Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „2008 n-724”

SUMMARYThe prevalence and genotype distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in women with normal cervical cytology varies widely according to the population studied. Two non-overlapping population-based cohort studies of women aged ⩾30 years for the periods 2008–2009 (n=5026) and 2004–2005 (n=10 014) were analysed. The prevalence rate of HPV was 11·0% (95% CI 10·5–11·6). HPV infection was significantly associated with age, menopausal status, and inversely associated with hormone replacement therapy. There was an increasing trend of α3/α15, α5/α6, and multiple HPV infections with increasing age. The five most common types were HPV52, 18, 53, 58 and 70, while HPV16, 31, 33 ranked 21st, 25th, and 16th, respectively, in the merged cohort with normal cytology (n=14 724). HPV16, 31, and 33 were significantly associated with abnormal cytology, which could have resulted in their rarity in the total merged cohort (n=15 040).

The prevalence of toxigenic Clostridium difficile in Korea has been reported to be approximately 60–80 %. Although the prevalence of the tcdA−tcdB+ C. difficile strain was less then 5 % prior to the year 2000, it has become an emerging nosocomial pathogen in Korea. Therefore, we have attempted to determine the multicentre nationwide prevalence of tcdA+tcdB+ and tcdA−tcdB+ C. difficile for epidemiological purposes. C. difficile strains (n=724, 30 from 2000, 80 from 2001, 74 from 2002, 76 from 2003, 179 from 2004, 285 from 2005) were obtained retrospectively from January 2000 to December 2005 from in-patients at 6 hospitals, all of whom were suspected of having C. difficile-associated disease (CDAD), colitis or pseudomembranous colitis. The numbers of participating hospitals varied yearly (1 in 2000, 2 in 2001–2003, 3 in 2004, 5 in 2005). The hospitals were located in Seoul (n=4), Kyunggi Province (n=1) and Busan (n=1), Korea. PCR assays for tcdA and tcdB genes were conducted using 724 unduplicated C. difficile isolates. The mean prevalence of tcdA+tcdB+ and tcdA−tcdB+ C. difficile strains over the 6 years was 51.8 % (38.4–59.3 %) and 25.8 %(10–56.0 %), respectively. The mean prevalence of tcdA−tcdB+ C. difficile strains was less than 7 % until 2002, but began to increase in 2003 (13.2 %) and achieved a peak in 2004 (50.3 %). In 2005, the mean prevalence of tcdA+tcdB+ and tcdA−tcdB+ C. difficile strains was 47.7 % (30.9–60.3 %) and 27.0 % (17.6–54.8 %), respectively. This nationwide epidemiological study showed that tcdA−tcdB+ C. difficile strains have already spread extensively throughout Korea, and our results provide basic data regarding the controversies currently surrounding the toxigenicity of tcdA−tcdB+ C. difficile. The use of enzyme immunoassays capable of detecting both TcdA and TcdB is strongly recommended for the diagnosis of CDAD in microbiology laboratories, in order to control the spread of the tcdA−tcdB+ strains of C. difficile.

Ключові слова: пам’ять, ідентичність, національна ідентичність, комеморація, кмеморативні практики. Анотація Національна ідентичність, з одного боку, є однією з фундаментальних ідентичностей, тобто, вона може служити орієнтиром для людини навіть тоді, коли інші (професійні, родинні, класові) швидко змінюються внаслідок трансформації суспільства. З іншого боку, зміни суспільства, його соціальних інститутів (як агентів впливу) змінюють зміст і форми національної ідентичності членів суспільства. Відтак усталення тієї чи іншої моделі ідентичності здійснюється в певному соціальному контексті, який задає не тільки спектр альтернатив, але й набір різних комеморативних практик. У статті обґрунтовується взаємообумовленість смислоконституювання пам’яттєвого та ідентичнісного дискурсів, із урахуванням того, що пам’яттєвий дискурс, з одного боку, віддзеркалює характерні риси національної ідентичності, а з іншого – формує своєрідну смислову основу останньої, моделює її, впливаючи на зміни з різним ступенем інтенсивності. Доведено, що національна ідентичність формується за допомогою колективної пам’яті та комеморативних практик. Посилання Anderson, 2001 – Anderson B. Voobrazhaemыe soobshchestva. Razmыshlenyia ob ystokakh y rasprostranenyy natsyonalyzma [Imaginary communities. Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism]. M. : Kanon-press, 2001. 288 s. [in Russian] Assman, 2012 – Assman A. Prostory spohadu. Formy ta transformatsii kulturnoi pam’iati [Spaces of memory . Forms and transformations of cultural memory] / per. z nim. K. Dmytrenko, L. Doronicheva, O. Yudin. K.: Nika-Tsentr, 2012. 440 s. (Seriia «Zmina paradyhmy». Vyp. 15). 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En el presente trabajo, se analiza la posición de la Sala de lo Constitucional en su calidad de tribunal último –y superior– en la jurisdicción constitucional. El análisis se realiza sobre el aparente conflicto jurisdiccional suscitado entre dicha Sala y el pleno de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, en relación al proceso de amparo n.° 288-2008. Este conflicto se origina a partir de la interpretación que cada una de esas instancia realizó en torno al momento en que debe considerarse que los magistrados propietarios de la mencionada Sala, además de ser jueces, son también autoridad demandada en un proceso de amparo, lo que impediría que estos puedan juzgar en dicho proceso cuando la parte demandada fuese el pleno de la Corte. Mientras los magistrados propietarios de la Sala interpretaron que serían parte si hubiesen participado en el acto administrativo que provocó el proceso de amparo, los magistrados del pleno, por su parte, estimaron que lo son por el simple hecho del cargo que ostentan, es decir, a partir de su nombramiento como magistrados, sin considerar sus condiciones personales. Así, el conflicto provocó una serie de resoluciones provenientes del pleno de la Corte Suprema de Justicia, las cuales, aunque incapaces de detener el correcto desenvolvimiento de la jurisdicción constitucional, han sido lo suficientemente provocadoras para analizar tanto su criterio jurídico como el diseño constitucional y legal de la Sala de lo Constitucional, garante último de nuestra Norma Suprema, dado el riesgo latente de que la Corte Suprema de Justicia se asiente como su tribunal superior. ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 66, No. 724, 2011: 93-133.

As described in the IETS Manual (Stringfellow and Seidel, 1995), and endorsed by the OIE, trypsin can be used (for specific pathogens and livestock) to effectively remove certain infectious agents from in vivo-derived embryos for international transport. Because of the multimillion-dollar AI industry for livestock, the OIE has encouraged more research in developing similar decontamination techniques for semen as an added safeguard to animal quarantine for the prevention of disease transmission. Most or all of the earlier studies on embryos used a porcine pancreatic-derived trypsin. Because of more stringent guidelines from international regulatory agencies on the use of animal products, several serine protease recombinants are now available. Previous experiments comparing the porcine pancreatic extract with a recombinant bovine sequence trypsin developed in corn resulted in no statistical difference in cleavage or morula/blastocyst rates. (Mattson et al. 2008 Theriogenology 69, 724–727). An additional in vivo study treating bovine sperm with a yeast-derived human-sequence trypsin resulted in significantly more transferable-quality embryos after the AI of superovulated cows as compared with sperm not treated with trypsin (Blevins et al. 2008 Reprod. Fertil. Dev. 20, 84). The goal of this experiment was to examine the in vitro development of bovine embryos produced from sperm treated with a recombinant trypsin found in a commercially available density gradient centrifugation (DGC) product (Bovipure, Nidacon, Sweden) compared with DGC without trypsin. Oocyte aspiration, maturation, fertilization, and embryo culture were performed using standard methods in 5 replications (n = 2220 oocytes). Semen was collected and pooled from 2 Bos taurus bulls and frozen in an egg-yolk cryodiluent (Biladyl, Minitube). The semen was processed using Bovipure DGC composed of 2 mL of 40% colloid of silane-coated silica particles containing either a yeast-derived human sequence recombinant trypsin containing no animal by-products (n = 1126 oocytes) or the same colloid without trypsin as the control group (n = 1094 oocytes). Both 40% concentrations were layered over 2 mL of an 80% concentration of the same colloid without any additives. The density gradients were centrifuged at 300g for 20 min, after which time the pellets were washed in 5 mL of prewarmed TL Hepes solution (Cambrex) and centrifuged at 500g for 10 min. The resulting sperm pellets were then resuspended in a volume calculated to provide 1 × 106 sperm mL–1, to be used for in vitro inseminations. Results were compared using a 2-tailed unpaired t-test. Cleavage rates for the trypsin-treated sperm (n = 969, 35.8%) and the control (n = 950, 44.3%) groups were not statistically different (P = 0.20). Although more embryos reached the morula to blastocyst stages in the control group (n = 421, 61.0%) than in the trypsinized group (n = 347, 54.7%), these differences also were not statistically significant (P = 0.85). In conclusion, trypsinized Bovipure DGC of sperm before insemination showed no detrimental effects on IVF-derived bovine embryo development.

Melanoma incidence has increased over the last few decades. How the prognosis of a previously diagnosed melanoma may be affected by a woman’s subsequent pregnancy has been debated in the literature since the 1950s, and the outcomes are essential to women who are melanoma survivors in their childbearing years. The main objective of this systematic review is to improve the understanding of whether the course of melanoma in a woman may be altered by a subsequent pregnancy and to help clinicians’ diagnosis. Eligible studies for the systematic review were clinical trials, observational cohort studies and case-control studies that compared prognosis outcomes for non-pregnant patients with melanoma, or pregnant before melanoma diagnosis, versus pregnant patients after a diagnosis of melanoma. The search strategy yielded 1101 articles, of which 4 met the inclusion criteria for the systematic review. All the studies were retrospective non-randomised cohorts with patients with melanomas diagnosed before pregnancy. According to our findings, a subsequent pregnancy was not a significant influence on the outcome of a previous melanoma. However, given the small number of identified studies and the heterogeneous data included, it is recommended to approach these patients with caution, and counselling should be given by known prognostic factors. We also reviewed the medical records of 84 patients of childbearing age (35.8 ± 6.3 years, range 21–45 years) who were diagnosed with cutaneous invasive melanoma in our hospital between 2008 and 2018 (N = 724). Of these, 11 (13.1%) had a pregnancy after melanoma diagnosis (age at pregnancy: 35.6 ± 6.3 years). No statistical differences in outcome were detected.

e16160 Background: Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (MRCC) is associated with high mortality rates. The objectives of this study are to examine survival rates among patients using targeted therapies (Sunitinib, Sorafenib) for MRCC and the association of time to treatment change with survival. Methods: Administrative claims data from a large, US managed care plan were used to identify commercially insured and Medicare patients with newly diagnosed MRCC from 01/01/03–12/31/07 and continuous enrollment for 12 months prior to and at least 90 days after MRCC diagnosis. Survival from earliest evidence of targeted therapy (TT) was assessed through 9/16/2008. Treatment change was defined as stopping TT, switching TT or the addition of other treatments for MRCC. Results: 253 patients were identified with newly diagnosed MRCC (average age: 60.5 years; 71.5% male) who also received TT. Mean (median) survival time from initiation of therapy was 533 (507) days. A majority of those on TT (n = 205, 81.0%) experienced treatment change within 6 months after initiating the therapy; two-thirds within 30 days of therapy initiation. Unadjusted survival rates increased significantly with longer time to change in treatment (p=0.0075), with a mean survival time of 437 days for those with treatment change within 30 days and 724 days among those with treatment change 5–6 months post therapy initiation. Conclusions: Early treatment changes are associated with shorter survival times. High rates of early treatment changes indicate inadequacies in currently available targeted therapies for MRCC patients. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

