (N120>N40=N0) effects found in 2008 only. Nitrate exposure was greater for SG in 2008 only, but responded to N fertilization in both years (N120>N0). These crops were net sinks for methane and the magnitude of the sink was not influenced by crop type, N fertilization or year. Despite lower yields, the greenhouse gas intensity calculated for RCG (−2 to 20 kg CO2e t−1 biomass) was lower than for SG (8 – 60 kg CO2e t−1 biomass) as a result of lower N2O emissions.
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Mamedov, Huseyn, Syed Ismat Shah, Archil Chirakadze, Vusal Mammadov, Vusala Mammadova i Khumar Ahmedova. "Photovoltaic performance of p-Si/Cd1-xZnxO heterojunctions". Photonics Letters of Poland 10, nr 1 (31.03.2018): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v10i1.797.
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Heterojunctions of p-Si/Cd1-xZnxO were synthesized by depositing of Cd1-xZnxO films on p-Si substrates by electrochemical deposition. The morphological properties of the films were studied by scanning microscopy. The electric and photoelectrical properties of heterojunctions were investigated depending on the deposition potential and films composition. Heterojunctions of p-Si/Cd1-xZnxO, which deposited at cathode potential of -1.2 V, shows good rectification (k=1640). Under AM1.5 conditions the maximal values of open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, fill factor and efficiency of our best nano-structured cell, were Uoc = 442 mV, Jsc = 19.9 mA/cm2, FF = 0.59 and n = 5.1 %, respectively. Full Text: PDF ReferencesX. Li, et al. "Role of donor defects in enhancing ferromagnetism of Cu-doped ZnO films", J. Appl. Phys., 105, 103914 (2009). CrossRef X. Han, K. Han and M. Tao, "Electrodeposition of Group-IIIA Doped ZnO as a Transparent Conductive Oxide", ECS Trans., 25, 93 (2010). CrossRef W. Liu et al. "Na-Doped p-Type ZnO Microwires", J. Am. Chem. Soc., 132, 2498 (2010). CrossRef R.A. Ismail and O.A. Abdulrazaq, "A new route for fabricating CdO/c-Si heterojunction solar cells", Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 91, 903 (2007). CrossRef R.S. Mane, H.M. Pathan, C.D. Lokhande and S.H.Han, "An effective use of nanocrystalline CdO thin films in dye-sensitized solar cells", Sol. Energy, 80 185 (2006). CrossRef E. Martin et al. "Properties of multilayer transparent conducting oxide films", Thin Solid Films, 461, 309 (2004). CrossRef Y. Caglar, M. Caglar, S. Ilican and A. Ates, "Morphological, optical and electrical properties of CdZnO films prepared by sol?gel method", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 42, 065421 (2009). CrossRef F. Wang, Z. Ye, D. Ma, L. Zhu and F. Zhuge, "Formation of quasi-aligned ZnCdO nanorods and nanoneedles", J. Cryst. Growth, 283, 373 (2005). CrossRef A. Abdinov, H. Mamedov, S. Amirova, "Investigation of Electrodeposited Glass/SnO2/CuInSe2/Cd1-xZnxS1-ySey/ZnO Thin Solar Cells", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 46, 7359 (2007). CrossRef A. Abdinov, H. Mamedov, H. Hasanov, and S. Amirova, "Photosensitivity of p,n-Si/n-Cd1?xZnxS heterojunctions manufactured by a method of electrochemical deposition", Thin Solid Films, 480-481, 388 (2005). CrossRef A. Abdinov, H. Mamedov, and S. Amirova, "Investigation of electrodeposited p-Si/Cd1 ? xZnxS1 ? ySey heterojunction solar cells", Thin Solid Films, 511-512, 140 (2006) CrossRef H. Mamedov, V. Mamedov, V. Mamedova, Kh. Ahmadova, "Investigation of p-GaAs/n-Cd1-xZnxS1-yTey/Cd1-xZnxO heterojunctions deposited by electrochemical deposition", J. Optoelectrom. Adv. M., 17, 67 (2015). DirectLink H. Mamedov et al. "Preparation and Investigation of p-GaAs/n-Cd1-xZnxS1-yTey Heterojunctions Deposited by Electrochemical Deposition", J. Solar Energy Engineering, 136, 044503 (2014). CrossRef S. Sadofev, S. Blumstengel, J. Cui, J. Puls, S. Rogaschewski, P. Schafer and F. Henneberger, "Visible band-gap ZnCdO heterostructures grown by molecular beam epitaxy", Appl. Phys. Lett., 89, 201907 (2006). CrossRef G. Torres-Delgado et al. "Percolation Mechanism and Characterization of (CdO)y(ZnO)1?y Thin Films", Adv. Funct. Mater., 12, 129 (2002). CrossRef H. Tabet-Derraz, N. Benramdane, D. Nacer, A. Bouzidi and M. Medles, "Investigations on ZnxCd1?xO thin films obtained by spray pyrolysis", Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells, 73, 249 (2002). CrossRef M. Tortosa, M. Mollar and B. Mar?, "Synthesis of ZnCdO thin films by electrodeposition", J. Cryst. Growth, 304, 97 (2007). CrossRef A. Singh, D. Kumar, P. K. Khanna, M. Kumar, and B. Prasad, "Phase Segregation Limit in ZnCdO Thin Films Deposited by Sol?Gel Method: A Study of Structural, Optical and Electrical Properties", ECS Journal of Solid State Science and Technology, 2 (9), Q136 (2013). CrossRef F.Z. Bedia, A. Bedia, B. Benyoucef and S.Hamzaoui, "Electrical Characterization of n-ZnO/p-Si Heterojunction Prepared by Spray Pyrolysis Technique", Physics Procedia, 55, 61 (2014). CrossRef M. Jing-Jing et al. "Rectifying and Photovoltage Properties of ZnO:A1/p-Si Heterojunction", Chin. Phys. Lett., 27 (10), 107304 (2010). CrossRef
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Hutagalung, Ropianna, i Abai Manupak Tambunan. "KONFLIK ANTARA SEKOLAH INDUK DAN SMP TERBUKA". Equity In Education Journal 2, nr 2 (20.10.2020): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37304/eej.v2i2.1861.
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Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan terjadinya perselisihan antara sekolah Induk dan SMP Terbuka sebagai sekolah yang dibina terkait sarana prasarana di kedua sekolah tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan rancangan studi kasus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa munculnya konflik yang terjadi disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor diantaranya adalah ketidakadilan, diskriminasi, saling tidak mempercayai, perbedaan kebudayaan, propaganda media, konflik politik dan kepentingan. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk meminimalisir konflik dilakukan dengan cara konsolidasi dengan seluruh personil dari kedua sekolah serta adanya koordinasi dengan berbagai pihak terkait. Abstract: This study aims to describe a dispute between the main school and the Open Junior High School as the school being fostered regarding the infrastructure in the two schools. This study used a qualitative approach with case study design. The results showed that the emergence of conflicts that occurred was caused by several factors including injustice, discrimination, mutual distrust, cultural differences, media propaganda, political conflicts and interests. Efforts were made to minimize conflict by consolidating all personnel from both schools and coordinating with various related parties. References: Anzizhan. (2015). Konflik dalam Organisasi Sekolah. Jurnal Tarbiyah, 22(1), 114-131. Bolman, L., & Deal, T. (1991). Leadership and Management Effectiveness: Multi-Frame, Multi-Sector Analysis. Human Resource Management, 30(4), 509-534. Harun, C. Z. (2009). Manajemen Sumber Daya Pendidikan. Yogyakarta: Pena Persada. Keputusan Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik Indonesia Nomor: 053/U/1996 tentang Sekolah Lanjutan Tingkat Pertama Terbuka. Megasari, R. (2014). Peningkatan Pengelolaan Sarana dan Prasarana Pendidikan untuk Meningkatkan Kualitas Pembelajaran di SMPN 5 Bukit Tinggi. Jurnal Bahana Manajemen Pendidikan, 2(1), 636-648. Mulida., Murniati., & Siswanto. (2016). Manajemen Sarana dan Prasarana Pendidikan pada SMA Negeri 5 Banda Aceh. Jurnal MUDARRISUNA, 6(1). Mulyasa, E. (2009). Manajemen Berbasis Sekolah: Konsep, Strategi dan Implementasi. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 19 Tahun 2005 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan. Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 24 Tahun 2007 tentang Standar Sarana dan Prasarana. Rahayu, S. M., & Sutama, S. (2016). Pengelolaan Sarana dan Prasarana Pendidikan Sekolah Menegah Pertama. Jurnal Varidika, 27(2), 123-129. Sandyohutomo. (2008). Implemntasi Kebijakan Ruang Terbuka Hijau pada Dinas Pertamanan Kota Medan. Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Politik Lokal dan Pembangunan, 6(1). Suhardi, D. (2010). Paduan Penyusunan Penyelenggaraan SMP Terbuka. Jakarta: Direktorat Pembinaan SMP. Sulistyorini. (2006). Manajemen Sarana dan Prasarana di Lembaga Pendidikan Islam. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam IQRA, 11(1). Tambunan, A. M., Huda, M. A. Y., & Degeng, I. N. S. (2017). Strategi Kepala Sekolah dalam Mengelola Konflik Menyikapi Dampak Negatif Penerapan Fullday School. Jurnal Pendidikan Universitas Negeri Malang, 2(6), 848-852. Tjosvold, D. (1997). Conflict within interdependence: its Value for Productivity and Individuality. in DeDreu, C. & E. Van de Vliert (eds.). Using Conflict in Organizations. London: Sage Publications. Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional. Wirawan. (2013). Konflik dan Manajemen Konflik: Teori, Aplikasi, dan Penelitian. Jakarta: Salemba Humanika.
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Borštnik, Norma Mankoč, i Mitja Rosina. "Are superheavy stable quark clusters viable candidates for the dark matter?" International Journal of Modern Physics D 24, nr 13 (listopad 2015): 1545003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218271815450030.
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The explanation for the origin of families of quarks and leptons and their properties is one of the most promising ways to understand the assumptions of the Standard Model. The Spin-Charge-Family theory [N. S. M. Borštnik, Phys. Lett. B 292 (1992) 25; J. Math. Phys. 34 (1993) 3731; Int. J. Theor. Phys. 40 (2001) 315; Mod. Phys. Lett. A 10 (1995) 587; J. Modern Phys. 4 (2013) 823; arXiv:1312.15; Phys. Rev. D 91 (2015) 065004; [arXiv:1409.7791; arXiv:1312.1542; arXiv:1502.06786v1, http://arXiv.org/abs/1409.4981 ; A. Borštnik and N. S. M. Borštnik, Phys. Rev. D 74 (2006) 073013, arXiv:hep-ph/0512062, arXiv:hep-ph/0401043, arXiv:hep-ph/0401055, arXiv:hep-ph/0301029; G. Bregar and N. S. M. Borštnik, arXiv:1412.5866; G. Bregar et al., New J. Phys. 10 (2008) 093002; G. Bregar and N. S. M. Borštnik, arXiv:1502.06786v1, arXiv:1412.5866; N. S. M. Borštnik, Proc. 13th Workshop “What Comes Beyond the Standard Models”, Bled, 12–22 July 2010, eds. N. S. M. Borštnik et al., DMFA Založništvo, Ljubljana, December 2010, pp. 105–129], which does propose the mechanism for the appearance of families and offers an explanation for all the assumptions of the Standard Model, predicts two decoupled groups of four families. The lightest of the upper four families has stable members, which are correspondingly candidates to constitute the dark matter [G. Bregar and N. S. M. Borštnik, Phys. Rev. D 80 (2009) 083534, arXiv:1412.5866]. In this paper, we study the weak and the “nuclear” (determined by the color interaction among the heavy fifth family quarks) scattering of such a very heavy baryon by ordinary nucleons in order to show that the cross-section is very small and consistent with the observation in most experiments so far, provided that the quark mass of this baryon is about 100[Formula: see text]TeV or above.
