Artykuły w czasopismach: „1997”

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Luchin, Vladimir A., i Vladimir I. Matveev. "Interannual variability of thermal state of the cold subsurface layer in the Okhotsk Sea". Izvestiya TINRO 187, nr 4 (30.12.2016): 205–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.26428/1606-9919-2016-187-205-216.

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Long-term variability of the cold subsurface water (CSW) in the Okhotsk Sea is analyzed on the base of all available oceanographic data collected in March through August of 1946-2015 (total 65,742 stations). The Integral Heat Content (IHC) is calculated for each station and average annual IHC anomalies of the cold subsurface water are determined by month and by 2-degree grid. The IHC anomaly series are analyzed using the EOF analysis. Cycles with period of approximately 30 years are revealed in the variations of the subsurface layer heat content. Thus, in the 1946-1950, its temperature decreased, but it grew since 2009-2010 to 2015. The warming of CSW was also observed in the 1951-1964 and 1978-1994, while the cooling was in the 1965-1977 and 1995-2008. Based on this criterion, the CSW thermal condition in certain years is classified as «extremely cold» in 2001, as «cold» in 1949, 1950, 1951, 1958, 1959, 1960, 1966, 1967, 1969, 1973, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1999, 2000, 2010, 2012, as «normal» in 1946, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1957, 1961, 1962, 1965, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1975, 1979, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, as «warm» in 1948, 1956, 1964, 1968, 1974, 1981, 1984, 1987, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2015, and as «extremely warm» in 1963. Statistically significant correlation is found between changes of the CSW thermal conditions and long-term variations of atmosphere and ocean climate indices, as well as local patterns of the atmosphere-ice-ocean interaction in the Okhotsk Sea and adjacent onshore and offshore areas of Asia and the Pacific Ocean.

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Sisk, Dorothy A. "Creative Leadership: A Study of Middle Managers, Senior Level Managers and CEOs". Gifted Education International 15, nr 3 (maj 2001): 281–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026142940101500306.

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Today's world is confronted with an increasingly complex society, explosive technological change, growing social demands and ever decreasing material and natural resources (Waterman, 1987; Bennis, 1989; Lodge, 1990; Carnes, 1992; Talbot, 1992 and Smith, 1995). World leaders are realizing the importance of judiciously employing the unique talent and creative energy of their citizens to these problems and issues (Peters & Waterman, 1982; Deming, 1986; McCrone, 1993; Woodman, Sawyer and Griffin (1993); Ainsworth-Land (1997); Mumford and Simonton (1997); Tesluk, Tarr and Kleim (1997); Diets, 1994 and Manz and Sims, 1996). This article will focus on a research study of the behaviors of individuals who were identified as demonstrating leadership effectiveness in their organizations. Attention was given to the role of leaders in developing leadership in co-workers to increase effectiveness and effect change in organizations.

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HICKIE, IAN, i ELIZABETH SCOTT. "Late-onset depressive disorders: a preventable variant of cerebrovascular disease?" Psychological Medicine 28, nr 5 (wrzesień 1998): 1007–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291797006090.

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The severe depressive disorders of late life are associated with high rates of medical morbidity and mortality, cognitive impairment, suicide, disability, complex treatment regimens, institutionalization and high costs to the community (Murphy, 1983; Murphy et al. 1988; Bruce & Leaf, 1989; NIH Consensus Development Panel, 1992; Alexopoulos et al. 1993a, b; Brodaty et al. 1993; Bruce et al. 1994; Forsell et al. 1994; Hickie et al. 1995; Blazer, 1996). Those disorders that are accompanied by cognitive impairment and/or concurrent medical morbidity have a particularly poor outcome (Bruce & Leaf, 1989; Alexopoulos et al. 1993b; Hickie et al. 1995, 1997a). Although psychosocial models of late-life depression place considerable importance on age-related psychological and social risk factors, those who survive into later life may actually be characterized by psychological resilience (Henderson, 1994; Blazer, 1997).Current aetiological research in late-life depression, therefore, places particular emphasis on the potential role of biological risk factors. The potential importance of vascular risk factors is receiving renewed attention and may provide opportunities for specific prevention and intervention strategies in high-risk populations. This emphasis on possible vascular risk factors, and the wider importance of vascular pathologies in late-life neuropsychiatric disorders, mirrors the emphasis of much earlier clinico-pathological studies (Binswanger, 1894; Alzheimer, 1895). The specific focus on the importance of small progressive changes within the subcortical white matter, as distinct from more discrete cortical infarcts (Olszewski, 1962), is now supported by the emerging neuroimaging literature and theoretical constructs in late-life depression (Krishnan, 1991, 1993; Hickie et al. 1996, 1997b; Krishnan et al. 1997).

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CICCHETTI, DANTE, i J. LAWRENCE ABER. "Contextualism and developmental psychopathology". Development and Psychopathology 10, nr 2 (czerwiec 1998): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579498001540.

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The field of developmental psychopathology has grown rapidly over the past several decades and research conducted within this framework has made substantial contributions to our understanding of human adaptation and maladaptation (Cicchetti & Cohen, 1995a, 1995b; Cicchetti & Richters, 1997; Cicchetti & Toth, 1998a). Influenced by the theoretical expositions of several prominent developmentalists, including Jay Belsky (1984), Uri Bronfenbrenner (1979), Robert Emde (1994), Donald Ford and Richard Lerner (1992), Michael Lewis (1997), Patricia Minuchin (1985), Arnold Sameroff (1983; Sameroff & Emde, 1989), Alan Sroufe (Sroufe, Egeland, & Kreutzer, 1990), and Esther Thelen and Linda Smith (1994), theorists have called attention to the importance of viewing the development of psychopathology within a continuously unfolding, dynamic, and ever changing context (see, for example, Belsky, 1993; Cicchetti & Aber, 1986; Cicchetti & Lynch, 1993; Cicchetti & Toth, 1998b; Coie & Jacobs, 1993; Jensen & Hoagwood, 1997; Richters & Cicchetti, 1993; Susman, 1993). Moreover, we now know that social contexts exert effects not only on psychological processes but also on biological structures and processes (Boyce, Frank, Jensen, Kessler, Nelson, Steinberg, et al., 1998; Cicchetti & Tucker, 1994; Eisenberg, 1995; Nelson & Bloom, 1997).

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Retallack, Gregory J. "Ordovician Life on Land and Early Paleozoic Global Change". Paleontological Society Papers 6 (listopad 2000): 21–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1089332600000693.

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Many Paleontologists share the opinion of McGhee (1996), who wrote “Prior to the Devonian, there was no terrestrial ecosystem to speak of. Some primitive plants precariously establishing a beachhead in protected coastal areas was about it. The interiors of the continents of the planet Earth were as barren as the rocky landscapes of Mars.” Thus, it was with trepidation that I reported paleosols containing trace fossils of early land animals in the late Ordovician, Juniata Formation, of Pennsylvania (Retallack and Feakes, 1987; Retallack, 1992a, 1992b, 1993). My late colleague, Jane Gray, engendered considerable debate by reporting Ordovician and Early Silurian spores like those of liverworts (Gray and Boucot, 1977; Gray, 1985). This spore, trace fossil and paleosol evidence for life on land in the Ordovician has remained controversial (Buatois et al., 1998; Shear, 1998), but evidence for Ordovician life on land has continued to accumulate. Especially important was discovery of myriapod trackways from mid-Ordovician (Llandeilian-Caradocian) Borrowdale Volcanics of the Lake District, England (Johnson et al., 1994). Abundant arthropod burrows and tracks, and a single body fossil of an euthycarcinoid in the fluvial-eolian Tumblagooda Sandstone of Western Australia (White 1990; McNamara and Trewin, 1993; Trewin and McNamara, 1995) are now thought to be late Ordovician in age (Iaksy et al., 1998). An enigmatic assemblage of arthropods and plants from a mid-Ordovician paleokarst in Tennessee (Caster and Brooks, 1956) is now thought to have been lacustrine (Gray, 1988a). The fossil record of Ordovician land plants also has improved with the discovery of possible megafossil mosses (Snigirevskaya et al. 1992), and possible late Ordovician trilete spores (Nøhr-Hansen and Koppelhus, 1998; Richardson 1988; Strother, 1991; Strother et al., 1996). But the most abundant evidence for Ordovician life on land remains fossil soils, now exploited by increasingly thorough and sophisticated studies (Retallack, 1985, 1992a, 1992b, 1993; Feakes et al., 1989; Driese and Foreman 1991, 1992a, 1992b; Driese et al., 1992, 1997; Mora et al., 1991, 1996; Mora and Driese, 1993; Yapp and Poths, 1992, 1994, 1996; Yapp, 1993, 1996). Mounting evidence from fossils and paleosols now presents an increasingly detailed view of Ordovician ecosystems on land.

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Wesche, Marjorie, i T. Sima Paribakht. "INTRODUCTION". Studies in Second Language Acquisition 21, nr 2 (czerwiec 1999): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0272263199002016.

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In the 12 years since Studies in Second Language Acquisition published its first thematic collection on L2 lexical issues, “The use and acquisition of the second language lexicon,” edited by S. Gass (1987), the centrality of lexical development in second language acquisition has received ever increasing recognition from researchers (see, for example, volumes by Arnaud & Béjoint, 1992; Coady & Huckin, 1997; Haastrup, 1991; Haastrup & Viberg, 1998; Harley, 1995, 1996; Hatch & Brown, 1995; Huckin, Haynes, & Coady, 1993; Meara, 1992; Nation, 1990; Schmitt & McCarthy, 1997; Schreuder & Weltens, 1993; Tréville, 1993; Tréville & Duquette, 1996). The 1987 collection was a leading foray into new territory, following a period of relative neglect of the lexicon in SLA. The issues taken up by its authors were quite diverse, ranging from the organization and components of the L2 lexicon, to aspects of acquisition such as cross-linguistic influence, restructuring, and rate, to L2 lexical-use issues such as retrieval and access. Since that time, a large body of L2 research and theory has developed around these and other topics, and it has become possible to deal comprehensively with single core issues in L2 lexical acquisition from multiple perspectives. The current collection is one such attempt, offering a set of related papers on the topic of incidental L2 vocabulary acquisition. Unlike the 1987 collection, which argued for recognition of the importance of the lexicon in a field dominantly concerned with the acquisition of syntax, the authors of the present collection assume the central importance of lexical acquisition.

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Cergole, Maria Cristina, Suzana Anita Saccardo i Carmen L. D. B. Rossi-Wongtschowski. "Fluctuations in the spawning stock biomass and recruitment of the Brazilian sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis) 1977-1997". Revista Brasileira de Oceanografia 50, unico (2002): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-77392002000100002.

