Gotowa bibliografia na temat „2005 g-908”

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of supplement diets on flight activities of cross breed honeybee (Apis mellifera Lin.) in Chitwan, Nepal. The experiment consisted of five replications and four feeding treatments: feeding low dose sugar (syrup of 166 g sugar); feeding high dose sugar (syrup of 333 g sugar); feeding modified diet (syrup of 166 g sugar + 30 g pollen substitute); and control (no diet supplement except 250 g sugar honey candy to prevent from starvation). Each hive (replication) consisted of five-framed A. mellifera colony, which were fed for six days with four days breaks in each feeding and altogether eleven feedings were provided. Sugar syrup feeding stimulated bee foragers flights by 908-987% out-going and 578-704% in-coming, respectively. Modified diet (low dose sugar syrup combined with pollen substitute) was suitable for off-season management of honeybee colonies, which supported high rate of flight activities i.e. 3.3 times out-going and 2.8 times in-coming as compared to the control colonies. Other treatments were intermediate types. The combined diet also showed higher flights than feeding low dose sugar syrup alone indicating necessity of feeding appropriate diet during off-season under Chitwan condition for good flight and foraging activities of honeybees. Key words: Pollen substitutes, sugar syrup/sugar-honey candy, out-going, in-coming, cross breed J. Inst. Agric. Anim. Sci. 26:71-76 (2005)

Centering the Margin, Agency and Narrative in Southeast Asian Borderlands - Alexander Horstmann and Reed L. Wadley (eds.) (2006) Berghahn Books, New York, Oxford, (ISBN 1-84545-019-1, hardcover)S. AKGÖNÜL, Religions de Turquie, religions des Turcs. Nouveaux acteurs dans l’Europe élargie, Paris, Turin, Budapest, L’Harmattan, coll. «Compétences interculturelles», 2005, 193 p. ISBN : 2-7475-9489-0J. GATUGU, S. AMORANITIS et A. MANÇO (éds), La vie associative des migrants: quelles (re)connaissances ? Réponses européennes et canadiennes, Paris, Turin, Budapest, L’Harmattan, coll. « Compétences interculturelles », 2004, 280 p. ISBN : 2-7475-7053-3U. MANÇO (ed.), Reconnaissance et discrimination: présence de l’islam en Europe occidentale et en Amérique du Nord, Paris, Turin, Budapest, L’Harmattan, coll. « Compétences interculturelles », 2004, 371 p. ISBN : 2-7475-6851-2 Ch.PARTHOENS et A. MANÇO, De Zola à Atatürk: un « village musulman » en Wallonie. Cheratte-Visé, Paris, Turin, Budapest, L’Harmattan, coll. « Compétences interculturelles », 2005, 174 p. ISBN : 2-7475-8036-9L. MULLER et S. de TAPIA (éds), Un dynamisme venu d’ailleurs: la création d’entreprises par les immigrés, Paris, Turin, Budapest, L’Harmattan, coll. « Compétences interculturelles », 2005, 311 p. ISBN : 2-7475-8569-7A. ELIA, Réseaux ethnocommunautaires des Foulbé en Italie. Recherche de visibilité, logiques associatives et stratégies migratoires, Paris, Turin, Budapest, L’Harmattan, coll. « Compétences interculturelles », 2006, 115 p. ISBN : 2-296-00398-2The French in the United States, an Ethnographic Study - Jacqueline Lindenfeld (2000) Bergin and Garvey, Wesport/London, (ISBN 0-89789-903-2, paperback)What Happens When a Diverse Society is Diverse: Exploring Multidimensional Identities - Hakan G. Sıcakkan and Yngve G. Lithman (eds.) (2006) Lewiston: The Edwin Mellen Press, 2006, 252 pages, (ISBN 978-0-7734-5877-2, hardcover)

The all-iron flow battery initially proposed in 1981 by Hruska and Savinell represents a cost effective and environmentally benign system for large scale energy storage1. The all-iron chemistry consists of the Fe2+/Fe3+ redox reaction at the positive electrode, and iron plating and stripping at the negative electrode. Because the standard reduction potential for iron plating is more cathodic than that of hydrogen evolution, electrolyte pH heavily influences coulombic plating efficiency as well as deposit morphology and microstructure2-5. Increasing the electrolyte pH decreases the diffusion limited current for hydrogen evolution and shifts the equilibrium potential more negative6. However, iron is not stable at high pH as shown by the Pourbaix diagram, where it will precipitate as hydroxide species. Boric acid is a common component in iron group plating baths where it is believed to function as a buffering agent helping to stabilize pH near the electrode7-9. However, it is not understood how boric acid with a pKa value of 9.27 can buffer at low pH10. The aim of this work is to further understand the effects of pH near the electrode surface and the role of boric acid on the electrodeposition of iron group metals. Electrodeposition of selected iron group metals will be discussed with a focus on the effect of boric acid. We present an in-situ technique for monitoring near surface pH as a function of plating current density. This measurement is accomplished using a tungsten microelectrode which acts as an indicator for hydrogen ion activity11-13. Our results demonstrate that boric acid is not effective in buffering the near surface pH in the acidic baths tested. Even at high current densities in a pH 2.5 electrolyte, the near surface pH did not exceed 6. However, the addition of boric acid improved deposit morphology and current distribution; coupons plated from electrolytes containing boric acid, and those without, are compared and discussed. At high current density and high pH, boric acid incorporates into the deposits, which is studied by use of inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICPOES). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and coulombic efficiency data aid in understanding additive adsorption as well as the influence of boric acid on the deposition mechanism. In addition to surface specific information, the effects of boric acid on exhaustive plating and long-term bath stability will be presented to account for buffering effects in the bulk electrolyte when pH exceeds 6. References W. Hruska and R. F. Savinell, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 128, (1) 18-25 (1981) R. Gabe, Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 27, 908 (1997) Nakahara and S. Mahajan, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 127 (2) (1980) Cohen-Hyams, Wayne D. Kaplan, Joseph Yahalom, Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, 5 (8) C75-C78 (2002) Hawthorne et al., Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 162 (1) A108-A113 (2015) Hilbert, Y.Miyoshi, G. Eichkorn, and W. J. Lorenz, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 118, 1927 (1971) Zech and D. Landolt, Electrochimica Acta, 45 (21) 3461-3471 (2000) P. Hoare, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 133 (12) 2491-2494 (1986). Santos, R. Matos, F. Trivinho-Strixino and E. C. Pereira, “Effect of temperature on Co electrodeposition in the presence of boric acid” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 53, pp. 644-649 (2007) R. Lide, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, p. 1274, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL (2005) E. S. El Wakkad, H. A. Rizk and I. G. Ebaid, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 59, (10) 1004-1008 (1955) O. Park, C.-H. Paik and H. C. Alkire, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 8, (143) p. 174 (1996) Webb and R. Alkire, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 146, (6) p. B280 (2002)

Abstract Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), an effective treatment for leukemia and other disorders, produces profound immune deficiency in the early period after transplantation. Viral reactivations such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality after HSCT. EBV-associated posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD) is a life-threating and often fatal complication occurring after allogeneic HSCT with a cumulative incidence of 1% at 10 years. Most cases occur during the first year after transplantation with the incidence highest at 2–3 months after HSCT. Typically PTLD presents as a disseminated disease with fever, lymph node enlargement, respiratory disease and feature of hepatitis. The common lymphadenopathy usually leads to diagnosis, with confirmation on viral tests. Here we retrospectively evaluate the patients at our institution since January 2002 to date (07/2005) who were allogeneic transplanted. Of the total 236 patients who were transplanted during this time period eight patients (3.4 %) developed a significant EBV reactivation with treatment need. Of the eight patients six had a fulminant course. Of these five patients died (EBV reactivation/PTLD is at least probable cause of death). Since at least two of the patients with the fulminant course presented atypically with fever as initial symptom and without other manifestations of PTLD like lymph node enlargement, these cases underline the need of an immediate pre-emptive therapy without any time delay for further diagnostic procedures e. g. diagnostic lymphadenectomy. While at present there is no recommendation of the EBMT for routine surveillance after HSCT, our data indicate the need for a standardized surveillance strategy. UPN diagnosis conditioning GvHD prophylaxis HSCT max. viral load (EBV-DNA copies/ml) treatment outcome abbreviations: RIT: radioimmuno therapy; FLAMSA: fludarabine, amsacrine, cytosine arabinoside, cyclophosphamide, TBI 4Gy; TCD: T-cell depletion; (*): diagnosis post mortem. 888 AML Flu, Mel ATG, CsA, MTX, MMF MUD-PBSCT 11.0 x 10e6 (d +51) rituximab CR 908 AML TBI, Cy ATG, TCD MRD-PBSCT 1.75 x 10e6 (d +724) rituximab, foscavir, cyclophosphamide death 932 multiple myeloma Flu, Mel ATG, CsA, MTX MUD-PBSCT 2.3 x 10e6 (d +101) rituximab CR 973 AML RIT, TBI, Cy ATG, TCD MRD-PBSCT 10.0 x 10e6 (d +110) none (*) death 1140 multiple myeloma Flu, Mel ATG, CsA, MTX MUD-PBSCT 0.07 x 10e6 (d +278) rituximab death 1264 ALL TBI, Cy ATG, CsA, MTX MUD-PBSCT 1.75 x 10e6 (d +111) rituximab death 1271 AML FLAMSA ATG, CsA, MMF MMUD-BMT 7.0 x 10e6 (d +91) rituximab death 1300 aplastic anemia Flu, Cy, TBI ATG, CsA, MTX MRD-BMT 0.75x 10e6 (d +26) rituximab CR