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PHULPOTO, JAVED AHMED, ALTAF AHMED SHAIKH, JAVED AKHTAR SAMO i Abrar Shaikh. "HEPATITIS". Professional Medical Journal 18, nr 02 (10.06.2011): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2011.18.02.2062.
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Objective: To determine the frequency of co/super infection of hepatitis D in patients with hepatitis B related liver disorders. Study Design: Descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: The hepatitis Centre Ghulam Mohammad Mahar Medical College Hospitals Sukkur & Khairpur, from January 2009 to December 2009. Methodology: All patient registered for HBV associated infections were selected. Blood was drawn from 200 patients who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Those with an incomplete test profile were excluded. All clinical conditions were investigated through liver function tests, coagulation profile, abdominal ultrasonography, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and liver biopsy. Liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were diagnosed either on the basis of histology, or on a combination of radiological, endoscopic and laboratory data. Hepatitis B virus DNA was extracted from serum by real time PCR. Descriptive statistics were used for frequency and mean determination. Results: The 129 patients finally selected for statistical analysis included 108 (84%) males and 21 (16%) females. The ages ranged from 6-68 years (mean=31.5 ± 12.39 years). There were 70 (54.2%) patients of non-cirrhotic, chronic hepatitis (CLD), 38 (29.4%) carriers, 12 (9.3%) cirrhotic and 9 (6.9%) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. Among the 129 patients, 45 (34.9%) were positive for double infection with HDV. These included 35 CLD cases, 7 cirrhotic and 3 carriers. Conclusions: The frequency of co/super infection of hepatitis D was found to be highest in HBV cirrhosis patients compared to patients having chronic liver disease (non-cirrhotics) and carriers.
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Готцева, Маріана. "A Neurocognitive Perspective on Language Acquisition in Ullman’s DP Model". East European Journal of Psycholinguistics 4, nr 2 (28.12.2017): 24–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2017.4.2.got.
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In the last few decades, the studies in second language acquisition have not answered the question what mechanisms a human’s brain uses to make acquisition of language(s) possible. A neurocognitive model which tries to address SLA from such a perspective was suggested by Ullman (2005; 2015), according to which, “both first and second languages are acquired and processed by well-studied brain systems that are known to subserve particular nonlanguage functions” (Ullman, 2005: 141). The brain systems in question have analogous roles in their language and nonlanguage functions. This article is meant to critically analyse the suggested DP model within the context of neurocognitive studies of L2; and evaluate its contribution to the field of SLA studies.
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Hadiarni, Hadiarni, Desri Jumiarti, Ardimen Ardimen, Wenda Asmita i Vio Litia Khairiah. "Implementing Permenpan Number 16/2009 About Guidance and Counseling Services in Primary School: Teachers’ Need Analysis". Ta'dib 26, nr 1 (26.06.2023): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.31958/jt.v26i1.8759.
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The aim of this quantitative descriptive study is to describe the needs of primary school teachers in providing counseling services as the implementation Permenpan Number 16 of 2009, Permendiknas Number 35 of 2010 and POP BK SD. The population was primary school teachers throughout West Sumatera, totaling 129 people and were determined as the research sample. The data were collected by using questionnaire which assessed the obstacles faced by the teacher in the implementation of Guidance and Counseling, and the needs to overcome these obstacles. Scale measurement used the Guttman scale and distributed by using Google Form application. The research findings show that: 1) 96.9% of respondents had understood their responsibility to provide counseling services, 2) 86.8% had implemented counseling services. 3) The obstacles experienced in providing counseling services: a) lack of knowledge (61.2%). b) lack of skills in developing instruments (47.3%). c) lack of skills in processing instrument results (46.5%). d) lack of skills in implementing counseling services (48.1%) and e) lack of supporting infrastructure (66.7%). 4) The need to overcome the obstacles: a) increasing knowledge (71.3%), b) training in preparing need assessment instruments (58.1%), c) training in preparing counseling programs (58.9%) and d) skills training for providing counseling services (64.3%). It is expected that the findings of this study can be followed up by subsequent research so that the obstacles experienced by class teachers can be overcome and counseling services in primary schools can run optimally.
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Burke, Sven Anders, i Jay Whitacre. "Molten Salt Synthesis of High-Performance Cobalt Free Lithium Excess Cathodes". ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, nr 3 (9.10.2022): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-023293mtgabs.
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The cobalt free lithium excess chemistry cathode material of the compositional series Li[NixLi(1/3-2x/3)Mn(2/3-x/3)]O2 despite its high capacity has many shortcomings, such as voltage fade, poor materials stability, and poor rate capability 1–10. Our past investigations, among others, have highlighted the importance of the synthetic route on the on the performance of this material 6,11–13. This investigation found a novel synthesis route for Li[NixLi(1/3-2x/3)Mn(2/3-x/3)]O2 (x = 0.25) involving the use of molten salts during the 900 °C synthesis step would reduce the degree of voltage fade seen in materials cycling, and increase the overall stability of the material over the course of cycling. Our samples we prepared using a standard sol-gel approach where the post 500 °C precursor oxide was mixed with NaCl, Li2SO4, or LiNO3, before the final 900 °C calcination, all samples where then rapidly water quenched to stabilize the meta-stable materials phase, but also to dissolve any residual salts and wash the powders before use. These salts were selected due to their different chemistries and molten ranges. NaCl is thermodynamically and chemically stable enough where it likely functioned as an observer species, and Li2SO4 and LiNO3 could have served as additional lithiation sources. Thermogravimetric analysis was used to help determine the behaviors of these salts through range for each salts’ molten regime as well as to help determine any salt behaviors up to 900 °C; compared to the control sample NaCl sample was found to have rapid mass lost starting at 850 °C; Li2SO4 was found to cause less mass loss than the control sample; LiNO3 had rapid mass lost starting at 600 °C when compared to the control sample, suggesting a shorter window of molten-salt synthesis environment. Galvanostatic testing revealed that each molten salt sample had distinct electrochemical behaviors, and many had enhanced voltage and capacity stability. Analysis of the samples surfaces through the use of high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), suggest the formation of doped surface facets, and changes in the preferred facet orientation of samples. These methods also revealed that the molten salt synthesis conditions can lower the diffusion barrier between active material particles encouraging Ostwald ripening, as well as increased batch homogeneity. Sources: C. R. Fell et al., Chemistry of Materials, 1621–1629 (2013). Z. Lu, L. Y. Beaulieu, R. A. Donaberger, C. L. Thomas, and J. R. Dahn, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 149, A778–A791 (2002). Y. Wu and A. Manthiram, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 9, A221–A224 (2006). Z. Lu and J. R. Dahn, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 149, A1454–A1459 (2002). N. Dupré, M. Cuisinier, E. Legall, D. War, and D. Guyomard, Journal of Power Sources, 299, 231–240 (2015). K. A. Jarvis et al., Acta Materialia, 108, 264–270 (2016). J. Wang et al., Int. J. Electrochem. Sci, 11, 333–342 (2016). M. Jiang, B. Key, Y. S. Meng, and C. P. Grey, Chemistry of Materials, 21, 2733–2745 (2009). J. Bréger et al., J Am Chem Soc, 127, 7529–7537 (2005). Y. J. Park, Y.-S. Hong, X. Wu, K. S. Ryu, and S. H. Chang, Journal of Power Sources, 129, 288–295 (2004). S. Burke and J. F. Whitacre, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 167, 160518 (2020). S. Hy et al., Energy and Environmental Science, 9, 1931–1954 (2016). S. Laubach et al., Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 11, 3278–3289 (2009). Figure 1
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González Roys, Gustavo Adolfo. "Cultura investigativa como elemento relevante en la transformación educativa". Revista UNIMAR 36, nr 2 (30.01.2019): 77–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.31948/unimar36-2.art5.
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Este artículo partió de la postura epistemológica de Bachelard (2007), quien recalca la necesidad de formar futuros investigadores, complementada desde las perspectivas de teóricos como Bracho (2012), Burbules y Callister (2008), Chiroque (2007), Gómez y Maldonado (2005), Jenkins, Ford y Green (2015), Tamayo y Restrepo (s.f.), entre otros. Metodológicamente, es documental con diseño bibliográfico y analítico. Culmina con reflexiones centradas en la necesidad de desplegar un conocimiento que permita ver y asumir la realidad, para hacer tangible la cultura investigativa y el espíritu científico en el quehacer educativo e investigativo, desarrollando la conciencia colectiva sobre la necesidad de transformar el actual estado de las cosas, por uno que vaya al encuentro del verdadero conocimiento del sentido práctico y objetivo de una cultura investigativa más racional y probable, que tenga conclusiones aceptadas universalmente como válidas en la sociedad del conocimiento para el progreso social.
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Rozprawy doktorskie na temat "2009 d-129"
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Beguin, Julien. "L'établissement du sapin baumier en présence de densités élevées de cerf de Virginie à la suite de coupes de régénération sur l'Île d'Anticosti (Québec)". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20065.
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Les objectifs de ce projet étaient d'évaluer les effets de différents traitements sylvicoles sur l'établissement de la régénération naturelle en sapin baumier {Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) qui est la cible d'un broutement intense de la part du cerf de Virginie (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmermann). Nos résultats montrent que l'utilisation de la coupe progressive d'ensemencement, de la coupe à blanc par bandes avec scarifiage et de la coupe avec réserve d'îlots semenciers avec scarifiage n'a pas permis l'établissement d'une banque suffisante de semis de sapin non broutés capable de succéder aux peuplements actuels. Toutefois, la coupe par bandes et la coupe avec réserve d'îlots semenciers, chacune jumelée avec une préparation de terrain, ont stimulé l'établissement du bouleau à papier (Betala papyrifera Marsh.), mais le broutement du cerf a prohibé sa croissance en hauteur, tout comme celle du sapin. Aucun de ces traitements sylvicoles n'apparaît donc approprié pour reconstituer les sapinières de l'île d'Anticosti en présence de densités de cerf aussi élevées.
Książki na temat "2009 d-129"
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Bernstein, Ratner Nan, red. A handbook on stuttering. Wyd. 6. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson/Delmar Learning, 2008.
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1935-, Wolff Klaus, Johnson Richard Allen 1940- i Fitzpatrick Thomas B. 1919-2003, red. Fitzpatrick's color atlas and synopsis of clinical dermatology. Wyd. 6. New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Pub. Division, 2009.
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D'Apollo, Luca. Le infrazioni al Codice della strada: Aggiornato al decreto sicurezza 2008 : D. l. 92/2008 convertito con modifiche in Legge n. 125/2008. Torino: G. Giappichelli, 2009.
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D'Apollo, Luca. Le infrazioni al Codice della strada: Aggiornato al decreto sicurezza 2008 : D. l. 92/2008 convertito con modifiche in Legge n. 125/2008. Torino: G. Giappichelli, 2009.
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S, Allegrezza, Mazza Oliviero i Viganò Francesco, red. Misure urgenti in materia di sicurezza pubblica: D. l. 23 maggio 2008, n. 92 conv. in Legge 24 luglio 2008, n. 125. Torino: G. Giappichelli, 2008.
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John, Green, Johnson Maureen 1973- i Myracle Lauren 1969-, red. Let it snow: Three holiday romances. New York: Speak, 2008.
