Artykuły w czasopismach na temat „1853-1876”

We provide updated synonymies for various genera and species of Neotropical Zygoptera based on examination of specimens and literature accompanied by justifications and supported by illustrations. The following generic synonyms are proposed: Austrotepuibasis Machado & Lencioni, 2011 and Pseudotepuibasis Stand-Pérez & Pérez-Gutiérrez, 2020 are junior synonyms of Tepuibasis De Marmels, 2007; Fredyagrion Lencioni, 2022, Kiautagrion Lencioni, 2022, Nathaliagrion Lencioni, 2022, and Machadagrion Lencioni, 2022 are junior synonyms of Leptagrion Selys, 1876; Juenagrion Lencioni, 2023 is a junior synonym of Telebasis Selys, 1865. The following specific synonyms are proposed: Lestes fernandoi Costa, Souza & Muzón, 2006 is a junior synonym of Lestes debellardi De Marmels, 1992; Lestes tikalus Kormondy, 1959 is a junior synonym of Lestes scalaris Gundlach, 1888; Palaemnema brasiliensis Machado, 2009 is a junior synonym of Palaemnema brevignoni Machet, 1990; Hetaerina aurora Ris, 1918 is a junior synonym of Hetaerina duplex Selys, 1853; Hetaerina hebe Selys, 1853 is a junior synonym of Hetaerina longipes Hagen in Selys, 1853; Mnesarete mariana Machado, 1996 is a junior synonym of Mnesarete guttifera (Selys, 1873); Acanthagrion hartei Muzón & Lozano, 2005 is a junior synonym of Acanthagrion obsoletum (Förster, 1914); Oxyagrion bruchi Navás, 1924 is a junior synonym of Oxyagrion ablutum (Calvert, 1909); Austrotepuibasis alvarengai Machado & Lencioni, 2011 and Austrotepuibasis manolisi Machado & Lencioni, 2011 are junior synonyms of Tepuibasis demarmelsi (Machado & Lencioni, 2011). Helveciagrion Machado, 1980 is again considered a junior synonym of Telebasis Selys, 1865; Leptagrion auriceps St. Quentin, 1960 is again considered a junior synonym of Leptagrion macrurum (Burmeister, 1839), and Homeoura sobrina (Schmidt, 1943) is transferred back to Ischnura Charpentier. The following synonymies are tentatively proposed pending further examination of specimens: Philogenia lankesteri Calvert, 1924 is a possible junior synonym of Philogenia carrillica Calvert, 1907; Leptagrion jeromei Lencioni, Vilela & Furieri in Vilela, Garcia Júnior, Furieri & Lencioni, 2021 is a possible junior synonym of Leptagrion andromache Hagen in Selys, 1876; Phoenicagrion flavescens Machado, 2010 is a possible junior synonym of Phoenicagrion flammeum (Selys, 1876); Tuberculobasis mammilaris (Calvert, 1909) is a possible junior synonym of Tuberculobasis croceum (Burmeister, 1839) new combination. The status of Agrion rufovittatum Blanchard, 1846 is briefly discussed.

Arcybiskup warszawski Wincenty Teofil Chościak-Popiel pozostawił liczne ślady zainteresowania książką w korespondencji z lat 1846–1853 oraz w pamiętnikach opublikowanych za okres od 1862 do 1875 r., czyli do momentu objęcia biskupstwa kujawsko-kaliskiego (1876–1883). W aktach notariusza włocławskiego Juliana Samkowskiego zachował się inwentarz księgozbioru prywatnego biskupa, który obejmował 2198 dzieł w 4170 woluminach i został spisany przed sprzedażą biblioteki w 1880 r. Konstantemu Popielowi. Wieloaspektowy materiał źródłowy posłuży do przeanalizowania osobistego zaangażowania w sprawy książki znaczącej postaci XIX i początków XX w.

Nineteen geographical records for species of Odonata in 2 provinces of Argentina are documented. We provided records for 9 newly recorded species for Córdoba: Lestes spatula Fraser, 1946, Andinagrion peterseni (Ris, 1908), Argentagrion ambiguum (Ris, 1904), Erythemis attala (Selys in Sagra, 1857), Erythemis plebeja (Burmeister, 1839), Erythrodiplax media Borror, 1942, Micrathyria longifasciata Calvert, 1909, Micrathyria hypodidyma Calvert, 1906, and Tramea cophysa Hagen, 1867. In San Luis, we provided records for 10 newly recorded species: Hetaerina rosea Selys, 1853, Acanthagrion lancea Selys, 1876, Ischnura fluviatilis Selys, 1876, Oxyagrion rubidium (Rambur, 1842), Castoraeschna decurvata Dunkle & Cook, 1984, Rhionaeschna pallipes (Fraser, 1947), Phyllocycla argentina (Hagen in Selys, 1878), Erythrodiplax corallina (Brauer, 1865), Perithemis mooma Kirby, 1889, and Planiplax erythropyga (Karsch, 1891). Among these records, we extend the geographic distribution of A. peterseni and R. pallipes, which are endemic to Argentina and recorded P. erythropyga for the first time in Chaco phytogeographic province.

The weevil tribe Listroderini (Curculionidae: Cyclominae) was originally recognized for a group of New World taxa. During the last decades its concept was expanded, and additional new taxa were described from the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, and the Tristan da Cunha-Gough islands. This checklist evaluates the nomenclatural status of all the generic and specific names applied to listroderines. A total of 407 species classified into 36 genera are recognized. The following synonymies are established: Gromilus insularis robustus Brookes, 1951 and G. insularis antipodarum Kuschel, 1964 = G. insularis Blanchard, 1853; Gromilus veneris setarius Broun, 1909 = G. veneris (Kirsch, 1877); and Listronotus oregonensis tessellatus Casey, 1895 = L. oregonensis (LeConte, 1876). Two secondary homonyms were detected and replacement names are proposed: Gromilus brounii for G. setosus (Broun, 1917 non Broun, 1893), and Gromilus kuschelii for G. striatus (Broun, 1921 non Broun, 1915).

La traduction de I racconti delle fate, publiée par Felice Paggi à Florence en 1876 dans la « Biblioteca Scolastica », représente la première incursion de Carlo Lorenzini dans le domaine de la littérature pour l’enfance, et le premier ouvrage que l’écrivain signe du pseudonyme de Carlo Collodi, qu’il avait réservé jusqu’alors à son activité de journaliste. Cette traduction s’exerce sur un recueil publié pour la première fois en 1853 dans la Bibliothèque des chemins de fer de Hachette, les Contes de fées tirés de Claude (sic) Perrault, de Mme d’Aulnoy et de Mme Leprince de Beaumont. À travers la refondation du paratexte, la transformation radicale de l’appareil iconographique grâce à l’intervention de l’illustrateur Enrico Mazzanti, et une traduction qui se saisit de l’ensemble des textes des trois auteurs français afin de conférer à l’anthologie une cohérence inédite, Collodi fraye les voies d’un imaginaire et d’une poétique propres qu’il développera par la suite dans les textes de la maturité et, notamment, Le avventure di Pinocchio (1883) et Storie allegre (1887).

New finds of seven East Asian Lepidoptera species in the Russian part of the southern Priamurye (Amur Basin area) are presented. Lobocla bifasciata (Bremer et Grey, 1853) (Hesperiidae), Acosmeryx naga (Moore, [1858]) and Rhagastis mongoliana (Butler, [1876]) (Sphingidae) were found in the Amur Oblast’ for the first time. Ambulyx tobii (Inoue, 1976) (Sphingidae) was first discovered in the Khabarovsk Kray; it was also found in the Chernigovsky district of the Primorsky Kray, northward from the previously known localities. New finds of very rare nemoral species, Chrysozephyrus brillantinus (Staudinger, 1887) (Lycaenidae) and Clanis undulosa Moore, 1879 (Sphingidae), in the Khabarovsk Kray are reported. It is shown that the subtropical and tropical species Siglophora sanguinolenta (Moore, 1888) (Nolidae), first collected in Russia in 2020, has successfully naturalized in the southern Khabarovsk Kray. New finds of these species indicate that the species have extended their ranges northward and naturalized in new areas. This has occurred due to climate changes in the Amur River basin over the past decades such as the rising average annual and average air temperatures during cold periods.

Avrupa kıtasının güneybatısında bulunan Balkan yarımadası coğrafi olarak Avrupa ve Asya kıtaları arasında önemli bir geçit durumundadır. Osmanlı Devleti’nin kuruluşundan itibaren izlediği batıya doğru genişleme politikası XV. yüzyılda Balkanların büyük bölümünün Osmanlı hâkimiyetine girmesine zemin oluşturmuştur. II. Mehmet Dönemi’nden itibaren Osmanlı ilerleyişine sahne olan Karadağ ise1479’da tamamen Osmanlı egemenliği altına girmiştir. Karadağ coğrafyasının dağlık ve engebeli oluşu bölgede Osmanlı egemenliğini sınırlı kılmış, hemen hemen her dönemde Karadağlılar sorun teşkil etmiştir. Özellikle XIX. yüzyılda milliyetçilik akımının de etkisiyle Karadağ, Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı bir isyan alanına dönüşmüştür.1852-1853 ve 1862 yıllarında Osmanlı Devleti tarafından Karadağ’a askeri harekâtlar tertip edildiyse de Rusya ve Avusturya’nın izlediği politikalar bu çabaları sonuçsuz bırakmıştır. 93 Harbi’ne zemin oluşturan 1875 Hersek ve 1876 Bulgar isyanları siyasi emellerine ulaşma yolunda Karadağ ve Sırbistan için de uygun bir ortam oluşturmuş, Osmanlı Devleti’ne savaş ilan etmişlerdir. Bu çalışma iki askeri rapordan hareketle 93 Harbi arefesinde Karadağ Ordusunun durumunu değerlendirmek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır. Çalışma hazırlanırken Karadağ ordusu hakkındaki bilgilerin yanında Karadağ’ın savunmasında önemli bir yer tutan Karadağ coğrafyası ve Karadağ halkının durumu da değerlendirilmiştir.