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In the southeastern coast of Brazil, catches of the Brazilian sardine (Sardinella brasiliensis) have been decreasing from more than 200 thousand tons/year in the early '70s to about 32 thousand tons in 1990. From 1994 to 1997, catches recovered slightly (118 thousand tons), dropping then to about 20 thousand tons in 1999-2000. Extensive investigations on biology and stock assessment of Brazilian sardine have been developed in the '80s, providing stock biomass and recruitment estimates based on commercial fishing data obtained from 1977-1992. The present paper aims to update biological and stock assessment parameters from sardine data obtained during two acoustic surveys carried out in 1995 and commercial catches from the 1993-1997 period. Results from both cruises showed the weight-length relationship Wt=0.0000019. Lt3,26 (90-240 mm total length) and four age classes (mostly class II+). In the commercial catches, sardines belonged to ages 0+ and 3+ years old (mostly older than 1-year old) with 90-250 mm total length. Annual growth parameters were: Li=275 mm, K= 0.55 (1996), and Li=273 mm, K=0.50 (1997). Total mortality (Z) and natural mortality (M) coefficients were: Z= 3.8; M= 0.7 -1.2 (1996), and Z= 3.6; M= 0.6 - 1.1 (1997). The variation amplitude of M is due to the application of several different methods. Considering the historical series of 21 years of data (1977-1997), results showed that the stock went through two favorable periods (1980-84, 1989-94) and one unfavorable period (1985-89). 1997 seems to have been the beginning of a new unfavorable period, revealing recruitment cycles likewise other stocks from California and Japan.

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HUANG, JIA, LU GONG, SHUN-CHERN TSAUR, LIN ZHU, KEYING AN i HONGWEI CHEN. "Revision of the subgenus Phortica (sensu stricto) (Diptera, Drosophilidae) from East Asia, with assessment of species delimitation using DNA barcodes". Zootaxa 4678, nr 1 (30.09.2019): 1–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4678.1.1.

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A total of 50 (43 known and seven new) species in the subgenus Phortica (sensu stricto) were surveyed and (re)described from China: P. bicornuta (Chen & Toda, 1997); P. bipartita (Toda & Peng, 1992); P. biprotrusa (Chen & Toda, 1998); P. cardua (Okada, 1977); P. chi (Toda & Sidorenko, 1996); P. conifera (Okada, 1977); P. eparmata (Okada, 1977); P. eugamma (Toda & Peng, 1990); P. excrescentiosa (Toda & Peng, 1990); P. fangae (Máca, 1993); P. flexuosa (Zhang & Gan, 1986); P. foliata (Chen & Toda, 1997); P. gamma (Toda & Peng, 1990); P. gigas (Okada, 1977); P. glabtabula Chen & Gao, 2005; P. hainanensis (Chen & Toda, 1998); P. hongae (Máca, 1993); P. huazhii Cheng & Chen, 2008; P. iota (Toda & Sidorenko, 1996); P. jadete Zhu, Cao & Chen, 2018; P. kappa (Máca, 1977); P. lambda (Toda & Peng, 1990); P. latifoliacea Chen & Watabe, 2008; P. magna (Okada, 1960); P. okadai (Máca, 1977); P. omega (Okada, 1977); P. orientalis (Hendel, 1914); P. pangi Chen & Wen, 2005; P. paramagna (Okada, 1971); P. perforcipata (Máca & Lin, 1993); P. pi (Toda & Peng, 1990); P. protrusa (Zhang & Shi, 1997); P. pseudopi (Toda & Peng, 1990); P. pseudotau (Toda & Peng, 1990); P. psi (Zhang & Gan, 1986); P. rhagolobos Chen & Gao, 2008; P. saeta (Zhang & Gan, 1986); P. setitabula Chen & Gao, 2005; P. subradiata (Okada, 1977); P. tau (Toda & Peng, 1990); P. uncinata Chen & Gao, 2005; P. unipetala Chen & Wen, 2005; P. allomega Gong & Chen, sp. nov.; P. archikappa Gong & Chen, sp. nov.; P. dianzangensis Gong & Chen, sp. nov.; P. imbacilia Gong & Chen, sp. nov.; P. liukuni Gong & Chen, sp. nov.; P. tibeta Gong & Chen, sp. nov.; and P. xianfui Gong & Chen, sp. nov. In addition, seven new synonyms were recognized: P. acongruens (Zhang & Shi, 1997), syn. nov.; P. antillaria (Chen & Toda, 1997), syn. nov.; P. kukuanensis Máca, 2003, syn. nov.; P. linae (Máca & Chen, 1993), syn. nov.; P. shillongensis (Singh & Gupta, 1979), syn. nov.; P. takadai (Okada, 1977), syn. nov.; and P. watanabei (Máca & Lin, 1993), syn. nov. A key to all Asian species (except for the eparmata species complex) of this subgenus was provided. All currently available DNA barcode (partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene) sequences of this subgenus (217 sequences of 54 species) are employed in a molecular analysis using different species delimitation methods. The results indicate that approximately 68.5% (37 of 54 spp.) of Phortica (s. str.) species could be clearly distinguished from closely related morphospecies or cryptic species.

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Crawford, Gary W., i Chen Shen. "The origins of rice agriculture: recent progress in East Asia". Antiquity 72, nr 278 (grudzień 1998): 858–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x00087494.

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Knowledge of rice domestication and its archaeological context has been increasing explosively of late. Nearly 20 years ago rice from the Hemudu and Luojiajiao sites (FIGURE 1) indicated that rice domestication likely began before 5000 BC (Crawford 1992; Lin 1992; Yan 1990). By the late 1980s news of rice from the south-central China Pengtoushan site a thousand years older than Hemudu began to circulate (Bellwood et al. 1992; Hunan 1990; Pei 1989). Undocumented news of sites having a median date of 11,500 BP with domesticated rice has recently made the rounds (Normile 1997). In addition, the first domesticated rice in Southeast Asia, once thought to be to be older than the first rice in China, is not as old as once thought (Glover & Higham 1996: 422; Higham 1995). Finally, wild rice (Oryza rufipogon) was reported to be growing in the Yangzi valley, well outside its purported original range, making domestication there plausible (Yan 1989; 1990; 1997). Significant progress continued to be made in the 1990s and unlike research on other major crops, the literature is generally not accessible to western scholars, with some exceptions (Ahn 1993; Crawford 1992; Glover & Higham 1996; Higham 1995; MacNeish et al. 1997; Underhill 1997).

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Serpagli, Enrico, Annalisa Ferretti, Robert S. Nicoll i Paolo Serventi. "The conodont genusTeridontus(Miller, 1980) from the Early Ordovician of Montagne Noire, France". Journal of Paleontology 82, nr 3 (maj 2008): 612–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1666/06-081.1.

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The conodont genus Teridontus was introduced in 1980 by Miller and was based on the Late Cambrian species Oneotodus nakamurai Nogami, 1967 from the Yencho Member of the Fengshan Fm. of northeast China. Teridontus was later reported from either the Upper Cambrian or Lower Ordovician (Landing et al., 1980; Miller, 1980; Landing and Barnes, 1981; Landing, 1983; An et al., 1983, 1985; Ni et al., 1983; Peng et al., 1983; Nowlan, 1985; Landing et al., 1986; Bagnoli et al., 1987; An, 1987; Buggisch and Repetski, 1987; Pohler and Orchard, 1990; An and Zheng, 1990; Seo and Ethington, 1993; Wang, 1993; Lehnen, 1994; Nicoll, 1994; Seo et al., 1994; Ji and Barnes, 1994; Taylor et al., 1996; Lehnert et al., 1997; Jia, 2000; Dubinina, 2000; Pyle and Barnes, 2002; Zeballo et al., 2005) sediments in numerous localities around the world, but a unanimous interpretation of the composition of the Teridontus apparatus organization was far from accepted.

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Armitage, Mark H. "Artifacts from Rapid Microwave Processing of Trematode Tissues (Ascocotyle pachycystisandleighi)". Microscopy Today 12, nr 5 (wrzesień 2004): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500056285.

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The use of microwave energy to assist in the processing of biological tissues for microscopy has generated significant interest in recent years. Microwave (MW) processing has been used to prepare tissues for light microscopy (Carranzaet al.1990 [using parasite tissues]; van Dorpet al.1995; Daviset al.1997; Izumiet al2000; and Rohret al.2001), as well as for electron microscopy (Kasaet al.1982; Hopwoodet al.1984; Leonget al.1985; Kanget al,1991 [using parasite tissues]; Heumann 1992; Wagenaaret al.1993; Login and Dvorak 1993; Giberson and Demaree 1995; Madden and Miriam 1997; Gibersonet al.1997; Morinet al.1997; Petrali and Mills 1999; Massa and Arana-Chavez 2000; Hernandez and Guillen 2000 [using parasite tissues]; Demaree 2001; Giberson 2001).Most reports, particularly those published by manufacturers of microwave ovens, have shown positive results regarding tissue ultrastructure, however discussion continues on possible mechanisms of preservation by the use of MW technology.

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Petrulevičius, Julián F., i Ed A. Jarzembowski. "The first hangingfly (Insecta: Mecoptera: Bittacidae) from the Cretaceous of Europe". Journal of Paleontology 78, nr 6 (listopad 2004): 1198–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000044012.

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Bittacidae is small family of insects, but a major family of mecopterans, with about half of its genera known from the Mesozoic (Handlirsch, 1939; Sukatsheva, 1990; Novokschonov, 1993, 1997a, 1997b; Ren, 1993, 1997; Ansorge, 1996; Petrulevičius and Martins-Neto, 2001), mainly from the Jurassic. Cenozoic records are scarce and in most cases are assigned to extant genera (Jarzembowski, 1980; Novokschonov, 1993; Petrulevičius, 1998, 1999, 2001a, 2001b).

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-. "XIV Conferencia Interparlamentaria Unión Europea/América Latina. Acta final". Revista Iberoamericana de Educación 19 (1.01.1999): 293–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.35362/rie1901061.

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Las delegaciones del Parlamento Latinoamericano y del Parlamento Europeo se reunieron en Bruselas, Bélgica, del 16 al 18 de marzo de 1999 en el marco de la XIV Conferencia Interparlamentaria Unión Europea-América Latina. Las conferencias anteriores se celebraron en Bogotá (julio de 1974), Luxemburgo (noviembre de 1975), México (julio de 1977), Roma (febrero de 1979), Bogotá (enero de 1981), Bruselas (junio de 1983), Brasilia (junio de 1985), Lisboa (junio de 1987), San José de Costa Rica (enero/febrero de 1989), Sevilla (abril de 1991), São Paulo (mayo de 1993) Bruselas (junio de 1995) y Caracas (mayo de 1997).

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YAMAMOTO, NAO, i MASARU YAMAMOTO. "Taxonomic information on some Japanese Chironomidae (Diptera) described by Dr. M. Sasa (†)". Zootaxa 4514, nr 4 (9.11.2018): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4514.4.5.