Wire-grid polarizers constitute a traditional component for the control of polarization in free-space devices that operate in a broad part of the electromagnetic spectrum. Here, we present an aluminium-based THz wire grid polarizer, fabricated on a sub-wavelength thin flexible and conformal foil of Zeonor polymer having a thickness of 40um. The fabricated device,characterized by means of THz time-domain spectroscopy, exhibitsa high extinction ratio between 30 and 45dB in the 0.3-2.1THz range. The insertion losses oscillate between 0 and 1.1dB andthey stemalmost exclusively from moderate Fabry-Perót reflections and it is engineered forvanishing at 2THz for operation with quantum cascade lasers. Full Text: PDF ReferencesI. F. Akyildiz, J. M. Jornet, C. Han, "Terahertz band: Next frontier for wireless communications", Phys. Commun. 12, 16 (2014). CrossRef M.C. Kemp, P.F. Taday, B.E. Cole, J.A. Cluff, A.J. Fitzgerald, W.R. Tribe, "Security applications of terahertz technology", Proc. SPIE 5070, 44 (2003). CrossRef M. Schirmer, M. Fujio, M. Minami, J. Miura, T. Araki, T. Yasui, "Biomedical applications of a real-time terahertz color scanner", Biomed. Opt. Express 1, 354 (2010). CrossRef R.P. Cogdill, R.N. Forcht, Y. Shen, P.F. Taday, J.R. Creekmore, C.A. Anderson, J.K. Drennen, "Comparison of Terahertz Pulse Imaging and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Rapid, Non-Destructive Analysis of Tablet Coating Thickness and Uniformity", J. Pharm. Innov. 2, 29 (2007). CrossRef Y.-C. Shen, "Terahertz pulsed spectroscopy and imaging for pharmaceutical applications: A review", Int. J. Pharm. 417, 48(2011). CrossRef A.G. Davies, A.D. Burnett, W. Fan, E.H. Linfield, J.E. Cunningham, "Terahertz spectroscopy of explosives and drugs", Mater. Today 11, 18 (2008). CrossRef J.F. Federici, B. Schulkin, F. Huang, D. Gary, R. Barat, F. Oliveira, D. Zimdars, "THz imaging and sensing for security applications?explosives, weapons and drugs", Semicond. Sci. Technol. 20, S266 (2005). CrossRef D. Saeedkia, Handbook of Terahertz Technology for Imaging, Sensing and Communications (Elsevier, 2013).N. Born, M. Reuter, M. Koch, M. Scheller, "High-Q terahertz bandpass filters based on coherently interfering metasurface reflections", Opt. Lett. 38, 908 (2013). CrossRef A. Ferraro, D.C. Zografopoulos, R. Caputo, R. Beccherelli, "Periodical Elements as Low-Cost Building Blocks for Tunable Terahertz Filters", IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 28, 2459 (2016). CrossRef A. Ferraro, D.C. Zografopoulos, R. Caputo, R. Beccherelli, "Broad- and Narrow-Line Terahertz Filtering in Frequency-Selective Surfaces Patterned on Thin Low-Loss Polymer Substrates", IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 23 (2017). CrossRef B. S.-Y. Ung, B. Weng, R. Shepherd, D. Abbott, C. Fumeaux, "Inkjet printed conductive polymer-based beam-splitters for terahertz applications", Opt. Mater. Express 3, 1242 (2013). CrossRef J.-S. Li, D. Xu, J. Yao, "Compact terahertz wave polarizing beam splitter", Appl. Opt. 49, 4494 (2010). CrossRef K. Altmann, M. Reuter, K. Garbat, M. Koch, R. Dabrowski, I. Dierking, "Polymer stabilized liquid crystal phase shifter for terahertz waves", Opt. Express 21, 12395 (2013). CrossRef D.C. Zografopoulos, R. Beccherelli, "Tunable terahertz fishnet metamaterials based on thin nematic liquid crystal layers for fast switching", Sci. Rep. 5, 13137 (2015). CrossRef G. Isić, B. Vasić, D. C. Zografopoulos, R. Beccherelli, R. Gajić, "Electrically Tunable Critically Coupled Terahertz Metamaterial Absorber Based on Nematic Liquid Crystals", Phys. Rev. Appl. 3, 064007 (2015). CrossRef K. Iwaszczuk, A.C. Strikwerda, K. Fan, X. Zhang, R.D. Averitt, P.U. Jepsen, "Flexible metamaterial absorbers for stealth applications at terahertz frequencies", Opt. Express 20, 635 (2012). CrossRef F. Yan, C. Yu, H. Park, E.P.J. Parrott, E. Pickwell-MacPherson, "Advances in Polarizer Technology for Terahertz Frequency Applications", J. Infrared Millim. Terahertz Waves 34, 489 (2013). CrossRef http://www.tydexoptics.com DirectLink K. Imakita, T. Kamada, M. Fujii, K. Aoki, M. Mizuhata, S. Hayashi, "Terahertz wire grid polarizer fabricated by imprinting porous silicon", Opt. Lett. 38, 5067 (2013). CrossRef A. Isozaki, et al., "Double-layer wire grid polarizer for improving extinction ratio", Solid-State Sens. Actuators Microsyst. Transducers Eurosensors XXVII 2013 Transducers Eurosensors XXVII 17th Int. Conf. On, IEEE, pp. 530?533 (2013). DirectLink A. Ferraro, D. C. Zografopoulos, M. Missori, M. Peccianti, R. Caputo, R. Beccherelli, "Flexible terahertz wire grid polarizer with high extinction ratio and low loss", Opt. Lett. 41, 2009(2016). CrossRef M.S. Vitiello, G. Scalari, B. Williams, P.D. Natale, "Quantum cascade lasers: 20 years of challenges", Opt. Express 23, 5167(2015). CrossRef A. Podzorov, G. Gallot, "Low-loss polymers for terahertz applications", Appl. Opt. 47, 3254(2008). CrossRef

Light localization via reorientation in nematic liquid crystals supports multi-component optical spatial solitons, i.e., vector nematicons. By launching three optical beams of different wavelengths and the same input polarization in a bias-free planar cell, we demonstrate a three-color vector nematicon which is self-trapped thanks to its incoherent nature. Full Text: PDF ReferencesG. I. Stegeman and M. Segev, "Optical Spatial Solitons and Their Interactions: Universality and Diversity", Science 286 (5444), 1518 (1999) CrossRef W. Królikowski and O. Bang, "Solitons in nonlocal nonlinear media: Exact solutions", Phys. Rev. E 63, 016610 (2000) CrossRef D. Suter and T. Blasberg, "Stabilization of transverse solitary waves by a nonlocal response of the nonlinear medium", Phys. Rev. A 48, 4583 (1993) CrossRef G. Assanto and M. Peccianti, "Spatial solitons in nematic liquid crystals", IEEE J. Quantum Electron. 39 (1), 13 (2003). CrossRef G. Assanto and M. Karpierz, "Nematicons: self-localised beams in nematic liquid crystals", Liq. Cryst. 36 (10), 1161 (2009) CrossRef M. Peccianti and G. Assanto, "Nematicons", Phys. Rep. 516, 147 (2012). CrossRef M. Peccianti and G. Assanto, "Incoherent spatial solitary waves in nematic liquid crystals", Opt. Lett. 26 (22), 1791 (2001) CrossRef M. Peccianti and G. Assanto, "Nematic liquid crystals: A suitable medium for self-confinement of coherent and incoherent light", Phys. Rev. E Rap. Commun. 65, 035603 (2002) CrossRef G. Assanto, M. Peccianti, C. Umeton, A. De Luca and I. C. Khoo, "Coherent and Incoherent Spatial Solitons in Bulk Nematic Liquid Crystals", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 375, 617 (2002) CrossRef A. Alberucci, M. Peccianti, G. Assanto, A. Dyadyusha and M. Kaczmarek, "Two-Color Vector Solitons In Nonlocal Media", Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 153903 (2006) CrossRef G. Assanto, N. F. Smyth and A. L. Worthy, "Two-color, nonlocal vector solitary waves with angular momentum in nematic liquid crystals", Phys. Rev. A 78 (1), 013832 (2008) CrossRef G. Assanto, K. Garcia-Reimbert, A. A. Minzoni, N. F. Smyth and A. Worthy, "Lagrange solution for three wavelength solitary wave clusters in nematic liquid crystals", Physica D 240, 1213 (2011) CrossRef G. Assanto, A. A. Minzoni and N. F. Smyth, "Vortex confinement and bending with nonlocal solitons", Opt. Lett. 39 (3), 509 (2014) CrossRef G. Assanto, A. A. Minzoni and N. F. Smyth, "Deflection of nematicon-vortex vector solitons in liquid crystals", Phys. Rev. A 89, 013827 (2014) CrossRef G. Assanto and N. F. Smyth, "Soliton Aided Propagation and Routing of Vortex Beams in Nonlocal Media", J. Las. Opt. Photon. 1, 105 (2014) CrossRef Y. V. Izdebskaya, G. Assanto and W. Krolikowski, "Observation of stable-vector vortex solitons", Opt. Lett. 40 (17), 4182 (2015) CrossRef Y. V. Izdebskaya, W. Krolikowski, N. F. Smyth and G. Assanto, "Vortex stabilization by means of spatial solitons in nonlocal media", J. Opt. 18 (5), 054006 (2016) CrossRef J. F. Henninot, J. Blach and M. Warenghem, "Experimental study of the nonlocality of spatial optical solitons excited in nematic liquid crystal", J. Opt. A 9, 20 (2007) CrossRef Y. V. Izdebskaya, V. G. Shvedov, A. S. Desyatnikov, W. Z. Krolikowski, M. Belic, G. Assanto and Y. S. Kivshar, "Counterpropagating nematicons in bias-free liquid crystals", Opt. Express 18 (4), 3258 (2010) CrossRef N. Karimi, A. Alberucci, M. Virkki, M. Kauranen and G. Assanto, "Phase-front curvature effects on nematicon generation", J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 5 (33), 903 (2016) CrossRef P. G. de Gennes and J. Prost, The Physics of Liquid Crystals, Oxford Science Publications (Clarendon Press, 2nd edition, 1993)I. C. Khoo, Liquid Crystals: Physical Properties and Nonlinear Optical Phenomena (Wiley, New York, 1995)A. Piccardi, M. Trotta, M. Kwasny, A. Alberucci, R. Asquini, M. Karpierz, A. d'Alessandro and G. Assanto, "Trends and trade-offs in nematicon propagation", Appl. Phys. B 104 (4), 805 (2011) CrossRef M. Kwasny, U. A. Laudyn, F. A. Sala, A. Alberucci, M. A. Karpierz and G. Assanto, "Self-guided beams in low-birefringence nematic liquid crystals", Phys. Rev. A 86 (1), 01382 (2012) CrossRef M. Peccianti, A. Fratalocchi and G. Assanto, "Transverse dynamics of nematicons", Opt. Express 12 (26), 6524 (2004) CrossRef C. Conti, M. Peccianti and G. Assanto, "Observation of Optical Spatial Solitons in a Highly Nonlocal Medium", Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (11), 113902 (2004) CrossRef A. Alberucci, C.-P. Jisha and G. Assanto, "Breather solitons in highly nonlocal media", J. Opt. 18, 125501 (2016) CrossRef

The molecular structures and vibration frequencies of unidentate and bidentate coordinations of carbonate ions to calcium ions in the zeolite CaA have been investigated, using the Hartree-Fock method implementing 6-31 G and 6-311 G basis sets. From the calculations, for both coordinations the structures give rise to theoretical vibration frequencies corresponding well to the experimental results. Therefore the charge of the divalent calcium ion is distributed in the zeolitic structure, and not near the guest carbonate ion. Optimized structural parameters for the two coordinations have been given.

Flaxleaf fleabane is a difficult-to-control weed in dryland minimum tillage farming systems in the northeast grains region of Australia. Experiments were conducted between 2003 and 2005 to identify effective control strategies on flaxleaf fleabane in wheat and sorghum. A preplant application of chlorsulfuron at 15 g ai/ha in wheat controlled flaxleaf fleabane ≥ 90%. The efficacy of early postemergent applications of metsulfuron–methyl at 4.2 g ai/ha varied between years. However, the flaxleaf fleabane was controlled > 85% with metsulfuron–methyl at 4.2 g ai/ha plus MCPA at 420 g ae/ha plus picloram at 26 g ae/ha, or metsulfuron–methyl followed by late postemergent 2,4-D amine at 300 g ae/ha. In sorghum, a preplant application of glyphosate at 900 g ae/ha plus 2,4-D amine at 900 g ae/ha or dicamba at 500 g ae/ha at 1 mo before sorghum planting provided ≥ 95% control. Preplant atrazine at 2,000 g ai/ha controlled flaxleaf fleabane 83 to 100% in sorghum. At-planting atrazine at 2,000 or 1,000 g ai/ha can be applied to control new emergence of flaxleaf fleabane and grasses, depending on the weed pressure and spectrum. Flaxleaf fleabane reduced sorghum yield 65 to 98% if not controlled.