The concept of plants and microbes utilization for remediation measure of pollutant contaminated soil is the newest development in term of petroleum waste management technique. The research objective was to obtain wild grass types and hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria which are capable to synergize in decreasing petroleum concentration within petroleum contaminated soil. This research was conducted by using randomized completely block design. This research was conducted by using randomized completely block design. The first factor treatments were consisted of without plant, Tridax procumbens grass and Lepironia mucronata grass. The second factor treatments were consisted of without bacterium, single bacterium of Alcaligenes faecalis, single bacterium of Pseudomonas alcaligenes, and mixed bacteria of Alcaligenes faecalis with P. alcaligenes. The results showed that mixed bacteria (A. faecalis and P. alcaligenes) were capable to increase the crown and roots dry weights of these two grasses, bacteria population, percentage of TPH (total petroleum hydrocarbon) decrease as well as TPH decrease and better pH value than that of single bacterium. The highest TPH decrease with magnitude of 70.1% was obtained on treatment of L. mucronata grass in combination with mixed bacteria.[How to Cite: Gofar N. 2013.Synergism of Wild Grass and Hydrocarbonoclastic Bacteria in Petroleum Biodegradation. J Trop Soils 18 (2): 161-168. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.161][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.161]REFERENCESBello YM. 2007. Biodegradation of Lagoma crude oil using pig dung. Afr J Biotechnol 6: 2821-2825.Gerhardt KE, XD Huang, BR Glick and BM Greenberg. 2009. Phytoremediation and rhizoremediation of organic soil contaminants: Potential and challenges. Plant Sci 176: 20-30.Glick BR. 2010. 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In this paper, heavy metal oxide glasses co-doped with erbium and holmium ions have been synthesized. Glass composition, based on the bismuth and germanium oxides, has been selected in terms of high thermal stability (delta T = 125 °C), high refractive index (n = 2.19) and low maximum phonon energy (hvmax = 724 cm-1). Up-conversion luminescence spectra under the 980 nm laser diode excitation have been observed as a result of radiative transitions within the quantum energy level structures of Er3+ and Ho3+ ions. Optimization of rare earth ions content has been conducted, the highest emission intensity in the visible wavelength range has been observed in glass co-doped with molar concentration 0.5 Er2O3 / 0.5 Ho2O3. Full Text: PDF ReferencesF. Zhang, Z. Bi, A. Huang, Z. Xiao, "Visible luminescence properties of Er3+?Pr3+ codoped fluorotellurite glasses", Opt. Materials 41, 112 (2014). CrossRef S. Li, S. Ye, T. Liu, H. Wang, D. Wang, "Enhanced up-conversion emissions in ZnO-LiYbO2:RE3+ (RE = Er or Ho) hybrid phosphors through surface modification", J. All. Comp. 658, 85 (2016). CrossRef J. Fu, X. Zhang, Z. Chao, Z. Li, J. Liao, D. Hou, H. Wen, X. Lu, X. Xie, "Enhanced upconversion luminescence of NaYF4:Yb, Er microprisms via La3+ doping", Opt. Laser Tech. 88, 280 (2017). CrossRef Y. Tian, R. Xu, L. Hu, J. Zhang, "2.7 ?m fluorescence radiative dynamics and energy transfer between Er3+ and Tm3+ ions in fluoride glass under 800 nm and 980 nm excitation", J. Quant. Spec. Rad. Tra. 113, 87 (2012). CrossRef M. Zhang, A. Yang, Y. Peng, B. Zhang, H. Ren, W. Guo, Y. Yang, C. Zhai, Y. Wang, Z. Yang, D. Tang, "Dy3+-doped Ga?Sb?S chalcogenide glasses for mid-infrared lasers", Mat. Res. Bul. 70, 55 (2015). CrossRef G. Yang, T. Li, "Broadband 1.53 ?m emission in Er3+-doped Ga-Bi-Pb-Ge heavy metal oxide glasses", J. Rare Earths 26, 924 (2008). CrossRef Y. Guo, Y. Tian, L. Zhang, L. Hu, J. Zhang, "Erbium doped heavy metal oxide glasses for mid-infrared laser materials", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 377, 119 (2013). CrossRef Z. Hou, Z. Xue, F. Li, M. Wang, X. Hu, S. Wang, "Luminescence and up-conversion mechanism of Er3+/Ho3+ co-doped oxyfluoride tellurite glasses and glass?ceramics", J. All. Comp. 577, 523 (2013). CrossRef X. Li, Q. Nie, S. Dai, T. Xu, L. Lu, X. Zhang, "Energy transfer and frequency upconversion in Ho3+/Yb3+ co-doped bismuth-germanate glasses", J. All. Comp. 454, 510 (2008). CrossRef S.S. Rojas, J.E. De Souza, M.R.B. Andreeta, A.C. Hernandes, "Influence of ceria addition on thermal properties and local structure of bismuth germanate glasses", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 356, 2942 (2010). CrossRef M.S. Ebrahim, Irina, Mid-infrared coherent sources and applications, Springer (2008). CrossRef T. Ragin, J. Zmojda, M. Kochanowicz, P. Miluski, P. Jelen, M. Sitarz, D. Dorosz, "Enhanced mid-infrared 2.7 ?m luminescence in low hydroxide bismuth-germanate glass and optical fiber co-doped with Er3 +/Yb3 + ions", J. Non-Cryst. Solids 457, 169 (2017). CrossRef K. Biswas, A.D. Sontakke, R. Sen, K. Annapurna, "Enhanced 2 ?m broad-band emission and NIR to visible frequency up-conversion from Ho3+/Yb3+ co-doped Bi2O3?GeO2?ZnO glasses", Spectr. Acta. Part A, Mol. Biomol. Spectr. 112, 301-308 (2013). CrossRef R.S. Romaniuk, D. Dorosz, J. Żmojda, M. Kochanowicz, W. Mazerski, "Upconversion luminescence in tellurite glass codoped with Yb3+/Ho3+ ions", Proc. of SPIE 8903, 890307 (2013). CrossRef

Objectives. Consumption of fruit and vegetables among children is generally below recommended levels. This evaluation addressed two questions: ( 1) To what extent did children's attitudes toward, familiarity with, and preferences for fruit and vegetables change during the school year? and ( 2) To what extent did children's consumption of fruit and vegetables change during the school year? Methods. During the 2004–2005 school year, the Mississippi Department of Education, Child Nutrition Programs initiated a pilot program to distribute free fruit and vegetables to students (kindergarten through 12th grade) during the school day. Data were collected in 2004–2005 within a one-group pretest/posttest design using a self-report questionnaire ( n=725) and 24-hour dietary recalls ( n=207) with a sample of students from five schools in Mississippi. Data were analyzed in 2006–2007. Results. Results showed greater familiarity with fruit and vegetables at all grade levels ( p<0.05) and increased preferences for fruit among eighth- and 10th-grade students ( p<0.01). Eighth-grade students also reported more positive attitudes toward eating fruit and vegetables ( p<0.01), increased perceived self-efficacy to eat more fruit ( p<0.01), and increased willingness to try new fruit. Finally, results showed increased consumption of fruit, but not vegetables, among eighth- and 10th-grade students ( p<0.001). Conclusions. Distributing free fruit and vegetables at school may be a viable component of a more comprehensive approach for improving students' nutrition attitudes and behaviors. More program emphasis is needed on ways to promote vegetable consumption.

The debate about diagnoses and treatment of attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) in children continue to range on between the developmental and biological perspectives. While there is increasing evidence that support the biological susceptibility of the disorder, a number of researches also emphasized the significant effect of environment on the syndrome. This study used developmental perspectives to evaluate and bring together various bio-psychosocial factors that impact on children diagnosed with ADHD. The study explored and integrated the existing and advancing study on ADHD to a more refined pattern that embraced developmental perspectives. The study also discussed how the linkage in childhood ADHD fits within the developmental psychopathology perspective. 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Este artículo de reflexión es el resultado de la revisión analítica, interpretativa y crítica de los documentos, leyes y jurisprudencia relacionada con el derecho al olvido de los pederastas, la pedofilia y la pederastia, cumpliendo con los objetivos principales de clarificar los conceptos objeto de discusión y formular posibles alternativas frente a las escasas limitaciones para la vinculación al mercado laboral de quienes han sido condenados por delitos sexuales contra menores de catorce años. Mediante la utilización del tipo de investigación dogmática, descriptiva y de análisis estático de precedente se logró concluir que la pedofilia, al ser una enfermedad incurable, debe ser tratada con el fin de evitar su materialización en la pederastia y, como medida preventiva de delitos, el Congreso de la República de Colombia ostenta la misión de reglar el manejo de las bases de datos de los condenados por estos delitos a través de una ley estatutaria. 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Parental Involvement in their children's schooling has long been recognized as a critical component of good education. This study aims to find out the relationship between socioeconomic status, interpersonal communication, and school climate with parental involvement in early childhood education. Using survey and correlational research design, data collection was carried out through accumulation techniques with tests and questionnaires. The data analysis technique used statistical analysis and multiple regressions. The findings in the socio-economic context of parents show that the measure of power is an indicator in the very high category with a total score of 5, while the measures of wealth, honour and knowledge are included in the high category with a total score of 4 in relation to parental involvement. The form of interpersonal communication, the openness of parents in responding happily to information / news received from schools about children is a finding of a significant relationship with parental involvement in early childhood education. The school climate describes the responsibility for their respective duties and roles, work support provided, and interpersonal communication relationships, parents at home and teachers at school. Keywords: Socio-economic Status, Interpersonal Communication, Climate School, Parental Involvement, Early Childhood Education References Amato, P. R. (2005). The Impact of Family Formation Change on the Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Well-Being of the Next Generation. The Future of Children, 15(2), 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1353/foc.2005.0012 Arnold, D. H., Zeljo, A., Doctoroff, G. L., & Ortiz, C. (2008). Parent Involvement in Preschool: Predictors and the Relation of Involvement to Preliteracy Development. 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BACKGROUND: The current recommendation against the need for bone marrow aspiration (BMA) in routine follow-of persons with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in remission preceded the recognition that multiparameter flow cytometry (MFC) is a sensitive and specific means to detect imminent morphologic relapse. Given this recognition, we wondered whether BMA is now necessary, or if concordance between MFC results in peripheral blood (PB) and BMA is such as to make BMA unnecessary, at least for evaluation of measurable residual disease (MRD) by MFC. Previous studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between disease detection by MFC in PB and BMA. Here we examined 724 paired PB and BMA samples from 482 patients to further examine the concordance between PB and BMA blast detection by MFC, particularly among patients in morphologic remission. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included adults in our institutional AML database, covering 2008-2018. Our Hematopathology database was queried to identify PB and BMA MFC sample pairs with samples considered "paired" if measured within one week of each other. If an individual had multiple pairs, all were included unless otherwise specified. Ten-color MFC was performed routinely on BMA aspirates with a panel of three antibody combinations, with the same antibody combinations applied to PB samples. When identified, the abnormal population was quantified as a percentage of the total CD45+ white cell events. Any level of residual disease was considered positive. Complete remission (CR) and relapse were defined according to the European LeukemiaNet 2017 classification. Relationship between PB and BMA blast % was measured using Spearman's Rank-Order Correlation. Relationship between PB and BMA samples identified as positive or negative is illustrated using 2 X 2 tables (Table 1). RESULTS: Considering all 724 sample pairs, the Spearman correlation coefficient between PB and BMA blast percentage was 0.93, and was 0.91 considering only the first sample pair for each individual patient (n= 482). 315 sample pairs were positive by PB, 97% of which were also positive by BMA while 95% of 409 pairs negative by PB were also negative by BMA. Similar results were seen considering only a patient's first pair. Restricting analysis to patients with pairs obtained between the dates of CR and relapse, the Spearman correlation coefficient was 0.82 with 91% of 35 cases positive in PB also positive in BMA; 93% of 114 pairs negative in PB were also negative in marrow. As a complementary means to compare pairs when AML burden was low, we examined only pairs where the BMA MFC showed <5% blasts. Here, the Spearman correlation coefficient between PB and BMA blasts was 0.83. 90% of 70 positive PB cases were also positive by BMA while 95% of 295 negative PB cases were also negative by BMA. Examining pairs taken from patients in morphologic remission immediately prior to undergoing hematopoietic cell transplant yielded a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.92, with all 9 PB positive cases also being positive in BMA and 96% of PB negative cases being negative in BMA. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest cohort of AML PB and BMA sample pairs analyzed by MFC to-date. The percentages of blasts measured in PB and BMA are strongly correlated. In the 365 pairs from patients with MRD-level disease, the predictive value of PB MFC positivity for BMA positivity was 90% (63/70) while the predictive value PB MFC negativity for BMA negativity was 95%. Disclosures Othus: Glycomimetics: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Celgene: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Gardner:Abbvie: Speakers Bureau. Walter:BioLineRx: Consultancy; BiVictriX: Consultancy; Boehringer Ingelheim: Consultancy; Boston Biomedical: Consultancy; Covagen: Consultancy; Daiichi Sankyo: Consultancy; Kite Pharma: Consultancy; New Link Genetics: Consultancy; Pfizer: Consultancy, Research Funding; Race Oncology: Consultancy; Seattle Genetics: Research Funding; Argenx BVBA: Consultancy; Aptevo Therapeutics: Consultancy, Research Funding; Jazz Pharmaceuticals: Consultancy; Astellas: Consultancy; Agios: Consultancy; Amgen: Consultancy; Amphivena Therapeutics: Consultancy, Equity Ownership.