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Holotypes of 19 species and non-type specimens preserved in the Sasa collection at The National Museum of Science, Tokyo, Japan, have been examined. Seventeen new synonyms are given, as follows: Paratrissocladius ogasaduodecimus Sasa et Suzuki, 1997 = Paraphaenocladius impensus (Walker, 1856); Bryophaenocladius togafelix Sasa et Okazawa, 1992, and B. toganitemus Sasa et Okazawa, 1992 = Pseudorthocladius togakileus Sasa et Okazawa, 1992; Bryophaenocladius togatenuis Sasa et Okazawa, 1992 of Smittia nudipennis (Goetghebuer, 1913); Chironomus daitoefeus Sasa et Suzuki, 2001 of C. circumdatus Kieffer, 1916; C. inaabeus Sasa, Kitami et Suzuki, 2001 = C. nippodorsalis Sasa, 1979; C. tokarabeceus Sasa et Suzuki, 1995 = C. okinawanus Hasegawa et Sasa, 1987; C. ginzanbeceus Sasa et Suzuki, 2001 = C. riparius Meigen, 1904; C. simantobeceus Sasa , Suzuki et Sakai, 1998 = C. claggi Tokunaga, 1964; C. echizensis Sasa, 1994 = C. yoshimatsui Martin et Sublette, 1972; Chironomus famiabeus Sasa, 1996, C. inabeceus Sasa, Kitami et Suzuki, 2001 and C. ginzanabeus Sasa et Suzuki, 2001 = Glyptotendipes biwasecundus Sasa et Kawai, 1987; Chironomus kagaensis Sasa, 1994 = Glyptotendipes tokunagai Sasa, 1979; Chironomus toyamabiceus Sasa, 1996 = Kiefferulus umbraticola Yamamoto, 1979; Microtendipes iriocedeus Sasa et Suzuki, 2000 of Polypedilum bingoparadoxum Kawai, Inoue et Imabayashi , 1998. The sufficient reason why Chironomus daitocedeus Sasa et Suzuki, 2001 should be treated as a junior synonym of C. javanus Kieffer, 1924 is shown. Two further species: Paratrissocladius sudagaicedeus Sasa et Tanaka, 2001 and Bryophaenocladius togatenellus Sasa et Okazawa, 1992 are transferred to Chaetocladius. Specimens from Okinawa, Miyako and Ishigaki Islands, originally reported as Rheocricotopus chalybeatus (Edwards, 1929) are identified as R. okifoveatus Sasa, 1990. A new species, Einfeldia sasai is described on the basis of specimens recorded from Minamidato Island, previously incorrectly determined as E. pagana.

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Cealey, Harrison, W., i J. Hood-Williams. "More Varieties than Heinz: Social Categories and Sociality in Humphries, Hammersley and Beyond". Sociological Research Online 3, nr 1 (marzec 1998): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5153/sro.1370.

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This paper is a contribution to a long standing debate over the nature of research and the relations between knowledge and power recently instantiated in exchanges over the criticisms of Hammersley (Hammersley, 1992, 1995, 1997; Gelsthorpe, 1992; Ramazanoglu, 1992; Williams, 1993; Hammersley & Gomm, 1997a and 1997b; Romm, 1997; Temple, 1997). It takes as its starting point Beth Humphries’ recent critical commentary on Hammersley and emancipatory research, and her attempt to ‘go beyond ourselves’ (Humphries, 1997). It argues that the logical endpoint of arguments that suggest the continuous salience of the social divisions commonly found in the current sociological lexicon is a bewildering impossibility and that they should not be taken as guidelines for research practice. It clarifies this critique in relation to ‘gender’. It further argues that Humphries's position, despite her apparent sympathy for post-structuralism, retains much from earlier structuralist positions, which undermines the basis of her attempt to develop a position beyond the constraints of current emancipatory research.

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Mardiyah, Aida Ainul. "PENGARUH EARNINGS MANAGEMENT TERHADAP KINERJA". KINERJA 9, nr 1 (25.01.2017): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24002/kinerja.v9i1.900.

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This research is aimed at giving empirical evidence that earning management does influence performance. The 153 sample from 1997 to 2001 is determined by using stratified random sampling. Multiple regression analysis is used to test hypotheses based on this archival data. The result of the analysis shows that earning management influences performance. This is in line with Barnea et al. (1976), Mones (1987), Ilmainir (1993), Hapworth (1953) in Ashari et al. (1994), Arhibald (1967) in Ashari et al. (1994), Ashari et al. (1994: 292), Zuhroh (1996), Jin (1997), Godfrey and Jones (1999), Defond and Jiambalvo (1994) in Scott (2000), Sweeney (1994) in Scott (2000), Ghofar (2001), Tarjo (2002), and Mardiyah (2003) which also conlude that earning managementinfluences performance.Keywords: earnings management, performance, stratified random sampling.

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Rosenberg, Jon, William R. Jarvis, Sharon L. Abbott i Due J. Vugia. "Emergence of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci in San Francisco Bay Area Hospitals During 1994 to 1998". Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 25, nr 5 (maj 2004): 408–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/502414.

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AbstractObjective:To determine the magnitude of van-comycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) in three counties in the San Francisco Bay area.Design:Active laboratory-based surveillance for VRE from January 1995 through December 1996 and a laboratory-based and hospital-based questionnaire survey for 1993 to 1994 and 1997 to 1998.Setting:All 33 general acute care hospitals in three counties in the San Francisco Bay area.Participants:Laboratories and infection control professionals serving these hospitals, and staff of the California Emerging Infections Program.Results:The number of hospitals reporting 1 or more patient clinical VRE isolates was 1 (3%) in 1993, 7 (21%) in 1994, 31 (94%) in 1995, and 33 (100%) in 1996 to 1998. The number of patient isolates increased from 1 in 1993 to 24 in 1994, 176 in 1995,429 in 1996, 730 in 1997, and 864 in 1998. Most VRE isolates in 1995 and 1996 were from urine and were not associated with serious clinical disease. However, the number of isolates from blood increased from 9 (6% of total) in 1995 to 44 (12% of the total) in 1996, 90 (14%) in 1997, and 100 (13%) in 1998.Conclusions:Our data document the rapid emergence and increase of VRE in all hospitals in three counties in the San Francisco Bay area during 1994 to 1998. Infection control measures for VRE together with antibiotic utilization programs should be implemented to limit further spread.

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Ward, Bruce R. "Declivity in steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) recruitment at the Keogh River over the past decade". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, nr 2 (1.02.2000): 298–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f99-243.

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Survival and return of unharvested winter-run steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at the Keogh River, British Columbia, declined abruptly and remained persistently low after 1990. Adult returns averaged 1168 fish from 1976 to 1990 but were significantly lower from 1991 to 1998 (mean 223). Forty wild females returned to the 35-km river in 1995-1996, 20 in 1996-1997, and <10 in 1997-1998. The positive linear relationship between smolts and returns was significantly lower after 1990 and no longer correlated with smolt size. Smolt-to-adult survival averaged 15% (1976 to 1989) but recently averaged 3.5% (1990 to 1995). Smolt number steadily declined to <1000 by 1998 from an average annual count of 7000. Smolts per spawner from 1991 to 1994 were, on average, 70% lower than previous estimates based on the same spawner abundance. Recruitment scenarios based on survival histories during freshwater and marine life stages indicated that adult recruits are currently below replacement and unsustainable if conditions continue or worsen. Factors influencing steelhead in the ocean and freshwater are likely similar for other salmonids; harvest impacts must be reduced and appropriate stock rebuilding measures implemented.

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Al-Wahaibi, Yahya Mansoor, Ann Helen Muggeridge i Carlos Atilio Grattoni. "Experimental and Numerical Studies of Gas/Oil Multicontact Miscible Displacements in Homogeneous and Crossbedded Porous Media". SPE Journal 12, nr 01 (1.03.2007): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/92887-pa.

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Summary We investigate oil recovery from multicontact miscible (MCM) gas injection into homogeneous and crossbedded porous media, using a combination of well-characterized laboratory experiments and detailed compositional flow simulation. All simulator input data, including most EOS parameters, were determined experimentally or from the literature produced fluids in all experiments were found not to be in compositional equilibrium. This was not predicted by the simulator, giving a poor match between experimental and simulated oil recoveries. The match was significantly improved for the cross-bedded displacements by using alpha factors derived from the MCM displacements in the homogeneous pack. Introduction The recovery of oil by miscible gas injection has been a subject of interest and research in petroleum engineering for more than 40 years (Stalkup 1983). In a first-contact, miscible (FCM) displacement, the gas and oil mix instantly in all proportions. No capillary forces exist, so, in principle, residual oil saturation is zero, and 100% oil recovery should be achieved. In practice, many phenomena conspire to limit the efficiency of the miscible flooding process, including viscous fingering, gravity override, and permeability heterogeneity. Moreover, it is often not economical, and sometimes not technically feasible, to inject a gas that is first-contact miscible with the oil. Instead, the injected gas is designed to develop miscibility with the oil by mass transfer during the displacement. This is a so-called MCM gas injection. If the bulk of the mass transfer is from the gas to the oil, then the displacement is termed a condensing drive. If most of the mass transfer is from the oil to the gas, then it is termed a vaporizing drive. In most cases, however, because of the multicomponent nature of oil and gas, the mass transfer is actually a mixture of both these cases, and the displacement is termed a condensing-vaporizing drive. Small-scale heterogeneities can have a significant impact on recovery efficiency (Jones et al. 1995; Jones et al. 1994; Kjonsvik et al. 1994), yet they cannot be modeled explicitly in field-scale simulations. Some of the most common small-scale heterogeneities found in sandstone reservoirs are laminations. However, because laminations have a small size and are generally at an angle to the principal flow direction, their influence onfluid flow is one of the most difficult features to predict numerically. There is a significant amount of literature describing systematic investigations of first-contact miscible and immiscible displacement processes in laminated sandstones (Huang et al. 1995, 1996; Ringrose et al. 1993; Kortekaas 1985; Honarpour et al. 1994; Hartkamp-Bakker 1991, 1993; McDougall and Sorbie 1993; Marcelle-DeSilva and Dawe 2003; Borresen and Graue 1996; Roti and Dawe 1993; Dawe et al. 1992; Caruana and Dawe 1996; Caruana 1997). Both experimental and simulation studies show that significant volumes of oil can be trapped by capillary forces during immiscible displacements (Huang et al. 1995, 1996; Ringrose et al. 1993; Kortekaas 1985; Honarpour et al. 1994; Hartkamp-Bakker 1991, 1993; McDougall and Sorbie 1993; Marcelle-DeSilva and Dawe 2003; Borresen and Graue 1996; Roti and Dawe 1993; Dawe et al. 1992; Caruana and Dawe 1996; Caruana 1997). However, the influence of these heterogeneities on MCM displacements, during which capillary forces change from being very significant when gas is first injected to negligible once miscibility has developed, has not yet been investigated. Indeed, the only comparisons of well-characterized MCM displacement experiments and detailed simulations reported in anywhere in the literature are those of Burger and colleagues (Burger and Mohanty 1997; Burger et al. 1996; Burger et al. 1994).

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20

Łaska-Mierzejewska, Teresa. "Biological effects of socio-economic changes in the rural environment of the Krosno province in 1967–1997". Anthropological Review 60 (30.12.1997): 25–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1898-6773.60.03.

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Village girls in the age of 9-18 , inhabiting Krosno region, were surveyed in 1967 (n=l 134), 1977 (n=1028), 1987 (n=l 255), and 1997 (n=1992). Based on the source of income of the families, three groups were separated: farmers, farmers-workers and nonfarmers. The girls were also divided on the basis of the number of children in the family, and the educational status of their fathers and mathers. The age at menarche for entire region was 13.94 ± 0.06 in 1967, and 13.38 ± 0.05 in 1997. During the period of 30 years the acceleration of maturation was 0.54 of a year. This result does not reflect the real socioeconomic situation inside the rural population. In the period 1977-1997 the deceleration of menarcheal age was registered in nonfarmers group, in the group of families with 5 and more children, and in the group of girls with the highest level of fathers education. In 1977 the menarcheal age of girls from farmer group was 14.01 ± 0.21 and from nonfarmer group – 13.03 ± 0.12; in 1997 those ages were 13.52 and 13.39 respectively. The differences between compared groups changed, from 0.98 in 1977 to 0.13 of a year in 1997, as a result of socioeconomic situation in the decades 1977-1987 and 1987-1997.