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Kohnert, Mariana, Lauren Myracle, John Green i Maureen Johnson undifferentiated. Deixe a neve cair. Rio de Janeiro: Rocco Jovens Leitores, 2013.
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1944-, French Michael, red. Mountains beyond mountains: The quest of Dr. Paul Farmer, a man who would cure the world. New York: Delacorte Press, 2013.
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A handbook on stuttering. Wyd. 5. London: Chapman & Hall, 1995.
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Handbook on Stuttering. Plural Publishing, Incorporated, 2021.
Znajdź pełny tekst źródłaCzęści książek na temat "2009 d-129"
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da Silveira Coêlho, Marília Lira, Tanja S. H. Wingenbach i Paulo Sérgio Boggio. "Social and Affective Neuroscience of Embodiment". W Social and Affective Neuroscience of Everyday Human Interaction, 37–51. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08651-9_3.
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AbstractEmbodiment has been discussed in the context of social, affective, and cognitive psychology, and also in the investigations of neuroscience in order to understand the relationship between biological mechanisms, body and cognitive, and social and affective processes. New theoretical models have been presented by researchers considering not only the sensory–motor interaction and the environment but also biological mechanisms regulating homeostasis and neural processes (Tsakiris M, Q J Exp Psychol 70(4):597–609, 2017). Historically, the body and the mind were comprehended as separate entities. The body was considered to function as a machine, responsible for providing sensory information to the mind and executing its commands. The mind, however, would process information in an isolated way, similar to a computer (Pecher D, Zwaan RA, Grounding cognition: the role of perception and action in memory, language, and thinking. Cambridge University Press, 2005). This mind and body perspective (Marmeleira J, Duarte Santos G, Percept Motor Skills 126, 2019; Marshall PJ, Child Dev Perspect 10(4):245–250, 2016), for many years, was the basis for studies in social and cognitive areas, in neuroscience, and clinical psychology.
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Berner, Robert A. "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide over Phanerozoic Time". W The Phanerozoic Carbon Cycle. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195173338.003.0007.
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In this chapter the methods and results of modeling the long-term carbon cycle are presented in terms of predictions of past levels of atmospheric CO2. The modeling results are then compared with independent determinations of paleo-CO2 by means of a variety of different methods. Results indicate that there is reasonable agreement between methods as to the general trend of CO2 over Phanerozoic time. Values of fluxes in the long-term carbon cycle can be calculated from the fundamental equations for total carbon and 13C mass balance that are stated in the introduction and are repeated here: . . . dMc/dt = Fwc + Fwg + Fmc + Fmg – Fbc – Fbg (1.10) . . . . . . d(δcMc)/dt = δwcFwc + δwgFwg + δmcFmc + δmgFmg – δbcFbc – δbgFbg (1.11) . . . where Mc = mass of carbon in the surficial system consisting of the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, and soils Fwc = flux from weathering of Ca and Mg carbonates Fwg = flux from weathering of sedimentary organic matter Fmc = degassing flux for carbonates from volcanism, metamorphism, and diagenesis Fmg = degassing flux for organic matter from volcanism, metamorphism, and diagenesis Fbc = burial flux of carbonates in sediments Fbg = burial flux of organic matter in sediments δ = [(13C/12C)/(13C/12C)stnd – 1]1000. Variants of equations (1.10) and (1.11) have been treated in terms of non–steady-state modeling (e.g., Berner et al., 1983; Wallmann, 2001; Hansen and Wallmann, 2003; Mackenzie et al., 2003; Bergman et al., 2003), where the evolution of both oceanic and atmospheric composition, including Ca, Mg, and other elements in seawater, is tracked over time. However, since the purpose of this book is to discuss the carbon cycle with respect to CO2 and O2, and so as not to overburden the reader with too many mathematical expressions, I discuss only those aspects of the non–steady-state models that directly impact carbon. These are combined with results from steady-state strictly carbon-cycle modeling (Garrels and Lerman, 1984; Berner, 1991, 1994; Kump and Arthur, 1997; Francois and Godderis, 1998; Tajika, 1998; Berner and Kothavala, 2001; Kashiwagi and Shikazono, 2002).
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Topan, Farouk. "Tanzania: The Development of Swahili as a National and Official Language". W Language and National Identity in Africa, 252–66. Oxford University PressOxford, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199286744.003.0014.
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Abstract Tanzania is a multilingual nation of approximately 35 million people (2002 census), of whom nearly a million reside in the semi-autonomous islands of Zanzibar (Unguja and Pemba). As Polomé (1980: 3) has noted, listing the languages of Tanzania ‘is a rather difficult task’; prevalent figures are 124 languages (Batibo 2005: 155) and 127 (cited in Ethnologue 2005). When Tanganyika achieved its independence from British rule in 1961, at least two positive aspects of its legacy from the former colonial rule were the stability of its national borders (although externally imposed) and the firm acceptance of Swahili, not only as lingua franca, but also as an aspiring national language of the new nation. The linguistic map of the time, and the national aspirations underlying it, were seen as a model for an emerging African country where the scourge of ‘tribalism’ was largely absent. None of the ethnic communities was significantly large enough to assume a politically dominant position; nor, it seems, was there a wish to do so. This chapter will explore the factors that brought about this situation, including trade, the presence of colonial powers, the proselytizing and educational endeavours of the missionaries, and the attempts of Julius Nyerere (d.1999), the first President of Tanzania, to create a socialist state whose citizens identify themselves first and foremost as ‘Tanzanians’. Language, and more specifically, Swahili, played a major facilitating role in these phases.
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"Conservation, Ecology, and Management of Catfish: The Second International Symposium". W Conservation, Ecology, and Management of Catfish: The Second International Symposium, redaktorzy GREGORY T. GELWICKS i GREGORY A. SIMMONS. American Fisheries Society, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874257.ch37.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—A radio-telemetry study was initiated in August 2004 to determine extent and timing of flathead catfish <em>Pylodictis olivaris</em> movements in the Iowa River, Iowa. Between 2004 and 2007, 56 flathead catfish were radio-tagged in the Iowa River between the Mississippi River and the lowermost dam at Iowa City, Iowa. Fish tagged for this study were collected during prespawn/spawn (mid-April to mid-July) and summer/fall (late-July to mid-October) periods at three sites. Radio-tagged fish were tracked through September 2009; fish included in our analyses were located 3–31 times and were tracked for 92–1,554 d. While some fish remained near original tagging locations, others made long distance movements associated with overwintering and spawning. Total linear range varied from 0.5 to 120 km with a mean of 42.4 ± 6.1 (mean ± SE) km, and there were no significant correlations between total linear range and fish length or age. There was no significant difference in total linear range of fish related to tagging period. However, seasonal movement patterns indicated that timing of sampling may affect population characteristics observed at the reach level in the Iowa River. Fish tracked for multiple years exhibited a high degree of fidelity for seasonal locations, particularly during summer/fall and overwintering periods. In addition to telemetry results, harvest of radio-tagged fish in the English and Mississippi rivers indicates that a larger scale than the reach, or Iowa River main stem, should be considered in management of flathead catfish in the Iowa River.
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Posner, Richard A. "Why so little is being done about the catastrophic risks". W Catastrophe. Oxford University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195178135.003.0005.
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I have said that the dangers of catastrophe are growing. One reason is the rise of apocalyptic terrorism. Another, however—because many of the catastrophic risks are either created or amplified by science and technology—is the breakneck pace of scientific and technological advance. A clue to that pace is that between 1980 and 2000 the average annual growth rate of scientific and engineering employment in the United States was 4.9 percent, more than four times the overall employment growth rate. Growth in the number of scientific personnel of the other countries appears to have been slower, but still significant, though statistics are incomplete. Of particular significance is the fact that the cost of dangerous technologies, such as those of nuclear and biological warfare, and the level of skill required to employ them are falling, which is placing more of the technologies within reach of small nations, terrorist gangs, and even individual psychopaths. Yet, great as it is, the challenge of managing the catastrophic risks is receiving less attention than is lavished on social issues of far less intrinsic significance, such as race relations, whether homosexual marriage should be permitted, the size of the federal deficit, drug addiction, and child pornography. Not that these are trivial issues. But they do not involve potential extinction events or the modestly less cataclysmic variants of those events. So limited is systematic analysis of the catastrophic risks that there are no estimates of what percentage either of the federal government’s total annual research and development (R & D) expenditures (currently running at about $120 billion), or of its science and technology expenditures (that is, R & D minus the D), which are about half the total R & D budget, are devoted to protection against them. Not that R & D is the only expenditure category relevant to the catastrophic risks. But it is a very important one. We do know that federal spending on defense against the danger of terrorism involving chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear weapons rose from $368 million in 2002 (plus $203 million in a supplemental appropriation) to more than $2 billion in 2003.
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Taber, Douglass. "New Methods for Carbon-Carbon Bond Construction". W Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0017.
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Mohammad Navid Soltani Rad of Shiraz University of Technology has shown (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 6779) that with tosylimidazole (TsIm) activation in the presence of NaCN, primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols are converted into the corresponding nitriles. Gregory C. Fu of MIT has devised (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 9602) a Ni catalyst that mediated the coupling of sp3-hybridized halides such as 3 with sp3-hybridized organoboranes such as 4, to give 5. Usually, carbanions with good leaving groups in the beta position do not couple efficiently, but just eliminate. Scott D. Rychnovsky of the University of California, Irvine has found (Organic Lett . 2007, 9, 4757) that initial protection of 6 as the alkoxide allowed smooth reduction of the sulfide and addition of the derived alkyl lithium to the amide 7 to give 8. Doubly-activated Michael acceptors such as 11 are often too unstable to isolate. J. S. Yadav of the Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad has shown (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 7546) that Baylis-Hillman adducts such as 9 can be oxidized in situ, with concomitant Sakurai addition to give 12. Rather than use the usual Li or Na or K enolate, Don M. Coltart of Duke University has found (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 4139) that ketones such as 13 will condense with amides such as 14 to give the diketone 15 on exposure to MgBr2. OEt2 and i -Pr2 NEt. Simultaneously, Gérard Cahiez of the Université de Cergy (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 3253) and Janine Cossy of ESPCI Paris (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 6521) reported that Fe salts will catalyze the coupling of sp2 -hybridized Grignard reagents such as 17 with alkyl halides. John Montgomery of the University of Michigan has described (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 9568) the Ni-mediated regio- and enantioselective addition of an alkynes 20 to an aldehyde 19 to give the allylic alcohol 21. In a third example of sp2 - sp3 coupling, Troels Skrydstrup of the University of Aarhus has established (J. Org. Chem. 2007, 72, 6464) that Negishi coupling with alkenyl phosponates such as 23 proceeded efficiently.
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"Anadromous Sturgeons: Habitats, Threats, and Management". W Anadromous Sturgeons: Habitats, Threats, and Management, redaktorzy Daryl C. Parkyn, Debra J. Murie, Julianne E. Harris, Douglas E. Colle i James D. Holloway. American Fisheries Society, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569919.ch3.