В статье дается новая попытка прочтения древнетюркских рунических надписей Кулжабасы I и II, а также обсуждаются возможности их датировки и атрибуции на основе комплексного анализа имеющихся данных. Авторами анализируются особенности надписей и археологический контекст их обнаружения. Предпринята попытка выделить особенности графического фонда надписей Кулжабасы в общем контексте памятников древнетюркской рунической письменности азиатского ареала. В составе археологического ландшафта гор Кулжабасы обе рунические надписи локализуются в двух обособленных районах концентрации средневековых памятников (зимних стоянок кочевников, могильников, ритуальных оград с изваяниями, петроглифов «престижной» тематики), вблизи крупных стоянок, отмеченных наскальными изображениями однотипных знаков (тамга). Археологический контекст Кулжабасы I позволяет датировать надпись не ранее второй половины VIII в. или IX–X вв. Предполагается принадлежность знаков идентичности одного типа (тамги №№ 1 и 4) племенному объединению карлуков. Библиографические ссылки 1. Батманов И.А. Таласские памятники древнетюркской письменности. Фрунзе: Илим, 1971. 66 с. 2. Базылхан Н. Древнетюркские надписи с территории Казахстана // Российская тюркология. 2013. № 2 (9). С. 95–105. 3. Базылхан Н., Железняков Б.А., Хермани Л., Жамбулатов К. Находка памятника древнетюркской письменности в горах Кульжабасы (предварительноечтение) // Мәдени ықпалдастық және өркениеттер бірлігі: V халықаралық түркология конгресі баяндамалар жинағы. Түркістан: Қ.А. Ясауи атындағы халықаралық Қазақтүрік университеті, 2013. Б. 664–669. 4. Борисенко А.Ю., Худяков Ю.С. Типология бронзовых бляшек с изображением всадников и лошадей в торевтике тюркских кочевников Центральной Азии раннего средневековья // Изучение историко-культурного наследия народов Южной Сибири: сб. научн. тр. Под ред. В.И. Соёнова, В.П. Ойношева. Горно-Алтайск: Агентство по историко-культурному наследию, 2007. Вып. 6. С. 75–98. 5. Васильев Д.Д. Графический фонд памятников тюркской рунической письменности Азиатского ареала (опыт систематизации). М.: «Наука», 1983. 146 с. 6. Гаврилова А.А. Могильник Кудыргэ как источник по истории алтайских племён. М.–Л.: «Наука», 1965. 145 с. 7. Гуркин С.В. Кыпчаки и кимаки в IX – первой трети XI вв. // Донская археология. 2001. № 3-4. С. 24–37. 8. Древнетюркский словарь / под ред. В.М. Наделяева, Д.М. Насилова, Э.Р. Тенишева, А.М. Щербака. Л.: «Наука», 1969. XXXVIII. 714 с. 9. Ермоленко Л.Н., Курманкулов Ж.К. Проблема иконографических истоков половецкой скульптуры и особенное кыпчакское изваяние из урочища Кызлы // Известия НАН РК. Сер. обществ. наук. 2013. № 3 (289). С. 155–164. 10. Железняков Б.А., Базылхан Н., Херманн Л. Новый памятник древнетюркской письменности в горах Кулжабасы (предварительное чтение) // Известия НАН РК. Сер. обществ. и гум. наук. 2013. Вып. 3(289). С. 147–155. 11. Касанов З.И., Кан Г.В., Рогожинский А.Е. Символы тюркской эпохи. Алматы: ТОО «Service Press», 2017. 304 с. 12. Киргизско-русский словарь (Кыргызча-орусча сөздүк): в двух кн. / cост. К.К. Юдахин. Фрунзе: Сов. энциклопедия, 1985. Кн. 2: Л–Я. 480 с. 13. Кляшторный С.Г. История Центральной Азии и памятники рунического письма. СПб.: Филологический факультет СПбГУ, 2003. 560 с. 14. Кляшторный С.Г. Памятники древнетюркской письменности и этнокультурная история Центральной Азии. СПб.: «Наука», 2006. 591 с. 15. Кононов А.Н. Грамматика языка тюркских рунических памятников VII–IX вв. Л.: «Наука», 1980. 170 с. 16. Кормушин И.В. Тюркские енисейские эпитафии. Тексты и исследования. М.: «Наука», 1997. 303 с. 17. Кормушин И.В. Тюркские енисейские эпитафии: грамматика, текстология. М.: «Наука», 2008. 342 с. 18. Кубарев Г.В. Раннесредневековые тамги Калбак-Таша I и их исторический контекст // Значение природного и культурного наследия в современном обществе. Горно-Алтайск, 2018. С. 33–39. 19. Кызласов И.Л. Рунические письменности евразийских степей. М.: Вост. лит-ра, 1994. 327 с. 20. Кызласов И.Л. Новости тюркской рунологии. М.: Гуманитарий, 2003. Вып. 1. Енисейские надписи на горе Ялбак-таш (Горный Алтай). 112 с. 21. Кызласов И.Л. Раннесредневековая эпиграфика Казахстана и Кыргызстана: проблема датировки, происхождения и принадлежности таласского рунического письма (в кратком изложении) // Историко-культурное наследие и современная культура: сб. матер. междунар. научн.-практ. семинара (г. Алматы, 30 ноября 2012). Алматы: «Service Press», 2012. С. 40–44. 22. Мах̣мȳд ал-К̣āшг̣арū. Дūвāн Луг̣āт ат-Турк / пер., предисл. и коммент. З.-А.М. Ауэзовой; индексы составлены Р. Эрмерсом. Алматы: Дайк-Пресс, 2005. 1288 с. 23. Мах̣мȳд ал-К̣āшг̣арū. Дūвāн Луг̣āт ат-Турк (Свод тюркских слов) / пер. с арабск. А.Р. Рустамова; под ред. И.В. Кормушина; прим. И.В. Кормушина, Е.А. Поцелуевского, А.Р. Рустамова. М.: Вост. лит-ра РАН, 2010. Т. 1. 461 с. 24. Радлов В.В. Опыт словаря тюркских наречий. СПб.: Тип. Имп. АН, 1905. Т III. Ч. 1. Стб. 1–1260. 25. Радлов В.В. Опыт словаря тюркских наречий. СПб.: Тип. Имп. АН, 1911. Т. IV. Ч. 1. Стб. 1–1116, 107 с. 26. Рогожинский А.Е. Новые находки памятников древнетюркской эпиграфики и монументального искусства на юге и востоке Казахстана // Роль номадов в формировании культурного наследия Казахстана. Научные чтения памяти Н.Э. Масанова: сб. матер. междунар. научн. конф. Алматы: Print-S, 2010. С. 329–344. 27. Рогожинский А.Е. Знаки собственности и власти древних и средневековых обитателей Казахской степи // Археологическое наследие Сибири и Центральной Азии (проблемы интерпретации и сохранения): матер. междунар. конф. Под ред. В.В. Боброва. Кемерово, 2016. С. 53–63. 28. Рогожинский А.Е., Кызласов И.Л. Руническая надпись ущелья Жаксылыксай (Семиречье) // Маргулановские чтения – 2011 (г. Астана, 20–22 апреля 2011). Астана, 2011. С. 330–334. 29. Сала Р., Деом Ж.-М. Наскальные изображения Южного Казахстана. Алматы: «Лаборатория геоархеологии», 2005. 150 с. 30. Севортян Э.В. Этимологический словарь тюркских языков (Общетюркские и межтюркские основы на гласные). М.: «Наука», 1974. 767 с. 31. Сравнительно-историческая грамматика тюркских языков. Пратюркский язык-основа. Картина мира пратюркского этноса по данным языка / Отв. ред. Э.Р. Тенишев, А.В. Дыбо. М.: «Наука», 2006. 908 с. 32. Тишин В.В. Древнетюркские рунические надписи из Восточного и Юго-Восточного Казахстана (Койтубек, Тамгалы, Актерек, Кулжабасы I, Кулжабасы II) // Историческая мозаика Евразии: сб. ст. к 70-летию Д.Д. Васильева / сост. Т.А. Аникеева, А.Д. Васильев, О.М. Курникова, Т.А. Филиппова. М.: ПРОБЕЛ-2000, 2017. С. 244–259. 33. Тишин В.В. К прочтению древнетюркской рунической надписи Кулжабасы I из Жетысу // Комплексный подход в изучении природы, общества и человека: сб. докл. междунар. научн. конф., посвящ. 110-летию со дня рождения выдающегося ученого-этнолога С.М. Абрамзона (г. Бишкек, 16–17 мая 2015). Отв. ред. М.А. Зенько-Немчинова, С.С. Иванов Бишкек, 2015. С. 133–138. 34. Тишин В.В. Некоторые вопросы изучения тамг кочевников Центральной Азии древнетюркского времени // Труды Института востоковедения РАН. 2018. Вып. 7. Тюркские кочевники в Азии и Европе (Цивилизационные аспекты истории икультуры). С. 101–113. 35. Этимологический словарь тюркских языков: Общетюркские и межтюркские лексические основы на буквы «К» (~«Г») и «Қ» (~«Қ̬» ~«К»). Вып. первый. М.: «Языки русской культуры», 1997. 368 с. 36. Этимологический словарь тюркских языков: Общетюркские и межтюркские лексические основы на буквы «К» (~«Г») и «Қ» (~«Ӄ» ~«К»). М.: «Индрик», 2000. Вып. второй. Отв. ред. Г.Ф. Благова. 261 с. 37. Этимологический словарь тюркских языков. Общетюркские и межтюркские основы на буквы «Л», «М», «Н», «П», «С» / отв. ред. Г.Ф. Благова. М.: Восточная литература РАН, 2003. 446 с. 38. Alimov R. Koçkor’daki Türgeş Yazıtları // İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2003. Sayı 1. S. 13–43. 39. Alimov R. Tanrı Dağı Yazıtları. Eski Türk Runik Yazıtları Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Konya: Kömen Yayınları, 2014. (5), 262 s. 40. Alimov R. Talas Yazıtları: İşaret Kadrosuyla İlgili Bazı Düzeltmeler (2. Talas Yazıtı Örneğinde) // Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı Belleten. 2017. Cilt. 65. Sayı 1. S. `129–144. 41. Bazilkhan N. Kazakistan’da Bulunan Göktürk Yazıtları Hakkında // Uluslararası Türkçe Edebiyat Kültür Eğitim Dergisi. 2014. Sayı 3/2. S. 1–12. 42. Clauson G. An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-Thirteenth-Century Turkish. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972. XLVIII, 989 p. 43. Erdal M. Old Turkic Word Formation: A Functional Approach to the Lexicon. Wiesbaben: Harrassowitz, 1991 (Turcologica. Bd. 7). Vol. I–II. XIV, 874 p. 44. Erdal M. A Grammar of Old Turkic. Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2004 (Handbook of Oriental Studies, Section 8 Uralic & Central Asia. Vol. 3). XII, 575 p. 45. Gabain A. (von) Alttürkische Grammatik. Mit Bibliographie, Lesestücken und Wörterverzeichnis, auch Neutürkisch. Mit vier Schrifttafeln und sieben Schriftproben. 2. verbesserte Auflage. Leipzig: Otto Harrassowitz, 1950. XVIII, 357, [18] S. 46. Maḥmūd al-Kāšγarī. Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Dīwān Luγāt at–Turk) / ed. and transl. with Introduction and Indices by R. Dankoff in collaboration with J. Kelly. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Office of the University Publisher, 1982. Pt. I. XI, 416 p. 47. Mert A. Kutadgu Bilig Nüshalarının Eskicillik Açısından Karşılaştırılması // BİLİG Türk Dünyası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 2017. Sayı 80. S. 179–215. 48. Rybatzki V. Die Personennamen und Titel der Mittelmongolischen Dokumente. Eine lexikalische Untersuchung. Helsinki: Yliopistopaino Oy, 2006. XXXV, 841 S. 49. Sala R., Deom J.-M. Spatial analysis of the Kuljabasy Archaeological Complex // Древности Жетысу. Памятники археологии Жамбылского района. Алматы: ТОО «Litera», 2016. С. 73–87. 50. Tekin T. A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. Bloomington; The Hague: Mouton & Co, 1968. 419 p. 51. Tuna O.N. Eski Doğu Türk Yazısında Kullanılan Ligatürler ve Bunlarla İlgili Bazı meseleler Hakkında // Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı, Belleten 1990. Ankara, 1994. S. 207–222. 52. Yıldırım F., Aydın E., Alimov R. Yenisey–Kirgizistan Yazıtları ve Irk Bitig. Ankara: BilgeSu, 2013. 512 s.