The status of the genera Balcus Sharp, Gastrocentrum Gorham, Korynetes Herbst, Solervicensia Barr, Monophylla Spinola and Thanasimus Latreille in Australia is assessed based on review of dubious or ambiguous published Australian records of the following species-group taxa: Balcus violaceus (Fabricius), a New Zealand species listed as Australian by Schenkling (1906); Gastrocentrum dux (Westwood), described from Australia by Westwood (1853); Korynetes abdominalis (Fabricius), an Indian species listed as Australian by Schenkling (1906); Korynetes coeruleus (De Geer), a Palearctic species with a synonym, Corynetes unicolor Chevrolat, 1876, described from Australia; Monophylla terminata (Say), a North American species with a synonym, Elasmocerus picticollis Blackburn, 1901, described from Australia; Solervicensia ovata (Spinola), a South American species with two synonyms (one newly proposed) described from Australia, viz. Labasiella duboulayi Pic, 1950, and Korynetes nigrosignatus Pic, 1941 new synonym; and Thanasimus dubius (Fabricius), a North American species introduced to Australia for the biological control of Ips grandicollis (Eichhoff) (Scolytinae). All six of the abovementioned genera are deemed absent from Australia due to the lack of evidence for the occurrence of representative species within the Australian political region.

<p>Analiza a la ciudad en su espacio urbano y su población, los oficios, los talleres de artesanos y los denominados vagos; así como los gremios y cofradías. Estudia cómo fueron sustituidos paulatinamente por nuevos acto- res. Aporta una visión al interior del espacio de la vida del taller y combate la antítesis del artesano/industrialización y demuestra que el artesanado, lejos de desaparecer tuvo una presencia relevante.</p>

A partir das discussões da crítica literária sobre “donzelas-guerreiras”, analisamos as obras Diário de uma viagem ao Brasil (1824 [1990]), de Maria Graham, Paraguassú: epopeia da guerra da independência na Bahia (1837), de Ladislau dos Santos Titara, À heroína (1859 [1977]), de Franklin Dória, Brasileiras Célebres (1862 [2004]), de Joaquim Norberto Souza Silva, Anno biographico brazileiro (1876), de Joaquim Manoel de Macedo, Mulheres Illustres do Brazil (1899), de Ignez Sabino, Grandes vultos da independência brasileira (1922), de Affonso de Taunay, Heroínas Bahianas (1936), de Bernardino José Souza, Precursoras Brasileiras (1945), de Olmio Barros Vidal, Maria Quitéria (1953), de Pereira Reis Júnior, e Maria Quitéria: peça em três atos (1958), de Nancy Navarro Carvalho, com o objetivo de entendermos, principalmente, como são narrados o gênero e o trânsito de gênero vividos pela personagem histórica e literária Maria Quitéria de Jesus/Soldado Medeiros (1792-1853). Estamos interessados em entender não só como a personagem é construída enquanto uma “donzelaguerreira”, mas também qual o lugar que Maria Quitéria/Soldado Medeiros ocupa na formação das identidades e dos cânones literários nacionais. [Recebido em: 21 mai. 2022 – Aceito em: 18 jun. 2022]

W artykule została przypomniana osoba żyjącego w l. 1807-1876 ks. Franciszka Pawłowskiego, kapłana diecezji przemyskiej, prałata tamtejszej kapituły katedralnej, profesora i rektora seminarium duchownego w Przemyślu. Ta nietuzinkowa postać, choć doczekała się biogramów między innymi w Polskim Słowniku Biograficznym czy w Encyklopedii katolickiej i znana jest specjalistom, to słabiej kojarzona jest przez szersze grono badaczy i naukowców. Niniejszy artykuł ukazuje przedstawia nie tylko podstawowe dane biograficzne ks. Pawłowskiego, pełnione przez niego funkcje kościelne i naukowe, ale również wskazuje na jego główne zainteresowania badawcze, publikacje z zakresu teologii, biblistyki czy historii Kościoła. Szczególna uwaga została skupiona na najważniejszym dziele omawianego kapłana, czyli czterotomowym Psałterzu z komentarzem do psalmów i lamentacji proroka Jeremiasza, które zostały wydane kilka lat przed śmiercią autora i stanowią niejako jego opus vitae. Dzieło to zostało już przez samego autora dedykowane zainteresowanym Pismem Świętym, zwłaszcza zaś kapłanom i klerykom, przygotowującym się do kapłaństwa. Mimo, że podstawą analizy tekstu biblijnego była Wulgata i jej polskie tłumaczenie ks. Jakuba Wujka z końca XVI wieku, to jednak autor komentarza stosował nowożytną krytykę tekstu, nie stroniąc też od porównań z tekstem greckim i hebrajskim. Komentarz psalmów ks. Pawłowskiego był od początku wysoko oceniany, jako dzieło świadczące o wysokiej erudycji autora i jego wielkiej pracowitości. Należy zaznaczyć, że ks. Franciszek Pawłowski to również historyk, zwłaszcza historyk Kościoła przemyskiego. Drukiem ukazały się jego szkice dotyczących dziejów parafii i klasztorów łacińskiej diecezji przemyskiej, także schematyzm szkół ludowych i ich nauczycieli, a szczególnie ważne były studium o dziejach, składzie osobowym i uposażeniu Kapituły Katedralnej w Przemyślu opracowane w roku 1853 oraz wydane w 1869 roku dzieło Premislia sacra [Święty Przemyśl czyli seria i czynności biskupów przemyskich rzymskokatolickich]. Za te dokonania został w 1872 r. powołany na członka czynnego Wydziału Historyczno-Filozoficznego nowo utworzonej Akademii Umiejętności w Krakowie. Należy również zaznaczyć, że część publikacji z zakresu biblistyki pozostaje do dzisiaj w rękopisach przechowywanych w bibliotece Kapituły Przemyskiej i cały czas czeka na swoją edycję.

Historians of the nineteenth-century American Middle West typically pay scant attention to the financial and regulatory role that smaller cities played in forging a regional railroad network. This article, however, explores railroading in La Crosse, Wisconsin, to demonstrate that politicians and boosters in such cities often took advantage of municipal power to shape the course of railroads in unexpected ways. In 1853, 1864, and 1876, for example, local boosters convinced city aldermen to fund railways and help forge commercial links to Milwaukee, Minneapolis, Chicago, and other markets in the East and West. The city's influence over railroading did not start and stop with public investment. Beginning in 1883, after state lawmakers had amended the city's charter and given municipal officials new police powers, aldermen forced railroad executives to clear city streets, prevent damage to private property, and guarantee the personal safety of local residents. Moreover, even when La Crossers lost a fight with railroads, as they did when they waged a holy war over the location of a Mississippi River bridge in the 1860s and 1870s, they forced railroadmen to pay attention to their concerns. In the end, the case of La Crosse suggests that historians need to pay much greater mind to people and governments in small, hinterland cities before they can fully grasp the rich history of railroading, and of capitalism more generally, in the nineteenth-century Middle West.

On 1976, Ghana celebrated the centenary of the establishment of its Supreme Court. But this was more than a centenary of a supreme court. It was in fact the celebration of a hundred years of a national legal system. During the past century, Ghana has operated a pluralistic legal system encompassing English and other Western juristic ideas and procedures on the one hand, and Ghana's own indigenous laws on the other. The burden of this paper is to undertake an appraisal of the efficacy of this legal heritage and to consider the challenge which this legacy poses. The emphasis is not so much on the historical or analytical description of the nation's legal heritage as on a functional review of the totality of Ghana's legal experience in the light of the prevailing social and economic conditions. More precisely, to what extent have the Ghanaian courts and legislative bodies succeeded in moulding both the received law and the indigenous customary law to respond to the pressing social and economic needs of the country? Is there in fact a peculiarly Ghanaian legal tradition?The first Supreme Court was established in 1853, but its jurisdiction was confined to the coastal settlements and it could not pretend to be a national institution. The modern Ghanaian legal system was inaugurated by the Supreme Court Ordinance, 1876, which not only established a national judicial system but also prescribed the law and procedure to be applied in this court system.