Lattice rules are widely studied in the context of quasi-Monte Carlo methods as a means to achieve a small integration error. The rules themselves are determined completely by so called generating vectors, so there is an interest in methods for constructing vectors that perform well. This article introduces a new component-wise construction of a generating vector using the principles of Monte Carlo tree search, with the goal of avoiding local optima. Error bounds are proven for the vectors obtained from this method, which are analogous to existing results for the popular component by component construction. References J. Dick. On the convergence rate of the component-by-component construction of good lattice rules. J. Complex. 20 (2004), pp. 493–522. doi: 10.1016/j.jco.2003.11.008 J. Dick, F. Y. Kuo, and I. H. Sloan. High-dimensional integration: The quasi-Monte Carlo way. Acta Numer. 22 (2013), pp. 133–288. doi: 10.1017/S0962492913000044 M. Giles, F. Y. Kuo, I. H. Sloan, and B. J. Waterhouse. Quasi-Monte Carlo for finance applications. ANZIAM J. 50 (2008), pp. C308–C323. doi: 10.21914/anziamj.v50i0.1440 N. M. Korobov. Approximate evaluation of repeated integrals. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 124 (1959), pp. 1207–1210 F. Y. Kuo. Component-by-component constructions achieve the optimal rate of convergence for multivariate integration in weighted Korobov and Sobolev spaces. J. Complex. 19 (2003), pp. 301–320. doi: 10.1016/S0885-064X(03)00006-2 D. Nuyens and R. Cools. Fast algorithms for component-by-component construction of rank-1 lattice rules in shift-invariant reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces. Math. Comput. 75 (2006), pp. 903–920. doi: 10.1090/S0025-5718-06-01785-6 I. H. Sloan and A. V. Restzov. Component-by-component construction of good lattice rules. Math. Comput. 71 (2002), pp. 263–273. doi: 10.1090/S0025-5718-01-01342-4 I. H. Sloan and H. Woźniakowski. When are quasi-Monte Carlo algorithms efficient for high-dimensional integrals? J. Complex. 14 (1998), pp. 1–33. doi: 10.1006/jcom.1997.0463 X. Wang and I. H. Sloan. Efficient weighted lattice rules with applications to finance. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 28 (2006), pp. 728–750. doi: 10.1137/S1064827502418197

Методом синхротронной спектроскопии ближней тонкой структуры края рентгеновского поглощения (X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure – XANES) проведена диагностика массивов столбиков никеля, случайным образом распределенных в слое SiO2 на подложке кремния. Столбики никеля были получены методом электрохимического осаждения металла в поры матрицы диоксида кремния, сформированные трековым методом. Латентные треки формировались путем облучения слоя SiO2 тяжелыми ионами золота на ускорителе института Хан-Майтнер (Берлин, Германия). Методом растровой электронной микроскопии установлены особенности заполнения пор металлом, показана специфика образования столбиков Ni, их морфология (поверхность и сколы). Для исследований электронно-энергетического строения массивов Ni столбиков методом XANES использовалось высокоинтенсивное синхротронное излучение ультрамягкого рентгеновского диапазона накопительного кольца BESSY II Гельмгольц Центра Берлин. Путем анализа локального окружения атомов никеля и кислорода по данным синхротронного метода XANES изучена специфика фазового состава поверхностных слоев, включая интерфейс столбик-матрица. Возможное образование фазы силицида никеля показано лишь при определенных режимах формирования массивов столбиков, в случае частичного разрушения матрицы диоксида кремния и при контакте металла с подложкой Si. Изучена специфика естественного окисления поверхности гетероструктуры столбик никеля - диоксид кремния. ИСТОЧНИК ФИНАНСИРОВАНИЯ Исследование выполнено при поддержке гранта РФФИ (проект №18-32-01046 мол_а) и при частичной поддержке Миниcтеpcтва обpазования и науки Pоccийcкой Федеpации в pамкаx гоcудаpcтвенного задания ВУЗам в cфеpе научной деятельности на 2017–2020 гг. – пpоект № 16.8158.2017/8.9. 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SUMMARYObjective:The study aimed to evaluate teaching trends and use of materials in direct posterior restorations during a 13-year period in an Israeli dental school.Methods:Data registered in computerized files, relating to posterior restorations performed in the student clinic during the past 13 years (2004-2016), were collected. The restorative materials used (ie, amalgam vs composite), the type of tooth, and the number of surfaces restored were analyzed.Results:Data analysis included 26,925 restorations performed during 13 years. The number of one-surface composite restorations increased from 54.7% (n=330) to 81.9% (n=873). Two-surface restorations increased from 33.3% (n=254) to 64.3% (n=721). The percentage of amalgam restorations in three-surface restorations decreased from 72.08% to 51.34% (n=173). Analysis of tooth type showed that in 2016, the number of composite restorations performed in premolars reached 80.87% (n=723) and in molars 63.50% (n=1035). The percentage of composite restorations in the mandible and the maxilla was virtually equal.Conclusions:A clear trend in favor of composite resin restorations is evident in the 13-year survey and suggests a move toward an amalgam-free era.

Abstract Rossi-Santos, M. R., Neto, E. S., Baracho, C. G., Cipolotti, S. R., Marcovaldi, E., and Engel, M. H. 2008. Occurrence and distribution of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) on the north coast of the State of Bahia, Brazil, 2000–2006. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 667–673. The Abrolhos Bank off Brazil is considered the main breeding ground for the humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Southwest Atlantic. However, owing to an increase in the occurrence of the species along the north coast of the State of Bahia, it has been suggested that the species is reoccupying that region, which was probably utilized by the whales before commercial whaling. Information is presented on the occurrence and distribution of humpback whales along the north coast of the State of Bahia, with a comparative overview, for the period 2000–2006. Daily research cruises were conducted from July to October, departing from Praia do Forte (13°40′S 38°10′W) and lasting ∼9 h. Data on sampling and sighting effort, and geographical position and composition of groups of humpback whales, were collected on standardized field sheets. In all, 230 surveys were performed, covering some 9740 nautical miles in 1645 h of sampling effort, during which 1626 humpback whales were sighted, including 118 calves. Humpback whales were sighted throughout the study area. Solitary individuals and pairs were the most frequent group composition, 26% and 37% of the observed groups (n = 723), respectively. Depth of water varied from 15 to 1657 m (mean = 62.4; s.d. = 99). The sightings values were grouped into depth classes to ascertain the highest frequencies (∼30%) for the two classes, i.e. between 35.1 and 55 m of water. There was an increase in the encounter rates of humpback whales on the north coast of the State of Bahia between 2000 and 2006, identifying a difference in SPUE [sightings per unit (h) of effort] among years (Kruskal–Wallis H = 30.155, d.f. = 6, p < 0.05). The results support the hypothesis that humpback whales are reoccupying former breeding areas along the Brazilian coast.

The linear stability of parallel shear flows of incompressible viscous fluids is classically described by the Orr–Sommerfeld equation in the disturbance streamfunction. This fourth-order equation is obtained by eliminating the pressure from the linearized Navier–Stokes equation. Here we consider retaining the primitive velocity-pressure formulation, as is required for general multidimensional geometries for which the streamfunction is unavailable; this affords a uniform description of one-, two-, and three-dimensional flows and their perturbations. The Orr–Sommerfeld equation is here discretized using Python and scikit- fem, in classical and primitive forms with Hermite and Mini elements, respectively. The solutions for the standard test problem of plane Poiseuille flow show the primitive formulation to be simple, clear, very accurate, and better-conditioned than the classical. References L. Allen and T. J. Bridges. Numerical exterior algebra and the compound matrix method. Numer. 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Understanding the mechanisms controlling cancer cell invasion and metastasis constitutes a fundamental step in setting new strategies for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of metastatic cancers. LIM kinase1 (LIMK1) is a member of a novel class of serine–threonine protein kinases. Cofilin, a LIMK1 substrate, is essential for the regulation of actin polymerization and depolymerization during cell migration. Previous studies have made opposite conclusions as to the role of LIMK1 in tumor cell motility and metastasis, claiming either an increase or decrease in cell motility and metastasis as a result of LIMK1 over expression (Zebda, N., O. Bernard, M. Bailly, S. Welti, D.S. Lawrence, and J.S. Condeelis. 2000. J. Cell Biol. 151:1119–1128; Davila, M., A.R. Frost, W.E. Grizzle, and R. Chakrabarti. 2003. J. Biol. Chem. 278:36868–36875; Yoshioka, K., V. Foletta, O. Bernard, and K. Itoh. 2003. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 100:7247–7252; Nishita, M., C. Tomizawa, M. Yamamoto, Y. Horita, K. Ohashi, and K. Mizuno. 2005. J. Cell Biol. 171:349–359). We resolve this paradox by showing that the effects of LIMK1 expression on migration, intravasation, and metastasis of cancer cells can be most simply explained by its regulation of the output of the cofilin pathway. LIMK1-mediated decreases or increases in the activity of the cofilin pathway are shown to cause proportional decreases or increases in motility, intravasation, and metastasis of tumor cells.

A list of 28 species embracing about 720 specimens of the family Scythrididae from the southeastern Balkan is presented. The material was collected from Bulgaria and northern Greece during 2000–2005. Scythris balcanica Jäckh, 1978 is synonimized with S. moldavicella Caradja, 1905, syn. n. The previously unknown females of Scythris ambustella Bengtsson, 1997, S. subaerariella (Stainton, 1867) and S. platypyga (Staudinger, 1880) are described. Seven species are reported as new for Bulgaria and four for Greece. Scythris lafauryi Passerin d’Entrèves, 1986 is reported for the first time from the Balkans. The known distribution range of each species is given.

A scientometric study of 51 research institutes of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation was carried out. 139,342 publications registered in the Russian Science Citation Index in 1950-2017, were the material of the study. We studied the distribution of publications by year of publication and the number of citations. The publications were divided into two groups: 1) cited one or more times (n = 65395 or 46.9%) and 2) with zero citation (n = 73946 or 53.1%). In 2001-2016 the total number of publications increases linearly (regression coefficient 721 publications or 10% per year). At the same time, the share of cited publications decreased from 72% in 2001 to 46% in 2014, and later, to 4% in 2017. During the period of the highest publication activity (2000-2013), the proportion of cited publications ranged from 17 % to 81% in different institutions (median 61%). The proportion of cited publications may be an indicator of the effectiveness of institutions.