Howard, F. W., Moore, D., Giblin-Davis, R. M., & Abad, R. G. 2001: Palm Trees and their Insects. — CABI Publishing, Oxford. 400 pp. Price £58.50. Nilsson, A. N. 2001: Dytiscidae (Coleoptera). World Catalogue of Insects. 3. — Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark. 395 pp. ISBN 87-88757-62- 5. Price 690 DKK. Löbl, I. & Smetana, A. (eds.) 2003: Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. 1. Archostemata- Myxophaga-Adephaga. — Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark. 818 pp. ISBN 87-88757-73- 0. Price 900 DKK.

Ład korporacyjny (corporate governance)1, tworzący system wzajemnie powiązanych wewnętrznych oraz zewnętrznych mechanizmów organizacyjno- -kontrolnych, uznawany jest obecnie za jedną z kluczowych determinant sukce- su gospodarczego złożonych struktur korporacyjnych. Brak odpowiednich roz- wiązań w obszarze nadzoru korporacyjnego zwiększa prawdopodobieństwo materializacji ryzyka nadużyć i nieprawidłowości we wszystkich obszarach funkcjonowania spółki, a w konsekwencji potęguje ryzyko utraty zainwestowa- nego w niej kapitału. Zwiększa również ryzyko transakcyjne dla innych nieza- angażowanych kapitałowo interesariuszy. Jak ważne jest tworzenie odpowied- nich zabezpieczeń przed wymienionymi wyżej zagrożeniami, potwierdzają liczne badania prowadzone przez firmy audytorskie czy instytucje powołane w celu przeciwdziałania nadużyciom i oszustwom. Wykonywane przez nie ana- lizy o charakterze globalnym potwierdzają wysoki poziom zagrożenia defrauda- cją mienia, korupcją czy przestępstwami polegającymi na zniekształceniu infor- macji prezentowanych w sprawozdaniach. Mimo wprowadzanych rozwiązań organizacyjnych, których celem jest mitygowanie ryzyka, badania te często nie wskazują na istotną tendencję spadkową, a wręcz przeciwnie, potwierdzają wciąż znaczną liczbę ujawnionych nieprawidłowości. Pojawia się zatem pytanie, czy tendencja ta jest efektem zwiększonej świadomości i skuteczności mechani- zmów nadzoru, a co za tym idzie lepszej wykrywalności, czy też wraz ze wzro- stem nieprawidłowości zwiększa się również liczba ujawnień, a wprowadzane instrumenty nadzoru nie przynoszą oczekiwanych rezultatów. Aby odpowie- dzieć na to pytanie, niezbędne będzie przeprowadzenie złożonych badań uwzględniających między innymi turbulentność gospodarki, zmienność czynni- ka psychologicznego, rozwiązań prawnych i organizacyjnych, i na tym tle doko- nanie oceny jakości i skuteczności implementowanych w przedsiębiorstwach mechanizmów corporate governance. Sam nadzór korporacyjny jest bowiem pojęciem multidyscyplinarnym, które powinno być rozpatrywane przez pryzmat problemów rozważanych w ramach różnych dyscyplin naukowych. Przystąpienie do oceny skuteczności mechanizmów nadzoru ze względu na jego wielowymiarowość należy poprzedzić przeglądem podstaw teoretycznych, w tym zmian koncepcji zarządzania, a w szczególności zmiany perspektywy postrzegania celu przedsiębiorstwa. Cel ten formułowany jest bowiem w róż- nych ujęciach teoretycznych w zróżnicowany sposób. Z perspektywy rozwoju koncepcji nadzoru korporacyjnego kluczowe znaczenie ma akcentowane w teo- riach menedżerskich oddzielenie własności kapitału od procesu zarządzania nim oraz zróżnicowanie celów właściciela i zarządzającego kapitałem menedżera. W efekcie wyżej wskazanego podziału właściciel zostaje pozbawiony w znacz- nej mierze kontroli nad powierzonym spółce majątkiem. Negatywne skutki ograniczonego dostępu właściciela kapitału zainwesto- wanego w spółkach do rzetelnej informacji potwierdzają przypadki oszustw i nadużyć, które ujrzały światło dzienne dopiero po wieloletnim okresie manipu- lowania danymi sprawozdawczymi. Po ich wykryciu było już za późno na podej- mowanie jakichkolwiek działań naprawczych. Bezcelowa w tych przypadkach okazała się ocena spółki przez pryzmat jej sprawozdania. Pomimo nadzoru pro- wadzonego przez dedykowany do tego organ, jakim jest rada nadzorcza, w wielu przypadkach nie udało się uniknąć przykrych konsekwencji celowego działania nieuczciwych menedżerów. Co ciekawe, naruszenia zasady rzetelności sprawoz- dawczej nie dostrzegali również audytorzy. Sytuacje te ujawniły nie tylko niepra- widłowości sprawozdawcze, ale przede wszystkim przestępstwa niewykryte przez wprowadzone w tych spółkach mechanizmy kontrolne obejmujące rozwiązania organizacyjne, polityki, procedury działania, w tym kodeksy etyczne. Fakt ten dał asumpt do poszukiwania coraz sprawniejszych rozwiązań organizacyjnych ogra- niczających ryzyko nadużyć i fałszerstw. Przeprowadzając historyczną analizę przyczyn i konsekwencji przestępstw gospodarczych ukrywanych przed właścicielami wprowadzanymi w błąd poprzez nierzetelne informacje sprawozdawcze, autorzy licznych publikacji skupiają się głównie na zdarzeniach wykrytych w latach 90. XX w. oraz w pierwszej dekadzie XXI w. Jednak problematyka związana z naruszeniami prawa gospodarczego, a następnie celowego naruszania reguł sprawozdawczych (prawa bilansowego) i potrzeby budowania odpowiednich zabezpieczeń pozwalających ograniczyć ryzy- ko nieprawidłowości i nierzetelności stanowiła przedmiot rozważań autorów już zdecydowanie wcześniej. S. Latanowicz – zaprzysiężony i publicznie ustanowiony rewizor ksiąg, publikujący opracowania poruszające omawianą tematykę już od 1910 r. – twierdził, że: „Fałszowanie ksiąg i dowodów rozpoczęło się prawie rów- nocześnie z wynalezieniem księgowości w ogóle” [Latanowicz, 1934, s. 11]. W opublikowanym w 1549 r. dziele niemieckim pt. Zwifach Buchhalten, autorstwa B.W. Schweickera, znajdował się już opis fałszywych dowodów i złego prowadzenia księgowości. Jak podkreśla S. Latanowicz, „od tego czasu upłynęło blisko 400 lat, w którym to czasie fałszerstwa nie ustały” [Latanowicz, 1934, s. 11]. Zważywszy na fakt, że przywołana publikacja ukazała się już w 1934 r. czas dyskusji na temat manipulacji i fałszerstw księgowych, których celem jest ukrycie działalności przestępczej i „lukrowanie rzeczywistości”, a także czas poszukiwania remedium, pozwalającego na wyeliminowanie praw- dopodobieństwa naruszeń, jest zdecydowanie dłuższy. J. Jeżak podkreśla, że: „Problem kontroli nad zachowaniami menadżerów pojawił się [...] w dysku- sjach akademickich i badaniach już na początku lat 30-tych XX wieku” [Jeżak, 2006, s. 42]. Właśnie wtedy A. Berle i G. Means, publikując wyniki swoich badań, sformułowali tezę o oddzieleniu własności od kontroli nad korporacją oraz zaprezentowali związane z tym zagrożenia [Jeżak, 2006, s. 42]. Od lat stopniowo wprowadzane są mechanizmy prawne oraz organizacyjne pozwalające na minimalizację ryzyka wystąpienia opisanych wyżej naruszeń nie tylko na etapie raportowania, ale już wcześniej, bo w trakcie realizacji procesów operacyjnych. Szczególną rolę należy tu przypisać wewnętrznym narzędziom nadzoru korporacyjnego. Wewnętrzne mechanizmy corporate governance utoż- samiane są często z radą nadzorczą. I. Koładkiewicz do grupy mechanizmów wewnętrznych włącza również organy doradcze i organy opiniujące [Gad, 2011, s. 30]. Biorąc pod uwagę kontrolę nad sprawozdawczością finansową, J. Gad wymienia zdecydowanie szerszy katalog mechanizmów nadzoru. Do tej grupy autor zaliczył: radę nadzorczą oraz komitet audytu, audyt wewnętrzny działający na rzecz rady oraz samoregulację w postaci kodeksów etycznych czy procedur wewnętrznych [Gad, 2019, s. 85]. To właśnie te mechanizmy, mające na celu zwiększenie zakresu i skutecz- ności kontroli wewnętrznej oraz kontroli sprawowanej przez samego właściciela, tworzą kontekst tematyczny niniejszej publikacji. Celem prowadzonych w niej rozważań jest prezentacja interdyscyplinarności problematyki corporate governance, a w tym przedstawienie wybranych problemów dotyczących efektywności mechanizmów nadzoru, zwiększających szanse na wy- krywanie przestępstw oraz nadużyć wewnętrznych, a także oszustw, w tym tych dotyczących raportowania. Zrealizowanie tak sformułowanego celu umożliwiła realizacja określonych na wstępie celów cząstkowych, do których zaliczono: prezentację koncepcji nadzoru korporacyjnego oraz związanych z nią wybranych problemów prawnych i organizacyjnych, prezentację problemów raportowania i monitorowania procesu raportowania jako kluczowego narzędzia nadzoru korporacyjnego, prezentację problemów audytu wewnętrznego jako kluczowego mechanizmu wewnętrznego nadzoru korporacyjnego. Biorąc pod uwagę wyżej wskazany cel główny, uzasadnione jest skupienie uwagi czytelnika na mechanizmach wewnętrznych oraz wybranych mechanizmach regulacyjnych, zapewniających czy też mających zapewnić właścicielom odpo- wiednią jakość informacji na temat sytuacji ekonomicznej spółki. Skuteczny nadzór determinowany jest umiejętnością dostrzegania powiązań i przenikania się poszczególnych procesów, a także wykorzystywania zachodzącej pomiędzy nimi synergii. Niniejsza publikacja ma być wsparciem w kształtowaniu umiejętności spoglądania na problematykę nadzoru korporacyjnego w taki właśnie sposób. Ze względu na coraz większą świadomość potrzeby tworzenia skutecznych systemów nadzoru tematyka ta staje się coraz częściej przedmiotem dyskusji i roz- ważań zarówno wśród teoretyków, jak i praktyków przedmiotu. Rozdziały zawarte w monografii poruszają wybrane problemy uznane przez autorów za ważne dla zrozumienia istoty procesu rozwoju koncepcji corporate governance, którą utożsamia się tu z nadzorem korporacyjnym. Książka została podzielona na trzy części, w których przedstawiono kolejno kwestie podstawo- we, stanowiące bazę teoretyczną dla dalszych rozważań na temat corporate governance (część I), mechanizmy regulacyjne i wewnętrzne tworzące system nadzoru nad informacją udostępnianą właścicielowi (część II) i wreszcie audyt wewnętrzny oraz związane z nim problemy komunikacji prezentowane jako istotny element systemu kontroli wewnętrznej i jego środowiska (część III). W pierwszej części książki zostały omówione podstawowe problemy kon- cepcyjne obejmujące istotę oraz ogólny zarys modeli nadzoru korporacyjnego. Dokonany w niej przegląd definicji pojęcia corporate governance pozwolił na potwierdzenie niejednoznaczności pojęciowej. Umożliwił również wyodrębnienie atrybutów łączących wskazane definicje corporate governance. Poza prezentacją głównych założeń leżących u podstaw koncepcji zwrócono uwagę na kluczowe mierniki efektywności ładu korporacyjnego pozwalające na ocenę poziomu sku- teczności stosowanych w przedsiębiorstwie rozwiązań. Poruszono również pro- blematykę dotyczącą uprawnień i obowiązków zarządu spółki jako organu realizu- jącego obowiązki decyzyjne, odpowiedzialnego za jej funkcjonowanie. W drugiej części książki skupiono uwagę czytelnika na problematyce rapor- towania. Scharakteryzowano podstawowe problemy związane z implementacją odpowiednich mechanizmów regulacyjnych nakładających na zarządy spółek szerokie obowiązki sprawozdawcze. Zaakcentowano również fakt, iż zmieniają- ce się uwarunkowania gospodarcze oraz próba poszukiwania rozwiązań, których celem jest ograniczenie asymetrii informacyjnej pomiędzy zarządem a właści- cielem kapitału, wpływają na obserwowane wyraźne zmiany zakresu obowiąz- ków informacyjnych, mających na celu zapewnienie pełnej transparentności procesów zachodzących w spółce. Zgodnie z obowiązującym prawem bilanso-wym, pryncypał otrzymuje bowiem określony ustawowo minimalny zakres infor- macji o działalności przedsiębiorstwa. W przypadku dużych spółek, szczególnie tych notowanych na GPW, stopniowo zwiększa się zakres raportowanych infor- macji. Jako przykład można tutaj wymienić wprowadzenie omówionego w drugiej części książki obowiązku raportowania informacji niefinansowych czy też wpro- wadzenie nowych zasad raportowania realizacji dobrych praktyk spółek notowa- nych na GPW. Trafność oceny efektywności pracy zarządu dokonywanej przez „wypchniętego ze spółki” właściciela kapitału i możliwość reagowania w przy- padku zidentyfikowania ryzyka uzależnione są jednak od wiarygodności, a nie od ilości, informacji udostępnianej przez zarząd. Kluczowe znaczenie ma tutaj za- pewnienie odpowiednich mechanizmów corporate governance ograniczających ryzyko ewentualnych nieścisłości i zniekształceń. Istotną rolę odgrywa tu rada nadzorcza i działający w jej ramach komitet audytu. W drugiej części opracowania omówiono ich znaczenie w zapewnieniu skuteczności nadzoru korporacyjnego. Trzecia część książki zawiera rozważania dotyczące funkcjonowania i efek- tywności audytu wewnętrznego, prowadzone na tle wybranych aspektów obszaru komunikacji wewnętrznej w organizacji. Audyt stanowi jeden z kluczowych me- chanizmów wewnętrznych corporate governance. Jego szczególną rolę potwierdza fakt, iż to właśnie ta komórka zgodnie z DPSN 2021 odpowiedzialna jest za corocz- ną ocenę skuteczności systemu kontroli wewnętrznej spółki. Doświadczenie, przy- gotowanie merytoryczne oraz umiejętności komunikacyjne audytorów wewnętrz- nych są zatem istotnym czynnikiem zwiększającym szansę wykrycia ewentualnych słabości systemu zabezpieczającego przed nieprawidłowościami zarówno w obsza- rze raportowania, jak i w obszarze innych procesów realizowanych w przedsiębior- stwie. Co więcej, rekomendacje wydawane przez tą komórkę powinny wpływać na stałe doskonalenie skuteczności mechanizmów kontrolnych. Nie można zatem pominąć jej roli, prowadząc rozważania na temat skuteczności wewnętrznych me- chanizmów nadzoru korporacyjnego. Książka powstała głównie z myślą o czytelnikach, którzy chcą uczestniczyć w dyskusjach na temat roli mechanizmów corporate governance i potrzeby ich doskonalenia, a także tych, którzy chcą rozwijać swoje kompetencje praktyczne w tym obszarze. Budowanie potencjału praktycznego wymaga bowiem odpo- wiedniej podbudowy teoretycznej. Ważną grupę adresatów książki stanowią słuchacze kierunków podyplomowych studiów doskonalących kompetencje menadżerskie w obszarze corporate governance, a w szczególności kierunków Master of Corporate Governance i Master of Business Administration in Corpo- rate Governance. Autorzy, jako wykładowcy przedmiotów objętych programem wyżej wymienionych studiów podyplomowych, działają na rzecz zwiększania wśród kadry menadżerskiej świadomości roli mechanizmów nadzoru korpora- cyjnego zaimplementowanych w spółce oraz możliwości ich doskonalenia. Dziękuję recenzentowi niniejszej publikacji, Panu Prof. dr. hab. Janowi Jeża- kowi, za wszystkie cenne uwagi, które wpłynęły na proces doskonalenia opracowa- nia. Dziękuję również wszystkim uczestnikom projektu, którzy zechcieli wypowie- dzieć się w tak ważnej dla zarządzania jednostką gospodarczą kwestii i przygotowali materiał, który pozwolił na opracowanie niniejszej pracy. Mam nadzieję, że książka przekazana do rąk czytelników przyczyni się do zwiększenia zainteresowania pro- blematyką nadzoru korporacyjnego.