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<em>Abstract.—</em>Eighteen Gulf of Mexico sturgeon <em>Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi</em> netted at the mouth of the Suwannee River, Florida, in February–April 2001, were tagged with ultrasonic transmitters to examine riverine and estuarine movements. In addition, 30 fish (11 carrying ultrasonic transmitters) were fitted with archival temperature-logging tags to record temperatures encountered by Gulf sturgeon over the course of a year, including both their riverine and estuarine residency. Movement rates of Gulf sturgeon in the Suwannee River were greatest during the upstream migration in March and April 2001 (4.8 km/d) and upon their emigration from the river in September 2001 (6.4 and 16.0 km/d for males and females, respectively). Mean maximum distance that fish were relocated upstream was significantly greater for male Gulf sturgeon (165 km) than for females (126 km). This may relate to female Gulf sturgeon not spawning annually and thus not migrating to putative spawning grounds upriver. In contrast, rates of upstream movement did not differ significantly between sexes. Movements in the nearshore regions of the Suwannee River estuary did not differ between males and females (0.8 and 2.2 km/d, respectively), and was much lower than in the river. Three Gulf sturgeon bearing archival temperature tags were recovered in subsequent netting activities in 2002. Data downloaded from the tags demonstrated that on average Gulf sturgeon were exposed to a 13°C annual flux in temperature, ranging from 26°C in the river during the summer to 13°C in the estuary in the winter, although individual fish experienced as much as a 20°C range (8.1–28.5°C) over the course of a year. Given the influence of temperature on the metabolism of ectotherms such as sturgeon, this broad fluctuation in temperature may have profound implications for the bioenergetics, and hence growth and reproduction, of Gulf sturgeon.
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"Appendix D. Dominant and conspicuous taxa in riparian vegetation, 1 125-2000 m". W Plant Diversity of an Andean Cloud Forest, 203–4. University of California Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/9780520915930-018.
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Taber, Douglass. "Developments in Alkene and Alkyne Metathesis". W Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0025.
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Jon D. Rainier of the University of Utah has put forward (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007 , 129 , 12604) an elegant alternative to Ru-catalyzed alkene metathesis, demonstrating that an ω-alkenyl ester such as 1 will cyclize to the enol ether 2 under Tebbe conditions. The particular reactivity of free alcohols in Ru-catalyzed alkene metathesis is underscored by the observation (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 6905) by Javed Iqbal of Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories, Ltd., Miyapur that attempted metathesis of the ether 4a failed, but metathesis of the diol 4b proceeded efficiently. Kazunori Koide of the University of Pittsburgh has demonstrated (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 5235) that the yields of cross-metathesis with an alkenyl alcohol could be enhanced by binding it to a trityl resin. He observed that the Grela catalyst 8 was particularly effective in this application. Residual Ru species do not interfere with some subsequent transformations. Rodrigo B. Andrade of Temple University has demonstrated (Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 5367) that metathesis with an α, β-unsaturated aldehyde such as 11 can be followed directly by phosphonate condensation to give the doubly-homologated product 12. Philip J. Parsons of the University of Sussex has found (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 2613) that the nitro functional group is compatible with the Ru catalyst. The product nitro alkene 15 could be cyclized (intramolecular Michael addition) to the cyclopentane 16, or (intramolecular dipolar cycloaddition) to the cyclopentane 17. There has been much interest in carrying out the several alkene metathesis transformations (cross metathesis, ring closing metathesis, ring-opening metathesis polymerization) in water. Robert H. Grubbs of the California Institute of Technology has designed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 5152) the ammonium salt 18 for this purpose, and Karol Grela of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Warsaw and Marc Mauduit of ENSC Rennes have jointly(Chem. Commun. 2007, 3771) put forward the pyridinium salt 19. Remarkably, Ronald T. Raines of the University of Wisconsin has shown (Organic Lett. 2007, 9, 4885) that the Hoveyda catalyst 20 is sufficiently stable in aqueous acetone and aqueous DME to function efficiently.
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Taber, Douglass. "Synthesis of Dysiherbaine (Hatakeyama), Jerangolid D (Markó) and ( + )-Spirolaxine Me Ether (Trost)". W Organic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199764549.003.0049.
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Several new developments in enantioselective C-O ring construction have been applied in the syntheses of natural products. To achieve control, the oxygenated quaternary center of dysiherbaine 9 must be established under kinetic conditions. One approach would be SN2 opening, but this would require displacement at a fully-substituted center. Susumi Hatakeyama of Nagasaki University has shown (Chem. Commun. 2007, 4158) that the epoxide 6, prepared by the Sharpless procedure, undergoes just such an opening under mild acid catalysis. Another approach to highly-substituted tetrahydrofurans and tetrahydropyrans is to join two carbons of a preformed chiral ether, such as 18. This is the strategy that István E. Markó employed in his recent (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2007, 129, 3516) synthesis of jerangolid D 22. The key step was the three-component coupling of 15, 16, and 17, using a protocol recently developed in his group. Again using a procedure his group had developed, the trisubstituted alkene of 21 was prepared by modified Julia coupling of the ketone 19 with the anion of sulfone 20, followed be esterification and reduction. The spiroketal ( + )-spiroxaline methyl ether 31 contains three secondary oxygenated stereogenic centers. In a showcase of current chiral technology, Barry M. Trost of Stanford University constructed (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 7664) the first two of the three alcohols by the enantioselective addition of an alkyne to an aldehyde. The chiral catalyst 25 that directed the alkyne additions was derived from a commercial ligand. The last alcohol center was derived from R -( + )-epoxypropane. Note that the spiroketal was not prepared in the usual way, by acid-catalyzed cyclization of a dihydroxy ketone, but by Pd-catalyzed cyclization of the alkyne diol 30.
Streszczenia konferencji na temat "2009 d-129"
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Ourives, Eliete Auxiliadora, Attilio Bolivar Ourives de Figueiredo, Luiz Fernando Gonçalves de Figueiredo, Milton Luiz Horn Vieira, Isabel Cristina Victoria Moreira i Francisco Gómez Castro. "A IMPORTÂNCIA DA ABORDAGEM SISTÊMICA NA ERGONOMIA PARA UM DESIGN FUNCIONAL". W Systems & Design 2017. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/sd2017.2017.6648.
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RESUMO A abordagem sistêmica é um processo interdisciplinar, cujo princípio primordial é compreender a interdependência recíproca e relações de todas as áreas e da necessidade de sua integração, permitindo maior aproximação entre os seus limites de estudo. Nesse contexto o olhar sistêmico, da ergonomia, sobretudo no que se refere à segurança, ao conforto e à eficácia de uso, de funcionalidade e de operacionalidade dos objetos, considerando todos os produtos ou sistemas de produtos, como sistema de uso, desde os mais simples aos mais complexos ou sistêmicos, tem como objetivo adequá-los aos seres humanos, tendo em vista as atividades e tarefas exercidas por eles. No que se refere ao design funcional, os conhecimentos da ergonomia, nessa visão sistêmica, relativos à sua metodologia de projeto, são absolutamente necessários, e a sua aplicação aponta a melhor adequação dos produtos aos seus usuários. Como é o caso do vestuário feminino funcional, sobretudo no que se refere a proteção das mamas, que são peças convencionais que necessitam de um correto dimensionamento e especificação dos tecidos e de outros materiais. É um tipo de vestuário que apresenta funcionalidade diversa, como para a proteção física, o aumento do volume da mama, enchimento no bojo de pano, de água, de óleo, estruturado com arame, etc.; para amamentação (sutiã que se abre na frente, em parte ou totalmente); para o design inclusivo (pessoas com deficiência e mobilidade reduzida, no caso de mamas com prótese ou órtese) facilitando com fechamentos e aberturas colocadas em peças de roupas difíceis de manusear, roupas confortáveis e fáceis de vestir. São peças usadas por pessoas com biótipos e percentis antropométricos variáveis e com características corporais que mudam significativamente nas passagens para a adolescência, idade adulta e idosa. As mudanças corporais apresentam diferenças significativas em termos de volume das mamas, nas quais as soluções ergonômicas por uma abordagem sistêmicas que se evidencia mais para a complexidade de uso, são as mais necessárias em termos de atributos como, segurança, conforto, comodidade corporal, facilidade do vestir, funcionalidade, além da estética. Esta pesquisa, embora exploratória e descritiva, não isenta de desafios, tem por objetivo, por meio de dados e informações ergonômicas sistêmicas contribuir com o design funcional, de modo a oferecer subsídios para a confecção de roupas funcionais ou tecnologia vestível, com os atributos citados, respeitando a diversidade e inclusão das pessoas em todas as fases de sua vida, atendendo assim os princípios formais do design. Palavra-chave: Abordagem sistêmica, Ergonomia, Design funcional. REFERENCIAS AROS, Kammiri Corinaldesi. Elicitação do processo projetual do Núcleo de Abordagem Sistêmica do Design da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Orientador: Luiz Fernando Gonçalves de Figueiredo – Florianópolis, SC, 2016. BERTALANFFY, Ludwig V. Teoria geral dos sistemas: fundamentos, desenvolvimento e aplicações. 3. ed. Petrópolis, RJ: Vozes, 2008. BEST, Kathryn. Fundamentos de gestão do design. Porto Alegre: Bookman, 2012. 208 p. CHIAVENATO, I. Gestão de pessoas. 3ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2010. CORRÊA, Vanderlei Moraes; BOLETTI, Rosane Rosner. Ergonomia: fundamentos e aplicações. Bookman Editora, 2015.MERINO, Eugenio. Fundamentos da ergonomia. 2011. Disponível em: <https://moodle.ufsc.br/pluginfile.php/2034406/mod_resource/content/1/Ergo_Fundamentos.pdf>. Acesso em: 24 Mar 2017. DIAS E. C. Condições de vida, trabalho, saúde e doença dos trabalhadores rurais no Brasil. In: Pinheiro TMM, organizador. Saúde do trabalhador rural –RENAST. Brasília: Ministério da Saúde; 2006.p. 1-27. GIL, A. C. Como elaborar projetos de pesquisa. 4. ed. São Paulo: Atlas, 2010. GOMES FILHO, J. Ergonomia do objeto: sistema técnico de leitura ergonômica. São Paulo: Escrituras Editora, 2003. GUIMARÃES, L. B. M. (ed). Ergonomia de Processo. Porto Alegre, v.2, PPGE/UFRGS, 2000. IIDA, I. Ergonomia: projeto e produção. 2ª ed rev. e ampl. – São Paulo: Edgard Blucher, 2005. MANZINI, Ezio. Design para inovação social e sustentabilidade: comunidades criativas, organizações colaborativas e novas redes projetuais. Rio de Janeiro: E-Papers, 2008, 104p. MARCONI, M. A.; Lakatos, E. M. Fundamentos de metodologia científica. São Paulo: Atlas, 2007. Pandarum, R., Yu, W., and Hunter, L., 2011. 3-D breast anthropometry of plus-sized women in South Africa. Ergonomics, 54(9), 866–875. McGhee, D.E., Steele, J.R., and Munro, B.J., 2008. Sports bra fitness. Wollongong (NSW): Breast Research Australia. McGhee, D.E., Steele, J.R., and Munro, B.J., 2010. Education improves bra knowledge and fit, and level of breast support in adolescent female athletes: a cluster-randomised trial. Journal of Physiotherapy, 56, 19–24. Pechter, E.A., 1998. A new method for determining bra size and predicting postaugmentation breast size. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 102 (4), 1259–1265. RICHARDSON, R. J. Pesquisa social: métodos e técnicas. 3 ed. São Paulo: Atlas, 2008. RIO, R. P. DO; PIRES, L. Ergonomia: fundamentos da prática ergonômica, 3ª Ed., Editora LTr, 2001. SANTOS, N. ET AL. Antropotecnologia: A Ergonomia dos sistemas de Produção. Curitiba: Gênesis, 1997. VASCONCELLOS, Maria José Esteves de. Pensamento sistêmico: O novo paradigma da ciência. 10ª ed. Campinas, SP: Papirus, 2013. WEERDMEESTER, J. D. e B. Ergonomia Prática. São Paulo: Edgard Blucher, 2001. WHITE, J.; SCURR, J. Evaluation of professional bra fitting criteria for bra selection and fitting in the UK. Ergonomics, 1–8. 2012. WHITE, J.;SCURR, J.; SMITH, N. The effect of breast support on kinetics during overground running performance. Ergonomics, Taylor & Francis. 52 (4), 492–498. 2009.