Работа посвящена обобщению результатов исследования анодирования алюминида титана (γ-TiAl) во фторсодержащих электролитах. Установлены оптимальные условия анодирования, приводящие к формированию самоорганизованных нанопористых анодных оксидных пленок (АОП) на поверхности образцов, сплава Ti-40 wt. % Al. Показано, что при оптимальных условиях образуются рентгеноаморфные оксидные пленки гетерогенного состава (Al2O3:TiO2 @ 1:1) с размерами пор в диапазоне от 40 до 80 nm. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о перспективности применения анодного наноструктурирования порошков Ti-40 wt. % Al для получения фотокаталитически активных материалов с расширенным до видимого света спектральным диапазоном поглощения. ЛИТЕРАТУРА Wang Y., Ma X., Li H., Yin S., Sato T. Advanced Catalytic materials - Photocatalysis and Other Current Trends, 2016, vol. 12, pp. 337–357. https://doi.org/10.5772/61864 Hashimoto K., Irie H., Fujishima A. Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, 2005, vol. 44, no. 12, pp. 8269–8285. https://doi.org/10.1143/jjap.44.8269 Uddin Md.T., Engg M. Sc. Dr. Rer. Nat. Technical University of Darmstadt, 2014, 222 p. URL: https://d-nb.info/1061050335/04 (accessed 28.11.2018) Batzill M. Energy Environ. Sci., 2011, vol. 4, pp. 3275–3286. https://doi.org/10.1039/c1ee01577j Marschall R. Funct. Mater., 2014. vol. 24. pp. 2421–2440. https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201303214 Ghicov A., Schmuki P. Commun., 2009, pp. 2791–2808. https://doi.org/10.1039/b822726h Li F., Zhao Y., Hao Y., Wang X., Liu R., Zhao D., Chen D. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2012, vol. 239–240. pp. 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.08.016 Morris S. M., Horton J. A., Jaroniec M. Mesopor. Mater., 2010, vol. 128, pp. 180–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micromeso.2009.08.018 Ahmed M. A., Abdel-Messih M. F. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2011, vol. 509, pp. 2154–2159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.10.172 Pakmehr M., Nourmohammadi A., Ghashang M., Saffar-Teluri A. Journal of Particle Science and Technology, 2015, pp. 31–38. https://doi.org/22104/JPST.2015.76 Pei J., Ma W., Li R., Li Y., Du H. Journal of Chemistry, 2015, pp. 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/806568 Il'in, A. A., Kolachev, B. A., Pol'kin, I. S. Titanovye splavy. sostav, struktura, svoistva [Titanium alloys. Composition, structure, properties]. Moscow, VILS-MATI Publ., 2009, 520 p. (in Russ.) Tsuchiya, H., Berger, S., Macak, J.M., Ghicov, A., Schmuki, P. Comm., 2007, vol. 9, pp. 2397–2402. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.elecom.2007.07.013 Berger, S., Tsuchiya, H., Schmuki, P. Mater., 2008, vol. 20, pp. 3245–3247. https://doi.org/10.1021/cm8004024 Stepanova K. V., Yakovleva N. M., Kokatev A. N., Pettersson Kh. zap. PetrGU. Seriya Estestvennye i tekhnicheskie nauki, 2015, vol. 147, no. 2, pp. 81–86. (in Russ.) Stepanova К. V., Yakovleva N. M., Kokatev А. N., Pettersson H. Journal of Surface Investigation. X-ray, Synchrotron and Neutron Techniques, 2016, vol. 10, no. 5, pp. 933– https://doi.org/10.1134/S102745101605013X Stepanova K. V. Diss. kand. tekh. nauk. Petrozavodsk, 2016, 162 p. (in Russ.) Yakovleva N. M., Kokatev A. N., Chupakhina E. A., Stepanova K. V., Yakovlev A. N., Vasil'ev S. G., Shul'ga A. M. Condensed Matter and Interphases, 2016, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 6− URL: http://www.kcmf.vsu.ru/resources/t_18_1_2016_001.pdf (in Russ.) Kokatev A. N. Diss. kand. tekh. nauk. Petrozavodsk, 2013, 170 p. Savchenko O. I., Yakovleva N. M., Yakovlev A. N., Kokatev A. N., Pettersson Kh. Condensed Matter and Interphases, 2012, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 243–249. URL: http://www.kcmf.vsu.ru/resources/t_14_2_2012_018.pdf (in Russ.) Canulescu S., Rechendorff K., Borca C.N., Jones N.C., Bordo K., Schou J., Pleth Nielsen L., Hoffmann S. V., Ambat R. Applied Physics Letters, 2014, vol. 104, pp. 121910(1–4). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4866901 Chen C., Liu J., Liu P., Yu B. Advances in Chemical Engineering and Science, 2011, vol. 1, pp. 9– https://doi.org/10.4236/aces.2011.11002 Rashed M. N., El-Amin A. A. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 2007, vol. 2 (3), pp. 073–081. URL: http://www.academicjournals.org/IJPS (accessed 28.11.2018) Ivanov V. M., Tsepkov M. G., Figurovskaya V. N. Vestnik Moskovskogo universiteta. Seriya 2: Khimiya [Moscow University Chemistry Bulletin], 2010, vol. 65, 6, pp. 370-373. https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103%2FS0027131410060076 Scuderi V., Impellizzeri G., Romano L., Scuderi M., Nicotra G., Bergum K., Irrera A., Svensson B.G., Privitera V. Nanoscale Research Letters, 2014, vol. 9, pp. 458–464. https://doi.org/10.1186/1556-276x-9-458 AbdElmoula M. Dr. Philosophy. Boston, 2011, 275 р. Lee K., Mazare A., Schmuki P. Rev., 2014, vol. 114, pp. 9385–9454. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr500061m Leyens C., Peters M. Titanium and Titanium Alloys. Fundamentals and Applications. Weinheim: WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2003, 532 p.

Tatsuo Usami, now professor emeritus at the University of Tokyo, published a paper entitled “Earthquake Studies and the Earthquake Prediction System in Japan” in the March 1974 issue of Technocrat. I was impressed by Professor Usami’s comprehensive review and healthy criticism of earthquake prediction in Japan, which appears fresh even today. He gave an overview of the 1923 Kanto earthquake and Program 1 to 2 of the earthquake prediction project in Japan. The motivation and research for the project in its early stage are well summarized in the paper. The Tokai earthquake hypothesis [1] was proposed during Program 3, so the budget for the project at national universities was approximately tripled in Program 4 and increased to about 12 billion yen in Program 7 (Table 1). The 1995 Kobe (Hyogo-ken Nanbu) earthquake occurred during Program 7 killing 6,434 people and completely destroying 104,906 houses [2]. Since this unexpected earthquake was as destructive as the 1923 Kanto earthquake, the earthquake prediction project was reformed in New Program 1 (Table 1). The Headquarters for Earthquake Research Promotion was established, moving emphasis from empirical short-term prediction to long-term earthquake forecasting and prediction of strong ground motion [3]. Dr. Hiroe Miyake and I reviewed this situation in a preceding article [4], taking over the mission of writing a recent history of Japanese seismology from Professor Usami's paper. References: [1] K. Ishibashi, “Did the rupture zone of the 1707 Hoei earthquake not extend to deep Suruga Bay?,” Rep. Subcomm. Tokai Distr., Coord. Comm. Earthq. Predict., Geogr. Surv. Inst., pp. 69-78, 1977 (in Japanese). [2] K. Koketsu, “Chronological table of damaging earthquakes in Japan,” in Chronological Scientific Tables 2007, Maruzen, pp.698-729, 2006 (in Japanese). [3] N. Hirata, “Past, current and future of Japanese national program for earthquake prediction research,” Earth Planets and Space, 56, pp. xliii-l, 2004. [4] K. Koketsu and H. Miyake, “Earthquake Observation and Strong Motion Seismology in Japan from 1975 to 2005,” Journal of Disaster Research, Vol.1, No.3, pp. 407-414, 2006. Kazuki Koketsu Professor, University of Tokyo

A 720 m2 plant made of 8 ponds in series, set in Yaounde (Cameroon), was successively operated as a macrophyte-based system (type M) from November 1997 to October 98, a microphyte-based system (type m) from October 1999 to September 2000 and a combination of macrophyte and microphyte ponds (type M+m) from May to July 2001. Average applied loads varied over the years; from 420 kg. BOD5 ha−1 d−1 on the year 1997/98, the loads reached 510 kg BOD5 ha−1 d−1 in 1999/2000 and 500 in 2001. Though the system became more and more overloaded and sludge accumulated rapidly in the first ponds, it provided average removals of SS, BOD5 and COD that were always higher than 90% whatever the type of lagooning. Performances in the removal of SS, organic matter and the abatement of N-NH4+ and PO43− did not significantly differ according to the type of lagooning and the applied load. Macrophyte lagooning did not show any definitive superiority as to nutrient removal when compared to microphyte lagooning. Microphyte lagooning was the most effective process in faecal indicators removal.

Background and Purpose— Shorter delays between symptom onset and treatment translate into better outcomes after ischemic stroke thrombolysis. There are considerable intercenter variations in treatment delivery. We analyzed the trends of door-to-needle times (DNTs) in the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke registry between 2003 and 2011. Methods— We extracted from the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke registry (n=45 079) year of treatment, center code, DNT, sex, age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and comorbidity. For each center, the year they joined the registry and the annual volume of patients were determined (<5, 5–24, 25–49, 50–74, 75–99, and ≥100 patients/y). Results— DNT was not available for 720 (1.6%) patients. The overall mean (SD) DNT was 73 (37) minutes with a median (interquartile range) of 67 (47–91) minutes. The DNT was 65 (46–90), 68 (50–92), and 72 (51–98) minutes for centers joined early (2003–2005), later (2006–2009), and recently (2009–2011), respectively. Center volume had more robust effect on DNT than year of treatment, and the shortest DNTs were seen in centers with volumes ≥100 patients/y. Earlier enrollment period was also associated with shorter delays. Conclusions— Centers that joined the registry earlier and those with high annual volume achieved shorter DNT than centers that joined later and low-volume centers. However, in most of the centers, DNT did not change much during the registry period. A multicenter project aiming to reduce DNT is warranted.

Context.—The American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP) published guidelines in 2007 regarding testing accuracy, interpretation, and reporting of results for HER2 studies. A 2008 survey identified areas needing improved compliance. Objective.—To reassess laboratory response to those guidelines following a full accreditation cycle for an updated snapshot of laboratory practices regarding ASCO/CAP guidelines. Design.—In 2011, a survey was distributed with the HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) proficiency testing program identical to the 2008 survey. Results.—Of the 1150 surveys sent, 977 (85.0%) were returned, comparable to the original survey response in 2008 (757 of 907; 83.5%). New participants submitted 124 of 977 (12.7%) surveys. The median laboratory accession rate was 14 788 cases with 211 HER2 tests performed annually. Testing was validated with fluorescence in situ hybridization in 49.1% (443 of 902) of the laboratories; 26.3% (224 of 853) of the laboratories used another IHC assay. The median number of cases to validate fluorescence in situ hybridization (n = 40) and IHC (n = 27) was similar to those in 2008. Ninety-five percent concordance with fluorescence in situ hybridization was achieved by 76.5% (254 of 332) of laboratories for IHC− findings and 70.4% (233 of 331) for IHC+ cases. Ninety-five percent concordance with another IHC assay was achieved by 71.1% (118 of 168) of the laboratories for negative findings and 69.6% (112 of 161) of the laboratories for positive cases. The proportion of laboratories interpreting HER2 IHC using ASCO/CAP guidelines (86.6% [798 of 921] in 2011; 83.8% [605 of 722] in 2008) remains similar. Conclusions.—Although fixation time improvements have been made, assay validation deficiencies still exist. The results of this survey were shared within the CAP, including the Laboratory Accreditation Program and the ASCO/CAP panel revising the HER2 guidelines published in October 2013. The Laboratory Accreditation Program checklist was changed to strengthen HER2 validation practices.