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21

Rinkevičius, Leonardas. "Ekologinės modernizacijos teorija: esminiai bruožai ir kritinės įžvalgos". Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas, nr 1-2 (4.04.2015): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/socmintvei.2000.1-2.7165.

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Aplinkosaugos klausimai tik neseniai tapo sociologinių tyrimų objektu (Catton ir Dunlap, 1979; Buttel, 1987). Aprašant ekologinę modernios visuomenės problematiką, susiformavo keletas aplinkosaugos sociologijos teorinių krypčių - ekologinės modernizacijos (Mol, 1995; Weale, 1992; Hajer 1995; Spaargaren, 1997; Rinkevičius, 1998), rizikos visuomenės bei refleksyvios modernizacijos (Beck, 1992; Beck, Giddens ir Lash 1994), savitikslės kapitalistinės gamybos "smagraičio" (Schnaiberg, 1980), ekologinio socializmo (Pepper, 1993; Dickens, 1992) bei kitos. Kiekviena teorinė kryptis skirtingai aiškina modernios visuomenės ekologinės krizės ištakas bei galimus visuomenės kaitos scenarijus. Siekiant atskleisti svarbiausius ekologinės modernizacijos teorijos teiginius ir bruožus, šiame straipsnyje ji nagrinėjama, lyginant su kitais teoriniais aplinkosaugos sociologijos požiūriais. Straipsnyje pateikiama originali ekomodernistinės teorijos interpretacija, išryškinami jos svarbiausi aspektai bei jų tarpusavio sąsajos. Teorijų analizei ir palyginimui pasitelkiami svarbūs socialinės realybes faktai, kurie leidžia atskleisti vieno ar kito teorinio požiūrio adekvatumą lyginant su empirika ir pagrįsti ekomodernistinės teorijos tinkamumą ekologinio imperatyvo skatinamų Lietuvos visuomenės vertybinių bei institucinių pokyčių analizei.

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22

Hasegawa, I. "Early Observations of the Leonids in East Asia". Highlights of Astronomy 11, nr 2 (1998): 1005–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600019432.

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The parent comet of the Leonids, 55P/Tempel-Tuttle, was recovered in 1997. An improved orbit for the interval 1366 to 1997 together with predictions before 1366 were calculated by Nakano (1997). These orbital elements are used to determine the longitude of the descending node of the cometary orbit so that this can be compared with the solar longitude of meteors found in historic records. A number of catalogues listing the appearances of meteors showers have already been published. Most notable of these are Imoto and Hasegawa (1958), Zhuang (1977), Mason (1995), Rada and Stephenson (1992), Kidger (1993) and Hasegawa (1996). Nearly fifty records of the Leonids from AD855 to the end of the 19th century are found in these catalogues.

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23

Tanaka, Masatoshi, Hiroshi Nakayama, Masashi Haraoka, Takeshi Saika, Intetsu Kobayashi i Seiji Naito. "Antimicrobial Resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and High Prevalence of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Isolates in Japan, 1993 to 1998". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 38, nr 2 (2000): 521–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.38.2.521-525.2000.

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To assess the antimicrobial resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolated from 1993 through 1998 in Japan, susceptibility testing was conducted on 502 isolates. Selected isolates were characterized by auxotype and analysis for mutations within the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) in the gyrAand parC genes, which confer fluoroquinolone resistance on the organism. Plasmid-mediated penicillin resistance (penicillinase-producing N. gonorrhoeae) decreased significantly from 1993–1994 (7.9%) to 1997–1998 (2.0%). Chromosomally mediated penicillin resistance decreased from 1993–1994 (12.6%) to 1995–1996 (1.9%) and then increased in 1997–1998 (10.7%). Chromosomally mediated tetracycline resistance decreased from 1993–1994 (3.3%) to 1997–1998 (2.0%), and no plasmid-mediated high-level tetracycline resistance was found. Isolates with ciprofloxacin resistance (MIC ≥ 1 μg/ml) increased significantly from 1993–1994 (6.6%) to 1997–1998 (24.4%). The proline-requiring isolates were less susceptible to ciprofloxacin than the prototrophic or arginine-requiring isolates. Ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates contained three or four amino acid substitutions within the QRDR in the GyrA and ParC proteins.

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24

Arimoto, N., i C. Kobayashi. "Chemical Evolution of Elliptical Galaxies: Mg2 Gradients and G-Dwarf Problem". Highlights of Astronomy 11, nr 1 (1998): 74–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600020013.

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Stellar populations of elliptical galaxies were studied extensively in the recent past (eg., Arimoto & Yoshii 1987; Buzzoni et al. 1992; Worthey 1994; Kodama & Arimoto 1997). However, colours and line-strengths analysed by these approaches came mainly from central regions of galaxies and possible variations of stellar population structure within a galaxy were entirely ignored. Kodama & Arimoto (1997) recently show that a colour-magnitude (CM) relation of ellipticals in Coma cluster (Bower, Lucey, & Ellis 1992), and the CM relation of cluster ellipticals in general, should originate from a difference in mean stellar metallicities, as suggested by Arimoto & Yoshii (1987), and cannot be due to an increase of mean stellar age towards luminous galaxies as claimed by Worthey (1994). It is quite often stated that any theory of galaxy formation should explain the origin of CM relation, or in other words, the mass (luminosity) - metallicity relation of elliptical galaxies. However, one should not forget the fact that the CM relation is defined only for stars in the central regions of galaxies; it is possible that the CM relation itself is an observational artifact, since ellipticals show in general radial gradients of metallic-line strengthes, decreasing from a centre towards outer regions (eg., Faber 1977; Davies, Sadler, & Peletier 1993; Gonzalez 1993; Carollo & Danziger 1994). Indeed, Gorgas & Gonzalez (1996) found that ellipticals with larger central Mg2 indices tend to have steeper Mg2 gradient, which suggests that global metallicities of ellipticals are perphaps universal and are independent of galaxy luminosities.

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25

Kolodnyi, Anatolii M., i Oleksandr N. Sagan. "Map of Religions of Ukraine". Ukrainian Religious Studies, nr 13 (14.03.2000): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32420/2000.13.1063.

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Ukraine is a multi-confessional state, where, as of January 1, 2000, 23 543 religious community organizations, monasteries, missions, fraternities, educational establishments belonging to 90 denominations, branches, churches are officially registered. (For comparison, at the beginning of 1991, the following organizations were registered in Ukraine: 9994, 1992 - 12962, 1993 - 15017, 1994 - 14962, 1995 - 16984, 1996 - 18 111, 1997 - 19110, 1998 - 20 406, 1999 - 21 843 organizations). In their property or use, there are over 16 637 religious buildings. Confessions have opened 250 convents, 184 missions, 49 brotherhoods, 121 religious schools, 7,165 Sunday schools and catechesis offices, and 194 periodicals. Religious needs of believers are satisfied by 21 281 priests, of whom 650 are foreigners.

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26

Kraft, Robert P. "Abundance Ratios in Metal-Poor Globular Clusters: Deep Mixing and its Effect on Stellar Populations of the Galactic Halo". Highlights of Astronomy 11, nr 1 (1998): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1539299600019961.

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Only a bit more than 25 years ago, it seemed possible to assume that all Galactic globular clusters were chemically homogeneous. There were indications that star-to-star Fe abundance variations existed in ω Cen, but this massive cluster appeared to be unique. Following Osborn’s (1971) initial discovery, Zinn’s (1973) observation that M92 asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars had weaker G-bands than subgiants with equivalent temperatures provided the first extensive evidence that there might be variations in the abundances of the light elements in an otherwise “normal” cluster. Since then star-to-star variations in the abundances of C, N, O, Na, Mg and Al have been observed in all cases in which sample sizes have exceeded 5-10 stars, e.g., in clusters such as M92, M15, M13, M3, ω Cen, MIO and M5. Among giants in these clusters one finds large surface O abundance differences, and these are intimately related to differences of other light element abundances, not only of C and N, but also of Na, Mg and Al (cf. reviews by Suntzeff 1993, Briley et al 1994, and Kraft 1994). The abundances of Na and O, as well as Al and Mg, are anticorrelated. Prime examples are found among giants in M15 (Sneden et al 1997), M13 (Pilachowski et al 1996; Shetrone 1996a,b; and Kraft et al 1997) and ω Cen (Norris & Da Costa 1995a,b).These observed anticorrelations almost certainly result from proton- capture chains that convert C to N, 0 to N, Ne to Na and Mg to Al in or near the hydrogen fusion layers of evolved cluster stars. But which stars? An appealing idea is that during the giant branch lifetimes of the low-mass stars that we now observe, substantial portions of the stellar envelopes have been cycled through regions near the H-burning shell where proton-capture nucleosynthesis can occur. This so-called “evolutionary” scenario involving deep envelope mixing in first ascent red giant branch (RGB) stars has been studied by Denissenkov & Denissenkova (1990), Langer & Hoffman (1995), Cavallo et al (1996, 1997) and Langer et al (1997). The mixing mechanism that brings proton-capture products to the surface is poorly understood (Denissenkov & Weiss 1996, Denissenkov et al 1997, Langer et al 1997), but deep mixing driven by angular momentum has been suggested (Sweigart & Mengel 1979, Kraft 1994, Langer & Hoffman 1995, Sweigart 1997).

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27

Bhandari, Govinda. "Effect of rainfall on the yield of major cereals in Darchula District of Nepal". International Journal of Environment 3, nr 1 (28.02.2014): 205–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i1.9954.

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Rainfall is one of the most important factors for the growth of cereals. Inadequate water results poor growth and reduced yield. This study is aimed to explore the relationship between rainfall and yield of major cereals in Darchula district of Nepal. The yield of individual cereals is correlated with the seasonal rainfall data using MS Excel to identify the effect of rainfall on yield of cereals. The amount of rainfall in the years 1974, 1977, 1980, 1985, 1986, 1987, 1991, 1992, 1994, 1996, 1997, 1999 and 2000 was reduced which has greatly affected the yield of rice, wheat and maize in 1986 and 1987. In the years 1976, 1977, 1999 and 2000, the decrease in the amount of rainfall has reduced the yield of all major cereals in Darchula district of Nepal. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ije.v3i1.9954 International Journal of Environment Vol.3(1) 2014: 205-213

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Guimarães, Paulo R., Priscila F. M. Lopes, Mariana L. Lyra i Ana Paula Muriel. "Fleshy pulp enhances the location of Syagrus romanzoffiana (Arecaceae) fruits by seed-dispersing rodents in an Atlantic forest in south-eastern Brazil". Journal of Tropical Ecology 21, nr 1 (styczeń 2005): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467404001932.