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Jeon, Young-Deuk, Byeong-Lyeol Jean, Seung-Chul Lee, Sang-Min Yoo i Seung-Hoon Lee. "A 12b 50 MHz 3.3V CMOS acquisition time minimized A/D converter". W the 2000 conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/368434.368832.
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Lall, Pradeep, Mahendra Harsha, Jeff Suhling i Kai Goebel. "Damage Pre-Cursors Based Prognostication of Accrued Damage and Assessment of Operational Readiness of Leadfree Electronics". W ASME 2013 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2013-73251.
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Electronics in high reliability applications may be stored for extended periods of time prior to deployment. Prior studies have shown the elastic modulus and ultimate tensile strength of the SAC leadfree alloys reduces under prolonged exposure to high temperatures [Zhang 2009]. The thermal cycle magnitudes may vary over the lifetime of the product. Long-life systems may be re-deployed several times over the use life of the product. Previously, the authors have identified damage pre-cursors for correlation of the damage progression with the microstructural evolution of damage in second level interconnects [Lall 2004a-d, 2005a-b, 2006a-f, 2007a-e, 2008a-f, 2009a-d, 2010a-j]. Leadfree assemblies with Sn3Ag0.5Cu solder have been subjected to variety of thermal aging conditions including 60°C, 85°C and 125°C for periods of time between 1-week and 2-months, thermal cycling from −55°C to 125°C, −40°C to 95°C and 3°C to 100°C. The presented methodology uses leading indicators of failure based on microstructural evolution of damage to identify accrued damage in electronic systems subjected to sequential stresses of thermal aging and thermal cycling. Damage equivalency relationships have been developed to map damage accrued in thermal aging to the reduction in thermo-mechanical cyclic life based on damage proxies. Accrued damage between different thermal cyclic magnitudes has also been mapped for from −55°C to 125°C, −40°C to 95°C and 3°C to 100°C thermal cycles. The presented method for interrogation of the accrued damage for the field deployed electronics, significantly prior to failure, may allow insight into the damage initiation and progression of the deployed system. The expected error with interrogation of system state and assessment of residual life has been quantified.
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Боева, Л. Н., Е. В. Капустина, А. Е. Кирюшина i С. А. Догадин. "СТАТУС ВИТАМИНА D У ПАЦИЕНТОВ С ПАТОЛОГИЕЙ ЩИТОВИДНОЙ ЖЕЛЕЗЫ". W X (XXIX) НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ КОНГРЕСС ЭНДОКРИНОЛОГОВ с международным участием «Персонализированная медицина и практическое здравоохранение». ФГБУ «НМИЦ эндокринологии» Минздрава России, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14341/cong23-26.05.23-209.
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ЦЕЛЬ: оценить содержание в крови 25(ОН) D и его взаимосвязь с антропометрическими данными, показателями фосфорно-кальциевого обмена у пациентов с патологией щитовидной железы
МАТЕРИАЛЫ И МЕТОДЫ: проведен анализ данных базы электронных амбулаторных карт консультативной поликлиники КГБУЗ «Красноярская краевая клиническая больница» за 2018 год. Отобраны 315 пациентов средний возраст 52,6 ± 11,5 лет, из них 86,3% были женщины, которым определялся общий 25(ОН) D
и паратгормон. В исследование вошли 200 пациентов с заболеванием щитовидной железы, 115 пациентов без тиреоидной патологии. Пациенты с патологией щитовидной железы разделены на группы: первая -129 пациентов с эутиреоидным узловым/многоузловым зобом, вторая -56 человек с гипотиреозом,
третья -15 человек с тиреотоксикозом. Исследование общего 25(ОН) D, паратгормон (ПТГ) проводились
иммунохемилюминесцентным методом. У всех пациентов оценивались ИМТ, результаты остеоденситометрии, УЗИ щитовидной железы, биохимические показатели общий кальций, фосфор, креатинин. Критерий
исключения - скорость клубочковой фильтрации по CKD-EP менее 30 мл/мин/1.73 м².
РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ: в группе пациентов без патологии щитовидной железы медиана уровня 25 (ОН) D в сыворотке крови составила 35,6 нг/мл [12,0; 84,8], дефицит витамина 25 (ОН) D (10- 20 нг/мл) выявлен в 19,1%
(22/115) случаев, недостаточность 25 (ОН) D (20-29,9 нг/мл) у 33% (36/115). У пациентов с ожирением (ИМТ
более 30,5 кг/м2) уровень 25(ОН) D был ниже 28,4 [20,5; 34,3], но статистически незначимо. Медиана уровня
ПТГ в группе пациентов без патологии щитовидной железы составила 62,06 нг/мл [48,3;169,5] и уровень
ПТГ был достоверно выше у лиц с ожирением (р=0,035).
В группе пациентов с патологией щитовидной железы медиана 25(ОН) D была ниже и составила
24,4 нг/мл [23,5;28,6] наиболее низкие значения 25(ОН) D выявлены у пациентов с тиреотоксикозом 46,6%
(7/15) недостаточность витамина 25 (ОН) D встречалась чаще группе лиц с гипотиреозом у 32,1%(18/56)
и эутиреоидным узловым/многоузловым зобом 25,6% (33/129). Содержание 25 (ОН) D было достоверно
ниже в группе с эутиреодным узловым/многоузловым зобом и ожирением в сравнении с другими группами
(р=0,02). Медиана уровня ПТГ в группе патологии щитовидной железы составила 68,7 нг/мл [57,9;161,16],
достоверных различий внутри группы не данной категории пациентов. выявлено. У пациентов с патологией
щитовидной железы отмечена слабая взаимосвязь между 25 (ОН) D и ИМТ (-0,152 p<0,05). Отличий между
группами по другим параметрам не выявлено.
ВЫВОДЫ: наибольшая распространенность дефицита и недостаточности 25(ОН) D выявлена в группе
пациентов с патологией щитовидной железы, сопровождающейся нарушением функции, а также в группе
эутиреоидного узлового/многоузлового зоба с ожирением, что обуславливает необходимость скрининга
и необходимость лечебно-профилактических мероприятий у данной категории пациентов.
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Young-Deuk Jeon, Byeong-Lyeol Jeon, Seung-Chul Lee, Sang-Min Yoo i Seung-Hoon Lee. "A 12b 50 MHz 3.3 V CMOS acquisition time minimized A/D converter". W Proceedings of ASP-DAC2000: Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference 2000. IEEE, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aspdac.2000.835173.
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Iovene, Maddalena, Graciela Fernandéz De Córdova, Ombretta Romice i Sergio Porta. "Towards Informal Planning: Mapping the Evolution of Spontaneous Settlements in Time." W 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.5441.
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Maddalena Iovene¹, Graciela Fernandéz De Córdova2, Ombretta Romice¹, Sergio Porta¹ ¹Urban Design Studies Unit (UDSU). Department of Architecture. University of Strathclyde. 75 Montrose Street, Glasgow, G11XJ, UK. 2Centro de Investigación de la Arquitectura y la Ciudad (CIAC), Departamento de Arquitectura, PUCP. Av. Universitaria 1801, 32 San Miguel, Lima, Peru. E-mail: maddalena.iovene@strath.ac.uk, gdcfernandez@pucp.edu.pe, ombretta.r.romice@strath.ac.uk, sergioporta@strath.ac.uk Keywords (3-5): Informal Settlement, Peru, Lima, Model of Change, Urban Morphology Conference topics and scale: Reading and Regenerating the Informal City Cities are the largest complex adaptive system in human culture and have always been changing in time according to largely unplanned patterns of development. Though urban morphology has typically addressed studies of form in cities, with emphasis on historical cases, diachronic comparative studies are still relatively rare, especially those based on quantitative analysis. As a result, we are still far from laying the ground for a comprehensive understanding of the urban form’s model of change. However, developing such understanding is extremely relevant as the cross-scale interlink between the spatial and social-economic dynamics in cities are increasingly recognized to play a major role in the complex functioning of urban systems and quality of life. We study the urban form of San Pedro de Ate, an informal settlement in Lima, Peru, along its entire cycle of development over the last seventy years. Our study, conducted through a four-months on-site field research, is based on the idea that informal settlements would change according to patterns similar to those of pre-modern cities, though at a much faster pace of growth, yet giving the opportunity to observe the evolution of an urban organism in a limited time span. To do so we first digitalize aerial photographs of five different time periods (from 1944 to 2013), to then conduct a typo-morphological analysis at five scales: a) unit, b) building, c) plot, d) block, and e) settlement (comprehensive of public spaces and street network). We identify and classify patterns of change in the settlement’s urban structure using recognised literature on pre-modern cities, thus supporting our original hypothesis. We then suggest a unitary model of analysis that we name Temporal Settlement Matrix (TSM). Reference List Caniggia, G., & Maffei, G. L. (2008). Lettura dell’edilizia di base (Vol. 215). Alinea Editrice. Conzen, M. R. G. (1958). The growth and character of Whitby. A Survey of Whitby and the Surrounding Area, 49–89. Hernández, F., Kellett, P. W., & Allen, L. K. (2010). Rethinking the informal city: critical perspectives from Latin America (Vol. 11). Berghahn Books. Kropf, K. (2009). Aspects of urban form. Urban Morphology, 13(2), 105–120. Muratori, S. (1960). Studi per una operante storia urbana di Venezia. Palladio, 1959, 1–113. 22. Porta, S., Romice, O., Maxwell, J. A., Russell, P., & Baird, D. (2014). Alterations in scale: patterns of change in main street networks across time and space. Urban Studies, 51(16), 3383–3400. Watson, V. (2009). “The planned city sweeps the poor away…”: Urban planning and 21st century urbanisation. Progress in Planning, 72(3), 151–193. Whitehand, J. W. R. (2001). Changing suburban landscapes at the microscale. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 92(2), 164–184.
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Chiriac, Victor. "Steady-State and Transient Thermal Performance Optimization of Power Automotive Modules". W ASME 2009 InterPACK Conference collocated with the ASME 2009 Summer Heat Transfer Conference and the ASME 2009 3rd International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/interpack2009-89136.
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An extensive 3-D conjugate numerical study is conducted to assess the thermal performance of power packages for automotive applications. The automotive industry deals on a daily basis with various package and module-level thermal issues when managing the routing of very high current. The study provides a better understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of IC incorporation into a system module, for present and future product development. Several packages are investigated, ranging from smaller die/flag size to larger ones, single or multiple heat sources, operating under various powering and boundary conditions. The steady state and transient thermal impact of the thicker lead frame and die attach material on the overall thermal behavior is evaluated. The main concern is exceeding the thermal budget at an external ambient temperature of 85°C, specific for the relatively extreme automotive operating environments. Under one steady state (1W) operating scenario, the PQFN package reaches a peak temperature of ∼106.3°C, while under 37W@40ms of transient powering, the peak temperature reached by the corner FET is ∼260.8°C. With an isothermal boundary (85°C) attached to the board backside, the junction temperature does not change, as the PCB has no significant thermal impact. When the isothermal boundary is attached to package bottom, peak temperature drops by 20% after 40 ms. Additional system level with multiple optimized packages placed on a custom PCB is evaluated numerically and experimentally, placing an emphasis on the superior thermal performance of this new class of power packages for automotive applications. The optimized numerical model approximates closely the empirical results (121–126°C vs. 127.5°C), within 1–2%.