AbstractThe concentrations of a number of polybrominated substances were determined in pooled human milk samples collected from up to 80 countries from all the United Nations Regional Groups. The samples were taken from one or more of the five exposure studies on persistent organic pollutants coordinated by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme between 2000 and 2019.Large differences in levels were found for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE). The concentration of the sum of 6 PBDE congeners (∑PBDE6: BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-100, BDE-153, BDE-154, BDE-183) of 135 pooled samples from 80 countries was in the range between 0.3 and 352 ng/g lipid (median 1.6 ng/g lipid). The highest concentrations were detected in the Western European and Others Group (including Australia, Israel, New Zealand, and the USA) in 2003. Time trends were assessed for 36 countries with repeated participation. Rates of decrease tend to fluctuate at near background levels; but at higher levels, a decreasing trend was observed for nearly all countries. Deca-BDE (BDE-209) contributed on average about 13% to ∑PBDE7 (sum of ∑PBDE6 plus BDE-209). The contribution of the octa-brominated diphenyl ether (octa-BDE) BDE-197 and nona-BDEs-206, -207, and -208 to the sum of 25 PBDE was in the range of the six recommended analytes and BDE-209. Therefore, their addition to the list of recommended analytes should be considered.The α-HBCDD levels of 102 pooled samples from 72 countries collected between 2006 and 2019 ranged between <0.1 and 15 ng/g lipid (median: 0.5 ng/g lipid). β-HBCDD and γ-HBCDD were in nearly all samples below the limit of quantification (LOQ for 90% of the samples: <0.1 ng/g lipid) or around the LOQ (max: 0.8 ng/g lipid). Thus, it can be concluded that α-HBCD is the predominant stereoisomer in human milk.Hexabromobiphenyl (PBB 153) was below the limit of quantification (0.5 ng/g lipid) in 106 of 110 pooled samples from 69 countries. In four samples, low concentrations of between 1.0 and 1.7 ng/g lipid were found.In addition to these chemicals listed by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, in 38 pooled samples from 28 countries concentrations of polybrominated dibenzodioxins and -furans (PBDD/PBDF) were determined to assess their contribution to the overall sum of WHO2005 toxic equivalents (TEQ) with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF). PBDD and PBDF provided on average about 10% to the overall TEQ calculated as sum of WHO-PCDD/PCDF-TEQ and WHO-PBDD/PBDF-TEQ, when assuming the same toxic equivalency factors for brominated congeners as assigned to their chlorinated analogs. No correlations between PCDD/PCDF and PBDD/PBDF, or PBDD/PBDF and PBDE were found.