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Rodents are the most diverse group of terrestrial mammals in neotropical forests (Emmons & Feer 1997). The interaction of rodents with plants is often pivotal for seed survival (Peres & Baider 1997, Vander Wall 1990). Many rodent species are seed predators (Brewer 2001, Galetti et al. 1992, Hoch & Adler 1997). However, some neotropical rodents, especially dasyproctids (such as Dasyprocta and Myoprocta) and echimyids (Proechimys), are important secondary seed dispersers for large-seeded plants (Forget 1993, 1994; Hoch & Adler 1997, Wenny 1999).

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Farley, John E. "Down but Not Out: Earthquake Awareness and Preparedness Trends in the St. Louis Metropolitan Area, 1990–1997". International Journal of Mass Emergencies & Disasters 16, nr 3 (listopad 1998): 303–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/028072709801600304.

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This paper reports results of a telephone survey in the St. Louis metropolitan area assessing household earthquake awareness and preparedness in November 1997. This survey extends time-series data on awareness and preparedness in the area, which I obtained from earlier surveys conducted in October 1990, February 1991, July 1992, and May 1993. The previous surveys constitute the only time-series data assessing the effects of a pseudo-scientific earthquake prediction (in this case, one made by the late Iben Browning) with measurement of attitudes and beliefs both before and after disconfirmation of the prediction. In general, the new survey shows that both the perceived risk of a damaging earthquake and levels of household preparedness in the region have undergone steady, long-term declines since 1991. There has also been some decline in concern about earthquake risk since 1992. Nonetheless, there has been some lasting effect of preparation actions taken in response to Iben Browning's 1990 pseudoscientific earthquake prediction. For all three preparedness actions for which data are available from 1990 through 1997, the 1997 data indicate a higher level of preparedness than was observed in October 1990, two months before the date on which Browning said a damaging earthquake was likely. And the level of preparedness is much higher than was observed in the larger New Madrid region in another survey taken in 1987.

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30

Recchi, Ettore. "LE MOSCHE BIANCHE. PERCHÉ I GIOVANI ATTIVISTI DI PARTITO SONO POCHI?" Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 28, nr 3 (grudzień 1998): 515–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048840200026265.

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IntroduzioneI partiti politici detengono il triste primato di essere le istituzioni pubbliche in cui i giovani italiani nutrono minor fiducia – meno che nella burocrazia statale, nel governo, nella magistratura, nelle forze di polizia, nell'esercito, nella Chiesa, nei sindacati, nelle banche, nei giornali e nelle televisioni (Buzzi et al. 1997, 382). Per quanto aggravatosi in tempi recenti, questo discredito ha radici lontane e trova espressione in un distacco crescente, dagli anni settanta in poi, dei giovani dalla vita dei partiti. Generazione dopo generazione, stando alle survey condotte negli ultimi cinque lustri, i cittadini dai 18 ai 25 anni che prendono parte regolarmente alle attività di qualche organizzazione politica sono passati dal 7,3% del 1970, al 6,2% del 1983, al 4,1% del 1987, al 2,7% del 1992 e del 19% (Tullio-Altan e Marradi 1976, 472; Cavalli e de Lillo 1993, 286; Buzzi et al. 1997, 419). Più precisamente, gli individui tra i 20 e i 24 anni che negli ultimi sei mesi hanno svolto «attività gratuita per un partito» ammontano nel 1994 ad un misero 1,8% – meno di un terzo della quota di attivisti di partito che si ritrova nella popolazione fra i 35 e i 44 anni d'età (Istat 1996, 143). Dati di fonte partitica, del resto, confermano il quadro: a cavallo fra il 1995 e il 1996 le organizzazioni giovanili dei partiti contavano 204.000 membri (Turi 1997, 126) – ossia, il 2% della popolazione tra i 19 e 29 anni (Istat 1995, 102).

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Brown, MacAlister. "Election Observers in Cambodia, 1998: What Can We Learn?" Government and Opposition 35, nr 1 (styczeń 2000): 77–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1477-7053.00013.

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COUNTRIES RIVEN BY INTERNAL CONFLICT HAVE INCREASINGLY SOUGHT to resolve their conf licts and establish stable government by conducting elections, which outside observers can verify as ‘free and fair’. The first highly successful such venture, in Nicaragua 1990, was followed by election operations by the UN in Ethiopia 1992, Angola 1992, El Salvador 1994, Mozambique 1994, South Africa 1994, Haiti 1995, Liberia 1997 and Cambodia 1993 and 1998. The degree of stability and reconciliation achieved by these operations has varied, but the recent election observer effort, in Cambodia (26 July 1998), had a disputed outcome, which raised fundamental questions concerning the efficacy of post-conf lict election monitoring.

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32

Boertje, Rodney D., i Craig L. Gardner. "The Fortymile caribou herd: novel proposed management and relevant biology, 1992-1997". Rangifer 20, nr 5 (1.04.2000): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.20.5.1622.

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A diverse, international Fortymile Planning Team wrote a novel Fortymile caribou herd {Rangifer tarandus granti) Management Plan in 1995 (Boertje & Gardner, 1996: 56-77). The primary goal of this plan is to begin restoring the Fortymile herd to its former range; >70% of the herd's former range was abandoned as herd size declined. Specific objectives call for increasing the Fortymile herd by at least 5-10% annually from 1998-2002. We describe demographics of the herd, factors limiting the herd, and condition of the herd and range during 1992-1997. These data were useful in proposing management actions for the herd and should be instrumental in future evaluations of the plan's actions. The following points summarize herd biology relevant to management proposed by the Fortymile Planning Team: 1. Herd numbers remained relatively stable during 1990-1995 (about 22 000-23 000 caribou). On 21 June 1996 we counted about 900 additional caribou in the herd, probably a result of increased pregnancy rates in 1996. On 26 June 1997 we counted about 2500 additional caribou in the herd, probably a result of recruitment of the abundant 1996 calves and excellent early survival of the 1997 calves. The Team deemed that implementing management actions during a period of natural growth would be opportune. 2. Wolf (Canis lupus) and grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) predation were the most important sources of mortality, despite over a decade of the most liberal regulations in the state for harvesting of wolves and grizzly bears. Wolves were the most important predator. Wolves killed between 2000 and 3000 caribou calves annually during this study and between 1000 and 2300 older caribou; 1200-1900 calves were killed from May through September. No significant differences in annual wolf predation rates on calves or adults were observed between 1994 and early winter 1997. Reducing wolf predation was judged by the Team to be the most manageable way to help hasten or stimulate significant herd growth. To reduce wolf predation, the Team envisioned state-sponsored wolf translocations and fertility control in 15 key wolf packs during November 1997-May 2001. Also, wolf trappers were encouraged to shift their efforts to specific areas. 3. To increase social acceptance of the management plan, the Fortymile Team proposed reducing the annual caribou harvest to 150 bulls for 5 years beginning in 1996. Reducing annual harvests from 200-500 bulls (<2% of the herd, 1990-1995) to 150 bulls (<1% of the herd, 1996-2000) will not result in the desired 5-10% annual rates of herd increase. 4. We found consistent evidence for moderate to high nutritional status in the Fortymile herd when indices were compared with other Alaskan herds (Whitten et al, 1992; Valkenburg, 1997). The single evidence for malnutrition during 1992-1997 was the low pregnancy rate during 1993 following the abnormally short growing season of 1992. However, this low pregnancy rate resulted in no strong decline in Fortymile herd numbers, as occurred in the Delta and Denali herds (Boertje et al, 1996). No significant diseases were found among Fortymile caribou. 5. Winter range can support elevated caribou numbers both in regards to lichen availability on currently used winter range and the availability of vast expanses of winter range formerly used by the herd.

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CAO, CHENG-QUAN, JIAN-PING SHI i ZHAN YIN. "A new species of the genus Chrysacris Zheng, 1983 from China (Orthoptera: Acridoidea, Acrididae)". Zootaxa 4311, nr 3 (24.08.2017): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4311.3.11.

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The Chrysacris Zheng, 1983 is a median genus in Acrididae, which contains 18 species [Tu & Cheng, 1964; Zheng, 1983; Lian & Zheng, 1987; Li & Chen, 1988; Zheng, 1988; Liu, 1990; Ren et al, 1991; Liang & Jia, 1992; Zheng et al, 1992; Ren et al, 1993; Zhang & Zheng, 1993; Zheng, 1993; Zheng & Shi, 1993; Niu, 1994; Ren et al, 1994; Zheng et al, 1995; Yin et al, 1996; Ren 2001; Ren et al, 2002; Yin et al, 2003; Zheng et al, 2011; Dong et al, 2015; Eades, et al, 2017; Zhang et al, 2017], mainly distributed in Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan and Guizhou provinces of China. A new species of the genus Chrysacris is described from Inner Mongolia, China in this paper. Type specimens are deposited in the Natural Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China.

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34

BOUGIOUKLIS (Π. ΜΠΟΥΠΟΥΚΛΗΣ), P., I. GEORGOPOULOU (Ι. ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) i P. IORDANIDIS (Π. ΙΟΡΔΑΝΙΔΗΣ). "Epizootic study of IBD in chickens during the years 1990-1998 in North Greece". Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 51, nr 3 (31.01.2018): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15679.

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This report concerns an epizootic study of IBD in chickens reared in North Greece, during the years 1990-1998. The frequency of IBD was determined according to year, month and productive direction. The clinical cases were studied from the Clinic of Poultry Diseases (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki) during the years 1990-1998. An increase of IBD cases was determined in 1992, 1993, 1994, 1996 and 1997. Also, an increase of IBD cases was observed during the Spring and Summer months. A higher frequency of IBD was observed on broilers.

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35

Ray, Wayne A., i Keith G. Meador. "Antipsychotics and sudden death: Is thioridazine the only bad actor?" British Journal of Psychiatry 180, nr 06 (czerwiec 2002): 483–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.180.6.483.

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For at least the past 30 years it has been known that people with schizophrenia have higher death rates, particularly from cardiovascular causes, than would be expected on the basis of demographics (Allebeck & Wistedt, 1986; Mortensen & Juel, 1990; Newman & Bland, 1991; Walker et al, 1997). Initially, suspicion focused upon lifestyle factors, such as ubiquitous smoking and poor self-care, and perhaps upon a direct effect of the disease. However, some of the suspicion began to shift to the drugs used to treat the disease, fuelled both by the accumulation of case reports among antipsychotic users of serious ventricular arrhythmias and sudden unexpected deaths (Liberatore & Robinson, 1984; Kriwisky et al, 1990; Mehtonen et al, 1991; Donatini et al, 1992; Thomas, 1994; Jackson et al, 1997; Ravin & Levenson, 1997; Zarate et al, 1997; Dickinson, 2000), as well as advancing understanding of the electrophysiological properties of these drugs (Thomas, 1994; Suessbrich et al, 1997; Drici et al, 1998; Rampe et al, 1998; Shader & Greenblatt, 1998; Studenik et al, 1998; Reilly et al, 2000).

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Andersen, S. B., i B. M. Knudsen. "The influence of polar vortex ozone depletion on NH mid-latitude ozone trends in spring". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, nr 10 (11.07.2006): 2837–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-6-2837-2006.