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Thiesen, Ana Paula, Bruna Mielczarski i Ricardo Francalacci Savaris. "DEEP LEARNING NEURAL NETWORK IMAGE ANALYSIS OF IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL PROTEIN EXPRESSION REVEALS A SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED EXPRESSION OF BIGLYCAN IN BREAST CANCER". W Brazilian Breast Cancer Symposium 2022. Mastology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942022v32s2014.
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Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the protein expression of biglycan (BGN) in normal breast tissue and in breast cancer using deep learning and digital HScore techniques. Methods: In this case-control study, 24 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues were obtained from pathological archives for analysis. Normal breast (n=9) and breast cancer (n=15) tissue sections were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using BGN monoclonal antibody (M01 – Abnova), clone 4E1-1G7 at dilution 1:300 at pH 6, and 3,3’-diaminobenzidine (DAB) as the chromogen. Photomicrographs of the slides were analyzed using the ImageJ software with “color deconvolution”. After selecting the regions of interest (ROI), deconvoluted panels with DAB only were quantified using arbitrary DAB units. Another set, with higher magnification without ROI selection, was submitted to the inception V3 deep neural network image embedding recognition model. Next, supervised neural network analysis, using stratified 20-fold cross-validation, with 200 hidden layers, ReLu activation, and regularization at α=0.0001 were applied for SDLNN. The sample size was calculated for a minimum of seven cases and seven controls, having a power of 90%, an α error=5%, and a standard deviation of 20, to identify a decrease from the average of 40 DAB units (control) to 4 DAB units in cancer. Ethical approval was obtained from the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre Ethical Review Board (2019/0337). CAAE 15329119.9.0000.5327. Results: BGN expression (mean±SD) was 6.1±3.9 in breast cancer tissue, while in normal breast tissue, it was 39.6±21.9, using D-HScore (p=0.0017, student t-test, Welch corrected). SDLNN was able to correctly classify 110 out of 129 photomicrographs of the dataset using DAB panels only, with a classification accuracy of 85.3% (95%CI 78.1–90.3%) and the area under the curve of 94.3%. Conclusion: D-HScore and SDLNN revealed that BGN protein expression is reduced in breast cancer tissue, compared to normal tissue. The use of SDLNN seems to be a potential tool for image analysis in histological samples.
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Ryzhkov, V. A., i I. N. Pyatkov. "Prompt γ and neutron spectrometry of intense nanosecond ion bunches collectively accelerated in a Luce diode". W 8th International Congress on Energy Fluxes and Radiation Effects. Crossref, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56761/efre2022.s1-p-041101.
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Instantaneous time-of-flight spectrometry of neutrons (nToF) and γ‑spectrometry from nuclear reactions generated by nanosecond proton and 12C ion bunches collectively accelerated in a Luce diode at a voltage across the diode of 200–300 kV has been thoroughly researched. A two-channel γ‑spectrometer with time resolution of 2.5 ns enables a prompt control of number and energy of collectively accelerated protons in their separate bunches dumped into a sustainable and refractory B4C target. Combination of nuclear reactions 10B(p,αγ)7Be, 12C(p,γ)13N, and 11B(p,γ)12C was used to characterize the intense nanosecond proton bunches with energy and number per shot in excess of 500–750 keV and 6∙1014, respectively. The radioactivity of 7Be and 13N radionuclides was measured with a conventional HP Ge detector to calibrate the prompt technique. The threshold nuclear reaction 11B(p,n)11C was used to perform nToF spectrometry of high-energy protons bunches with energy higher than 3.02 MeV, while 12C(d,n)13N and 2H(12C,n)13N reactions were used to control deuteron and 12C ion bunches.
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Goodro, Matt, Jongmyung Park, Phil Ligrani, Mike Fox i Hee-Koo Moon. "Effect of Hole Spacing on Jet Array Impingement Heat Transfer". W ASME Turbo Expo 2007: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2007-28292.
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Data which illustrate the effects of hole spacing on the heat transfer from an array of jets impinging on a flat plate are presented. Considered are Reynolds numbers ranging from 8200, to 30500, and Mach numbers from 0.1 to 0.2. The spacing of the holes used to produce the impinging jets is either 8D or 12D in both the streamwise and spanwise directions. Local and spatially-averaged Nusselt numbers show strong dependence on the impingement jet Reynolds number for both situations. Experimental results show that local Nusselt numbers show some dependence on the Mach number for the smaller jet hole spacing, with negligible dependence for the larger jet hole spacing. This is partially a result of the accumulating cross-flows produced by the jets, as well as the interactions of the vortex structures which initially form around the jets, and then impact and interact as they advect away from stagnation points along the impingement target surface. Spatially-averaged Nusselt numbers generally decrease as x/D increases when hole spacing is 8D, whereas Nusselt numbers are generally about constant as x/D increases when hole spacing is 12D. This is partially due to cross-flow effects, as well as behavior of each jet in the array, which is similar to that of a single, isolated jet for the larger hole spacing. Spatially-averaged Nusselt numbers for 8D jet hole spacing are also often higher than values for the 12D jet hole spacing when compared at the same x/D location.
Raporty organizacyjne na temat "2009 d-129"
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Yahav, Shlomo, John Brake i Noam Meiri. Development of Strategic Pre-Natal Cycling Thermal Treatments to Improve Livability and Productivity of Heavy Broilers. United States Department of Agriculture, grudzień 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7593395.bard.
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The necessity to improve broiler thermotolerance and live performance led to the following hypothesis: Appropriate comprehensive incubation treatments that include significant temperature management changes will promote angiogenesis and will improve acquisition of thermotolerance and carcass quality of heavy broilers through epigenetic adaptation. It was based on the following questions: 1. Can TM during embryogenesis of broilers induce a longer-lasting thermoregulatory memory (up to marketing age of 10 wk) that will improve acquisition of thermotolerance as well as increased breast meat yield in heavy broilers? 2. The improved sensible heat loss (SHL) suggests an improved peripheral vasodilation process. Does elevated temperature during incubation affect vasculogenesis and angiogenesis processes in the chick embryo? Will such create subsequent advantages for heavy broilers coping with adverse hot conditions? 3. What are the changes that occur in the PO/AH that induce the changes in the threshold response for heat production/heat loss based on the concept of epigenetic temperature adaptation? The original objectives of this study were as follow: a. to assess the improvement of thermotolerance efficiency and carcass quality of heavy broilers (~4 kg); b. toimproveperipheral vascularization and angiogenesis that improve sensible heat loss (SHL); c. to study the changes in the PO/AH thermoregulatory response for heat production/losscaused by modulating incubation temperature. To reach the goals: a. the effect of TM on performance and thermotolerance of broilers reared to 10 wk of age was studied. b. the effect of preincubation heating with an elevated temperature during the 1ˢᵗ 3 to 5 d of incubation in the presence of modified fresh air flow coupled with changes in turning frequency was elucidated; c.the effect of elevated temperature on vasculogenesis and angiogenesis was determined using in ovo and whole embryo chick culture as well as HIF-1α VEGF-α2 VEGF-R, FGF-2, and Gelatinase A (MMP2) gene expression. The effects on peripheral blood system of post-hatch chicks was determined with an infrared thermal imaging technique; c. the expression of BDNF was determined during the development of the thermal control set-point in the preoptic anterior hypothalamus (PO/AH). Background to the topic: Rapid growth rate has presented broiler chickens with seriousdifficulties when called upon to efficiently thermoregulate in hot environmental conditions. Being homeotherms, birds are able to maintain their body temperature (Tb) within a narrow range. An increase in Tb above the regulated range, as a result of exposure to environmental conditions and/or excessive metabolic heat production that often characterize broiler chickens, may lead to a potentially lethal cascade of irreversible thermoregulatory events. Exposure to temperature fluctuations during the perinatal period has been shown to lead to epigenetic temperature adaptation. The mechanism for this adaptation was based on the assumption that environmental factors, especially ambient temperature, have a strong influence on the determination of the “set-point” for physiological control systems during “critical developmental phases.” Recently, Piestunet al. (2008) demonstrated for the first time that TM (an elevated incubation temperature of 39.5°C for 12 h/d from E7 to E16) during the development/maturation of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-thyroid axis (thermoregulation) and the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal axis (stress) significantly improved the thermotolerance and performance of broilers at 35 d of age. These phenomena raised two questions that were addressed in this project: 1. was it possible to detect changes leading to the determination of the “set point”; 2. Did TM have a similar long lasting effect (up to 70 d of age)? 3. Did other TM combinations (pre-heating and heating during the 1ˢᵗ 3 to 5 d of incubation) coupled with changes in turning frequency have any performance effect? The improved thermotolerance resulted mainly from an efficient capacity to reduce heat production and the level of stress that coincided with an increase in SHL (Piestunet al., 2008; 2009). The increase in SHL (Piestunet al., 2009) suggested an additional positive effect of TM on vasculogenesis and angiogensis. 4. In order to sustain or even improve broiler performance, TM during the period of the chorioallantoic membrane development was thought to increase vasculogenesis and angiogenesis providing better vasodilatation and by that SHL post-hatch.
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Döring, Thomas. Finanzwissenschaftliche Bewertung der Einnahmenpolitik der rheinland-pfälzischen Kommunen im Zeitraum 2007 bis 2014. Sonderforschungsgruppe Institutionenanalyse, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.46850/sofia.9783941627512.
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In den zurückliegenden Jahren ist es in verschiedenen Bundesländern (z.B. Nordrhein-Westfalen, Hessen, Rheinland-Pfalz) wiederholt zu landesverfassungsgerichtlichen Auseinandersetzungen um die Dotierung des kommunalen Finanzausgleichs gekommen. In diesem Zusammenhang hat der Verfassungsgerichtshof Rheinland-Pfalz in seinem Urteil vom 14. Februar 2012 im Rahmen des Normenkontrollverfahrens zur Änderung des Landesfinanzausgleichsgesetzes vom 12. Juni 2007 neben der Verpflichtung des Landes zur Bereitstellung einer „angemessene Finanzausstattung“ der Kommunen zugleich darauf verwiesen, dass als wesentliche Grundlage für einen funktionsfähigen Finanzausgleich die Kommunen „ihre eigenen Einnahmequellen angemessen auszuschöpfen“ haben und dabei ihre „Kräfte größtmöglich anspannen“ sollten. Soweit in Anbetracht dessen eine unzureichende kommunale Finanzausstattung auch das Ergebnis autonomer Haushaltsentscheidungen von Städten, Gemeinden und Gemeindeverbänden ist, sind die damit verbundenen negativen fiskalischen Folgen von den dafür verantwortlichen Kommunen zu tragen. Dies steht in Einklang mit der ökonomischen Interpretation der kommunalen Selbstverwaltungsgarantie und der damit einhergehenden finanziellen Eigen-verantwortung der Kommunen, aus der sich nicht allein ein durch das Land zu deckender Anspruch auf angemessene Finanzausstattung, sondern zugleich auch die Forderung nach einer verantwortungsbewussten kommunalen Einnahmenpolitik in Orientierung am Grundsatz der Subsidiarität sowie der fiskalischen Äquivalenz ableitet. Vor diesem Hintergrund unterzieht der vorliegende Beitrag exemplarisch die Einnahmenpolitik der Kommunen des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz für den Zeit-raum von 2007 bis 2014 einer finanzwissenschaftlichen Analyse, um den Ausschöpfungsgrad vorhandener originärer Einnahmequellen von Städten und Gemeinden näher zu untersuchen. Dies umfasst zum einen eine Betrachtung der Entwicklung der kommunalen Einnahmen insgesamt (Kapitel B) ebenso wie jener der Realsteuereinnahmen einschließlich einer ökonomischen Bewertung der kommunalen Hebesatzpolitik (Kapitel C). Zum anderen erfolgt eine kritische Beurteilung der vorhandenen Einnahmenpotentiale im Bereich der sonstigen kommunalen Steuern sowie bei Erwerbseinkünften, Gebühren und Beiträgen auf Grundlage von Daten der amtlichen Statistik zur Finanzsituation der Kommunen des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz (Kapitel D).