e4360011The objective of this research was to analyze how official documents and educational legislation present the subject of ethnic-racial diversity, and also reflect on their impact on reality through the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) data. To this end, we conducted an analysis of legislation and official documents created for Brazilian education, from 1988 to 2018, based on the Bardin Content Analysis technique. Subsequently, this analysis was compared with the data available in the PNAD to verify the impact of publications regarding 1) average years of study by color/race in the period; 2) average years of study by color/race, considering the situation of poverty (extremely poor, vulnerable, poor and non-poor); and 3) average years of study in regions of Brazil with a higher percentage of black people. The prescriptions related to the education of ethnic-racial relations of the 12 files analyzed were described, as well as their categories and characteristics. After this process, were established the relations between the categories and the PNAD data. The results allowed us to conclude that the reduction in the average time difference between blacks and whites was a little less than 5 months. Despite the relevance of the efforts, the implementation of policies aimed at combating racial inequality in education is still far from achieving the expected effectiveness.ResumoO objetivo dessa pesquisa foi analisar como são tratadas, em documentos oficiais e na legislação educacional, as questões relativas à diversidade étnico-racial e refletir sobre o seu impacto na realidade por meio dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD). Para tanto, foi realizada uma análise das legislações e documentos oficiais criados para a educação brasileira, do período de 1988 a 2018, pautada na técnica da Análise de Conteúdo da Bardin. Subsequentemente, essa análise foi comparada com os dados disponíveis na PNAD para verificar o impacto das publicações com relação a: 1) média de anos de estudo por cor/raça, no período; 2) média de anos de estudo por cor/raça, considerando a situação de pobreza (extremamente pobres, vulneráveis, pobres e não pobres); e 3) média de anos de estudo em regiões do Brasil com percentual maior de pessoas negras. As prescrições relacionadas à educação das relações étnico-raciais dos 12 arquivos analisados foram descritas, assim como as categorias e as características que as compõem. Após esse processo, foram estabelecidas as relações entre as categorias e os dados da PNAD. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a redução da diferença de tempo médio de estudo entre brancos e negros foi de pouco menos de 5 meses. Apesar da relevância dos esforços, a implementação das políticas que visam o combate à desigualdade racial na educação ainda se apresenta longe de alcançar a eficácia esperada.Palavras-chave: Relações étnico-raciais, Legislação educacional, Desigualdades raciais, Análise de conteúdo.Keywords: Ethnic-Racial relations, Educational legislation, Racial inequalities, Content analysis.ReferencesAGUIAR, Márcia Angela Da S. Avaliação do plano nacional de educação 2001-2009: questões para reflexão. Educação Sociedade, Campinas, v. 31, n. 112, p. 707-727, set. 2010.ARTES, Amelia; MENA-CHALCO, Jesús Pascual. O Programa de Bolsas da Fundação Ford: 12 anos de atuação no Brasil. Educação e Realidade, Porto Alegre, v.44, n.3, p.1-22, 2019.BARDIN, Laurence. Análise de conteúdo. 4. ed. Lisboa: Edições 70, 2011, 279 p.BARROS, Marilisa Berti de Azevedo; FRANCISCO, Priscila Maria Stolses Bergamo; ZANCHETTA, Luane Margarete; CESAR, Chester Luiz Galvão. Tendências das desigualdades sociais e demográficas na prevalência de doenças crônicas no Brasil, PNAD: 2003-2008. Ciência saúde coletiva, Rio de Janeiro, v.16, n.9, p. 3755-3768, set. 2011.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação e Cultura. Base Nacional Comum Curricular. Brasília: MEC, 2017. Disponível em: https://tinyurl.com/y4lqrr4s. Acesso em: 06 de maio de 2020.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação e Cultura. Plano Nacional de Educação PNE 2014 2024. Brasília: MEC, 2015. Disponível em: http://pne.mec.gov.br/18planossubnacionais-de-educacao/543-plano-nacional-deeducacao-lei-n-13-005-2014. Acesso em: 06 de maio 2020.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação e Cultura. Planejando a Próxima Década Conhecendo as 20 Metas do Plano Nacional de Educação. Brasília: MEC, 2014a. Disponível em: http://pne.mec.gov.br/images/pdf/pne_conhecendo_20_metas.pdf. Acesso em: 20 de maio 2020.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação e Cultura. Lei nº 13.005, de 25 de junho de 2014. Aprova o Plano Nacional de Educação-PNE e dá outras providências. Brasília, 2014b. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2014/lei/l13005.htm. Acesso em: 21 de maio 2020.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação e Cultura. Lei n° 010172, de 9 de janeiro de 2001. Aprova o Plano Nacional de Educação-PNE e dá outras providências. Brasília: MEC, 2001. Disponível em: http://portal.mec.gov.br/arquivos/pdf/L10172.pdf. Acesso em: 22 de maio 2020.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação e Cultura. Plano Nacional de Implementação das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para a Educação das Relações Étnico-Raciais e para o Ensino de História e Cultura Afro-Brasileira e Africana. Brasília: MEC, 2013. Disponível em: http://portal.mec.gov.br/index.php?option=com_docmanview=downloadalias=10098-diretrizes-curricularesItemid=30192. Acesso em: 30 de maio 2020.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação e Cultura. Lei nº 12.711, de 29 de agosto de 2012. Brasília, 2012. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2012/lei/l12711.htm. Acesso em: 30 de maio 2020.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação e Cultura. Orientações e Ações para a Educação das Relações Étnico-Raciais. Brasília: SECAD, 2006. Disponível em: http://portal.mec.gov.br/dmdocuments/orientacoes_etnicoraciais.pdf. Acesso em 28 de maio 2020.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação e Cultura. Parecer CNE/CP 3/2004. Diretrizes curriculares nacionais para a educação das relações étnico-raciais e para o ensino de história e cultura afro-brasileira e africana. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Poder Executivo, Brasília, 2004a. Disponível em: http://portal.mec.gov.br/dmdocuments/cnecp_003.pdf. Acesso em: 23 de maio 2020.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação e Cultura. Diretrizes curriculares nacionais para a educação das relações étnico-raciais e para o ensino de história e cultura afro-brasileira e africana. Brasília, 2004b. Disponível em: http://portal.mec.gov.br/cne/arquivos/pdf/res012004.pdf. Acesso em: 27 de maio 2020.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação e Cultura. Lei nº 10.639/03, de 09 de janeiro de 2003. Brasília, 2003. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/2003/l10.639.htm. Acesso em 26 de maio 2020.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação e Cultura. Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais: Apresentação dos Temas Transversais: Ética. Rio de Janeiro: DPA, 2000. Disponível em: http://portal.mec.gov.br/seb/arquivos/pdf/livro081.pdf. Acesso em: 25 de maio 2020.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação e Cultura. Lei nº 9.394/96, de 20 de dezembro de 1996. Brasília: MEC, 2017. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9394.htm. Acesso em: 24 de maio 2020.BRASIL. Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil, de 1988. In: PLANALTO FEDERAL. Brasília, 1988. Disponível em: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/constituicao/constituicao.htm. Acesso em: 20 de out. 2019.CAMARGO, Marisson Jonas Rodrigues; BENITE, Ana Maria Canavarro. Educação para as relações étnico-raciais na formação de professores de química: sobre a Lei 10.639/2003 no Ensino Superior. Química Nova, São Paulo, v. 42, n. 6, p. 691-701, 2019.CANDAU, Vera Maria; KOFF, Adélia Maria Nehme Simão. Conversas com... sobre a didática e a perspectiva multi/intercultural. Educação Sociedade, Campinas, v. 27, n. 95, p. 471-493, maio/ago. 2006.CARTH, John Land. A Base Nacional Comum Curricular e a aplicação da política de Educação para Educação das Relações Etnico-Raciais (afro-brasileira, quilombola, cigana). Brasília, 2017 Disponível em: http://etnicoracial.mec.gov.br/images/pdf/artigos/A-BNCC2018-e-aERER.pdf. Acesso em: 20 out. 2019.CASEIRO, Luiz Carlos Zalaf. Desigualdades de acesso à educação superior no Brasil e o Plano Nacional de Educação. Rio de Janeiro: IPEA, 2016, 40 p.CASTRO, Felipe González et al. A Methodology for conducting integrative mixed methods research and data analyses. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, v. 4, n. 4, p. 342-360, 2010.CAVALLEIRO, Eliane. Educação anti-racista: compromisso indispensável para um mundo melhor. In: Racismo e anti-racismo na educação: Repensando nossa escola. CAVALLEIRO, Eliane (Org.) São Paulo: Selo Negro Edições, 2001, 213 p.CERVI, Emerson Urizzi. Ações afirmativas no vestibular da UFPR entre 2005 a 2012: de política afirmativa racial a política afirmativa de gênero. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Política, Brasília, n. 11, p. 63-88, ago, 2013. Disponível em: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S0103-33522013000200003lng=ennrm=iso. Acesso em: 18 de mar. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0103-33522013000200003.CODES, Ana; ARAÚJO, Herton Ellery; BASSI, Camillo; MEIRA, Ana. Uma leitura do plano nacional de educação (PNE) e uma proposta para seu monitoramento. Brasília: IPEA, 2017.COELHO, Mauro Cezar; COELHO, Wilma Nazaré Baía. 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Cadernos de Pesquisa, Rio de Janeiro, v.43, n.148 p. 302-327, jan./abr., 2013.DIAS, Lucimar Rosa. Quantos passos já foram dados? A questão de raça nas leis educacionais: da LDB de 1961 à Lei 10.639. Revista Espaço Acadêmico, v. 38, p. 1-16, 2004.DUARTE, Juliana Calabresi Voss; MENDES, Claudinei Magno Magre. As políticas de educação e o Plano Nacional de Educação (2014-2024): análise da materialização das propostas do plano. Série-Estudos, Campo Grande, v. 23, n. 48, p. 173-193, maio/ago., 2018.FERES JR., João; CAMPOS, Luiz Augusto. Evolução do Debate Sobre Ação Afirmativa no Brasil: prognósticos passados e diagnósticos presentes. In: ARTES, Amélia; UNBEHAUN, Sandra; SILVERIO, Valter. Ações Afirmativas no Brasil: reflexões e desafios para a pós-graduação. São Paulo: Cortez, 2016. p. 241-266.FERREIRA, Windyz Brazão. O conceito de diversidade no BNCC Relações de poder e interesses ocultos. Revista Retratos da Escola, Brasília, v. 9, n. 17, p. 299-319, jul./dez., 2015.FERREIRA, Lusia Ribeiro. Efeitos das ações afirmativas na permanência e desempenho do estudante, sob a ótica da teoria da justiça: um estudo em uma Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. 96f., 2019. Dissertação (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Contabilidade). Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, 2019.FONSECA, João José Saraiva. Metodologia da pesquisa científica. Fortaleza: UEC, 2002, 127 p. Disponível em: http://www.ia.ufrrj.br/ppgea/conteudo/conteudo-2012-1/1SF/Sandra/apostilaMetodologia.pdf. Acesso em: 16 de março de 2020.GARCIA, Francisco Augusto da Costa; JESUS, Girlene Ribeiro. Uma avaliação do sistema de cotas raciais da Universidade de Brasília. Estudos em avaliação Educacional, São Paulo, v. 26, n. 61, p. 146-165, jan./abr., 2015. Disponível em: http://publicacoes.fcc.org.br/ojs/index.php/eae/article/view/.2773/2959. Acesso em: 20/03/ 2020.GOIZ, Juliana Almeida Martins. 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RBPAE, Rio Grande do Sul, v. 27, n. 1, p. 109-121, jan./abr., 2011.GUIMARÃES, Selva. The teaching of Afro-Brazilian and indigenous culture and history in Brazilian basic education in the 21st century. Policy Futures in Education, v. 13, n. 8, p. 939-948, 2015.HENRIQUES, Ricardo. Desigualdade Racial no Brasil: evolução das condições de vida na década de 90. Rio de Janeiro: IPEA, 2001, 52 p.HERINGER, Rosana. Desigualdades raciais no Brasil: síntese de indicadores e desafios no campo das políticas públicas. Caderno de Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, v. 18, p. 57- 65, 2002.IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios: Síntese de Indicadores 2018 de Educação: IBGE; 2018. Disponível em: https://www.ibge.gov.br/estatisticas/sociais/educacao/9173-pesquisa-nacional-por-amostra-de-domicilios-continua-trimestral.html?=t=downloads. Acesso em 30 de mar. 2020.JACCOUD, Luciana. O combate ao racismo e à desigualdade: o desafio das políticas públicas de promoção da igualdade racial. In: THEODORO, Mário (Org.). As políticas públicas e a desigualdade racial no Brasil: 120 anos após a abolição. Brasília: IPEA, 2008, 180 p.JÚNIOR, Fernando Tavares; MONT'ALVÃO, Arnaldo; NEUBERT, Luíz Flávio. Rendimento escolar e seus determinantes sociais no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Sociologia-RBS, Belo Horizonte, v. 3, p. 117-138, 2015.LASTÓRIA, Andrea Coelho. Resenha: Educação das Relações Étnico-Raciais. Paidéia, Ribeirão Preto, p. 275-276, out., 2006.LIMA, Márcia. Desigualdades raciais e políticas públicas: ações afirmativas no governo Lula. Novos estudos - CEBRAP, São Paulo, n. 87, p. 77-95, jul., 2010.MIQUILIN, Isabella de Oliveira Campos et al. Desigualdades no acesso e uso dos serviços de saúde entre trabalhadores informais e desempregados: análise da PNAD 2008, Brasil. Caderno de Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, v. 29, n. 7, p. 1392-1406, jul., 2013. Available from http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttextpid=S0102-311X2013000700013lng=ennrm=iso. Acesso em: 18 de mar. 2020. MOREIRA, Romilson do Carmo. Três ensaios sobre educação, desigualdades raciais e políticas de ações afirmativas. 2019, 89 f. Tese Doutorado. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia do Desenvolvimento. Pontífica Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul, 2019.MÜLLER, Tânia Mara Pedroso; COELHO, Wilma de Nazará Baía. A Lei n° 10.639/03 e a formação de professores: trajetória e perspectivas. Revista da Associação Brasileira de Pesquisadores/as Negros/as (ABPN), Minas Gerais, v. 5, n. 11, p. 29-54, out., 2013.MUNANGA, Kabengele. Políticas de ação afirmativa em benefício da população negra no Brasil: um ponto de vista em defesa de cotas. Sociedade e Cultura, Goiás, v. 4, n. 2, p. 31-43, jul. /dez., 2001.OLIVEIRA, Fabiana de. A educação básica e o tratamento da questão racial: as implicações da lei 10.639 para a formação de professores. Revista Educação e Políticas em Debate, Uberlândia, v. 2, n. 1, p. 53-75, jan./jul., 2013.OLIVEIRA, Elânia. A Lei 10.639/2003 e a Escola de Educação Especial: um desafio a mais para a formação de professores. Educar em Revista, Curitiba, n. 47, p. 85-95, jan./mar. 2014.PENA, Mariza Aparecida Costa; MATOS, Daniel Abud Seabra; COUTRIM, Rosa Maria da Exaltação. Percurso de estudantes cotistas: ingresso, permanência e oportunidades no ensino superior. Avaliação, Campinas, v. 25, n. 01, p. 27-51, mar. 2020.RODRIGUES, Erica Castilho; MATOS, Daniel Abud Seabra; FERREIRA, Aline dos Santos. Nível socioeconômico e ensino superior: cálculo e aplicações. Avaliação, Campinas, v. 22, n. 2, p. 494-511, jul. 2017.SANTIAGO, Flávio. Políticas educacionais e relações étnico-raciais: contribuições do Parecer CNE/CP 3/2004 para a educação infantil no Brasil. Revista on line de Política e Gestão Educacional, São Paulo, n. 14, p. 25-44, 2013.SANTOS, Émina. A educação como direito social e a escola como espaço protetivo de direitos: uma análise à luz da legislação educacional brasileira. Educação e Pesquisa, São Paulo, v. 45, p. 1-15, 2019.SANTOS, Júlio Ricardo Quevedo; ROCHA, Aristeu Castilhos da. Ensinar história e cultura afro-brasileira: possibilidades e alternativas de práticas pedagógicas. Fronteiras: Revista de História, Dourados, v. 18. n. 31. p. 68-98, jan. / jun. 2016.SANTOS, Sales Augusto dos. Políticas Públicas de promoção da igualdade racial, questão racial, mercado de trabalho e justiça trabalhista. Revista TST, Brasília, v.76, n. 3, jul./set., 2010.SANTOS, Rosenverck Estrela. O movimento negro e a luta pelas políticas de promoção da igualdade racial no Brasil. Kwanissa, São Luís, v.1, n.1, p.139-153, jan./jun., 2018.SANTOS, Sônia Querino dos Santos e; MACHADO, Vera Lúcia de Carvalho. Políticas públicas educacionais: antigas reivindicações, conquistas (Lei 10.639) e novos desafios. 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Abstract Abstract 484 On behalf of the NCRI AML Working Group, United Kingdom There is a general acceptance that survival in younger patients (<60 years) with AML has improved over the last 20 years, the majority still fail treatment. While the induction rate is satisfactory at >75% relapse remains a problem. Optimisation of induction and defining the schedule and duration of post-induction chemotherapy remains important even as novel approaches such as antibody directed therapy or small molecule therapy are added. The MRC AML15 compared 3 induction chemotherapy schedules and 4 post induction options. In induction patients were randomised to two course of DA or ADE or FLAG-Ida. In each case patients were also eligible to be randomised to receive Gemtuzumab Ozogamicin (GO) or not, which has been separately reported. In consolidation patients were randomised to MRC schedule (MACE/MidAC) or two courses of High Dose Ara-C and for those randomised to Ara-C to a dose of 3g/m2 or 1.5g/m2. Finally patients could be randomised to receive, or not, a 5th course comprising Ara-C. Between October 2002 and January 2009, 1982 patients were randomised between DA (n=994) and ADE (n=988); up to May 2007, patients could also be randomised to FLAG-Ida; the randomised comparison with ADE recruited 1266 patients (FLAG-Ida n=635, ADE n=631). For part of the trial patients could be randomised to GO or not (306 patients in the DA v ADE and 297 in the FLAG-Ida v ADE comparisons were randomised). The median age of patients in the randomised comparisons was 49 years. Overall the ORR was 85% (CR 80%, CRi 5%) and the OS at 5 years is 43%. The randomisations were balanced for age, sex, performance status, de Novo/secondary disease, cytogenetics, white cell count, and GO allocation. With the exception of a suggestion of greater benefit on ORR with FLAG-Ida among patients given GO, overall outcomes were not affected by GO treatment. In consolidation 1445 patients were randomised between MRC (n=723) and HD Ara-C (n=722). Of the 723 Ara-C patients, 328 were randomised to 3g/m2 and 329 to 1.5g/m2: 227 of the 1619 patients who received 4 courses were randomised for a 5th course with 112 allocated 5 courses. Conclusions: There were no significant differences in the response rate between induction treatments. FLAG-Ida resulted in a reduced relapse rate but this was balanced by increased myelosuppression and deaths in CR resulting in no overall benefit in survival. No survival differences were seen in any of the post induction comparisons, but the MACE/MidAc arm produced more myelosuppression and required more supportive care, and led to increased death in remission. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