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Abstract. Reverse domain-filling trajectory calculations have been performed for the years 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, and 2000 to calculate the spreading of ozone depleted air from the polar vortex to midlatitudes in spring. We find that for these years with massive Arctic ozone depletion the zonal mean total ozone column at midlatitudes is reduced with between 7 and 12 DU in the April-May period. The polar vortex and remnants have preferred locations which leads to longitudinal differences in the midlatitude ozone trends. Together with decadal variations in circulation the dilution of ozone depleted air may explain the major fraction of longitudinal differences in midlatitude ozone trends. For the period 1979–1997 the dilution may explain 50% of the longitudinal differences in ozone trends and for the period 1979–2002 it may explain 45%. The dilution also has a significant impact on the zonal mean ozone trends in the April-May period. Although uncertainties are large due to uncertainties in the ozone depletion values and neglect of ozone depletion in other years than 1993, 1995, 1996, 1997, and 2000 we have tried to calculate the size of this effect. We estimate that dilution may explain 29% of the trend in the period 1979–1997 and 33% of the trend in the period 1979–2002 as a lower limit.

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37

Tillenius, Jurgita. "Pamėgdžiojamoji ir atavistinė žiniasklaidos politikos kryptis: Lietuvos radijo ir televizijos atvejis". Žurnalistikos Tyrimai 11 (21.07.2017): 5–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/zt/jr.2016.11.10748.

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Straipsnyje, vadovaujantis Karolio Jakubowicziaus išskiriamomis penkiomis teorinėmis pokomunistinės žiniasklaidos politikos kryptimis, nagrinėjami probleminiai Lietuvos radijo ir televizijos (nuo 1987 m. iki 1996 m., kai buvo priimtas Visuomenės informavimo įstatymas bei Lietuvos nacionalinio radijo ir televizijos įstatymas) pokyčiai žlugus sovietinei totalitarinei politinei sistemai. Subyrėjusi Sovietų Sąjunga atnešė didelių pokyčių visose visuomenės gyvenimo srityse. Jie patvirtino žiniasklaidos teorijoje įtvirtintą apibrėžtį, kad keičiantis politinei santvarkai neišvengiamai kinta ir iki tol egzistavusi žiniasklaidos sistema. Sovietmečiu valdžios įrankiu buvęs Lietuvos radijas ir televizija taip pat turėjo keistis. Pagrindinis straipsnio tikslas – išanalizuoti, kokią pokomunistinės žiniasklaidos politikos kryptį rinkosi Lietuvos radijas ir televizija žlugus sovietinei komunistinei sistemai. Straipsnyje naudoti interviu, autorės atlikti su Domijonu Šniuku1, kuris 1989 metų vasario 13 d. tapo Lietuvos Sovietų Socialistinės Respublikos (LSSR) Valstybinio televizijos ir radijo (RTV) komiteto prie LSSR Ministrų tarybos pirmininku, o nuo 1990 metų kovo iki 1990 metų birželio 19 d. ėjo Lietuvos radijo ir televizijos generalinio direktoriaus pareigas.Taip pat su Juozu Neverausku2 – nuo 1982 metų minėto RTV komiteto pirmininko pavaduotoju, nuo 1995 metų sausio 17 d. iki 1996 metų gruodžio 13 d. laikinai ėjusiu Lietuvos radijo ir televizijos generalinio direktoriaus pareigas, su Dalia Kutraite3, kuri nuo 1997 metų sausio 21 d. iki 1997 m. vasario 18 d. laikinai ėjo Lietuvos radijo ir televizijos generalinio direktoriaus pareigas, su Algirdu Kaušpėdu4 – 1990 metų gegužę – 1993 metų sausį Lietuvos radijo ir televizijos generalinio direktoriaus pavaduotoju televizijai ir su Nerijum Maliukevičiumi5 – 1989 metų – 1992 metų Lietuvos radijo ir televizijos generalinio direktoriaus pavaduotoju radijui.

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38

Sherman, Jaso, Irving Abella i Harold Troper. "NONE IS TOO MANY". Canadian Theatre Review 93 (grudzień 1997): 42–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.93.008.

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Jason Sherman was born in Montreal in 1962, the seventh of eight sons . He graduated from York University’s Creative Writing Program in 1985 and, that same year, founded What Publishing which produced what, a literary magazine which he edited from 1985-1990. While Sherman is probably best known for his rapid achievement of acclaim as a dramatist, his venture with what marks his alternate career as a journalist whose reviews, essays and interviews which have appeared not only in the journal he edited, but in The Globe and Mail, Canadian Theatre Review, Theatrum, among others . In addition, Sherman edited two anthologies for Coach House Press: Canadian Brash (1991) and Solo (1993.) A prolific writer, Sherman’ s League of Nathans was produced by Orange Dog/Theatre Passe Muraille in 1992; Three in the Back, Two ill the Head, a 1994 co-production of Necessary Angel, Tarragon Theatre and the National Art s Centre, was honoured with a Governor General’s Award in 1995. The Retreat was mounted by Tarragon Theatre in 1996. Reading Hebron was produced by Factory Theatre in 1996, and None is Too Many was produced by Winnipeg’s Jewish Theatre and the Manitoba Theatre Centre in 1997. He writes the dramatic series PMO heard monthly on CBC’S Morning side and This Morning. He has been a playwright-in-residence at Tarragon Theatre since 1992.

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Ding, L. K., M. Nishizawa, T. Sasaki, Y. H. Tan, Y. Yamamoto i T. Yuda. "Time Variation of the Global Solar Magnetic Field Inferred from the Sun's Shadow as Seen in 10 TeV Cosmic Rays". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 185 (1998): 465–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900239223.

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Air shower arrays with high counting rates at high altitude provide a unique means for the study of the time dependence of the Sun's shadow as seen in cosmic rays (Amenomori et al. 1992). With the Tibet-I array, operated from 1990 to 1993 at Yangbajing (4300m), we detected for the first time the influence of the solar and interplanetary magnetic fields (IMF) on the Sun's shadow. In this experiment the Sun's shadow seen by 10 TeV cosmic rays was found at a position 0.°7 away from the position of the Sun. This large displacement is considered to be caused by IMF which changed considerably in 1990-1993, near maximum, and during the declining phase of solar activity (cycle 22). A new Tibet-II array, enlarged in 1994, with a seven times larger effective area than the Tibet-I, has been operating since 1995 and allows us to observe the Sun's shadow every 3-4 months. The solar activity, being in the most quiet phase now in 1995-1997, will return to more active phase in 1998. Here, we present some results obtained in 1996 with Tibet-II array.

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Davidson, J. I., W. J. Griffin, M. C. Lamb, R. G. Williams i G. Sullivan. "Validation of EXNUT for Scheduling Peanut Irrigation in North Carolina1". Peanut Science 25, nr 1 (1.01.1998): 50–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-25-1-13.

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Abstract During crop years 1989-1992 EXNUT concepts and a version of EXNUT modified for North Carolina conditions were evaluated. This version was revised and evaluated on 20-25 peanut fields during crop years 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, and 1997 when average yields of 4360, 4890, 4640, 4530, and 4770 kg/ha, respectively, were obtained. These yields averaged 880 kg/ha higher than average yields produced on these irrigated fields prior to 1993 and 1660 kg/ha higher than the average county yields during 1993-1997. The farmers and county agents reported that irrigation scheduled by EXNUT provided an estimated 500 kg/ha increase in yields. Costs of running EXNUT were estimated at $5.14/ha. Using these estimates, net returns from using EXNUT instead of normal irrigation scheduling by the farmer was $272.76/ha. Average compliance of farmers with EXNUT water scheduling recommendations was 85 and 75% for wet years (1994 and 1996) and dry years (1993, 1995, and 1997), respectively. On the average, a 71% or higher compliance with EXNUT recommendations on fields with sandy- and medium-type soils resulted in yields greater than 4480 kg/ha, making irrigation of peanuts feasible in these fields at a world market price as low as $350 per metric ton. Every percentage point increase in compliance with EXNUT recommendations on these fields resulted in an increase in yield of 50 and 110 kg/ha during wet and dry years, respectively. Yields from fields with heavy type soils averaged only 3850 kg/ha because of excessive disease and harvest losses. On the average, peanuts can be produced on this heavy-type soil at world market prices of $410/metric ton if compliance with EXNUT recommendations is at least 80%. This 9-yr study is an example of how expert systems can be transferred through cooperation of researchers, extension specialists, and users.

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Kunnan, Antony John. "RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN LANGUAGE TESTING". Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 19 (styczeń 1999): 235–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190599190123.

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In an earlier review for the Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, Douglas (1995) wrote, “the year 1990 represented a watershed in language testing” (p. 167). This decade, though by no means over, has taken the field even further in terms of theoretical and practical developments. A few examples should illustrate this point: For test theoreticians and researchers, models of communicative language ability have challenged the traditional skills–and–components models (Bachman 1990, Bachman and Palmer 1996); applications of Messick's (1989) expanded view of validation have balanced arguments previously made solely by measurement experts (Kunnan 1998a); discussions of policy and social considerations (McNamara 1998), fairness (Kunnan 1996; in press), critical language testing (Shohamy 1997a) and ethics and professionalism (Davies 1997a; 1997b) have added new beveled angles for debates; structural equation modeling has successfully asserted its role as useful quantitative methodology (Kunnan 1995; 1998b); and verbal protocol analysis has proved to be a viable qualitative methodology (Green 1997).

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Gupta, Parvinder. "Asoka Spintex". Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 25, nr 2 (kwiecień 2000): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090920000207.

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The October-December 1999 (Vol 24, No 4) issue of Vikalpa had published a Management Case titled “Asoka Spintex” by Parvinder Gupta. The case had focused on the turnaround of Asoka Spintex from an ailing company in 1987 to a growing company in the year 1997. We had requested the readers to respond to the question: What strategies should Anang Lalbhai adopt for the long-term survival of the company? In this issue, we are featuring three responses on the case by Pradip N Khandwalla, S Ramnarayan and Niti Pandey, and N Ravichandran. Asoka Spintex, a Lalbhai group company, was set up in 1920 in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, to manufacture coarse and medium fabrics with a capacity of 13,000 spindles and 350 looms. Since its inception, the company did reasonably well. However, the balance sheet for the year 1987 showed cash loss for the first time in three decades. The company was on the verge of closure in 1991-92; however, subsequently, it started showing positive results. The case discusses the background of Asoka Spintex, the troubled times (1985-1990), the phase of uncertainties (mid 1990-mid 1992), the phase of struggles and challenges (1992-1995), and the phase of consolidation and growth (1995-1997). The case concludes with a discussion on the future plans of Asoka Spintex.

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Ulrich, R., i J. Raszyk. "Variations in environmental contamination by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) and chlorinated pesticides (Lindane, DDT) on ping farms in Hodonín district in 1994 to 1999". Veterinární Medicína 47, No. 6 (30.03.2012): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5820-vetmed.