AbstractThe concentrations of polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCN) were determined in 40 pooled human milk samples from 39 countries covering all five of the United Nations regional groups. The samples were collected in the 2016–2019 exposure studies on persistent organic pollutants coordinated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).The median concentration of the sum of 26 PCN was 55 pg/g lipid (range 27 pg/g to 170 pg/g). Human milk from European countries showed considerably higher levels than those found in milk from countries in the African, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America/Caribbean regions. The most abundant congeners were the congener pairs PCN 52/60 and PCN 66/67 (inseparable by conventional chromatography) and to a lesser extent PCN 28/36, PCN 42, PCN 46, PCN 48, PCN 59, and PCN 69.Among other adverse biological effects, a critical response of many PCN congeners is dioxin-like toxicity. So, in addition to reporting concentrations of individual congeners, the toxic equivalents (TEQ) were also calculated in these samples, using two sets of relative effect potency (REP) values: a set that has been used in a number of human exposure studies and another set reported by Falandysz et al. (J Environ Sci Health, Part C: Environ Carcinogenesis Ecotoxicol Rev 32(3):239–272, 2014). The median PCN-TEQ concentration in human milk was 0.07 pg PCN-TEQ/g lipid (range 0.03 pg/g to 0.23 pg/g), when calculated using the human biomonitoring study REPs, and 0.03 pg PCN-TEQ/g lipid (range 0.01 pg/g to 0.10 pg/g), when calculated with other suggested REPs. The vast majority, about 90%, of this TEQ can be attributed to the PCN 66/67 congener pair. Individual REPs for PCN 66 and 67 from in vivo studies are quite different, but a chromatographic separation of these two congeners is not possible under routine GC conditions. Different approaches to estimate the uncertainties showed that the value of the REPs used is more important than the analytical problem to separate PCN 66 and PCN 67. PCN-TEQ based on the two sets of REPs differ approximately by a factor of 2.2, whereas the congener-specific determination was estimated to result in approximately 30% lower concentrations in comparison with the standard method.The assessment of PCN 66 and PCN 67 in order to obtain confirmed TEF would be most important for calculations of the dioxin-like toxicity of PCN, followed by PCN 69. Minor contributions to PCN-TEQ concentrations in human milk come from PCN 52/60, PCN 64/68, PCN 70, and PCN 73.On average, the contribution of PCN-TEQ to the cumulative TEQ (including the overall sum of toxic equivalents of PCDD, PCDF, and dioxin-like PCB [WHO2005-TEQ]) is between 1% and 2%, with a wider range of up to 5% for the 39 countries of this study. This is about an order of magnitude lower than the contribution of dioxin-like PCB to the cumulative TEQ (median 26%). In line with the observed higher total PCN concentrations, European countries also showed considerably higher levels of PCN-TEQ than found in the other regions. PCN-TEQ calculated with REPs used in human biomonitoring studies add on average about 2% to the cumulative TEQ of dioxin-like contaminants in Africa, the Asia-Pacific region, and Latin American and Caribbean countries and about 4% in European countries. The corresponding contribution of PCN-TEQ calculated using the other set would be 1% in non-European countries and 2% in European countries.

AbstractThe analytical method used for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF) in human milk comprised extraction of lipids, the use of 51 13C12-labelled PCB and PCDD/PCDF as internal standards, several chromatographic purification steps, and high resolution gas chromatographic/high resolution mass spectrometric measurement. As an accredited laboratory since 1998, a comprehensive quality control programme has been applied to assure the long-time reliability of results of human milk samples received for WHO/UNEP-coordinated exposure studies between 2000 and 2019. This included procedural blanks, the use of fortified vegetable oil and numerous quality control samples as an in-house reference material, duplicate analyses, and successful participation in 32 proficiency tests (PTs) covering 81 samples of food of animal origin or human milk. Trueness was estimated from the PT samples in the relevant range for human milk above 1 pg WHO-TEQ/g lipid: The deviation was less than 10% from the assigned values for WHO-PCDD/PCDF-PCB-TEQ and WHO-PCDD/PCDF-TEQ and less than about 15% for WHO-PCB-TEQ for about 90% of the results. For the sum of six non-dioxin-like PCB (relevant occurrence range, 1–1000 ng/g lipid), approximately 90% of the results differed by less than 15% from the assigned values. A long-term precision of <15% (coefficient of variation of within-laboratory reproducibility) was achieved, based on quality control samples analysed between 2000 and 2019.The analytical methodology used fulfilled the requirements of the general criteria for the operation of testing laboratories as laid down in EN ISO/IEC 17025, the analytical criteria for PCDD/PCDF and PCB in feed and food specified in EU legislation, and the criterion for monitoring information for Parties to the Stockholm Convention.

The research proposes a biofertiliser from mycorrhiza and rhizobium evaluating its antagonistic capacity and biotisation in the cultivation of vegetables with a DCA, the sample considers the potato, pea, and barley in the Huasahuasi Peruvian District, with nine treatments in three formulas, considering a control group without inoculation and two repetitions. As a result, the optimal formula is obtained with 300 g of mycorrhizal and rhizobium strains + 500 g of black soil + 200 g of potato peel crust, which has an effective antagonistic capacity of 100% in pea cultivation, 90% in the barley, and 85% in the potato, besides that it achieves a biotisation in the cultivation of peas of 95%, in the barley 100% and in the potato 90%.

Abstract In 1995, large beds of the agarophyte Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (Bory) Dawson, Acleto et Foldvik, were located on the NW coast of the Gulf of California. Estimations indicated the existence of more than 4,500 dry tons available for commercial harvesting. As a result, the private company PHYKOS S.A., was formed in 1996. The company obtained permits from the Mexican Government for harvesting beds located in Bahia de Los Angeles and Bahia de las Animas. In 1996, 28 tons of G. lemaneiformis were exported to Japan, and in 1997, this increased to 45 tons. But in 1998, El Nifio Southern oscillation affected the exploitation area by reducing the beds and consequently, only eight tons were exported. Approximately 90 % of the beds disappeared..However, the recovery of the beds was evident early in 1999, and they recovered fully in 2000, so that PHYKOS S.A. exported 95 and 140 tons in those years, respectively. The demand for G. lemaneiformis, and its presence in other non-exploited regions, caused the creation of a second company in January 2000. This new company, POLO S.A., obtained permits to harvest the beds of San Rafael Bay. In its first year, 36 tons of G. lemaneiformis were harvested and exported to Chile. Thus, in 2000, a total of 176 tons were harvested from the Gulf of California. This amount represents only 3.6 % of the total esti mated biomass for the west coast of the Gulf of California. G. lemaneiformis has become a new fishery for the Mexican seaweed industry in addition to the commercial exploitation of Gelidium robustum (Gard.) Hollenb. & Abb. and Macrocystis pyrifera (L.) C. Ag.

Esta investigación pretende simular el proceso de obtención de 2-3 Butanodiol a partir de residuos agroindustriales como es la cascara de naranja. Por lo anterior, fue necesario identificar la siguiente problemática: ¿Qué factibilidad técnica-económica tendrá producir un biocarburante 2-3 Butanodiol con un buen rendimiento a partir de cascara de naranja, que es generada por la agroindustria del departamento de Nariño? Por lo tanto, se tuvo en cuenta los valores registrados por el Ministerio de Minas y Energía en 2009, los cálculos se realizaron a partir de los resultados de proyección de cada uno de los compuestos mencionados. Así las cosas, durante 2009, se demandó 5.411 barriles día de Biodiesel y en 2025 se requerirá 8.400 barriles por día, es decir, un incremento del 55,1 %. Por otro lado, según lo obtenido en la simulación, cabe resaltar que el proceso para romper los enlaces de lignina requiere de pretratamientos que también puedan descomponer la hemicelulosa y celulosa. Teniendo en cuenta lo anterior, en la etapa de pretratamiento (explosión de vapor y filtrado), se logró eliminar el 90 % de lignina presente en la cáscara de naranja; sin embargo, según lo reportado por Vaquero (2016), el máximo rendimiento que se alcanza en un reactor de dos etapas continuas es de 0,46g*g-1, donde la concentración de este producto es de 67 g*l-1, por lo tanto, en este estudio se obtuvo un rendimiento de 6,15 % con relación a la cantidad de materia prima utilizada y producto obtenido; se ingresa al proceso 1.000 kg/h de cascara de naranja y se obtiene 61,5309 kg/h de producto (2,3 Butanodiol).

Jaesook Yun of Sungkyunkwan University devised (J. Org. Chem. 2009, 74, 4232) a method, based on conjugate addition to a cyano alkyne, for the preparation of nitriles such as 1 with high geometric control. Enantioselective conjugate reduction then delivered the doubly arylated stereogenic center of 2 in high ee. Pher G. Andersson of Uppsala University described (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 8855) a similar approach to diarylated ternary stereogenic centers. Motomu Kanai and Masakatsu Shibasaki of the University of Tokyo developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 3858) a complementary approach to dialkylated stereogenic centers based on enantioselective conjugate cyanation of α-methylene N-acylpyrroles such as 3. Cathleen M. Crudden of Queen’s University established (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 5024) that a benzylic organoborane, prepared by enantioselective hydroboration of styrene, coupled with an aryl iodide such as 6 in good yield and with > 90% retention of ee. Kwunmin Chen of National Taiwan Normal University devised ( Adv. Synth. Cat. 2009, 351, 1273) an organocatalyst for the enantioselective Michael addition of an α,α,-dialkyl aldehyde such as 9 to a nitroalkene. Wenhu Duan of the East China University of Science and Technology and Wei Wang of the University of New Mexico together developed (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 2864) an organocatalyst for the enantioselective addition of nitromethane 12 to an unsaturated ketone such as 11. Xiaodong Shi of West Virginia University found (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 1279) that commercial diphenyl prolinol effectively promoted enantioselective conjugate addition of 15 to 14. Enantioselective methods for the construction of alkylated quaternary centers have also been put forward. Kin-ichi Tadano of Keio University devised (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 1139) a glucose-derived chiral auxiliary that effectively directed the absolute sense of the alkylation of 17. Li Deng of Brandeis University reported (Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 3139) further details of his elegant Cinchona -mediated conjugate addition of 19 to 20. Francesca Marini of the Università degli Studi di Perugia extended (Adv. Synth. Cat. 2009, 351, 103) this approach to selenones, effecting, over two steps, enantioselective vinylation.

<em>Abstract.—</em>Fishing license sales are stagnant in Minnesota and declining in many states. It is important to understand what motivates and constrains people’s fishing participation. In 2005, we mailed surveys to 900 male and 900 female residents of the Minneapolis–St. Paul, Minnesota (USA) metropolitan area to determine attitudes and beliefs about outdoor recreation and fishing. Based on survey responses from 39.3% of the sample, we examined factors that motivate and constrain fishing among urban and suburban residents. Five factors motivated outdoor recreation: (a) achievement, (b) appreciation, (c) personal development, (d) affiliation, and (e) health. Appreciation and health were the most important motivators for outdoor recreation. Fishing was seen as a way to satisfy appreciation and affiliation motivations, and less likely to satisfy other motivations. Seven factors constrained outdoor recreation: (a) costs/regulations/crowding, (b) discomfort/dislike, (c) concerns about safety or discrimination, (d) planning required, (e) physical ability, (f) access, and (g) family/work commitments. Family/work commitments and cost most limited outdoor recreation. Constraints related to family/work commitments, cost, and lack of interest most limited fishing participation. We examined how perceived benefits and constraints predicted intention to fish. About 55% of respondents indicated that they would likely fish in the future, and about 50% of respondents said that they would likely fish in Minnesota in the next year. Appreciation, affiliation, and health motivations and constraints related to discomfort, discrimination/safety, and physical ability predicted future fishing. About 27% of respondents indicated that fishing was a “favorite” activity. Appreciation, comfort, and reduced access to angling opportunities predicted whether fishing was a favorite activity. We suggest that managers emphasize the multiple benefits of fishing including nature appreciation, social connection, and stress reduction, and develop programs and facilities to address discomfort and discrimination associated with fishing.