The origins of the study of the Caspian Sea date back to the 18th century, when the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences was founded. The first explorers of the Caspian were academicians P.S. Pallas and S.G. Gmelin. In the 19th century, the study of Caspian fish was continued by K.E. von Baer and O.A. Grimm. Karl von Baer from 1853 to 1857 made four scientific trips to the shores of the Caspian Sea. He pioneered the fundamentals of sustainable fisheries. The main result of the expedition of K.E. von Baer — N.Ya. Danilevsky was the Charter of the Caspian fish and seal fisheries, approved by the government in 1865. According to the results of O.A. Grimm expedition 1874–1876 many new species of worms and crustaceans were discovered and it was found that from 278 species of fish, 150 are found nowhere else. The study of the biodiversity of fish and their parasite fauna in the first half of the last century was continued by scientists of the Zoological Institute N.M. Knipovich, A.N. Svetovidov, A.L. Behning, V.A. Dogel and B.E. Bykhovsky. In 2004, sciemtists of ZIN RAS published the “Catalogue of Agnathans and Fishes of Fresh and Brackish Waters of Russia with comments on nomenclature and taxonomy”, which includes valid names of taxa of agnathans and fish ranging from type to subspecies inhabiting fresh and brackish waters (up to 13 g/l) of the Azov and Caspian Seas and the freshened estuaries of the rivers of the northern and Far Eastern seas (18 orders, 43 families, 175 genera and 486 species). At present, scientists of ZIN RAS continue to study the fish resources of the Caspian Sea.

Over the years, critics have attached multiple equivalences to the title character in Herman Melville's "Bartleby, the Scrivener" (1853). Bartleby has become metaphor as readers have found a variety of matches for the condition of alienation and rejection implicit in his tragic story, a well-known example of which is interpreting Bartleby as an artist who refuses to produce the type of literature that is commercially successful in his society. The central contention of this study is that the scholarship written on "Bartleby" to date has not identified the vehicle for the tenor we uncover in Bartleby's situation. Melville in effect programs diversity of interpretation into his story by depicting the scrivener as a figurative leper. We arrive at such a reading of Bartleby's character not only by examining a biblical allusion that Melville scholars have not yet discussed, but also by noting the extent to which the medieval ritual for sequestering the leper from mainstream society figures into the story-a ritual that Melville clearly knew, as evidenced years later in Clarel (1876). Reading "Bartleby" within a context of figurative leprosy results in an interpretation that unites what initially seem like disparate elements in the text: reclusion, illness and a related fear of infection, the mixture of corpse and Christ imagery surrounding the scrivener, Bartleby's "dead-wall reveries," and the role of touch. This reading also sheds new light on the interdependence of the narrator and his copyist. Once we recognize Bartleby as a figurative leper, we realize that the narrator faces a challenge of Christ-ness in his interaction with the scrivener: he has the opportunity to imitate Christ and heal the illness of alienation that afflicts Bartleby by choosing to go against the prevailing norms of his society.

The leaf beetle subfamily Chrysomelinae is reviewed for New Zealand. The native fauna consists of six genera, three new, all of which are described: Aphilon Sharp, 1876; Caccomolpus Sharp, 1886; Chalcolampra Blanchard, 1853; Mauroda gen. nov.; Nanomela gen. nov.; Zeaphilon gen. nov.. Chalcolampra is the senior synonym of Cyrtonogetus Broun, 1915 (comb. nov.). These genera include 51 species, nine newly described and eight in new combinations, as follows: Caccomolpus laticollis (Broun, 1893) comb. nov., from Aphilon; C. pretiosus (Broun, 1880) comb. nov., from Aphilon; Chalcolampra crassa (Broun, 1915) comb. nov., from Cyrtonogetus; Maurodus arcus sp. nov.; M. cinctiger (Broun, 1921) comb. nov., from Caccomolpus; M. impressus (Broun, 1914) comb. nov., from Aphilon; M. lepidus sp. nov.; M. maculatus (Broun, 1893) comb. nov., from Caccomolpus; M. nunni sp. nov.; M. occiduus sp. nov.; M. ornatus (Broun, 1910) comb. nov., from Caccomolpus; M. owenensis sp. nov.; M. plagiatus (Sharp, 1886) comb. nov., from Caccomolpus; M. supernus sp. nov.; Nanomela tiniheke sp. nov.; Zeaphilon marskeae sp. nov.; Z. mirandum sp. nov.. All 11 species in the genus Maurodus are described and a key given for their identification. Type material of the New Zealand species of Aphilon (10 species), Caccomolpus (14 species) and Chalcolampra (13 species) is reviewed and lectotypes designated for 16 species, as well as M. cinctiger. A type species is designated for Caccomolpus: C. globosus Sharp, 1886. Holotypes are confirmed for 26 species. Seven genera and 13 species of exotic Chrysomelinae also occur in New Zealand and their presence is briefly reviewed. One of these exotics has been misnamed as Paropsisterna variicollis (Chapuis, 1877), a junior synonym of P. cloelia (Stål, 1860) (syn. nov.). A key to all genera of Chrysomelinae in New Zealand is provided.

Successions of erroneous taxonomic identifications in biodiversity studies are an undesirable but not rare phenomenon. Such cascades of errors frequently involve taxa with few, polymorphic diagnostic characters, such as representatives of the cuspidariid genus Cardiomya. Four species of the genus are believed to live in Brazilian waters: C. cleryana (d’Orbigny, 1842), C. ornatissima (d’Orbigny, 1853), C. striata (Jeffreys, 1876) and C. perrostrata (Dall, 1881). Many reported occurrences of these species are based on misidentifications, but the error cascade of incorrect records of C. perrostrata is by far the most extensive. Although the species has been reported to live in Brazilian waters for about half a century, all previous records seem to be based on a succession of mistaken identifications. This paper redescribes C. perrostrata based on an analysis of the type series, several lots of museum vouchers and new material collected in the Campos Basis (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Ontogenetic changes in shell outline and ultrastructural details of the hinge plate, periostracal surface and larval shell are described and illustrated for the first time. Based on a critical appraisal of the literature, we present an updated geographic and bathymetric distribution of the species. Cardiomya perrostrata displays a gradual increase in the relative length of the rostrum during its ontogeny and in larger specimens the rostrum is more prominently curved upwards. The larval shell is of type 2D, measuring about 215–235 μm in length. The periostracum is minutely pitted and a lithodesma is present. Its distribution is Western Atlantic, ranging from 42°N to 30°S, in depths of 18 to 1646–1829 m. Cardiomya knudseni (Allen & Morgan, 1981), a possibly related amphi-Atlantic species whose type material has been lost, is regarded herein as a nomen dubium.

Una revisión de anfibios extintos y actuales en estado fósil (Allocaudata, Anura y Caudata) ha permitido detectar diversos casos que precisan cambios nomenclaturales a fin de estabilizar la taxonomía del grupo. Los cambios nomenclaturales incluyen homonimias, correcciones de variantes gramaticales y autorías, disponibilidad de nombres, y en especial la propuesta de nuevas combinaciones, necesarias para ajustar algunos taxones paleontológicos a los modelos de relaciones evolutivas entre formas vivientes, fundamentados en filogenias moleculares. Las nuevas combinaciones que se proponen son: Anaxyrus defensor para Bufo defensor Meylan, 2005; Anaxyrus hibbardi para Bufo hibbardi Taylor, 1937; Anaxyrus pliocompactilis para Bufo pliocompactilis Wilson, 1968; Anaxyrus repentinus para Bufo repentinus Tihen, 1962; Anaxyrus rexroadensis para Bufo rexroadensis Tihen, 1962; Anaxyrus spongifrons para Bufo spongifrons Tihen, 1962; Anaxyrus suspectus para Bufo suspectus Tihen, 1962; Anaxyrus tiheni para Bufo tiheni Auffenberg, 1957; Anaxyrus valentinensis para Bufo valentinensis Estes et Tihen, 1964; Ichthyosaura wintershofi para Triturus wintershofi Lunau, 1950; Incilius praevius para Bufo praevius Tihen, 1951; Lithobates bucella para Rana bucella Holman, 1965; Lithobates dubitus para Anchylorana dubita Taylor, 1942; Lithobates fayeae para Rana fayeae Taylor, 1942; Lithobates miocenicus para Rana miocenica Holman, 1965; Lithobates moorei para Anchylorana moorei Taylor, 1942; Lithobates parvissimus para Rana parvissima Taylor, 1942; Lithobates rexroadensis para Rana rexroadensis Taylor, 1942; Lithobates robustocondylus para Anchylorana robustocondyla Taylor, 1942; Ommatotriton roehrsi para Triturus roehrsi Herre, 1955; Pelophylax barani para Rana barani Rückert-Ülkumen, 1980; Pelophylax meriani para Rana meriani Meyer, 1853; Pelophylax pueyoi para Rana pueyoi Navás, 1922a; Pelophylax quellenbergi para Rana quellenbergi Navás, 1922; Philoria borealis para Kyarranus borealis Tyler, 1991; Pseudepidalea belogorica para Bufo belogoricus Ratnikov, 1993; Pseudepidalea plana para Bufo planus Ratnikov, 1993; Pseudepidalea prisca para Bufo priscus Spinar, Klembara et Meszáros, 1993, y Pseudepidalea stranensis para Bufo stranensis Nemec, 1972. Los nombres Geyeriellinae Brame, 1958, Palaeurodelidae Brame, 1958, Prosalamandridae Stefano, 1903, Lipelucidae Huene, 1956, Rana temporaria fossilis Stefanov, 1951, Salteniidae Kuhn, 1962, Vieraellidae Reig, 1961, y Voigtiellinae Brame, 1958 se consideran nomenclaturalmente no disponibles. El nombre de familia basado en Scapherpeton Cope, 1876 es Scapherpetidae y no Scapherpetonidae ni Scapherpetontidae.