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Environmental samples (n = 216) were collected at regular intervals from 1994 to 1999 on three pig farms (D., M., T.) in the area of the district town of Hodonín, Czech Republic. The samples of feed mixtures (n = 85), drinking water (n = 44), barn dust sediments (n = 45), and muscular tissue of feeder pigs (n = 42) were analysed for the concentrations of PCB (sum of 7 indicator congeners), DDT (sum of 6 isomers), and lindane (g-hexachlorocyclohexane). The concentrations of lindane showed increasing tendencies in feed mixtures (1995–1999), drinking water (1997–1999), barn dust sediments (1996–1998), and pork (1997–1999). The limit of permissi-ble concentrations (hereinafter limit) was exceeded in two samples of feed mixtures collected in 1994. The limit for DDT was exceeded in two samples of feed mixtures collected in 1994. Generally, the concentrations showed a decreasing tendency in feed mixtures and barn dust sediments (1997–1999) and regular fluctuations in pork. The limit for PCB was exceeded in two samples of feed mixtures collected in 1994 and in one sample of drink-ing water collected in 1995. The concentrations showed increasing tendencies in feed mixtures (1995–1998) and pork (1996–1998). Decreasing tendencies were observed in drinking water (1995–1999) and barn dust sediments (1994–1997). Compared with mean values for the Czech Republic, the concentrations of lindane were higher in feed samples collected in 1994, 1997, and 1998, in drinking water samples collected in 1994 and 1995, and in pork samples collected in 1994–1998, the concentrations of DDT were higher in feed samples collected in 1994, 1997, and 1998, drinking water samples collected in 1995, and pork samples collected in 1994 and 1996–1998, and the concentrations of PCB were higher in feed samples collected in 1997 and 1998, in drinking water samples collected in 1994 and 1995, and in pork samples collected in 1996–1998. The health risk of DDT, lindane, and PCB has been assessed as moderate, medium, and moderately increased, respectively.  

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GITHIRU, MWANGI, LEON BENNUN i LUC LENS. "Regeneration patterns among bird-dispersed plants in a fragmented Afrotropical forest, south-east Kenya". Journal of Tropical Ecology 18, nr 1 (styczeń 2002): 143–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467402002092.

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Fruit-eating birds play an important role in the seed dispersal of many tropical plants (e.g. Herrera 1984), and the foraging behaviour of avian frugivores may affect their seed-dispersal capabilities (Loiselle & Blake 1999,Schupp 1993, Traveset 1994). For instance,shorter visits tend to produce less clumped seed distributions (Graham et al. 1995). Also,avian frugivores often feed on the fruits of several plant species over short periods of time (Herrera 1984, 1988a; Levey et al. 1994) in some non-random pattern (Herrera 1998). This potentially produces a predictable spatial pattern of the dispersed seeds (White & Stiles 1990). Forest destruction leads to fragmentation and degradation of the remaining habitats, which may influence patterns of adult tree distribution if the production, predation, dispersal, and/or regeneration of tree seeds is affected (Harrington et al. 1997). If dispersal of avian frugivores is disrupted by habitat fragmentation, plant species might face reduced regeneration, or even local extinction if they depend on a single, locally extinct disperser (Kellman et al. 1996). Increased predation of seeds and regenerating plants in the edges and gaps may also directly reduce regeneration rates (Corlett & Turner 1997, Harrington et al. 1997, Schupp 1988).

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COONEY, SIOBHÁN, DENISE TIERNAN, PATRICK JOYCE i ALAN L. KELLY. "Effect of somatic cell count and polymorphonuclear leucocyte content of milk on composition and proteolysis during ripening of Swiss-type cheese". Journal of Dairy Research 67, nr 2 (maj 2000): 301–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029900004076.

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During the manufacture of Swiss-type cheese varieties, such as Emmental, Gruyère and Comté, a high scald temperature is used, which inactivates the added coagulant, decreasing the primary proteolysis of αs1-casein during ripening and resulting in the development of the rubbery texture characteristic of this type of cheese (Kosikowski & Mistry, 1997). Swiss-type cheese may be made from raw, thermized or pasteurized milk, depending on the type of manufacture and the country (Beuvier et al. 1997).The suitability of milk for cheesemaking is often assessed from the somatic cell count (SCC) of the raw milk, with increased milk SCC being linked to impaired cheesemaking properties and cheese yield potential (Barbano et al. 1991; Auldist et al. 1996). Late lactation milk, which often has elevated SCC, also yields poor quality cheese (Lucey, 1996). High SCC milk has elevated levels of the milk alkaline proteinase plasmin (EC 3.4.21.7), but its activity is not generally considered to be detrimental during cheese ripening (Farkye & Fox, 1992; Bastian & Brown, 1996). Milk somatic cells are themselves also associated with a number of proteolytic enzymes of differing properties, the activities of which are ill-defined in dairy products (Verdi & Barbano, 1991), with the exception of the acid proteinase cathepsin D, which has a chymosin-like activity towards αs1-casein (McSweeney et al. 1995). Preliminary evidence of cathepsin D activity in Swiss cheese during ripening has been reported (Igoshi & Arima, 1993; Beuvier et al. 1997).In the present study the effect of milk SCC on the ripening of Swiss-type cheese was examined. Of particular interest was the role of polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN), the predominant cell type in high SCC mastitic milk (Heegaard et al. 1994) and late lactation milk, when the frequency of milking varies (Kelly et al. 1998). PMN possess a range of proteolytic enzymes, including cathepsin D (Verdi & Barbano, 1991) and plasminogen activators (PA; Heegaard et al. 1994). The experimental strategy chosen was to examine the effects on the quality and proteolysis during ripening of Swiss-type cheeses of adding high SCC milk, whose cell population is mostly PMN, to creamery milk.

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Hirsch, Galia. "Between irony and humor". Pragmatics and Cognition 19, nr 3 (19.10.2011): 530–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.19.3.07hir.

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The goal of this paper is to propose a model that distinguishes between irony and humor in the context of literary texts. The comparative model was constructed based on existing models, and elaborated on them, substantiating the model through textual analysis focusing on cues for irony (Clark and Gerrig 1984; Grice 1975, 1978; Haverkate 1990; Sperber and Wilson 1981; Wilson and Sperber 1992;) and cues for humor (Alexander 1997; Jeffers 1995; Oring 1989; Raskin and Attardo 1994). The research was based on four conceptual paradigms: pragmatic studies of irony, pragmatic studies of humor, a pragmatic approach to the study of literary texts, and theories of text interpretation. The textual analysis was based on an existing model for the interpretation of indirect speaker’s meanings (Dascal and Weizman 1987; Weizman and Dascal 1991; 2005), and on the concepts “cues” and “clues” as employed in that model.

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Schoennagel, Tania, i Monica Turner. "The Effects of Climatically Altered Fire Regimes on Initial Successional Responses in Yellowstone National Park". UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 24 (1.01.2000): 165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2000.3441.

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Many scientists predict that due to the quick response of fire regimes to changes in climate (Flannigan et al. 1998; Stocks et al. 1998), the most rapid and extensive effects of climate change will be mediated by altered disturbance regimes (Davis and Botkin 1985; Franklin et al. 1992; Graham et al. 1990; Weber and Flannigan 1997). Under climate scenarios expected for C02 doubling, Price and Rind (1994) predict a 44% increase in lightning-caused fires and a 78% increase in total area burned for the U.S. Although regional climate scenarios are still subject to a fairly high degree of uncertainty, regional predictions for Yellowstone National Park (YNP) estimate an increase in aridity (Balling et al. 1992) and mean July temperatures (Bartlein et al. 1997), suggesting that fire frequencies could significantly increase in YNP over the next century. While several models have simulated the response of western coniferous forests to altered fire regimes (Baker et al. 1991; Gardner et al. 1996; Keane et al. 1990; Keane et al. 1995; Romme and Turner 1991), little empirical work on the successional responses to different intervals of standÂreplacing fire has been incorporated, and remains a critical element in predicting the effects of climatically altered disturbance regimes in forested landscapes. Previous work in Yellowstone has considered the effects of fire severity, fire size and level of serotiny in explaining initial pathways of postfrre succession across the Yellowstone landscape (Turner et al. 1994; Turner et al. 1997). The effects of the third component of the disturbance regime, fire interval, remains largely unexplored, and represents a fundamental link in predicting potential effects of climate change on the Yellowstone landscape. The specific objectives of our research, therefore, were to assess: Are there a significantly different successional responses following different intervals of stand-replacing fire in Yellowstone National Park? Because serotiny exerts a strong influence on initial post-fire succession in Yellowstone (characterized by variation in lodgepole pine densities), we also sought to track stand-level changes in serotiny over time. In order to flesh out a possible mechanism for why postfrre succession may vary depending upon the age at which the stand burns we asked: What is the temporal variation in lodgepole pine serotiny within the park?

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Orihuela Romero, Carlos Enrique, Giovanna Alejandra Cuesta Chavez, Bryan Steven Acaro Bustos i Israel Ladislao Cuesta. "fluctuación petrolera y el PIB:". REVISTA ENIAC PESQUISA 12, nr 1 (1.04.2023): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22567/rep.v12i1.879.