Activated manganese dioxide (MnO2) reliably oxidizes acetylenic, allylic, and benzylic alcohols to aldehydes and ketones. Saturated primary and secondary alcohols are also oxidized, albeit more slowly. The two main concerns are the activity of the manganese dioxide and the slow filtration of salts after the reaction. Activated MnO2 is available commercially or may be prepared. To a solution of 15.3 g (37.5 mmol) of the alcohol in 150 mL of hexanes was added 60 g of activated MnO2. The reaction mixture was stirred at 22 °C overnight and filtered, and the solid residue was washed with 30% EtOAc in hexanes solution. The combined filtrates were dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified by chromatography on SiO2 (EtOAc:hexanes, 1:10) to give 13.7 g (90%) of the ketone as a colorless oil. Reference: Wipf, P.; Xu, W. J. Org. Chem. 1996, 61, 6556–6562. Chromium-based oxidations are reliable and well established, but the toxicity associated with chromium salts have meant that they are generally considered the second choice. For a review of chromium–amine complex oxidations, see Luzzio, F. A. Org. React. 1998, 53, 1-221. To a mixture of pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC 339 mg, 1.57 mmol), ammonium acetate (215 mg, 2.62 mmol), and 4 Å molecular sieves (610 mg) in CH2Cl2 (33 mL) was added a solution of the alcohol (208 mg, 1.05 mmol) in CH2Cl2 (14 mL) under argon at 0 °C over a period of 10 min. After the mixture had been stirred at room temperature for 3 h, diethyl ether (200 mL) was added and the mixture was filtered through a short pad of Florisil. The filtrate was washed successively with water (100 mL) and brine (100 mL), dried with Na2SO4, and concentrated. The residue was purified by chromatography on silica gel (hexane 70%, Et2O 30%) followed by distillation to give the aldehyde as a colorless oil (132 mg, 63%).

In this chapter, tensile properties of different grades of post-consumer recycled (PCR) polycarbonate (PC) plastics have been compared with conventional or virgin PC before and after different aging conditions. 50 and 75% recycled PCs showed comparable yield strength (∼57 MPa), maximum tensile strength (∼70 MPa) and maximum strain (∼190–200%) before aging, when compared to virgin PC of same melt flow rate (MFR of ∼10 g/10 min). From the fractography analysis (optical and scanning electron microscopy) of the both virgin and 50% recycled PC, it is evident that the fracture morphologies are very similar and they are indicative of ductile failure. It is observed that with the presence of temperature and humidity (60°C 90% RH) aging, tensile strength starts to drop over time but most importantly both 50% and 75% PCR grades showed similar aging behavior compared to virgin PC (10–13% strength degradation after 500 hours of aging). Reliability modelling showed comparable B10, Weibull Alpha and Weibull Beta values between Virgin PC and PCR grades after different aging conditions. Fractography analysis of fresh and aged 75% PCR also showed ductile features.

ABSTRACT In carbon dioxide (CO2) capture and storage (CCS) technology, one of the goals is to prevent the injected CO2 from leaking back into the atmosphere. The leakage paths include fractures on the cement sheath sealing the injection well and/or reactivated faults going through the caprock. During a batch-wise injection of CO2, the wellbore is submitted to thermal loading cycles. After injection, the near-well materials, including cement sheath, are exposed to a CO2-rich environment, especially in the vicinity of the reservoir. These thermal cycles (TC) and exposure environment can affect the properties of the sealing material like cement and create leakage paths. Portland G cement samples were submitted to TC and exposed to a supercritical CO2 environment, respectively. The results show that after submitting to more than 100 TC, the strength of the cement sample can decrease by 40% and its Young's modulus by 20%. On the other hand, after exposure to supercritical CO2 for 52 days, the strength of the cement can increase up to 170% and its Young's modulus up to 25%, depending on the cement slurry formulation. INTRODUCTION Cement paste in CCS wells can experience different mechanical and thermal loadings. During hydration, the cement pastes are also exposed to various temperature conditions. After well construction, when cement hydration takes place, the cured cement is submitted to thermal cyclic loadings following a batchwise CO2 injection. Injected from the seabed at a 4°C, the CO2, while going down along the well into the reservoir, cooldown the wellbore and its surroundings to a temperature much lower than the in-situ one. During maintenance or when shifting from one batch to another, the wellbore temperature will raise again towards its initial in-situ value. These thermal loadings can significantly affect the properties of the cement sheath, compromise its integrity by creating leakage paths for the stored CO2 to escape the reservoir. Previous investigations have shown that properties of cement and cement-sand mixture are highly affected when exposed to high temperatures (Cao et al., 2022; Dillenbeck et al., 2002; Milestone et al., 2012; Mindeguia et al., 2010; Peng & Huang, 2008; Rimmelé et al., 2008; Urbonas et al., 2016; Vu, 2013; Zeng et al., 2022). In the case of a leakage path in the cement sheath, remedy solutions include squeeze cementing operations. This consists of performing a perforation to the casing and squeezing cement slurry to seal the leakage paths (Manceau et al., 2014; Todorovic et al., 2016). For remediation of CO2 leakage, part of the squeezed cement slurry may be hydrated while exposed to CO2. A CO2-rich environment is expected to influence the properties of the hydrating cement. Some publications indicate that cement carbonation increases with relative humidity (RH) (Hunt et al., 1958). It is very slow for RH lower than 25% and highly enhanced for RH higher than 90%. The same authors demonstrate a smaller amount of non-evaporable water after hydration accompanied by CO2 exposure for more carbonated cement. According to Fabbri et al. (2009), Johannesson & Utgenannt (2001) and Milestone et al. (2012), the mechanism of carbonation is a chemical reaction of calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate hydrates with CO2. Calcium ions (Ca2+) migrate through a saturated porous medium, leaving a leached zone and then rapidly precipitate as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) when meeting the dissolved CO2 (Fabbri et al., 2009; Johannesson & Utgenannt, 2001; Milestone et al., 2012). After exposing hardened cement and mortar samples to scCO2 for only four hours, significant strength increase and porosity reduction were observed (Urbonas et al., 2016). According to these authors, these changes result from carbonation which leads to microstructure change. Dillenbeck et al. (2002) showed that the carbonation depth is higher in ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with fly-ash (FA/OPC) than in OPC alone. In both cement systems, it increases with the exposure time. Consequently, the compressive strength of OPC cement increased after exposure to CO2 for up to 6 months and then decreased afterwards (Dillenbeck et al., 2002). After exposing Portland cement G to wet CO2 and CO2-saturated water under the pressure of 280 bars and temperature of 90°C, Rimmelé et al. (2008) measured a reduction in the porosity after 3 weeks (resp. 6 weeks) of exposure to CO2-saturated water (resp. wet CO2). Eventually, the porosity increased to a final value, lower than the reference one, after 6 months of exposure. Many of these investigations are rather limited to microstructure analysis in terms of mineral changes or compressive strength. The stiffness of the material, as well as the dynamic properties, are rarely investigated. In this campaign, different cement formulations, hydrated under different conditions and subjected to many thermal loading cycles are tested. Compressive strength, porosity, stiffness and density change after scCO2 exposure and temperature treatment were measured.

Natural declining of oil and gas fields are inherent. It also occurs in the Banyu Urip field. Banyu Urip has been producing since 2009. The field has produced more than 540 million barrel oil (MMBO) with peak production around 220,000 barrel oil per day (BOPD) in 2021, currently producing about 170,000 BOPD. The field’s decline is observed from increasing gas to oil ratio (GOR) and water cut in almost all of the producer wells. The aim of this paper is to describe our efforts to offset Banyu Urip’s production decline by developing a new infill drilling program which has been characterized through an integrated approach by incorporating available static and updated dynamic data. Banyu Urip has a luxury set of subsurface data which we use to support the reservoir characterization and field performance analysis. Static and dynamic data, including production data and hydrocarbon contact monitoring are acquired regularly. In 2017, seismic data reprocessing was conducted with recent technology to improve data quality for better structural and stratigraphic interpretation. Integrating all of the available data with new interpretations and insights provided a better understanding of gross rock volume, reservoir characterization, fluid contact movement, subsurface risks uncertainties, and hydrocarbon volumes. Ultimately, improved geologic and reservoir simulation models were constructed that lead to identification of potential un-swept oil in the Banyu Urip carbonate reservoir area. Mining the existing data and applying new insights regarding subsurface evaluation and reservoir performance analysis resulted in new opportunity identification. The un-swept oil potential is identified mainly in the eastern and western areas. Several infill wells are planned to be drilled in late 2024 onwards which could generate incremental oil production to offset current decline and support national oil production.

Abstract Lanthanum orthophosphate with the monazite structure was proposed on examinations as a suitable matrix for immobilization of future americium-containing liquid wastes, which could be formed in conversion of metallic plutonium into oxide at PA “Mayak.” Specimens of monazite non-active ceramics were fabricated from LaPO4 powders obtained using a thin-film evaporator by either hot-pressing or cold-pressing and sintering at 900–1300 °C. According to electron microprobe analysis (EMPA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), which were used for characterization of produced samples, all specimens did not contain any phase other than the monoclinic monazite phase. Ceramics having the specific activity of Am-241 2.13×107 Bq/g were prepared by only cold-pressing with subsequent sintering at 1300°C during 1 hour. The normalized leach rates of lanthanum and americium in distilled water at 90°C were less than 1.2×10−4 and 2.3 10−4 g/m2×day, respectively.

This paper is the second in a continuing series of papers to highlight additional bases and recommended improvements to Appendix G. In 2008, the authors prepared a paper that reviewed some of the original basis documents for Appendix G for calculating pressure-temperature (P-T) limits and identified recommended areas for improvement. The 2008 paper discussed the fact that the original Appendix G in Section XI of the ASME Code was primarily based on Welding Research Council (WRC) Bulletin 175, and identified the changes that have been made to Appendix G over the past 20 years. However, the nozzle corner solutions have remained the same as those given in WRC 175. Proposed revisions to Appendix G are included in this paper regarding the stress intensity factor (K) calculation procedures for pressure and thermal gradient loading at a nozzle corner based on the various solutions described in the authors’ previous paper and on other more recent investigations. The current paper is focused on incorporating the results of additional studies that have been completed associated with nozzle corner solutions. This additional work has become more important because plants must address the effects of nozzles in the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) as a part of pressure-temperature (P-T) curve development, especially if the nozzles are located sufficiently close to the active core region such that they accumulate significant fluence. In addition, the treatment of operating stresses exceeding the material yield stress is discussed and the basis for the limit of material yield strength to 90 ksi in G-2110(b) is provided. Finally, this paper identifies other areas for future improvements in Appendix G, including those areas remaining to be addressed from prior work.