Andrena is the second largest genus of bees, with around 1,700 species known globally following recent revisions (e.g. Wood & Monfared 2022; Pisanty et al. 2022a; Wood 2023a; b; c; d). The genus is relatively young at approximately 25 million years old, and is known for its explosive radiation as one of if not the most rapidly speciating bee lineages (Bossert et al. 2022; Pisanty et al. 2022b). This rapid rate of speciation combined with a preference for Mediterranean and xeric environments means that a large number of Andrena species remain undetected and undescribed, most clearly in difficult-to-access parts of the Middle East and Central Asia. The genus has a long history of study, particularly in the West Palaearctic (Gusenleitner & Schwarz 2002), and there are consequently a large number of original works describing taxa from across the Old World (e.g. Christ 1791; Panzer 1799; Erichson 1835; Smith 1853; Dours 1873; Morawitz 1876; Schmiedeknecht 1882–1884; Radoszkowski 1891; Nurse 1904; Cameron 1908; Friese 1914; Perkins 1914; Cockerell 1917; Strand 1921; Stöckhert 1935; Noskiewicz 1939; Warncke 1965; Osytshnjuk 1995; Xu et al. 2000; Grünwaldt et al. 2005; Tadauchi et al. 2005). Though workers often corresponded, the huge diversity of species and the often subtle characters separating them means that many taxa are synonymous or present other nomenclatural challenges, but this still remains to be established for many taxa despite historical and contemporary revisionary works (e.g. Warncke 1967; Tadauchi & Xu 1999; 2003; Gusenleitner & Schwarz 2002; Xu et al. 2000; Xu & Tadauchi 2002; 2005; 2009; 2012; Gusenleitner et al. 2005; Pisanty et al. 2018; Astafurova et al. 2022a; 2023; Praz et al. 2022; Wood & Monfared 2022; Wood 2023a; b; c). Against this context, revisionary works on Old World Andrena must balance i) the long history of species description and subsequent use, often with unclear or inconsistent species concepts; ii) the rapid speciation rate of Andrena combined with their often sporadic appearance and highly local distributions leading to enormous species diversity, and iii) the ongoing and incomplete treatment of older names, some of which have not been revised due to inability to locate types or inability to visit specific collections. The present work represents an additional contribution to this ongoing work through resolving existing nomenclatural problems and describing or elevating distinct Old World Andrena species.

AbstractAll species-group names of Trachypachidae, Rhysodidae, and Carabidae (including cicindelincs) correctly recorded from America north of Mexico are catalogued with state and province records. Valid names are listed with the author(s), date of publication, and page citation in their current and original combinations while all synonyms are provided in their original combinations. Genus-group names are recorded with the author(s), date of publication, page citation, type species, and kind of type species fixation. Species groups were preferred to subgenera but subscneric names are also listed.The following nomenclatural changes are proposed and discussed: Bembidion neocoerulescens Bousquet, new replacement name for B. coerulescens Van Dyke, 1925; Chlaenius circumcinctus Say, 1830 for C. perplexus Dejean, 1831; Cyclotrachelus dejeanellus (Csiki, 1930) for C. morio (Dejean, 1828); Cyclotrachelus freitagi Bousquet, new replacement name for C. obsoletus (Say, 1830); Dyschirius aeneolus LeConte, 1850 for D. frigidus Mannerheim, 1853; Harpalus laevipes Zetterstedt, 1828 for H. quadripunctatus Dejean, 1829; Harpalus providens Casey, 1914 for H. viduus LeConte, 1865; Harpalus reversus Casey, 1924 for H. funerarius Csiki, 1932; Notiophilus sierranus Casey, 1920 for N. obscurus Fall, 1901; Pseudamara Lindroth, 1968 for Disamara Lindroth, 1976; Pterostichus trinarius (Casey, 1918) for P. ohionis Csiki, 1930; Stenolophus carbo Bousquet, new replacement name for S. carbonarius (Dejean, 1829).Thirty-six new synonyms are established and seven, considered as questionable, are confirmed. They are (with the valid names in parentheses): Agonothorax planipennis Motschulsky, 1850 (= ? Agonum affine Kirby, 1837); Platynus variolatus LeConte, 1851 (= Agonum limbatum Motschulsky, 1845); Agonum nitidum Harris, 1869 (= ? Agonum melanarium Dejean, 1828); Amerinus fuscicornis Casey, 1914 and A. longipennis Casey, 1914 (= Amerinus linearis (LeConte, 1863)); Apristus fuscipennis Motschulsky, 1864 (= Apristus latens LeConte, 1848); Batenus aeneolus Motschulsky, 1865 (= Agonum exaratum (Mannerheim, 1853)); Brachystylus curtipennis Motschulsky, 1859 (= Pterostichus congestus (Ménétriés, 1843)); Brachystylus parallelus Motschulsky, 1859 (= ? Pterostichus californicus (Dejean, 1828)); Cratacanthus cephalotes Casey, 1914, C. subovalis Casey, 1914, and C. texanus Casey, 1884 (= Cratacanthus dubius (Palisot de Beauvois, 1811)); Cymindis comma T.W. Harris, 1869 (= ? Cymindis limbatus Dejean, 1831); Feronia praetermissa Chaudoir, 1868 (= Pterostichus commutabilis (Motschulsky, 1866)); Galerita angusticeps Casey, 1920 (= Galerita janus (Fabricius, 1792)); Gonoderus cordicollis Motschulsky 1859 (= Pterostichus tristis (Dejean, 1828)); Anisodactylus alternans LeConte, 1851 (= Anisodactylus alternans (Motschulsky, 1845)); Hypherpes spissitarsis Casey, 1918 (= Pterostichus tarsalis LeConte, 1873); Lebia brunnicollis Motschulsky, 1864 (= Lebia lobulata LeConte, 1863); Lebia subfigurata Motschulsky, 1864 and L. sublimbata Motschulsky, 1864 (= Lebia analis Dejean, 1825); Lophoglossus bispiculatus Casey, 1913 and L. illini Casey, 1913 (= Lophoglossus scrutator (LeConte, 1848)); Platysma leconteianum Lutshnik, 1922 (= Pterostichus commutabilis (Motschulsky, 1866)); Loxandrus iris Motschulsky, 1866(= Loxandrus rectus (Say, 1823)); Masoreus americanus Motschulsky, 1864 (= Stenolophus rotundicollis (Haldeman, 1843)); Notaphus laterimaculatus Motschulsky, 1859 (= Bembidion approximatum (LeConte, 1852)); Notiophilus cribrilaterus Motschulsky, 1864 (= Notiophilus novemstriatus LeConte, 1848); Omaseus brevibasis Casey, 1924 (= Pterostichus luctuosus (Dejean, 1828)); Notaphus incertus Motschulsky, 1845 (= Bembidion breve (Motschulsky, 1845)); Peryphus concolor Motschulsky, 1850 (= Bembidion platynoides Hayward, 1897); Peryphus erosus Motschulsky, 1850 (= Bembidion transversale Dejean, 1831); Peryphus subinflatus Motschulsky, 1859 (= Bembidion petrosum petrosum Gebler, 1833); Planesus fuscicollis Motschulsky, 1865 and P. laevigatas Motschulsky, 1865 (= Cymindis platicollis (Say, 1823)); Poecilus pimalis Casey, 1913 (= Poecilus diplophryus Chaudoir, 1876); Pterostichus arizonicus Schaeffer, 1910 (= Ophryogaster flohri Bates, 1882); Pterostichus sequoiarum Casey, 1913 (= Pterostichus tarsalis LeConte, 1873); Scaphinotus grandis Gistel, 1857 (= ? Scaphinotus unicolor unicolor (Fabricius, 1787)); Stenocrepis chalcas Bates, 1882 and S. chalcochrous Chaudoir, 1883 (= Stenocrepis texana (LeConte, 1863)); Stenolophus humeralis Motschulsky, 1864 (= Stenolophus plebejus Dejean, 1829); and Stenolophus laticollis Motschulsky, 1864 (= Stenolophus ochropezus (Say, 1823)).Olisthopus iterans Casey, 1913 and Pterostichus illustris LeConte, 1851, listed as junior synonyms of O. parmatus (Say, 1823) and P. congestus (Ménétriés, 1843), respectively, are considered in the present work as valid species.The type species (listed in parentheses) of the following 14 genus-group taxa are designated for the first time: Circinalidia Casey, 1920 (Agonum aeruginosum Dejean, 1828); Evolenes LeConte, 1853 (Oodes exaratus Dejean, 1831); Leucagonum Casey, 1920 (Agonum maculicolle Dejean, 1828); Megaliridia Casey, 1920 (Cychrus viduus Dejean, 1826); Megalostylus Chaudoir, 1843 (Feronia lucidula Dejean, 1828 = Feronia recta Say, 1823); Micragra Chaudoir, 1872 (Micragra lissonota Chaudoir, 1872); Onota Chaudoir, 1872 (Onota bicolor Chaudoir, 1872); Oodiellus Chaudoir, 1882 (Oodiellus mexicanus Chaudoir, 1882 = Anatrichis alutacea Bates, 1882); Oxydrepanus Putzeys, 1866 (Dyschirius rufus Putzeys, 1846); Paranchomenus Casey, 1920 (Platynus stygicus LeConte, 1854 = Anchomenus mannerheimii Dejean, 1828); Pemphus Motschulsky, 1866 (Cychrus velutinus Ménétriés, 1843); Peronoscelis Chaudoir, 1872 (Tetragonoderus figuratus Dejean, 1831); Rhombodera Reiche, 1842 (Rhombodera virgata Reiche, 1842 = Lebia trivittata Dejean, 1831); and Stenous Chaudoir, 1857 (Oodes cupreus Chaudoir, 1843).Two new family-group names are proposed, Cnemalobini (= Cnemacanthini of authors) based on Cnemalobus Guérin-Méneville, 1839 and Loxandrini based on Loxandrus LeConte, 1852.The work also includes a synopsis of all extant world carabid tribes, a bibliography of all original descriptions, a full taxonomic index, and, as appendices, lists of nomina nuda and unjustified emendations, and annotated lists of species incorrectly or doubtfully recorded from America north of Mexico and of new North American records.