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La fluctuación petrolera tiene una incidencia significativa en la economía mundial, puesto que repercute sobre los ingresos que perciben los países exportadores e influye en los costos de producción de los países importadores. Los factores políticos, económicos, fenómenos naturales y bélicos provocan movimientos inesperados en el precio del crudo. Este trabajo establece la relación entre el precio del petróleo y el PIB de Ecuador con la finalidad de presentar evidencia de la dependencia petrolera del país. Se aplicó modelos de MCO y VAR para establecer la relación entre variables. Los resultados de la investigación determinaron que ante un shock positivo en el precio del petróleo el PIB incrementa en 2% y 3% en el corto plazo. METADATA Período PIB (Millones de USD) Precio WTI petróleo (USD) 1976 I 2163 11,67 1976 II 2207 11,89 1976 III 2294 12,34 1976 IV 2424 13,02 1977 I 2598 13,91 1977 II 2731 14,40 1977 III 2821 14,46 1977 IV 2870 14,11 1978 I 2878 13,34 1978 II 2921 13,52 1978 III 3001 14,64 1978 IV 3117 16,70 1979 I 3270 19,72 1979 II 3440 23,07 1979 III 3627 26,76 1979 IV 3832 30,78 1980 I 4054 35,15 1980 II 4308 38,02 1980 III 4596 39,40 1980 IV 4916 39,28 1981 I 5269 37,66 1981 II 5482 36,38 1981 III 5557 35,44 1981 IV 5492 34,84 1982 I 5289 34,57 1982 II 5084 34,09 1982 III 4878 33,41 1982 IV 4670 32,52 1983 I 4461 31,43 1983 II 4307 30,54 1983 III 4209 29,86 1983 IV 4167 29,38 1984 I 4180 29,11 1984 II 4204 29,11 1984 III 4238 29,39 1984 IV 4283 29,95 1985 I 4339 30,78 1985 II 4340 30,00 1985 III 4286 27,59 1985 IV 4176 23,56 1986 I 4012 17,92 1986 II 3872 14,51 1986 III 3757 13,35 1986 IV 3665 14,43 1987 I 3598 17,75 1987 II 3526 19,65 1987 III 3449 20,14 1987 IV 3366 19,21 1988 I 3278 16,86 1988 II 3236 15,57 1988 III 3241 15,34 1988 IV 3291 16,16 1989 I 3387 18,03 1989 II 3459 19,44 1989 III 3507 20,38 1989 IV 3531 20,85 1990 I 3663 21,75 1990 II 3752 17,77 1990 III 3852 26,23 1990 IV 2522 32,09 1991 I 2663 21,95 1991 II 2599 20,77 1991 III 2785 21,65 1991 IV 2730 21,77 1992 I 2874 18,9 1992 II 3007 21,22 1992 III 2914 21,67 1992 IV 3013 20,48 1993 I 3278 19,85 1993 II 3100 19,75 1993 III 3039 17,81 1993 IV 3331 16,37 1994 I 3612 14,82 1994 II 3744 17,83 1994 III 3853 18,47 1994 IV 3958 17,64 1995 I 4170 18,38 1995 II 4330 19,34 1995 III 4422 17,87 1995 IV 4413 18,13 1996 I 4594 19,77 1996 II 4521 21,71 1996 III 4478 22,34 1996 IV 4680 24,63 1997 I 4783 22,81 1997 II 4853 19,92 1997 III 4841 19,8 1997 IV 4898 19,96 1998 I 4900 15,94 1998 II 4954 14,64 1998 III 5008 14,22 1998 IV 5108 12,93 1999 I 4915 13,17 1999 II 4917 17,65 1999 III 4799 21,69 1999 IV 3899 24,64 2000 I 3797 28,87 2000 II 3376 28,92 2000 III 2697 31,6 2000 IV 5190 32,06 2001 I 5904 28,76 2001 II 6070 27,92 2001 III 6160 26,7 2001 IV 6335 20,47 2002 I 6738 21,64 2002 II 7087 26,27 2002 III 7294 28,3 2002 IV 7431 28,27 2003 I 8011 34,04 2003 II 7965 28,98 2003 III 8120 30,22 2003 IV 8336 31,18 2004 I 8849 35,33 2004 II 9042 38,31 2004 III 9207 43,84 2004 IV 9493 48,14 2005 I 9858 49,9 2005 II 10221 53,11 2005 III 10646 63,31 2005 IV 10782 59,99 2006 I 11313 63,3 2006 II 11727 70,46 2006 III 11942 70,54 2006 IV 11821 59,93 2007 I 11972 58,08 2007 II 12483 64,97 2007 III 12923 75,22 2007 IV 13630 90,58 2008 I 14506 97,86 2008 II 15789 123,77 2008 III 16213 118,29 2008 IV 15254 58,68 2009 I 15022 43,14 2009 II 15589 59,61 2009 III 15780 68,08 2009 IV 16129 76 2010 I 16763 78,81 2010 II 17071 77,82 2010 III 17429 76,07 2010 IV 18293 85,22 2011 I 18923 94,07 2011 II 19728 102,02 2011 III 19968 89,49 2011 IV 20657 94,09 2012 I 21623 102,94 2012 II 21909 93,29 2012 III 22107 92,17 2012 IV 22286 88,01 2013 I 23020 94,33 2013 II 23441 94,05 2013 III 24239 105,83 2013 IV 24430 97,5 2014 I 24829 98,68 2014 II 25541 103,35 2014 III 25940 97,87 2014 IV 25416 73,21 2015 I 25053 48,48 2015 II 25086 57,85 2015 III 24780 46,55 2015 IV 24372 41,94 2016 I 24914 33,35 2016 II 24926 45,46 2016 III 24911 44,85 2016 IV 25187 49,18 2017 I 26000 51,64 2017 II 25994 48,15 2017 III 25961 48,16 2017 IV 26341 55,27 2018 I 26894 62,9 2018 II 26768 68,07 2018 III 27267 69,69 2018 IV 27469 59,59

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des, Département, Jacky Fayolle i Françoise Milewski. "Le crépuscule des monnaies fortes". Revue de l'OFCE 57, nr 2 (1.07.1996): 5–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/reof.p1996.57n1.0005.

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Résumé En 1996, le commerce mondial évoluera, dans la foulée du ralentissement de 1995, à un rythme bien plus proche de sa tendance de longue période (5 % l'an) que de la performance moyenne des années 1994-1995 (plus de 10 % l'an). L'infléchissement est net début 1996, surtout pour le commerce intra-européen. Ensuite, le commerce mondial et la demande adressée aux pays européens reviendraient, jusqu'à la fin 1997, sur un rythme de 6 à 7% l'an. La révision des comptes nationaux américains amène à une vision renouvelée de l'expansion enregistrée par les Etats-Unis ces dernières années. C'est dès l'année 1995 désormais que l'atterrissage en douceur paraît s'être inscrit dans les chiffres de croissance (+2,1 % pour le PIB après 3,5 % en 1994). Ce ralentissement doit être compris non pas comme le terme définitif de la phase d'expansion engagée en 1991- 1992, mais comme une pause, qui diffère les tensions, avant un rebond ultérieur. Comme l'action de la Réserve fédérale devrait être assez pragmatique pour éviter aussi bien le risque inflationniste que celui d'une déstabilisation de l'activité, la croissance du PIB, encore en ralentissement en 1996 (+ 1,6 %), reprendrait de la vigueur en 1997 (+ 2 %). Depuis la fin 1995, l'embellie de l'économie japonaise est confortée par la multiplication de signes précurseurs favorables. L'économie japonaise n'en est cependant qu'au stade de la récupération du terrain perdu lors de la rechute du printemps 1995. Le redressement de la demande privée reste partiel. Au-delà d'un horizon de quelques trimestres, la croissance envisageable pour le Japon reste modérée. Le gain sera net en 1996 (+ 2,3 % pour le PIB contre + 0,7 % en 1995) mais 1997 n'enregistrerait pas d'accélération (+ 2,2 %). L'affaissement de la croissance européenne au cours de 1995 n'est pas une simple pause technique, qui manifesterait l'adaptation normale _du_çomportement de stockage aprèsja reprise rapide de 1994. Il repose sur une sérieuse défaillance de la demande finale externe eTinferne, qui interrompt à contretemps le cycle européen, avant que des tensions substantielles sur l'offre aient pu être enregistrées. L'Allemagne rencontre aujourd'hui des difficultés spécifiques sur les marchés internationaux. Elle n'a pas engagé, comme cela était attendu, la reconstitution de ses parts de marché à l'exportation, qui avaient fortement chuté en 1992- 1993. La déception causée par la rechute allemande de 1995 ne signifie pas pour autant une détérioration cumulative de l'activité Outre-Rhin. Les signes de faiblesse sont maximaux en début d'année. Mais les facteurs existent pour une récupération progressive de l'activité, à partir du second semestre 1996. La politique monétaire est supposée rester accommodante. Les exonérations fiscales entrées en vigueur vont redonner du tonus au revenu des ménages. La normalisation des taux de change aidera à la stabilisation des parts de marché à l'exportation. Lestée par les mauvaises performances de la fin 1995 et du début 1996, la progression du PIB resterait faible en 1996 (+ 0,9 %), mais serait plus honorable en 1997 (+ 2,3 %). En France, après le repli du quatrième trimestre 1995, quelques bonnes nouvelles sont apparues au début de 1996, en particulier du côté de la consommation des ménages. Mais les anticipations des entreprises restent dégradées, les carnets de commande sont encore dégarnis, et surtout, les stocks sont jugés excessifs ; l'ajustement des stocks à la demande est donc encore à venir. La demande intérieure finale resterait modérée. Les composantes publiques de la demande (consommation et investissement des administrations) sont orientées à la baisse. La consommation des ménages pâtirait cette année de la faiblesse du revenu ; elle se redresserait à la charnière de 1996 et 1997 grâce à un regain de la masse salariale. C'est la condition pour que la reprise de l'investissement s'amplifie. Les entreprises ont déjà, en 1995, reporté nombre de leurs projets ; leur réalisation suppose un retour d'anticipations favorables sur la demande finale. La reprise des exportations serait progressive, mais supérieure à celle des importations en 1996. Dans le cycle actuel, la France, qui avait dépassé la moyenne européenne dans la reprise de 1994, a décliné plus fortement dans le repli de 1995 et 1996. Les incertitudes sont de deux ordres : en premier lieu, elles concernent la nature de l'ajustement du marché du travail. Depuis l'automne 1995, les effectifs ont stagné ; si les embauches redémarrent progressivement avec le rebond d'activité, alors le regain de la masse salariale fondera celui du revenu disponible et de la consommation. Mais cela signifie que la productivité reste faible. En second lieu, les incertitudes de politique économique demeurent. En matière monétaire, on a supposé que les taux d'intérêt courts continueraient de baisser jusqu'à la fin 1996 et se stabiliseraient ensuite. La baisse des taux longs serait faible. Cette détente est favorable à la croissance, mais elle intervient tardivement dans le cycle. Sur le plan budgétaire, on a retenu qu'il n'y aurait pas de restriction supplémentaire du point de vue des prélèvements, mais une surveillance accentuée des dépenses. Ces deux incertitudes conditionnent la consolidation de la reprise en 1997, après qu'elle aura été portée, à la fin de 1996, par l'arrêt du déstockage. Il faut ainsi prévoir que la détente monétaire se poursuive, que la restriction budgétaire ne s'accentue que modérément, que la reprise de l'emploi survienne, qu'enfin le contexte mondial permette une accélération de la demande extérieure, pour envisager une croissance économique de 1 % cette année et 2,5 % l'an prochain. C'est une croissance sous conditions. Laissant l'économie très en retrait de son potentiel, elle emporterait une très faible hausse des prix, une consolidation de l'excédent extérieur et une légère baisse du chômage en 1997, après sa remontée en 1996.

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THAI, PHAM HONG, i JENG-TZE YANG. "A contribution to the Cicadidae fauna of Vietnam (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha), with one new species and twenty new records". Zootaxa 2249, nr 1 (7.10.2009): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2249.1.1.

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According to previous reports, the number of cicada species known from Vietnam is 131; these represent 45 genera. Neotanna yunnanensis Lei et Chou, 1997 and Neotanna sinensis Ouchi, 1938 are transferred to Tanna Distant, 1905 to become Tanna yunnanensis (Lei et Chou, 1997) comb. nov. and Tanna sinensis (Ouchi, 1938) comb. nov., Proretinata vemaculata Chou & Yao, 1986 is transferred to Angamiana Distant, 1890 to become Angamiana vemacula (Chou et Yao, 1986) comb. nov.. Twenty additional species are here recorded for the fauna of Vietnam for the first time: Scolopita lusiplex Chou et Lei, 1997, Hea fasciata Distant, 1906, Hea yunnanensis Chou et Yao, 1995, Katoa chlorotica Chou et Lu, 1997, Mogannia effecta Distant, 1892, Nipponosemia guangxiensis Chou et Wang, 1993, Ambragaeana ambra Chou et Yao, 1985, Balinta tenebricosa (Distant, 1888), Gaeana cheni Chou et Yao, 1985, Gaeana hainanensis Chou et Yao, 1985, Sulphogaeana dolicha Lei, 1997, Paratalainga yunnanensis Chou et Lei, 1992, Formotosena seebohmi (Distant, 1904), Angamiana vemacula (Chou et Yao, 1986), Pomponia backanensis sp. nov., Purana guttularis (Walker, 1858), Tanna yunnanensis (Lei et Chou, 1997), Tanna sinensis (Ouchi, 1938), Euterpnosia ruida Lei et Chou, 1997, Inthaxara flexa Lei et Li, 1996, and Sinosemia shirakii Matsumura, 1927. One of these, Katoa chlorotica, is the first representative of the subfamily Tettigadinae and the tribe Tibicini for Vietnam. One new species, Pomponia backanensis sp. nov., is described and a key to species of Vietnamese Pomponia is provided.

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