O mercado de trabalho formal passou por mudanças ao longo dos anos, ressignificando o papel da mulher e trazendo novas óticas ao processo produtivo. Este trabalho investiga a possível convergência para a igualdade de gênero nas admissões do mercado de trabalho formal rural da cidade de Belém. Com dados extraídos do CAGED no período de 2004 a 2019, utilizou-se o modelo sazonal autorregressivo integrado de médias móveis – SARIMA. Estimou-se, em média, que haverá igualdade nas admissões na capital do estado do Pará em um cenário otimista (09/2027), em média 09/2037 e pessimista 08/2053. Referências AGÉNOR, P.; CANUTO, O. (2015). Gender equality and economic growth in Brazil: A long-run analysis. Journal of Macroeconomics, 43, 155. AKAIKE, H. A new look at the statistical model identification. IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control., Boston, v.19, n.6, p.716-723, Dec. 1974. AKAIKE, H. Information theory and an extension of the maximum likelihood principle. In Proc. 2nd Inter. Symposium on Information Theory, pp. 267-281, Budapest. 1973. BAYLÃO, André Luis da Silva; SCHETTINO, Elisa Mara Oliveira. A inserção da mulher no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. XI SEGeT-Simpósio de Excelência em Gestão e Tecnologia. Anais do XI Simpósio de Excelência em Gestão e Tecnologia. Resende-Rio de Janeiro, 2014. BARBOSA, Ana Luiza Neves de Holanda. Participação feminina no mercado de trabalho. Boletim Mercado de trabalho brasileiro. (Conjuntura e Análise nº 57). 2014. BARBOSA, Ana Luiza Neves de Holanda; COSTA, Joana Simões de Melo. Oferta de creche e participação das mulheres no mercado de trabalho do Brasil. Boletim Mercado de Trabalho. (Conjuntura e Análise nº 62). 2017. BENERIA, Lourdes. Introducción. La mujer y el género sem la economia: sem panorama general. Gender, Development and Globalization. Copyright, 2004. BORDALO, C. A. Os caminhos da política: o sindicalismo rural e os movimentos de mulheres trabalhadoras rurais em Pernambuco. 2011. 158 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências) – Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Sociais em Desenvolvimento, Agricultura e Sociedade, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2011. BUENO, R. L. S. Econometria de séries temporais. São Paulo: Cengage Learning, 2011. 320p. CAMARGO, Thatianne Pinto. Os desafios encontrados na inserção da mulher no agronegócio. 2018. 41 f. TCC (Graduação) - Curso de Administração, Faculdade Evangélica de Jaraguá, Jaraguá, 2018. Disponível em: http://repositorio.aee.edu.br/bitstream/aee/1055/1/2018-1_TCC_CamargoThatiannePinto.pdf. Acesso em: 25 out. 2021. COSTA, J. S. M. Determinantes da participação feminina no mercado de trabalho brasileiro. 2007. Tese (Mestrado em Economia) – Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, 2007. DEERE, C. D. Os direitos da mulher à terra e os movimentos sociais rurais na reforma agrária brasileira. Estudos Feministas, Florianópolis, v. 12, n. 1, p. 175-204, jan./abr. 2004. DEERE, C. D. ; LEÓN, M.O empoderamento da mulher. Porto Alegre: Ed. da UFRGS, 2002. EHLERS, R. S. Análise de séries temporais. In: Notas de aula de séries temporais. São Paulo: USP, 2007. Disponível em: http://www.each.usp.br/rvicente/AnaliseDeSeriesTemporais.pdf. Elliott, G., Rothenberg, T. J. & Stock, J. H. Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit root. Econometrica 64: 813-836, 1996. ESTIVAL, K. G. S. Reflexões sobre o trabalho das mulheres rurais no brasil na perspectiva da economia feminista. Revista Caribeña de Ciencias Sociales, v. 1, p. 12-20, 2014. FAO (Organização das Nações Unidas para a Agricultura e a Alimentação). (2011), O Estado Mundial de la Agricultura y la Alimentación. Roma, FAO, parte I. FARIA, Nalu; NOBRE, Miriam (Orgs.). Economia feminista. São Paulo: SOF, 2002. FAVA, V. Manual de econometria. In: VASCONCELOS, M. A. S.; D. São Paulo: Editora Atlas, 2000. FERREIRA, Pedro Guilherme Costa; MATTOS, Daiane Marcolino. Modelo SARIMA. In: Anna Carolina Barros et al. (org.). Análise de séries temporais em R: um curso introdutório. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2018. Cap. 4. p. 121-2143.

A Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato) plant from a commercial property in New Zealand was submitted to the Investigation and Diagnostic Centre for diagnosis in 2003. Fruits had faint yellow ringspots but no obvious symptoms were observed on leaves. No virus particles were observed from tomato and symptomatic herbaceous plants crude sap preparations. Mechanically inoculated Nicotiana clevelandii and N glutinosa developed systemic chlorosis, whereas pinpoint necrotic local lesions were observed on Chenopodium amaranticolor. Chlorotic local lesions were also observed on C. quinoa followed by systemic necrosis. No symptoms were observed on Cucumis sativus, Gomphrena globosa, N. benthamiana, N. sylvestris, or N. tabacum cv. White Burley. Total RNA was extracted from N. glutinosa and C. quinoa leaf samples using the Qiagen (Qiagen Inc., Valencia, CA) Plant RNeasy Kit. Reverse transcription (RT) was carried out by using random hexamer primers and SuperScript II reverse transcriptase (Invitrogen, Frederick, MD) followed with PCR using broad-detection primers targeting the genera Carmovirus, Dianthovirus, Ilarvirus, Tospovirus, (Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN) and Tombusvirus (2). A positive RT-PCR amplification was obtained only with Ilarvirus primers. The 450-bp product (GenBank Accession No. DQ457000) from the replicase gene had a 97.4% nt and 98.6% aa identity with Spinach latent virus (SpLV; Accession No. NC_003808). An RT-PCR protocol was developed for the specific detection of SpLV. Primers were designed from three SpLV RNA sequences (RNA1: NC_003808; RNA2: NC_003809; RNA3: NC_003810) using the Primer3 software (3). Primers SpLV-RNA1-F (5′-TGTGGATTGGTGGTTGGA-3′) and SpLV-RNA1-R (5′-CTTGCTTGAGGAGAGATGTTG-3′) anneal to the replicase gene from nt 1720 to 2441. Primers SpLV-RNA2-F (5′-GAACCACCGAAACCGAAA-3′) and SpLV-RNA2-R (5′-CCACCTCAACACCAGTCATAG-3′) bind to the polymerase gene from nt 603 to 1038. Primers SpLV-RNA3-F (5′-GCCTTCATCTTTGCCTTTG-3′) and SpLV-RNA3-R (5′-CATTTCATCTGCGGTGGT-3′) amplify the movement protein gene from nt 724 to 936. The predicted amplified product sizes were 722, 436, and 213 bp from RNA1, RNA2, and RNA3, respectively. RT was carried out as described above. PCR was performed in a 20-μl reaction containing 2 μl cDNA, 1× Taq reaction buffer, 1.5 mM MgCl2, 0.2 mM dNTPs, 0.2 μM of forward and reverse primers, and 1 U Taq polymerase (Promega, Madison, WI). The PCR amplification cycle was identical for the three primer pairs: denaturation (95°C for 3 min) followed by 37 cycles of 95°C (20 s), 60°C (30 s), and 72°C (30 s) with a final elongation step (72°C for 3 min). The amplified products were analyzed by gel electrophoresis, stained with SYBR Green, and their identities confirmed by sequencing. The tomato sample was grown from seed imported from the Netherlands where SpLV occurs (4). The virus is of potential importance for the tomato industry because of its symptomless infection and high frequency of seed transmission in many plant species (1,4). SpLV has never been detected in other submitted tomato samples. Consequently, SpLV is not considered to be established in New Zealand. To our knowledge, this is the first report of SpLV in tomato. References: (1) L. Bos et al. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 86:79, 1980. (2) R. Koeing et al. Arch. Virol. 149:1733, 2004. (3) S. Rozen and H. Skaletsky. Page 365 in: Bioinformatics Methods and Protocols. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ, 2000. (4) Z. Stefenac and M. Wrischer. Acta Bot. Croat. 42:1, 1983.

AbstractLet $({\mathcal {A}^{\mathbb {Z}}} ,F)$ be a bipermutative algebraic cellular automaton. We present conditions that force a probability measure, which is invariant for the $ {\mathbb {N}} \times {\mathbb {Z}} $-action of F and the shift map σ, to be the Haar measure on Σ, a closed shift-invariant subgroup of the abelian compact group $ {\mathcal {A}^{\mathbb {Z}}} $. This generalizes simultaneously results of Host et al (B. Host, A. Maass and S. Martínez. Uniform Bernoulli measure in dynamics of permutative cellular automata with algebraic local rules. Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. 9(6) (2003), 1423–1446) and Pivato (M. Pivato. Invariant measures for bipermutative cellular automata. Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst. 12(4) (2005), 723–736). This result is applied to give conditions which also force an (F,σ)-invariant probability measure to be the uniform Bernoulli measure when F is a particular invertible affine expansive cellular automaton on $ {\mathcal {A}^{\mathbb {N}}} $.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the actions offered in the Teacher Development Program from the perceptions of the teachers of the medical course of a public university that has been working with active teaching and learning methods since 2002. After each action of the program, an evaluation instrument was applied to the participants, and the answers were submitted to content analysis and then organized into three categories: infrastructure and logistics, the teaching-learning strategies and the developed content. Teachers highlight the importance of organization and planning of activities and the environment in which these actions are developed; they emphasize the importance of using teaching–learning strategies that allow greater re?ection on own practice and the integration of theory and practice. They point out that the themes proposed were timely and necessary, they recognize the importance of being in development, they talk about the motivation from the experiences lived. It is concluded that the Teacher Development is a process through which the teacher is in transformation, through a conscious and constant reflection of his own practice. This process can be promoted by institutional investments and by the regulatory mechanisms of institutions, constituted of an evaluation referenced in objective indicators, consistent with the goals to be achieved. In this sense, it is necessary to invest in permanent education, because long-term programs allow the development of the teacher´s and the institution´s needs.ResumoO objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as ações oferecidas em um Programa de Desenvolvimento Docente a partir da percepção dos professores do curso de medicina de uma universidade pública que utiliza métodos ativos de ensino-aprendizagem desde 2002. Após cada ação do programa, um instrumento de avaliação foi aplicado aos participantes, e respostas foram submetidas à análise do conteúdo e em seguida foram organizadas em três categorias: infraestrutura e logística, estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem utilizadas, e conteúdo desenvolvido. Os professores destacam a importância da organização e planejamento das atividades e do ambiente em que essas ações se desenvolveram; Enfatizam a importância de utilizar estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem que possibilitem maior reflexão sobre a própria prática e a integração da teoria e a prática. Apontam que os temas propostos foram oportunos e necessários, reconhecem a importância de estarem em desenvolvimento, falam sobre a motivação a partir das experiências vivenciadas. Conclui-se que o Desenvolvimento Docente é um processo pelo qual o professor está em transformação, por meio de uma re?exão consciente e constante de sua própria prática. Esse processo pode ser promovido pelos investimentos institucionais e pelos mecanismos reguladores das instituições constituídos por uma avaliação referenciada em indicadores objetivos, coerentes com as metas a serem alcançadas. Nesse sentido, é necessário investir na educação permanente, pois os programas em longo prazo permitem trabalhar as necessidades do professor e da instituição.ResumenEl objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las acciones ofrecidas en un Programa de Desarrollo Docente a partir de la percepción de los profesores del curso de medicina de una universidad pública que utiliza métodos activos de enseñanza - aprendizaje desde 2002. Después de cada acción del programa, un instrumento de evaluación se aplicó a los participantes, y las respuestas se sometieron al análisis del contenido y luego se organizaron en tres categorías: infraestructura y logística, estrategias de enseñanza - aprendizaje utilizadas, y contenido desarrollado. Los profesores destacan la importancia de la organización y planificación de las actividades y del ambiente en que esas acciones se desarrollaron; Enfatizan la importancia de utilizar estrategias de enseñanza - aprendizaje que posibiliten una mayor reflexión sobre la propia práctica y la integración de la teoría y la práctica. Se señalan que los temas propuestos fueron oportunos y necesarios, reconocen la importancia de estar en desarrollo, hablan sobre la motivación a partir de las experiencias vivenciadas. Se concluye que el Desarrollo Docente es un proceso por el cual el profesor está en transformación, por medio de una re?exión consciente y constante de su propia práctica. Este proceso puede ser promovido por las inversiones institucionales y por los mecanismos reguladores de las instituciones constituidos por una evaluación referenciada en indicadores objetivos, coherentes con las metas a ser alcanzadas. En este sentido, es necesario invertir en la educación permanente, pues los programas a largo plazo permiten trabajar las necesidades del profesor y de la institución.Keywords: Educational development, Medical education, Professional development, Qualitative research.Palavras-chave: Desenvolvimento e educação, Formação médica, Desenvolvimento profissional, Pesquisa qualitativa.Palabras claves: Desarrollo y educación, Formación médica, Desarrollo profesional, Investigación cualitativa.ReferencesABID, Kauser. Faculty development: a need in time for educators in healthcare. J Pak Med Assoc, v. 63, n. 4, p. 428-431, Apr., 2013.ALMEIDA, Maria Tereza Carvalho; BATISTA, Nildo Alves. Ser docente em métodos ativos de ensino-aprendizagem na formação do médico. Rev Bras Educ Med, v. 35, n. 4, p. 468-476, julho, 2011.ALMEIDA, Maria Tereza Carvalho; MAIA, Fernanda Alves; BATISTA, Nildo Alves. Gestão nas escolas médicas e sustentabilidade dos programas de desenvolvimento docente. 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Can Gio mangrove forest (CGM) is located downstream of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), situated between an estuarine system of Dong Nai - Sai Gon river and a part of Vam Co river. The CGM is the largest restored mangrove forest in Vietnam and the UNESCO’s Mangrove Biosphere Reserve. The CGM has been gradually facing to numeric challenges of global climate change, environmental degradation and socio-economic development for the last decades. To evaluate sediment quality in the CGM, we collected 13 cores to analyze for sediment grain size, organic matter content, and trace element concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn. Results showed that trace element concentrations ranged from uncontaminated (Cd, Cu, and Zn) to very minor contaminated (Cr, Ni, and Pb). The concentrations were gradually influenced by suspended particle size and the mangrove plants.ReferencesAnh M.T., Chi D.H., Vinh N.N., Loan T.T., Triet L.M., Slootenb K.B.-V., Tarradellas J., 2003. 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As representações sociais comportam dimensões históricas, sociais e culturais, que se manifestam na tomada de decisão e nas ações no cotidiano escolar. Portanto, entender as representações dos múltiplos protagonistas do/no contexto escolar como dimensões da complexidade do fenômeno no cotidiano escolar, significa entender a escola, ela em si mesma, como complexa. Nesta perspectiva, foram analisadas as representações sobre as violências que se manifestam no cotidiano escolar, com o propósito de favorecer uma melhor compreensão sobre este fenômeno e subsidiar formas de redução e prevenção. A pesquisa ISSN 1518-3483 Rev. Diálogo Educ., Curitiba, v. 9, n. 28, p. 467-480, set./dez. 2009 Licenciado sob uma Licença Creative Commons Rev. Diálogo Educ., Curitiba, v. 9, n. 28, p. 467-480, set./dez. 2009 468 EYNG, A. M.; GISI, M. L.; ENS, R. T. Rev. Diálogo Educ., Curitiba, v. 9, n. 28, p. 467-480, set./dez. 2009 foi realizada em duas etapas, a primeira etapa em 2006 e 2007, com 728 alunos(as) de ensino fundamental e médio e 57 professores(as) em sete escolas públicas do Estado do Paraná, mediante o método das evocações. A segunda em 2008, numa escola pública estadual de grande porte com pais, alunos, professores e profissionais pedagógicos e administrativos – agrupados como funcionários. Os dados foram obtidos mediante realização de entrevistas estruturadas. Os dados evidenciam que o fenômeno das violências nas escolas é percebido de modo diferente pelos diferentes protagonistas, o que pode estar associado ao fato deste fenômeno, não ter se constituído, em âmbito geral, nas escolas, em uma questão para análises coletivas e proposição de ações conjuntas. E pelo fato das representações sociais estarem fortemente ancoradas em concepções que são próprias de cada grupo social e do seu contexto. Assim cabe chamar a atenção para a necessidade de um maior aprofundamento da discussão coletiva, da definição de posicionamentos e estratégias de ação compartilhadas. E, em especial, a inserção dessa temática em cursos de formação inicial e continuada de professores para a educação básica.

We examined the relationships between internalizing problems and school adjustment in 2 cohorts (1994 and 2008) of Chinese adolescents (N = 540 and 728, respectively; M age = 13 years). The 2 time points occurred during different phases of social and economic reform in Chinese society. Data were obtained from peers, teachers, and school records. The results indicated that whereas, in the 1994 cohort, internalizing problems was only slightly and negatively associated with sociability and academic achievement, and strongly associated with externalizing problems, internalizing problems was significantly associated with social and school adjustment in the 2008 cohort. The results indicated the implications of changing context for adolescent socioemotional functioning.