The Eastern Question had numerous regional aspects. Conflicts and crises on the southeastern periphery of the Ottoman Empire, which was already facing numerous internal problems and external pressures, were not particularly novel during the 19th century. These issues were usually resolved without endangering peace in Europe. Offensive realism views great powers as the most significant actors in the international system. The political geography of the Balkans was largely reshaped by their interests, regardless of their inadequate understanding of the complex situations and peoples in that volatile region, defined by the “architecture of roads and inns.” The Great Eastern Crisis (1875-1878), a dramatic stage in the prolonged resolution of the Eastern Question, began with the Serbian uprising in July 1875 in the Bosnia Eyalet. It continued with the Bulgarian uprising in April 1876 and the war between Serbia and Montenegro against the Ottoman Empire in July of the same year, initiated in support of Orthodox Christians in the Bosnian pashaluk, but “in truth to expand their territory and consolidate their still insecure independence.” European public opinion during the escalation of the crisis, when the Ottoman side had military superiority, was being prepared for harsh interventions against the Ottoman Empire. This sentiment was particularly pronounced in Russia. Russia did not reconcile with the provisions of the Treaty of Paris in 1856 and the previous failure in the Crimean War (1853-1856), which was a struggle for access to the straits - the Bosporus and the Dardanelles. It sought ways to free itself from the imposed provisions of that treaty. The entire “Russian 19th century” passed under the sign of the Slavophile dream of Constantinople - “which sooner or later must be ours,” as well as the “southern, warm seas.” Every Russian war with the Ottoman Empire in that century activated, on the Russian side, the armed participation of Orthodox peoples in the Balkans. Russia supported their movements, involving them in a “historical clash” with the Ottoman state. Pan-Slavism also served as a justification for Russian military-political interventions. Essentially, it represented the ideology of Great Russian imperialism. For the great powers, the key motive was interest, not imaginative “historical connections” and “brotherly emotions.” Benjamin von Kállay wrote that the “struggle of Russia against Turkey” was one of the “most interesting, most important facts of world history.” Religious motives were present in all Russo-Ottoman wars. These conflicts had, to a greater or lesser extent, political consequences in the Balkans. All peoples have separate stories and different dates in their memory. After the war of 1812, the Russo-Ottoman War of 1877-1878, an integral part of the Great Eastern Crisis and a continuation of the Crimean War, was the only foreign policy event that had a significant impact on all layers of Russian society. It became one of the “most ideologized” in Russian history, as the causes, course, and consequences of the war were directly related to public opinion. Numerous Slavophile associations constantly urged the tsar to liberate Christians in the Balkans from the “Turkish yoke.” According to numerous accounts, the war with the Ottoman Empire was invoked to a considerable extent by the press. It fueled the “Pan-Slavic fire” in Moscow and St. Petersburg, which forced the Russian government in 1877 to undertake diplomatic actions, following the Ottoman suppression of the Bulgarian uprising in 1876 and alarming reports of their mass suffering, while neglecting the significant Muslim losses on the other side, to start a war with that empire for which it already had plans and goals prepared. Russian intervention, amidst propaganda and the “Bulgarian horrors,” was expected, considering the broader ambitions of this imperial state.

Background. The performance practice of recent decades demonstrates an obvious tendency to expand and update the repertoire due to the use of the works of those composers whose pieces had “lost” over time against to the pieces of their more famous contemporaries. At the same time, in sociology, psychology, culturology, gender issues are largely relevant. Musicology does not stand aside, applying the achievements of gender psychology in the study of composer creativity and musical performing (Tsurkanenko, I., 2011; Gigolaeva-Yurchenko, V., 2012, 2015; Fan, Liu, 2017). In general, the issue of gender equality is quite acute in contemporary public discourse. The indicated tendencies determine the interest of many musicians and listeners in the work of women-composers (for example, recently, the creativity by Clara Schumann attracts the attention of performers all over the world, in particular, in Ukraine the International Music Festival “Kharkiv Assemblies” – 2018 was dedicated to her works). The theme of the proposed work is also a response to the noted trends in performing practice and musicology discourse. For the first time in domestic musicology an attempt is made to give a brief overview of the life and career of another talented woman, whose name is little known in the post-Soviet space. This is a Swedish violinist, composer and pianist Amanda R&#246;ntgen-Maier (1853–1894), a graduate of the Stockholm Royal College of Music and the Leipzig Conservatory, a contemporary of Clara Schumann, J. Brahms, E. Grieg, with whom she and her husband – composer, pianist, conductor Julius R&#246;ntgen – were associated for enough long time by creative and friendly relationships. In the post-Soviet space, not a single work has been published that would be dedicated to the works of A. Maier. In European and American musicology, the composer’s personality and creative heritage is also not widely studied. Her name is only occasionally mentioned in works examining the musical culture and, in particular, the performing arts of Sweden at that time (J&#246;nsson, &#197;., 1995, 151–156; Karlsson, &#197;., 1994, 38–43; Lundholm, L., 1992, 14–15; L&#246;ndahl, T., 1994; &#214;hrstr&#246;m, E., 1987, 1995). The aim of the proposed study is to characterize Amanda Meier’s creative heritage in the context of European romanticism. Research results. Based on the available sources, we summarized the basic information about the life and career of A. Maier. Carolina Amanda Erica Maier (married R&#246;ntgen-Maier ) was born on February 20, 1853 in Landskrona. She received the first music lessons from his father, Karl Edward Mayer, a native of Germany (from W&#252;rttemberg), who worked as a confectioner in Landskrona, but also studied music, in particular, in 1852 he received a diploma of “music director” in Stockholm and had regular contracts. In 1869, Amanda entered to the Kungliga Musikaliska akademien (Royal College of Music) in Stockholm. There she learns to play several instruments at once: the violin, cello, piano, organ, and also studies history, music theory and musical aesthetics. A. Maier graduated from Royal College successfully and became the first woman who received the title of “Musik Direktor”. The final concert, which took place in April 1873, included the performance of the program on the violin and on the organ and also A. Maier’s own work – the Romance for Violin. In the spring of 1874, Amanda received the grant from the Royal College for further studies at the Leipzig Conservatory. Here, Engelbert R&#246;ntgen, the accompanist of the glorious orchestra Gewandhaus, becomes her teacher on the violin, and she studies harmony and composition under the guidance of Karl Heinrich Karsten Reinecke and Ernst Friedrich Richter. Education in Leipzig lasts from 1874 to 1876. In the summer and autumn of 1875, A. Maier returns to Landskron, where she writes the first major work – the Concerto for violin and orchestra in one-movement, D minor, which was performed twice: in December 1875 in Halle and in February 1876 with the Gewandhaus Orchestra under the direction of K. Reinecke. The further career of A. Maier, both performing and composing, developed very successfully. She made several major concert trips between 1876 and 1880: to Sweden and Norway, to Finland and St. Petersburg; she also played to the Swedish king Oscar II (1876); concerts were held with constant success. While studying in Leipzig, A. Maier met her future husband (the son of her violin teacher) Julius R&#246;ntgen, composer and conductor. They married 1880 in Landskrona. Their personal relationships included active creative communication, both playing music together, and exchanging musical ideas, getting to know each other’s works. Part of his chamber opuses, for example, the cycle of Swedish folk dances, A. Maier created in collaboration with her husband. An analogy with life of Robert and Clara Schumann may take place here, although the R&#246;ntgen spouses did not have to endure such dramatic collisions that fell to the lot of the first. After the wedding, R&#246;ntgen family moved to Amsterdam, where Julius R&#246;ntgen soon occupies senior positions in several music organizations. On the contrary, the concert and composing activities of A. Maier go to the decline. This was due both, to the birth of two sons, and to a significant deterioration in her health. Nevertheless, she maintains her violin skills at the proper level and actively participates in performances in music salons, which the family arranges at home. The guests of these meetings were, in particular, J. Brahms, K. Schumann, E. Grieg with his wife and A. Rubinstein. The last years of A. Maier’s life were connected with Nice, Davos and Norway. In the fall of 1888 she was in Nice with the goal of treating the lungs, communicating there with her friends Heinrich and Elizabeth Herzogenberg. With the latter, they played Brahms violin sonatas, and the next (1889) year A. Maier played the same pieces with Clara Schumann. Amanda Maier spent the autumn of 1889 under the supervision of doctors in Davos, and the winter – in Nice. In 1890, she returned to Amsterdam. His last major work dates back to 1891 – the Piano Quartet in D minor. During the last three years of her life, she visited Denmark, Sweden and Norway, where she performed, among other, her husband’s works, for example, the suite “From Jotunheim”. In the summer of 1889, A. Maier took part in concerts at the Nirgaard Castle in Denmark. In 1894, she returned to Amsterdam again. Her health seems stable, a few hours before her death she was conducting classes with her sons. A. Maier died July 15, 1894. The works of A. Maier, published during the life of the composer, include the following: Sonata in H minor (1878); 6 Pieces for violin and piano (1879); “Dialogues” – 10 small pieces for piano, some of which were created by Julius R&#246;ntgen (1883); Swedish songs and dances for violin and piano; Quartet for piano, violin, viola and cello E minor (1891). Still unprinted are the following works: Romance for violin and piano; Trio for violin, cello and piano (1874); Concert for violin and orchestra (1875); Quartet for piano, violin, viola and clarinet E minor; “Nordiska Tonbilder” for violin and piano (1876); Intermezzo for piano; Two string quartets; March for piano, violin, viola and cello; Romances on the texts of David Wiersen; Trio for piano and two violins; 25 Preludes for piano. The composer style of A. Mayer incorporates the characteristic features of the Romantic era, in particular, the Leipzig school. Lyric elements prevail in her works, although the composer is not alien to dramatic, heroic, epic images (the Piano Quartet E minor, some pieces from the Six Songs for Violin and Piano series). In the embodiment of such a circle of images, parallels with the musical style of the works of J. Brahms are quite clearly traced. In constructing thematic structures, A. Maier relies on the melody of the Schubert-Mendelssohn type. The compositional solutions are defined mainly by the classical principles of forming, which resembles the works of F. Mendelssohn, the late chamber compositions of R. Schumann, where the lyrical expression gets a clear, complete form. The harmonic language of the works of A. Maier gravitates toward classical functionality rather than the uncertainty, instability and colorfulness inherent in the harmony of F. Liszt, R. Wagner and their followers. The main instrument, for which most of the opuses by A. Maier was created, the violin, is interpreted in various ways: it appears both, in the lyrical and the virtuoso roles. The piano texture of chamber compositions by A. Maier is quite developed and rich; the composer clearly gravitates towards the equality of all parties in an ensemble. At the same time, piano techniques are reminiscent of texture formulas by F. Mendelssohn and J. Brahms. Finally, in A. Mayer’s works manifest themself such characteristic of European romanticism, as attraction to folklore, a reliance on folk song sources. Conclusions. Periods in the history of music seemed already well studied, hide many more composer names and works, which are worthy of the attention of performers, musicologists and listeners. A. Mayer’s creativity, despite the lack of pronounced innovation, has an independent artistic value and, at the same time, is one of such musical phenomena that help to compile a more complete picture of the development of musical art in the XIX century and gain a deeper understanding of the musical culture of this period. The prospect of further development of the topic of this essay should be a more detailed study of the creative heritage of A. Maier in the context of European musical Romanticism.