Meat processing wastewater is heavily contaminated with phosphorus. It can be removed from wastewater by the use of flocculants. Phosphorus removal efficiency was estimated by treating wastewater with ferric sulphate flocculant, containing 11.5 percent of the active ingredient Fe3+ by weight. The research was conducted with wastewater pretreated in an aeration tank. Wastewater, containing 41.0 ± 3.5 mg l-1 of total phosphorus (TP), was dispensed into calibrated 1.0 liter containers with the following concentrations of flocculating agent: 0, 30, 75, 120, 150, 300, 450, 600, 750, 900 and 1,050 mg/l. The study showed that TP removal efficiency depends on the flocculant dose used for treatment. Increasing the flocculant dose decreases the efficiency of TP removal. One gram of Fe3+, given the flocculant dose of 40 gFe3+/m3, removed 0.5 g/m3 of TP, while 120 g/m3 of the flocculant removed around 40 percent less. According to the dependence of total P removed on the flocculant dose calculated by its active ingredient Fe3+, ferric sulphate flocculant is the most effective at doses of up to 60–80 g/m3 of Fe3+. The use of ferric sulphate may be limited by its impact on pH and sulphate concentrations in the effluent wastewater. If pH is not additionally adjusted, a maximum concentration of 70 g Fe3+/m3 can be used in order to maintain the pH of wastewater above 6.5 and to keep final sulphate concentration below 300 mg/l. In summary, a maximum of 70 g Fe3+/m3 can be used based on the total P removal efficiency and limiting factors. Such dose could remove 28 g total P/m3 from the wastewater. Since the permissible total P concentration in effluent wastewater is 4.0 mg/l, it is reasonable to use the ferric sulphate flocculant, containing 11.5 % of Fe3+ as an active ingredient, for treating wastewater with an initial total P concentration of up to 32 mg/l.

In 1998, TVA undertook the implementation of Selective Catalytic Reduction systems at the Paradise Generating Station. The station has three fossil-fired cyclone boilers totaling 2515 Mw of power generation which have been online since the early 1960s for Paradise Units 1 and 2, and since 1970 for Unit 3. Design efforts started late 1998 with Paradise Unit 2, a 704 Mw cyclone-fired unit that went into operation for the May 2000 ozone season. This was followed by Paradise Unit 1, an identical 704 Mw unit that went into operation for the May 2001 ozone season. Paradise Unit 3, an 1107 Mw unit, is currently in manufacture and erection for placement into service for the 2003 ozone season. The Paradise Units 1 & 2 SCR modules are among the largest single modules in service for treating the entire flue gas path. The system design considered the operation of the boiler without overfire air NOx control, where the emission of NOx would be 688.5 g/GJ (1.6 lb/MMBtu) and with overfire air NOx emission of 370 g/GJ (0.86 lb/MMBtu). Paradise Units 1 & 2 are fitted with scrubbers and burn a high sulfur fuel. Paradise 3, not currently fitted with a scrubber, fires a blend of PRB and Utah bituminous coal. The SCR is configured with two modules. The SCR project guarantees are 90% NOx reduction, 2-ppm ammonia slip and a catalyst life of 20,000 hours. Each of the cyclone units retained their tubular air heaters. Each unit required the erection of either temporary or new ductwork from the air heater to the downstream equipment to allow the demolition of equipment that had been part of the gas path but is no longer in service. The old equipment had to be removed to permit the building of the SCRs. Each SCR unit is equipped with a full flow bypass and man-safe dampers. These man-safe dampers permitted the construction and maintenance of the SCR while the boiler was in operation. Paradise Unit 2’s SCR was fitted with steam soot blowers. Sonic horns were tested on a section of Unit 2 and based on the results, Paradise Unit 1 was fitted only with sonic horns for catalyst cleaning. The anhydrous ammonia unloading and storage facility is more than a mile from the ammonia vaporizers that are located at grade adjacent to their respective SCR unit. The monthly ammonia consumption under full power conditions for Paradise Units 1 & 2 and 90% NOx reduction is 1,703.3 m3 (450,000 gallons) per month with the overfire air system in service. This paper addresses the issues and decisions related to integration of the SCR systems and the experiences of manufacturing and erecting each of the SCR units.

The paper presents the results of scientific research related to the study of adsorption processes of Bacillus subtilis bacteria on activated carbon obtained from apple wood. The activated carbons used have a specific BET area of about 2018 m2/g and a total sorption volume of the pores equal to 1,573 cm3/g. The study of the kinetics of the adsorption processes of the Bacillus subtilis bacteria showed that the value of the maximum adsorption for the fraction 630-800 μm is established within 90 min. The maximum adsorption capacity is 0,54-0,55 McF*108/g, higher than activated charcoal obtained from apricot stones that has the values of 0,375-0,385 at 27oC. The peak of the adsorption is noticed after 90 minutes of the contact and is presented in the figure bellow: Figure 1. Adsorption isotherm of B. subtilis bacterium on AC-apple, fraction 630-800 μm at 27oC The kinetics of the adsorption processes of activated carbon obtained from apple wood (fraction 8002000 μm) for the same bacteria were evaluated at 27oC. The main sorptive properties were attested after 90 to 120 minutes of contact. The adsorption values are in the range of 0,21-0,25 McF*108/g depending on the contact time, lower than in the case of the fraction 630-800 μm and are approximately at the level of activated carbons obtained from apricot stones tested at 37oC. The peak of the adsorption is noticed after 120 minutes of contact. We can conclude that the sorption capacity of the activated carbon of the fraction 630800 μm obtained from apple wood is 2 times higher than in the case of the 800-2000 μm fraction of the same carbons for the B. subtilis bacterial species.

Abstract Objectives/Scope Clean energy is expected to generate an estimated 14 million new jobs globally by 2030, offset by a loss of 5 million positions in fossil fuels (1.8 million in O&G). In some regions such as Canada, 50-75% of the O&G workforce are estimated to be at risk of displacement in the transition through 2050. This presentation aims to explore the existing challenges, future skill requirements and best practices (industry and governmental) to transition the workforce. Methods, Procedures, Process Key Steps are: Survey current landscape of the O&G workforce, including number of jobs and employees, and the key skills currently possessed.Identify requisite skillset for workforce in clean energy for hiring and retraining.Review of policy and industry best practices in the clean energy transition for workers.Comparison of similarities and differences to existing working practices when transitioning from O&G to clean energy projects (including successful case studies). Results, Observations, Conclusions O&G majors are shifting focus and are now prioritizing attracting talent to their expanding green energy businesses, which leaves a question over existing workers. Reports have estimated that 90% of O&G workers have medium-high skills transferability, putting them in a strong position to work in related clean energy sectors. The key to ensuring these workers can successfully transition involves a mixture of industry commitments, up-skilling and government initiatives. These include the Just Transition Act in Canada, and the North Sea Transition Deal (NSTD) in the UK - aimed at accelerating energy transition, whilst protecting jobs through investment into retraining O&G workers. Additionally, the evolution of industry practices to be applicable to related industries (e.g. blue/green hydrogen production, CCUS, etc.) is critical to a successful transition. Overall, a successfully transitioning involves a multi-pronged approach; industry commitments, commitment from workers to upskill, educational institutions support and government initiatives to accelerate this process. Alongside upskilling initiatives, there must be an emphasis on blending O&G work with energy transition, seamlessly transitioning the O&G workforce to work on clean energy projects and applying knowledge to key sectors such as Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage (CCUS) and Hydrogen amongst others. Novel/Additive Information Successfully transitioning the O&G workforce into a clean energy landscape requires a multi-pronged approach; industry commitments, commitment from workers to upskill, educational institutions support and government initiatives to accelerate this process. Through companies identifying target clean energy sectors, performing skill mapping and gap analysis, alongside working with industry bodies to incorporate policies to allow worker upskilling. By also providing early exposure to clean energy projects for workers, there will be a sufficient knowledge base to enable to smooth transition for all workers into a clean energy future.

Abstract Conventional methods for the synthesis of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes such as laser or electric arc ablation have failed when the process is scaled up. Our ultimate goal is to scale a solar process up from 2 to 500 kW; this paper shows that our method for achieving this scale up is valid because we were able to predict process performance variables at the 50 kW level from preliminary experimental results from 2 kW experiments. The key parameters that characterize this process are the carbon soot mass flow rate and the desired product yield. The carbon soot production rate is a function of the target temperature and this can be predicted in a straightforward way from a heat transfer model of the larger system. The yield is a more complicated function of specific reactor variables such as patterns of fluid flow, residence times at various temperatures and the reaction chemistry, but we have found that for fullerenes it depends primarily on the concentration of carbon vapor in the carrier gas, the target temperature and the temperature distribution in the cooling zone. Using these parameters, we scaled our process up to 50 kW and compared the predicted results to the measured performance. A graphite target 6 cm in diameter was vaporized in an argon atmosphere and a reduced pressure of 120–240 hPa with a solar flux density in the range 600–900 W/cm2. Vaporization rates of 20 g/h were measured with a fullerene production rate equal to or greater than 1 g/h, i.e. the expected results.

Pupuk kandang ayam dan larutan mikroorganisme lokal daun gamal dapat meningkatkan hasil panen kacang hijau. Penelitian dosis pupuk kandang ayam dan konsentrasi larutan mikro organisme lokal (MOL) daun gamal yang optimal untuk meningkatkan hasil panen kacang hijau sangat diperlukan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan dan Laboratorium Teknologi Benih Politeknik Negeri Jember pada Agustus 2015 sampai Desember 2015. Tujuan penelitian mengetahui pengaruh dosis pupuk kandang ayam dan konsentrasi MOL daun gamal terhadap hasil panen kacang hijau varietas Vima-1. Penelitian menggunakan RAK Faktorial. Faktor pertama adalah dosis pupuk kandang ayam terdiri atas tiga taraf yaitu dosis 250, 500 dan 750 gram/polybag. Faktor kedua adalah konsentrasi larutan MOL daun gamal terdiri atas tiga taraf yaitu 60, 90 dan 120 ml/liter. Kombinasi perlakuan diulang tiga kali. Analisis menggunakan ANOVA, dilanjutkan dengan uji DMRT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh interaksi antara dosis pupuk kandang ayam dan (MOL) daun gamal terhadap bobot basah, bobot kering, jumlah polong, bobot biji per tanaman, sedangkan Berat 100 Butir, daya Kecambah, kecepatan tumbuh dan keserempakan tumbuh menunjukkan berbeda tidak nyata. Dosis pupuk kandang ayam 250 g/polybag dengan konsentrasi MOL daun gamal 120 ml/l menunjukkan bobot basah, bobot kering, jumlah polong tertinggi. Aplikasi pupuk kandang ayam dengan MOL daun gamal dapat meningkatkan berat 100 Butir, daya Kecambah, kecepatan tumbuh dan keserempakan tumbuh benih kacang hijau.