Abstract In Japan, unrelated bone marrow transplantations (U-BMT) for severe aplastic anemia (SAA) were first performed in 1993. Transplant regimens and patient selection have changed substantially since then. We aimed to determine the effect of these changes on transplant outcome. We retrospectively analyzed the outcome in patients with SAA who received U-BMT through the Japan Marrow Donor Program between 1993 and 2005. We selected 302 recipient-donor pairs in which molecular analysis of HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and DQB1 were performed. Patient ages ranged from 1 to 64 years (median, 17 years). Various preconditioning regimens were used by individual centers. Either tacrolimus with methotrexate or cyclosporine with methotrexate was used for the prophylaxis against graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in 137 (45%) patients and 127 patients (42%), respectively. Of the 302 pairs, 104 (34%) were found to be matched at HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and DQB1; 97 (32%) were mismatched at a single HLA allele (23 HLA-A or -B, 42 HLA-C, 32 HLA-DRB1 or HLA-DQB1); 83 (28%) were mismatched at two HLA alleles (35 HLA-A or -B and HLA-C, 8 HLA-A or -B and HLA-DRB1 or -DQB1, 40 HLA-C and HLA-DRB1 or -DQB1); and 18 (6%) were mismatched at three HLA alleles. Currently, 210 of the 302 patients are alive with the median follow-up period of 722 days after transplantation. The incidence of graft failure was 2.2%; that of grade II/IV GVHD was 29.0%; that of III/IV acute GVHD was 13.8%; and that of chronic GVHD was 25.2%. Multivariate analysis revealed the following significant risk factors for survival: patients older than 15 years (RR, 1.98; range 1.17–3.35); HLA-A or -B + HLA-C or HLA-DQB1 or -DRB1 (RR 2.18; range 1.29–3.68); three loci mismatching (RR 3.14; range 1.47–6.69); prophylaxis against GVHD with tacrolimus with methotrexate (RR 0.45; range 0.28–0.73), ABO major mismatch (RR 1.67; range 1.05–2.63), and non-ATG-containing CY+TBI regimen (RR 2.17; range 1.16–4.03). Patients were divided into two cohorts based on years of transplantation and we compared patients transplanted within two time periods: 1993–2000 and 2001–2005. Five-year survival increased 55.9+/−4.6% in the 1993–2000 cohort (n=116) and 72.7+/−3.8% in the 2001–2005 cohort (n=186) (p=0.008). Patients and transplant characteristics that differed significantly between the two periods were patients’ age distribution, GVHD prophylaxis, HLA matching, and conditioning regimens. The percentage of patients older than 15 years was significantly larger in the recent period (p<0.001). However, the use of cyclosporine and non-ATG-containing CY+TBI regimen were more frequent in the earlier period (p<0.001). HLA-mismatching between patients and donors was more frequent in 1993–2000 (p<0.001). In conclusion, U-BMT for SAA has improved significantly in the recent 5-years period. Improved HLA matching, avoiding non-ATG-containing CY+TBI regimen, and the use of tacrolimus for GVHD prophylaxis account for this improvement.

ABSTRACTThe TigecyclineIn VitroSurveillance in Taiwan (TIST) study, initiated in 2006, is a nationwide surveillance program designed to longitudinally monitor thein vitroactivity of tigecycline against commonly encountered drug-resistant bacteria. This study compared thein vitroactivity of tigecycline against 3,014 isolates of clinically important drug-resistant bacteria using the standard broth microdilution and disk diffusion methods. Species studied included methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA;n= 759), vancomycin-resistantEnterococcus faecium(VRE;n= 191), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producingEscherichia coli(n= 602), ESBL-producingKlebsiella pneumoniae(n= 736), andAcinetobacter baumannii(n= 726) that had been collected from patients treated between 2008 and 2010 at 20 hospitals in Taiwan. MICs and inhibition zone diameters were interpreted according to the currently recommended U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) criteria and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) criteria. The MIC90values of tigecycline against MRSA, VRE, ESBL-producingE. coli, ESBL-producingK. pneumoniae, andA. baumanniiwere 0.5, 0.125, 0.5, 2, and 8 μg/ml, respectively. The total error rates between the two methods using the FDA criteria were high: 38.4% for ESBL-producingK. pneumoniaeand 33.8% forA. baumannii. Using the EUCAST criteria, the total error rate was also high (54.6%) forA. baumanniiisolates. The total error rates between these two methods were <5% for MRSA, VRE, and ESBL-producingE. coli. For routine susceptibility testing of ESBL-producingK. pneumoniaeandA. baumanniiagainst tigecycline, the broth microdilution method should be used because of the poor correlation of results between these two methods.

У статті вивчається психолінгвістична специфіка та соціокогнітивна динаміка суб’єктного позиціонування в англомовній комунікативній ситуації ризику. Поведінка суб’єкта дискурсивної діяльності в ситуації ризику передбачає прийняття рішень, у той час як процес прийняття рішень у цій роботі розуміється як його / її позиціонування щодо ризику. Суб’єктною позицією маніфестується вербальне / невербальне вираження мовцем свого ставлення до ризику як об’єкта мовленнєвої взаємодії, що включає його емоційний стан, оцінки, перспективи, знання, точки зору. Станси конструюються в мовленні за допомогою мовно-семіотичних ресурсів різних рівнів: лексичних, граматичних, прагматичних. Основна увага в цьому дослідженні приділяється афективному компоненту позиціонування як комплексу аксіологічних оцінок та емоційного ставлення суб’єкта дискурсивної діяльності до ризику. 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Seismic status in Bangladesh has been investigated using earthquake data recorded by the global network of USGS during 1980 to 2016. Seismicity parameters such as magnitude completeness Mc, b-value and a-value are being estimated. It has observed that the overall b-value in and around Bangladesh is of 0.84 which is seemed to be seismically active zone. As, reliable b-value assessment can lead to better seismic hazard analysis, reliable magnitude of completeness Mc can lead to b-value assessment of an area, this work has dealt and estimated magnitude of completeness Mc using various techniques for the whole region for a reliable estimation. Estimated Mc is obtained to be around 3.9-4.7, which lead to b-value of 0.93. Spatial variations of Mc and b-value have been investigated for 1ox1o horizontal and vertical rectangular regions for the study area between 18-29°N and 84-95°E. Estimated Mc and b-value along with b-value are then averaged for the common regions in the pair of horizontal and vertical regions. Results are then being presented in the form of maps. The findings resemble as, the Mc is low at the border line of N-W Bangladesh, and a line from Cox’s bazaar to Sylhet through Hill tracts. Remain parts belong to the Mc value of 4.1-4.2, thus the b-value obtained is varying from 0.68 to 1.2, where, the value is higher at region in Chittagong and Barisal division that extends toward north through part of Dhaka to Sylhet and lower at Rajshahi, Rangpur and part of Khulna division, while a-value is varying from 5.0 to 7.2 mostly from west to east.ReferencesAbercrombie R.E., and Brune J.N., 1994. Evidence for a constant b-value above magnitude 0 in the southern San Andreas, San Jacinto, and San Miguel fault zones and at the Long Valley caldera, California. Geophys. Res. Lett., 21(15), 1647-1650.Aki K., 1965. Maximum likelihood estimate of b in the formula log N=a-b M and its confidence limits. Bull. Earthquake Res Inst., Tokyo Univ., 43, 237-239.Aki S., 1987. On nonparametric tests for symmetry. Ann. Inst. Statist. Math., 39, 457-472.Al-Hussaini T.M., 2006. Seismicity and Seismic Hazard Assessment in Bangladesh: Reference to Code Provisions. Meeting on Seismic Hazard in Asia ICTP, Trieste, Dec. 4-8.Amorese D., 2007. Applying a change-point detection method on frequency-magnitude distributions. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 97(5), 1742-1749. Doi:10.1785/0120060181.Banglapedia, 2012. The National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh. http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Tectonic_Framework, retrieved on 31 Aug 2017.Cao A.M., and Gao S.S., 2002. Temporal variations of seismic b-values beneath northeastern Japan island arc. Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(9), 481-483. Doi:10.1029/2001GL013775.Das R., Wason H.R., and Sharma M.L., 2012. Temporal and spatial variations in the magnitude of completeness for homogenized moment magnitude catalogue for northeast India. J. Earth Syst. Sci., 121(1), 19-28.Felzer K.R., 2008. Simulated aftershock sequences for a M 7.8 earthquake on the southern San Andreas fault. Seismol. Res. Lett., 80, 21-25.GSB, 2018. Seismic Zone Map of Bangladesh. http://gsb.portal.gov.bd/sites/default/files/files/gsb.portal.gov.bd/common_document/a6e75ad2_5acd_4fe3_911d_c9d25a7e349e/BD_Sciesmic-zonemap(NBC).pdf, retrieved on 31 March 2018.Gutenberg B., and Richter C.F., 1944. Frequency of earthquakes in California, Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 34, 184-188.Gutenberg B., and Richter C.F., 1956. Earthquake magnitude, intensity, energy and acceleration (second paper). Bull. Seismol Soc. Am., 46(2), 105-145.Hafiez H.E.A., 2015. Estimating the magnitude of completeness for assessing the quality of earthquake catalogue of the ENSN. Egypt. Arab J. Geosci., 8(1), 9315-9323. 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Inadvertent changes in magnitude reported in earthquake catalogs: Their evaluation through b-value estimates. Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am., 85, 1858-1866..Zuniga F.R., and Wiemer S., 1999. Seismicity patterns: Are they always related to natural causes? Pure Appl. Geophys., 155(2), 713-726.

Abstract. Atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and phosphorus on the Baltic Proper was estimated monthly at two coastal stations and two isolated islands in 2001 and 2002. Yearly nitrogen deposition ranged between 387 and 727 mg N m−2 yr−1 (average ~617) and was composed of ~10% organic N and approximately equal amounts of ammonium and nitrate. Winter nitrate peaks at the isolated islands possibly indicated ship emissions. Load weighted δ15N of deposited N was 3.7‰ and 0.35‰ at the coastal stations and the isolated islands respectively. Winter δ15N was ~3‰ lighter than in summer, reflecting winter dominance of nitrate. The light isotopic composition of deposited nitrogen may cause overestimates of nitrogen fixation in basin-wide isotopic budgeting, whereas relatively heavy deposition of ammonium during summer instead may cause underestimates of fixation in budgets of the upper mixed layer. δ15N in atmospherically deposited nitrate and ammonium was estimated by regression to –7.9 and 13.5‰ respectively. Phosphorus deposition showed no clear seasonal pattern and was considerably lower at the isolated islands. Organic P constituted 20–40% of annual P deposition. P deposition is unlikely to be a major source for cyanobacterial blooms but may potentially prolong an ongoing bloom.

Field experiments were conducted during 2000-01 and 2001-02 at Lucknow to study the effect of berseem [Trifolium alexandrinum (L.) Juslen.] and senji (Melilotus sp. ) intercropping on growth, yield and quality of winter- initiated ratoon of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. complex hybrid). lntercropping of berseem in winter-initiated sugarcane ratoon significantly increased the number of millable canes (1 17.8 thousandlha), cane yield (72.4 tlha), cane-equivalent yield (90.81 tlha) and commercial cane sugar (8.81 tlha) compared with sole cropping (7.66 tlha). The cane yield, cane-equivalent yield and sugar yield increased significantly with in- crease in N level in sugarcane + berseem and sugarcane + senji intercropping systems. Early-maturing, high- sugar variety 'CoS 687' sugarcane yielded higher (63.1 tlha) under berseem intercropping system than sole cropping (54.7 tlha). Applicatiorl of 125% of the recommended N fetched the highest net income (Rs 60,0411ha) and B:C ratio (2.76). Highest profit of Rs 71,5701ha and B:C ratio of 3.13 were recorded under sugarcane ratoon + berseem intercropping system along with 125% N of the recommended dose. lntercropping of berseem and senji improved the physical properties of the soil by increasing the infiltration rate (4.82 mmlhr) and reducing the bulk density (1.26 g/cm3).

Sumario: I. PRESENTACIÓN.—II. LA REVOLUCIÓN FRANCESA Y LA LENGUA DE LOS DERECHOS.—III. EL DERECHO SUBJETIVO: EL CONCEPTO PARA LA LIBERTAD.—IV. LA LEY: LA TÉCNICA QUE GARANTIZA EL DERECHO SUBJETIVO.—V. LA CONSOLIDACIÓN DEL SISTEMA.