Twenty-four mammal species – predominantly the medium-sized, ground-dwelling mammals with a dependence on grass/herbs and seeds – disappeared forever from the landscape of the Western Division of New South Wales in a period of 60 years from first settlement in 1841. The present study examines the causes of this extinction episode by constructing a picture of the changing landscape from the historical record and interpreting the findings ecologically. The conclusions point to an extinction process that can be largely attributed to the impact of sheep, an impact that was exacerbated in the scarce and fragile refuges of the flat landscape in times of intense and frequent drought. This conclusion differs from those of many others, particularly Kerin in the Western Lands Review, who pointed to "the impact of feral animals, rather than overgrazing" as the cause of mammal extinctions, and Morton, who considered that the rabbit was "principally (although not entirely)" responsible for mammal extinctions in the rangelands. The rabbit plague in the Western Division from the early 1880s and the influx of foxes in the last years of the 19th century expedited the local demise of some species and even delivered the final blow to surviving remnant populations of a few species of native mammals but they were not the primary agent of extinction. Historical accounts give prominence to the rapidly growing wool industry in the 19th century. From its dominant position as an export commodity, wool became the chief means of the successful spread of colonial settlement. By 1853 there were about 300,000 sheep based at the southern end of the Darling on the watered frontages, which were all taken up by 1858. The west of the Darling was largely occupied by sheep farmers between 1859 and 1876. The history of settlement around Menindee from 1841 can be read as a devastating critique of the failure to realise that the west could not sustain a pattern of land use imposed on it from another world. The deterioration of the pastoral landscape was such that by the late 1880s the "walls of the pastoral fortresses... were beginning to crumble of their own accord, as the foundations on which they were built — the physical environment — altered under stresses...". The sequence of occupation and land use in the Western Division and the timing of the loss of native mammal species allows the conclusion to be drawn that it was sheep, and the way the land was managed for the export wool industry, that drove so many of the mammal species to extinction. The impact of ever-increasing millions of sheep on all frontages, through all the refuges, and across all the landscape by the mid 1880s is the primary cause of the greatest period of mammal extinction in Australia in modern times.

The relevance of the study lies in the facts that it explores the issues related to the global significance of Dostoevsky’s literary heritage and interdisciplinary approaches to analyzing Russian literature. The significance of the study is stipulated by the current state of scientific knowledge concerning a particular role of literary works in describing and interpreting global political and state processes. The aim of the study is to reconstruct and map Dostoevsky’s geopolitical worldview based on the analysis of his literary and journalistic works. To consider the writer’s works from the standpoint of his involvement into the political issues is the first attempt within Dostoevsky studies. The analysis of Dostoevsky’s literary heritage from a geopolitical perspective was carried out on the basis of Statisticheskiy slovar’ yazyka Dostoevskogo [Statistical Dictionary of Dostoevsky’s Language]. However, since this book does not contain draft notes and earlier versions, preliminary drafts and notebook materials, these texts were intentionally explored. This is the first literary study of its kind which is based on a variety of modern statistical methods. This fact makes it possible to state that the obtained results present new knowledge about Dostoevsky and are of undisputed novelty. The study is focused on big geopolitical subjects, i.e. countries, transnational and national unions, prominent regions; therefore, the present article is only the first stage of the study. In accordance with the conducted analysis and calculations, the following frequency of geopolitical subjects’ mentions is proposed: Russia (4420); France (848); Germany (735); Britain (397); Turkey (304); Siberia (223); Italy (173); Switzerland (172); Poland (145); Austria (141); America (119); Bulgaria (83); Serbia (83); China (49); Spain (40); Montenegro (38); Caucasus (38); Crimea (30); Egypt (26); Greece (23); Hungary (19); Balkans (18); Central Asia (18); Holland (15); Syria (14); Herzegovina (13); Novorossiya (10); Sweden (7); Japan (6); Altai (5); Arabia, Africa, Bosnia, Dagestan, India, Lithuania, Mexico, Sicily, Finland (each 4); Belgium, Iceland, Malta, Peru, Sandwich Islands (each 3); Brazil, Brittany, Denmark, Israel, Moldova, Romania, Sakhalin (each 2); and Galicia (1). The frequency of geopolitical subjects’ mentions by years is as follows: 1877 (2100), 1876 (1516), 1860 (567), 1880 (502), 1872 (388), 1873 (381), 1868 (366), 1862 (328), 1866 (265), 1875 (264), 1869 (170), 1863 (155), 1881 (135), 1867 (128), 1878 (122), 1864 (120), 1859 (102), 1874 (100), 1870 (96), 1856 (75), 1861 (61), 1871 (54), 1865 (52), 1846 (43), 1847 (41), 1849 (38), 1858 (25), 1854 (21), 1848 (15), 1857 (12), 1845 (5), 1843-1844 (3), 1838-1839 (2), 1879 (1); geopolitical subjects were not mentioned in 1841, 1842, 1850, 1851, 1852, 1853, and 1855. he authors express their deep gratitude to M.V. Podrezov for his assistance in preparing this article. Contribution of the authors: the authors contributed equally to this article. The authors declare no conflicts of interests.

The article is devoted to the study of sources on pedagogical, organizational and social activities of a native of Vologda province, a graduate of Olonets provincial men’s gymnasium in 1853, a prominent employee of the educational system of the second half of the XIX century, Erast Egorovich Timofeev, coming from the lower middle class. Studying the lives and activities of individuals who made a significant contribution to the development of the educational system at one of the historical stages of Russia’s development is relevant in connection with the fact that the year 2023 was announced by the President of the Russian Federation as the year of a teacher and a mentor. In addition, studying the biography of this personality will give the opportunity to more fully explore the role of an outstanding teacher – Fyodor Nikolaevich Fortunatov – as a mentor. The purpose of the study is to study historical sources containing materials on the stages of E.E. Timofeyev’s biography, and his role in the development of the educational system in Vologda Province in the 19th century. Materials and methods. A special feature of this topic is the chronological coverage of Russia’s history in the XIX century. As a consequence, the source base is archival materials, commemorative books and official directories. Methodological basis: the principle of historicism, the principle of objectivity, the principle of consistency. Research methods: the method of analysis and synthesis, historical-genetic and biographical methods. The scientific novelty is manifested in the introduction into scientific circulation of new materials about the activities of E.E. Timofeev from the archives, as well as in considering the role of this personality in the development of Vologda educational system in the XIX century. Research results. The author analyzes the archival source “An Additional Service Record about the Service of the Teacher of Olonets County School, Belonging to the 12th class, Erast Timofeev. July 1854″, which is biographical information about the person under study. The official directories of Vologda province for 1881, 1882, 1883, 1887 were studied, which made it possible to trace the dynamics of E.E. Timofeev’s career advancement. The study covered commemorative books of Vologda province for 1875–1876, 1879, 1893–1894, 1896–1897, which supplemented the information on the career advancement of our hero. Conclusions. Erast Egorovich Timofeev came from the lower middle class, he was a student of Fyodor Nikolaevich Fortunatov, and achieved a high status in the society and made the educational system of his native land more accessible. Thanks to his active participation in the work of various public committees of Vologda province, the development of the western and eastern counties of the region was leveled. This became possible by opening new and expanding old educational institutions in the east of the province.