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Şeker, Muzaffer, Ali Özer, Zekeriya Tosun, Cem Korkut i Mürsel Doğrul, red. The Assessment Report on COVID-19 Global Outbreak. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, czerwiec 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.2020.119.
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"In late December 2019, a large number of patients with unknown causes of pneumonia were reported by press from a seafood market in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. This coronavirus was originally named the 2019 new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 12, 2020. The Coronavirus Working Group (CSG) of the WHO and International Committee proposed to call the new virus SARS-CoV-2 on February 11, 2020. As a result of the samples taken from the patient, the whole genome sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 was isolated on January 7, 2020, by Chinese scientists in a short time. WHO announced on February 11, 2020; that “COVID-19” will become the official name of the disease. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, director of the WHO, said the epidemic meant “ko”, “corona”, “vi” for “virus” and “d” for “disease” as first described on December 31, 2019. Such a name has been preferred to avoid stigmatizing a particular region, animal species or human. The infection, which started to spread first in China and then in nearby countries, spread to most countries later on. The epidemic soon reached an international dimension, affecting the whole world. As a result, the WHO considered COVID-19 as an international public health problem and declared it as a pandemic on January 30, 2020. In humans, coronaviruses cause some cases of colds and respiratory infections that can be fatal, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In recent years, new viral infections have been detected periodically in various countries. The first epidemic; was observed in 2002-2003 as a result of the crossing of a new coronavirus from bat origin to humans through palm civet cats in Guangdong Province, China. This virus, called SARS, affected a total of 8422 people in China and caused 916 deaths (11% mortality, however different rates are given in different literatures). The second epidemic event occurred approximately 10 years later. In 2012, the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged from bat origin through a dromedary camel in Saudi Arabia. It affected a total of 2494 people and caused 858 deaths (mortality rate of 34%). WHO has declared it as a pandemic after the outbreak and scientists are doing great efforts to identify the characterization of the new coronavirus and to develop antiviral therapies and vaccines. Clinical studies and vaccination studies are still ongoing fastly. Also, the pathogenesis of the virus is still not fully known, and new studies are needed in this regard. Currently, effective infection control intervention is the only way to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The most appropriate prophylactic regimen for patients under observation due to COVID-19 related disease is unknown. For this reason, treatment protocols should be planned by following the current guidelines. This study consists of evaluating the opinions about the history of pandemics associated with COVID-19, related definitions and the projects being carried out with the compilation of available resources, the development stages of the pandemic and the projection of postpandemic interaction so far."
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Şeker, Muzaffer, Ali Özer, Zekeriya Tosun, Cem Korkut i Mürsel Doğrul, red. COVID-19 Küresel Salgın Değerlendirme Raporu. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi, czerwiec 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53478/tuba.2020.118.
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"In late December 2019, a large number of patients with unknown causes of pneumonia were reported by press from a seafood market in Wuhan, Hubei province, China. This coronavirus was originally named the 2019 new coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by the World Health Organization (WHO) on January 12, 2020. The Coronavirus Working Group (CSG) of the WHO and Internati- onal Committee proposed to call the new virus SARS-CoV-2 on February 11, 2020. As a result of the samples taken from the patient, the whole genome sequence of the SARS-CoV-2 was isolated on January 7, 2020, by Chinese scientists in a short time. WHO announced on Febru- ary 11, 2020; that “COVID-19” will become the official name of the disease. Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, director of the WHO, said the epidemic meant “ko”, “corona”, “vi” for “virus” and “d” for “disease” as first described on December 31, 2019. Such a name has been preferred to avoid stigmatizing a particular region, animal species or human. The infection, which started to spread first in China and then in nearby countries, spread to most countries later on. The epidemic soon reached an international dimension, affecting the whole world. As a result, the WHO considered COVID-19 as an international public health problem and declared it as a pandemic on January 30, 2020. In humans, coronaviruses cause some cases of colds and respiratory infections that can be fatal, such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In recent years, new viral infections have been detected periodically in various countries. The first epidemic; was observed in 2002-2003 as a result of the crossing of a new coronavirus from bat origin to humans through palm civet cats in Guangdong Province, China. This virus, called SARS, affected a total of 8422 people in China and caused 916 deaths (11% mortality, however different rates are given in different literatures). The second epidemic event occurred approximately 10 years later. In 2012, the MERS coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged from bat origin through a dromedary camel in Saudi Arabia. It affected a total of 2494 people and caused 858 deaths (mortality rate of 34%). WHO has declared it as a pandemic after the outbreak and scientists are doing great efforts to identify the characterization of the new coronavirus and to develop antiviral therapies and vaccines. Clinical studies and vaccination studies are still ongo- ing fastly. Also, the pathogenesis of the virus is still not fully known, and new studies are needed in this regard. Currently, effective infection control intervention is the only way to prevent the spread of SARS-CoV-2. The most appropriate prophylactic regimen for patients under observa- tion due to COVID-19 related disease is unknown. For this reason, treatment protocols should be planned by following the current guidelines. This study consists of evaluating the opinions about the history of pandemics associated with COVID-19, related definitions and the projects being carried out with the compilation of avai- lable resources, the development stages of the pandemic and the projection of postpandemic interaction."
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Muldavin, Esteban, Yvonne Chauvin, Teri Neville, Hannah Varani, Jacqueline Smith, Paul Neville i Tani Hubbard. A vegetation classi?cation and map: Guadalupe Mountains National Park. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302855.
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A vegetation classi?cation and map for Guadalupe Mountains National Park (NP) is presented as part of the National Park Service Inventory & Monitoring - Vegetation Inventory Program to classify, describe, and map vegetation communities in more than 280 national park units across the United States. Guadalupe Mountains NP lies in far west Texas and contains the highest point in the state, Guadalupe Peak (8,751 ft; 2,667 m). The mountain escarpments descend some 5,000 ft (1,500 m) to the desert basins below forming a complex geologic landscape that supports vegetation communities ranging from montane coniferous forests down to desert grasslands and scrub. Following the US National Vegetation Classi?cation (USNVC) standard, we identi?ed 129 plant associations hierarchically tiered under 29 groups and 17 macrogroups, making it one of the most ecologically diverse National Park Service units in the southwestern United States. An aspect that adds to this diversity is that the park supports communities that extend southward from the Rocky Mountains (?ve macrogroups) and Great Plains (one macrogroup) and northward from the Chihuahuan Desert (two macrogroups) and Sierra Madre Orientale of Mexico (three macrogroups). The remaining six macrogroups are found in the Great Basin (one macrogroup), and throughout the southwestern United States (remaining ?ve macrogroups). Embedded in this matrix are gypsum dunelands and riparian zones and wetlands that add further complexity. We describe in detail this vegetation classi?cation, which is based on 540 vegetation plots collected between 2006 and 2010. Full descriptions and diagnostic keys to the plant associations along with an overall plant species list are provided as appendices. Based on the vegetation classi?cation and associated plot data, the vegetation map was developed using a combined strategy of automated digital object-oriented image classi?cation and direct-analog image interpretation of four-band National Agricultural Imagery Program (NAIP) aerial photography from 2004 and 2008 and Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite imagery. The map is designed to facilitate ecologically-based natural resource management at a 1:24,000 scale with 0.5-ha minimum map unit size. The map legend is hierarchically structured: the upper Level 1 consists of 16 map units corresponding in most cases to the USNVC group level, and an additional map unit describing built-up land and agriculture; Level 2 is composed of 48 nested map units re?ecting various combinations of plant associations. A ?eld-based accuracy assessment using 341 vegetation plots revealed a Level 1 overall accuracy of 79% with 90% CI of 74?84% and 68% with 90% CI of 59?76% at Level 2. An annotated legend with summary descriptions of the units, distribution maps, aerial photo examples of map unit polygons, and representative photos are provided in Appendix D. Large wall-size poster maps at 1:35,000 scale were also produced following NPS cartographic standards. The report, plot data, and spatial layers are available at National Park Service Vegetation Mapping Program https://www.nps.gov/im/vegetation-inventory.htm). Outcomes from this project provide the most detailed vegetation classi?cation and highest resolution mapping for Guadalupe Mountains NP to date to support many uses including ?re, recreation, vegetation, and wildlife management, among others. The upper Level 1 map is particularly suited to landscape-scale, park-wide planning and linkages to its sister park, Carlsbad Caverns NP. The Level 2 mapping provides added detail for use at a more localized project scale. The overall accuracy of the maps was good, but because Guadalupe Mountains NP is primarily wilderness park, there were logistical challenges to map development and testing in remote areas that should be considered in planning management actions. In this context, some map units would bene?t from further development and accuracy assessment. In particular, a higher resolution mapping of McKittrick Creek riparian habitat at 1:6,000 scale or ?ner is recommended for this important habitat in the park. In addition, developing a structural canopy height model from LiDAR imagery would be useful to more accurately quantify woody canopy density and height to support ?re management and other habitat management issues. With respect to understanding vegetation dynamics in this time of rapid environmental change, the 540 vegetation plots themselves are su?ciently georeferenced and have the data resolution to be useful in detecting change at the decadal scales across much of the park. To this end, an additional recommendation would be to install more plots to ?ll the gaps among the main vegetation units of the park, both spatially and thematically. Overall, the Vegetation and Classi?cation Map for Guadalupe Mountains NP will support the park?s management e?orts and enhance regional understanding of vegetation and ecology of ecosystems of the southwestern United States.
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Pereira, Mariano, i Ezequiel Tacsir. Generación de empleo e innovación en Argentina: Un abordaje microeconométrico para el período 2010-2012. Inter-American Development Bank, grudzień 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012149.
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Este trabajo analiza la relación entre la innovación y el empleo a nivel de firma. En particular, contribuye a generar evidencia sobre los efectos de la introducción de innovaciones (de producto o proceso) en el empleo y en su composición en términos de calificaciones. A estos fines, se utiliza el modelo originalmente propuesto por Harrison, Jaumandreu, Mairesse y Peters (2014) con un enfoque de variables instrumentales sobre datos para la industria manufacturera argentina en el período 2010-12. La evidencia sobre el vínculo entre innovación y empleo en economías desarrolladas muestra que los efectos dependen fundamentalmente del tipo de innovación (Harrison et al., 2014). En muchos casos, la introducción de nuevos procesos tiende a reducir el empleo. En cambio, la inclusión de nuevos productos puede generar reemplazos o aumentos en el empleo, que dependen del efecto neto entre los mecanismos de desplazamiento y compensación. La evidencia disponible para Argentina es muy escasa (De Elejalde, Giuliodori y Stucchi, 2011) y se basa en el período 1998-2001. Específicamente en dicho estudio, a pesar de que se observa una destrucción neta del empleo a nivel agregado, se evidencia el efecto amortiguador de las innovaciones de producto pero no se constatan grandes cambios en la especialización de la mano de obra debido a la innovación. Estos efectos eran mayores en aquellas empresas que desarrollaban esfuerzos propios de investigación y desarrollo (I+D) y no solo adquirían conocimiento incorporado. Si bien esta evidencia permitió generar datos comparables con otros países de la región (Crespi y Tacsir, 2013; Crespi y Zuñiga, 2012) requiere ser evaluada a la luz de la nueva información disponible. Los resultados de este estudio muestran que si bien las innovaciones de proceso no tienen efecto en el crecimiento del empleo, las de producto tienen un efecto positivo en el empleo. Adicionalmente, las innovaciones de producto también generan un aumento en los niveles de eficiencia en la producción superior a la de los productos existentes. Por su parte, en lo que se refiere a composición del empleo en términos de calificación no se observan sesgos específicos.