Complete faunistics was compiled in countries surrounding the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The latest checklist of the bee fauna from the then Czechoslovakia being published well over a decade ago, the aim of this paper is to up-date Kocourek’s checklist (hereinafter referred to as only ”the List”) from 1989.In the present paper, inaccuracies occurring in Kocourek’s checklist (e.g. using of junior synonyms or homonyms, spelling of names, incorrect species distribution, etc.) are corrected. In addition, new records according to literature data, findings communicated by colleagues, or own records, are summarised.The compilation of this faunistic list required checking of over 750 names of the species group and more than 140 supraspecific names to be used valid and available names. The faunistic revision results in the following findings.In total, 431 bee species range the Bohemian territory (occurrence was approved); of that, the following species are newly included: 4 species according to records (captured or checked specimen(s)) and 3 species as per literature data. Five species are conditionally removed from the Bohemian fauna, ten species are missing, eleven species are removed from the checklist, and the occurrence of one species is potential.Altogether 543 species range the Moravian territory; in that number, the following species are newly included: 17 species according to records, and 6 species according to literature data. Eight species are conditionally removed from the Moravian fauna, one species is missing, six species are removed from the checklist, and the occurrence of five species is potential.A total of 625 species range the Slovak territory; of that, the following species are newly included: 17 species according to records, and 14 species according to literature data. Seventeen species are conditionally removed from the Slovak fauna, no species is missing, ten species are removed from the checklist, and the occurrence of thirteen species is potential. Therefore, more intensive faunistic research is recommended in the Slovak territory.Altogether 655 species range the Czech Republic and Slovakia; of that number, 555 species occur in the Czech Republic, and 625 species occur in Slovakia. It results in finding that the diversity of the bee fauna in the Czech Republic and Slovakia can be regarded as comparablely equal with their neighbouring countries regarding the structure and geographic position of the both republics.The most important records of species are as follows: Hylaeus trinotatus (Pérez, 1895) [Slovakia], Andrena pontica Warncke, 1972 [Moravia], Halictus resurgens Nurse, 1903 [S], H. smaragdulus Vachal, 1895 [M, S], Lasioglossum bavaricum (Blüthgen, 1930) and L. cupromicans (Pérez, 1903) [S], L. lissonotum (Noskiewicz, 1926) [M, S], Sphecodes majalis Pérez, 1903 and Melitta wankowiczi (Radoszkowski, 1891) [S], Megachile flabellipes Pérez, 1895 [M], Coelioxys alata Förster, 1853 [S], Anthidium septemspinosum Lepeletier, 1841 and Melecta aegyptiaca Radoszkowski, 1876 [M], Pyrobombus (Cullumanobombus) semenoviellus (Skorikov, 1910) [Bohemia] and P. (Melanobombus) sicheli (Radoszkowski, 1859) [M, S].Pseudoanthidium scapulare (Latreille, 1809) – nom. et sp. rev. – is not conspecific with P. lituratum (Panzer, 1801). Eucera polonica Ruszkowski, 1994 is a junior subjective synonym to E. pollinosa Smith, 1854.

Naucoridae is a family of aquatic bugs, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world, and comprises 437 species, 47 genera, and eight subfamilies. Five subfamilies, 10 genera and 68 species have been recorded from Brazil. Pelocoris Stål is a genus exclusive to the New World, with 14 species described; eight species and two subspecies have been recorded from Brazil. For the northeastern region, there are no records of occurrence for any species in this genus. The objective of this work was to survey the fauna of Pelocoris in the northeastern region and map the distribution of the species. We examined 180 specimens belonging to six species: Pelocoris binotulatus nigriculus Berg, 1879, P. bipunctulus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1853), P. magister Montandon, 1898, P. poeyi (Guérin-Méneville, 1835), P. politus Montandon, 1897, and P. subflavus Montandon, 1898. This work contributes directly to reducing the Wallacean and Linnean gaps in Naucoridae diversity for northeastern Brazil and highlights the diversity in the region, which is still poorly studied and poorly known.

AbstractOnly a few weeks after seeing the Frans Hals portrait of Jaspar Schade in the 1962 exhibition in Haarlem, the author came upon it again in the home of Mr. and Mrs. Waller in Utrecht (Figs. 1 and 2, Note I). He learnt that this particular painting had been in Mr. Waller's family for nearly a century and that it was a copy of the one now in Prague. The story was that the latter had been sold by Mr. Waller's grandfather Beukerfrom his country-house 'Zandbergen', which he had bought in 1865, to his friend P.E.H. Praetorius, on condition that the latter had a copy painted as a replacement. According to a written statement of 1934 by Mr. Waller's mother, the original by Frans Hals had always been at 'Zandbergen' and there was even a legend that the house would fall down, if it were removed. Her father, who was not interested in paintings according to the statement, had sold it to Praetorius at his request. The family had understood, erroneously as it turns out, that Praetorius had sold it on to Cologne and that it had later gone to America. In testing the truth of all this the author discovered first that the house is marked with the name of 'Den Heer Schade' on a map of the Utrecht area by Bernard de Roij published by Nicolaas Visscher in Amsterdam in 1696 (Fig.3, Note 4). The road on which it stands had been projected in 1652, Schade being one of those who acquired a parcel of land along it in return for laying that portion out, planting it and maintaining it and also building a side road on either side of his plot. Part of the agreement also was that he was exempted from paying taxes for 25 years. Schade (1623-,92), a member of a family of considerable standing, held various high offices in the church and province of Utrecht and was a delegate to the States-General in 1672. He was extremely rich and noted for his extravagant lifestyle, particularly as regards clothes (Notes 12-14). His house passed to his eldest son, who in 1701 left it to his brother-in-law Jacob Noirot. Between the latter, who sold it in 1740, and the Beuker family 'Zandbergen' (Fig. 4) had nine different owners. The museum in Prague acquired the portrait of Jaspar Schade in 1890 from Prince Liechtenstein, who had bought it in Paris on 14 March 1881 at the sale of the collection of John W. Wilson, an Englishman then living in Brussels. A. J. van de Ven tried without success to trace its history before that time (Note 18) and this was also unknown to Seymour Slive, although in his catalogue raisonné of Hals' work he mentions that it was shown at an exhibition of Wilson's collection in Brussels in 1873 (Note 20). In an article of the same year on Wilson's collection in the Gazette des Beaux-Arts Charles Tardieu remarked that Wilson had lived in Holland for thirty years and that his residence was obviously in Haarlem, from where the best pictures in his collection came. In his article on the portrait Van de Ven enlarged on the coals of arms on the frame, which were Schade's eight quarterings, but in an arbitrary order. The director of the Prague museum had told him that the frame was a 19th-century one and that the confusion had arisen during its making. A description of the frame in 1875 reveals that the arms were in their correct place then (Note 25), while the frame of the copy has the same arms in the right order, except that the left and right sides are transposed. Thus the present Prague frame must have been made after 1875, while the copy was presumably made and framed at the time the painting left 'Zandbergen'. John W. Wilson (1815-83) was born in Brussels of Thomas Wilsorz, who moved to Haarlem in 1833 and started a cotton factory there. John lived at Hillegom from 1856 to 1868, but after that moved back to Haarlem for a short time up to, but no later than 1870. He must have been very wealthy, as he also bought a lot of land in the area. How he acquired his collection of paintings is not known, as he appears to have kept it quiet until the exhibition of 1873. The catalogue of this covered 164 pictures; 76 of them, painted by 57 different artists, were of the Dutch School. Five pictures, all authentic, were by Frans Hals (Note 29). P.E.H. Praetorius (1791-1876, Fig.5) was a cousin of Beuker's. He moved from Haarlem to Amsterdam in or before 1829 and spent the rest of his life there. He was a broker and banker, an amateur painter and a great connoisseur of paintings, who played a prominent part in art societies in Amsterdam. He was also a member of the Supervisory Committee of the Rijksmuseum from 1844 and Chairman of its Board of Management from 1852 to 1875 (Note 33). His earliest paintings were copies of 17th-century works and he says in an appendix to his memoirs of 1869 that his last five works, done in 1865 and I 866, included a copy of Frans Hals' portrait of Willem van Heythuyzen. While it is clear that Jaspar Schade was the builder of 'Zandbergen', it is odd that the painting is never mentioned in any of the deeds of sale, detailed though these are. This suggests that it was so firmly fixed in its place - in the downstairs corridor over the door to the salon - as to be regarded as part of the fabric of the house. The price paid by Praetorius for the painting is not known, but he bought it at a period when Frans Hals' reputation had shot upwards again, after a long period of decline. This return to favour emerges clearly from Tardieu's comments, from the records of copyists in the Rijksmuseum (Note 37) and, of course, from Wilson's predilection. No evidence can be found of the painting's passing from Praetorius to Wilson, but the two must have known each other. The identity of the painter of the copy is also unknown. Mrs. Waller's statement mentions J. W. Pieneman, but he can be ruled out, as he died in 1853 and his son Nicolaas in 1860. The most likely candidate at the moment would seem to be Praetorius himself.