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Goetsch, Arthur L., Yoav Aharoni, Arieh Brosh, Ryszard (Richard) Puchala, Terry A. Gipson, Zalman Henkin, Eugene D. Ungar i Amit Dolev. Energy Expenditure for Activity in Free Ranging Ruminants: A Nutritional Frontier. United States Department of Agriculture, czerwiec 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696529.bard.
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Heat production (HP) or energy expenditure for activity (EEa) is of fundamental nutritional importance for livestock because it determines the proportion of ingested nutrients available for productive functions. Previous estimates of EEa are unreliable and vary widely with different indirect methodologies. This leads to erroneous nutritional strategies, especially when intake on pasture does not meet nutritional requirements and supplementation is necessary for acceptable production. Therefore, the objective of this project was to measure EEa in different classes of livestock (beef cattle and goats) over a wide range of ecological and management conditions to develop and evaluate simple means of prediction. In the first study in Israel, small frame (SF) and large frame (LF) cows (268 and 581 kg) were monitored during spring, summer, and autumn. Feed intake by SF cows per unit of metabolic weight was greater (P < 0.001) than that by LF cows in both spring and summer and their apparent selection of higher quality herbage in spring was greater (P < 0.10) than that of LF cows. SF cows grazed more hours per day and walked longer distances than the LF cows during all seasons. The coefficient of specific costs of activities (kJ•kg BW-0.75•d-1) and of locomotion (J•kg BW-0.75•m-1) were smaller for the SF cows. In the second study, cows were monitored in March, May, and September when they grazed relatively large plots, 135 and 78 ha. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and horizontal locomotion derived were similar to those of the previous study based on data from smaller plots. However, the energy costs of walking idle and of vertical locomotion were greater than those found by Brosh et al. (2006) but similar to those found by Aharoni et al. (2009). In the third study, cows were monitored in February and May in a 78-ha plot with an average slope of 15.5°, whereas average plot slopes of the former studies ranged between 4.3 and 6.9°. Energy cost coefficients of standing, grazing, and walking idle were greater than those calculated in the previous studies. However, the estimated energy costs of locomotion were lower in the steeper plot. A comparison on a similar HP basis, i.e., similar metabolizable energy (ME) intake, shows that the daily energy spent on activities in relation to daily HP increased by 27% as the average plot slope increased from 5.8 and 6.02 to 15.5°. In the fourth study, cows grazing in a woodland habitat were monitored as in previous studies in December, March, and July. Data analysis is in progress. In the first US experiment, Boer and Spanish does with two kids were used in an experiment beginning in late spring at an average of 24 days after kidding. Two does of each breed resided in eight 0.5-ha grass/forb pastures. Periods of 56, 60, 63, 64, and 73 days in length corresponded to mid-lactation, early post-weaning, the late dry period, early gestation, and mid-gestation. EEa expressed as a percentage of the ME requirement for maintenance plus activity in confinement (EEa%) was not influenced by stocking rate, breed, or period, averaging 49%. Behavioral activities (e.g., time spent grazing, walking, and idle, distance traveled) were not highly related to EEa%, although no-intercept regressions against time spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking indicated an increase in EEa% of 5.8 and 5.1%/h, respectively. In the second study, animal types were yearling Angora doeling goats, yearling Boer wether goats, yearling Spanish wether goats, and Rambouilletwether sheep slightly more than 2 yr of age. Two animals of each type were randomly allocated to one of four pastures 9.3, 12.3, 4.6, and 1.2 ha in area. The experiment was conducted in the summer with three periods, 30, 26, and 26 days in length. EEa% was affected by an interaction between animal type and period (Angora: 16, 17, and 15; Boer: 60, 67, and 34; Spanish: 46, 62, and 42; sheep: 22, 12, and 22% in periods 1, 2, and 3, respectively (SE = 6.1)). EEa% of goats was predicted with moderate accuracy (R2 = 0.40-0.41) and without bias from estimates of 5.8 and 5.1%/h spent grazing/eating and grazing/eating plus walking, respectively, determined in the first experiment; however, these methods were not suitable for sheep. These methods of prediction are simpler and more accurate than currently recommended for goats by the National Research Council.
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African Open Science Platform Part 1: Landscape Study. Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/assaf.2019/0047.
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This report maps the African landscape of Open Science – with a focus on Open Data as a sub-set of Open Science. Data to inform the landscape study were collected through a variety of methods, including surveys, desk research, engagement with a community of practice, networking with stakeholders, participation in conferences, case study presentations, and workshops hosted. Although the majority of African countries (35 of 54) demonstrates commitment to science through its investment in research and development (R&D), academies of science, ministries of science and technology, policies, recognition of research, and participation in the Science Granting Councils Initiative (SGCI), the following countries demonstrate the highest commitment and political willingness to invest in science: Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, and Uganda. In addition to existing policies in Science, Technology and Innovation (STI), the following countries have made progress towards Open Data policies: Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, South Africa and Uganda. Only two African countries (Kenya and South Africa) at this stage contribute 0.8% of its GDP (Gross Domestic Product) to R&D (Research and Development), which is the closest to the AU’s (African Union’s) suggested 1%. Countries such as Lesotho and Madagascar ranked as 0%, while the R&D expenditure for 24 African countries is unknown. In addition to this, science globally has become fully dependent on stable ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) infrastructure, which includes connectivity/bandwidth, high performance computing facilities and data services. This is especially applicable since countries globally are finding themselves in the midst of the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR), which is not only “about” data, but which “is” data. According to an article1 by Alan Marcus (2015) (Senior Director, Head of Information Technology and Telecommunications Industries, World Economic Forum), “At its core, data represents a post-industrial opportunity. Its uses have unprecedented complexity, velocity and global reach. As digital communications become ubiquitous, data will rule in a world where nearly everyone and everything is connected in real time. That will require a highly reliable, secure and available infrastructure at its core, and innovation at the edge.” Every industry is affected as part of this revolution – also science. An important component of the digital transformation is “trust” – people must be able to trust that governments and all other industries (including the science sector), adequately handle and protect their data. This requires accountability on a global level, and digital industries must embrace the change and go for a higher standard of protection. “This will reassure consumers and citizens, benefitting the whole digital economy”, says Marcus. A stable and secure information and communication technologies (ICT) infrastructure – currently provided by the National Research and Education Networks (NRENs) – is key to advance collaboration in science. The AfricaConnect2 project (AfricaConnect (2012–2014) and AfricaConnect2 (2016–2018)) through establishing connectivity between National Research and Education Networks (NRENs), is planning to roll out AfricaConnect3 by the end of 2019. The concern however is that selected African governments (with the exception of a few countries such as South Africa, Mozambique, Ethiopia and others) have low awareness of the impact the Internet has today on all societal levels, how much ICT (and the 4th Industrial Revolution) have affected research, and the added value an NREN can bring to higher education and research in addressing the respective needs, which is far more complex than simply providing connectivity. Apart from more commitment and investment in R&D, African governments – to become and remain part of the 4th Industrial Revolution – have no option other than to acknowledge and commit to the role NRENs play in advancing science towards addressing the SDG (Sustainable Development Goals). For successful collaboration and direction, it is fundamental that policies within one country are aligned with one another. Alignment on continental level is crucial for the future Pan-African African Open Science Platform to be successful. Both the HIPSSA ((Harmonization of ICT Policies in Sub-Saharan Africa)3 project and WATRA (the West Africa Telecommunications Regulators Assembly)4, have made progress towards the regulation of the telecom sector, and in particular of bottlenecks which curb the development of competition among ISPs. A study under HIPSSA identified potential bottlenecks in access at an affordable price to the international capacity of submarine cables and suggested means and tools used by regulators to remedy them. Work on the recommended measures and making them operational continues in collaboration with WATRA. In addition to sufficient bandwidth and connectivity, high-performance computing facilities and services in support of data sharing are also required. The South African National Integrated Cyberinfrastructure System5 (NICIS) has made great progress in planning and setting up a cyberinfrastructure ecosystem in support of collaborative science and data sharing. The regional Southern African Development Community6 (SADC) Cyber-infrastructure Framework provides a valuable roadmap towards high-speed Internet, developing human capacity and skills in ICT technologies, high- performance computing and more. The following countries have been identified as having high-performance computing facilities, some as a result of the Square Kilometre Array7 (SKA) partnership: Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mozambique, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Tunisia, and Zambia. More and more NRENs – especially the Level 6 NRENs 8 (Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, and recently Zambia) – are exploring offering additional services; also in support of data sharing and transfer. The following NRENs already allow for running data-intensive applications and sharing of high-end computing assets, bio-modelling and computation on high-performance/ supercomputers: KENET (Kenya), TENET (South Africa), RENU (Uganda), ZAMREN (Zambia), EUN (Egypt) and ARN (Algeria). Fifteen higher education training institutions from eight African countries (Botswana, Benin, Kenya, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sudan, and Tanzania) have been identified as offering formal courses on data science. In addition to formal degrees, a number of international short courses have been developed and free international online courses are also available as an option to build capacity and integrate as part of curricula. The small number of higher education or research intensive institutions offering data science is however insufficient, and there is a desperate need for more training in data science. The CODATA-RDA Schools of Research Data Science aim at addressing the continental need for foundational data skills across all disciplines, along with training conducted by The Carpentries 9 programme (specifically Data Carpentry 10 ). Thus far, CODATA-RDA schools in collaboration with AOSP, integrating content from Data Carpentry, were presented in Rwanda (in 2018), and during17-29 June 2019, in Ethiopia. Awareness regarding Open Science (including Open Data) is evident through the 12 Open Science-related Open Access/Open Data/Open Science declarations and agreements endorsed or signed by African governments; 200 Open Access journals from Africa registered on the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ); 174 Open Access institutional research repositories registered on openDOAR (Directory of Open Access Repositories); 33 Open Access/Open Science policies registered on ROARMAP (Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies); 24 data repositories registered with the Registry of Data Repositories (re3data.org) (although the pilot project identified 66 research data repositories); and one data repository assigned the CoreTrustSeal. Although this is a start, far more needs to be done to align African data curation and research practices with global standards. Funding to conduct research remains a challenge. African researchers mostly fund their own research, and there are little incentives for them to make their research and accompanying data sets openly accessible. Funding and peer recognition, along with an enabling research environment conducive for research, are regarded as major incentives. The landscape report concludes with a number of concerns towards sharing research data openly, as well as challenges in terms of Open Data policy, ICT infrastructure supportive of data sharing, capacity building, lack of skills, and the need for incentives. Although great progress has been made in terms of Open Science and Open Data practices, more awareness needs to be created and further advocacy efforts are required for buy-in from African governments. A federated African Open Science Platform (AOSP) will not only encourage more collaboration among researchers in addressing the SDGs, but it will also benefit the many stakeholders identified as part of the pilot phase. The time is now, for governments in Africa, to acknowledge the important role of science in general, but specifically Open Science and Open Data, through developing and aligning the relevant policies, investing in an ICT infrastructure conducive for data sharing through committing funding to making NRENs financially sustainable, incentivising open research practices by scientists, and creating opportunities for more scientists and stakeholders across all disciplines to be trained in data management.