More than 4700 nominal family-group names (including names for fossils and ichnotaxa) are nomenclaturally available in the order Coleoptera. Since each family-group name is based on the concept of its type genus, we argue that the stability of names used for the classification of beetles depends on accurate nomenclatural data for each type genus. Following a review of taxonomic literature, with a focus on works that potentially contain type species designations, we provide a synthesis of nomenclatural data associated with the type genus of each nomenclaturally available family-group name in Coleoptera. For each type genus the author(s), year of publication, and page number are given as well as its current status (i.e., whether treated as valid or not) and current classification. Information about the type species of each type genus and the type species fixation (i.e., fixed originally or subsequently, and if subsequently, by whom) is also given. The original spelling of the family-group name that is based on each type genus is included, with its author(s), year, and stem. We append a list of nomenclaturally available family-group names presented in a classification scheme. Because of the importance of the Principle of Priority in zoological nomenclature, we provide information on the date of publication of the references cited in this work, when known. Several nomenclatural issues emerged during the course of this work. We therefore appeal to the community of coleopterists to submit applications to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (henceforth “Commission”) in order to permanently resolve some of the problems outlined here. The following changes of authorship for type genera are implemented here (these changes do not affect the concept of each type genus): CHRYSOMELIDAE: Fulcidax Crotch, 1870 (previously credited to “Clavareau, 1913”); CICINDELIDAE: Euprosopus W.S. MacLeay, 1825 (previously credited to “Dejean, 1825”); COCCINELLIDAE: Alesia Reiche, 1848 (previously credited to “Mulsant, 1850”); CURCULIONIDAE: Arachnopus Boisduval, 1835 (previously credited to “Guérin-Méneville, 1838”); ELATERIDAE: Thylacosternus Gemminger, 1869 (previously credited to “Bonvouloir, 1871”); EUCNEMIDAE: Arrhipis Gemminger, 1869 (previously credited to “Bonvouloir, 1871”), Mesogenus Gemminger, 1869 (previously credited to “Bonvouloir, 1871”); LUCANIDAE: Sinodendron Hellwig, 1791 (previously credited to “Hellwig, 1792”); PASSALIDAE: Neleides Harold, 1868 (previously credited to “Kaup, 1869”), Neleus Harold, 1868 (previously credited to “Kaup, 1869”), Pertinax Harold, 1868 (previously credited to “Kaup, 1869”), Petrejus Harold, 1868 (previously credited to “Kaup, 1869”), Undulifer Harold, 1868 (previously credited to “Kaup, 1869”), Vatinius Harold, 1868 (previously credited to “Kaup, 1869”); PTINIDAE: Mezium Leach, 1819 (previously credited to “Curtis, 1828”); PYROCHROIDAE: Agnathus Germar, 1818 (previously credited to “Germar, 1825”); SCARABAEIDAE: Eucranium Dejean, 1833 (previously “Brullé, 1838”). The following changes of type species were implemented following the discovery of older type species fixations (these changes do not pose a threat to nomenclatural stability): BOLBOCERATIDAE: Bolbocerus bocchus Erichson, 1841 for Bolbelasmus Boucomont, 1911 (previously Bolboceras gallicum Mulsant, 1842); BUPRESTIDAE: Stigmodera guerinii Hope, 1843 for Neocuris Saunders, 1868 (previously Anthaxia fortnumi Hope, 1846), Stigmodera peroni Laporte & Gory, 1837 for Curis Laporte & Gory, 1837 (previously Buprestis caloptera Boisduval, 1835); CARABIDAE: Carabus elatus Fabricius, 1801 for Molops Bonelli, 1810 (previously Carabus terricola Herbst, 1784 sensu Fabricius, 1792); CERAMBYCIDAE: Prionus palmatus Fabricius, 1792 for Macrotoma Audinet-Serville, 1832 (previously Prionus serripes Fabricius, 1781); CHRYSOMELIDAE: Donacia equiseti Fabricius, 1798 for Haemonia Dejean, 1821 (previously Donacia zosterae Fabricius, 1801), Eumolpus ruber Latreille, 1807 for Euryope Dalman, 1824 (previously Cryptocephalus rubrifrons Fabricius, 1787), Galeruca affinis Paykull, 1799 for Psylliodes Latreille, 1829 (previously Chrysomela chrysocephala Linnaeus, 1758); COCCINELLIDAE: Dermestes rufus Herbst, 1783 for Coccidula Kugelann, 1798 (previously Chrysomela scutellata Herbst, 1783); CRYPTOPHAGIDAE: Ips caricis G.-A. Olivier, 1790 for Telmatophilus Heer, 1841 (previously Cryptophagus typhae Fallén, 1802), Silpha evanescens Marsham, 1802 for Atomaria Stephens, 1829 (previously Dermestes nigripennis Paykull, 1798); CURCULIONIDAE: Bostrichus cinereus Herbst, 1794 for Crypturgus Erichson, 1836 (previously Bostrichus pusillus Gyllenhal, 1813); DERMESTIDAE: Dermestes trifasciatus Fabricius, 1787 for Attagenus Latreille, 1802 (previously Dermestes pellio Linnaeus, 1758); ELATERIDAE: Elater sulcatus Fabricius, 1777 for Chalcolepidius Eschscholtz, 1829 (previously Chalcolepidius zonatus Eschscholtz, 1829); ENDOMYCHIDAE: Endomychus rufitarsis Chevrolat, 1835 for Epipocus Chevrolat, 1836 (previously Endomychus tibialis Guérin-Méneville, 1834); EROTYLIDAE: Ips humeralis Fabricius, 1787 for Dacne Latreille, 1797 (previously Dermestes bipustulatus Thunberg, 1781); EUCNEMIDAE: Fornax austrocaledonicus Perroud & Montrouzier, 1865 for Mesogenus Gemminger, 1869 (previously Mesogenus mellyi Bonvouloir, 1871); GLAPHYRIDAE: Melolontha serratulae Fabricius, 1792 for Glaphyrus Latreille, 1802 (previously Scarabaeus maurus Linnaeus, 1758); HISTERIDAE: Hister striatus Forster, 1771 for Onthophilus Leach, 1817 (previously Hister sulcatus Moll, 1784); LAMPYRIDAE: Ototreta fornicata E. Olivier, 1900 for Ototreta E. Olivier, 1900 (previously Ototreta weyersi E. Olivier, 1900); LUCANIDAE: Lucanus cancroides Fabricius, 1787 for Lissotes Westwood, 1855 (previously Lissotes menalcas Westwood, 1855); MELANDRYIDAE: Nothus clavipes G.-A. Olivier, 1812 for Nothus G.-A. Olivier, 1812 (previously Nothus praeustus G.-A. Olivier, 1812); MELYRIDAE: Lagria ater Fabricius, 1787 for Enicopus Stephens, 1830 (previously Dermestes hirtus Linnaeus, 1767); NITIDULIDAE: Sphaeridium luteum Fabricius, 1787 for Cychramus Kugelann, 1794 (previously Strongylus quadripunctatus Herbst, 1792); OEDEMERIDAE: Helops laevis Fabricius, 1787 for Ditylus Fischer, 1817 (previously Ditylus helopioides Fischer, 1817 [sic]); PHALACRIDAE: Sphaeridium aeneum Fabricius, 1792 for Olibrus Erichson, 1845 (previously Sphaeridium bicolor Fabricius, 1792); RHIPICERIDAE: Sandalus niger Knoch, 1801 for Sandalus Knoch, 1801 (previously Sandalus petrophya Knoch, 1801); SCARABAEIDAE: Cetonia clathrata G.-A. Olivier, 1792 for Inca Lepeletier & Audinet-Serville, 1828 (previously Cetonia ynca Weber, 1801); Gnathocera vitticollis W. Kirby, 1825 for Gnathocera W. Kirby, 1825 (previously Gnathocera immaculata W. Kirby, 1825); Melolontha villosula Illiger, 1803 for Chasmatopterus Dejean, 1821 (previously Melolontha hirtula Illiger, 1803); STAPHYLINIDAE: Staphylinus politus Linnaeus, 1758 for Philonthus Stephens, 1829 (previously Staphylinus splendens Fabricius, 1792); ZOPHERIDAE: Hispa mutica Linnaeus, 1767 for Orthocerus Latreille, 1797 (previously Tenebrio hirticornis DeGeer, 1775). The discovery of type species fixations that are older than those currently accepted pose a threat to nomenclatural stability (an application to the Commission is necessary to address each problem): CANTHARIDAE: Malthinus Latreille, 1805, Malthodes Kiesenwetter, 1852; CARABIDAE: Bradycellus Erichson, 1837, Chlaenius Bonelli, 1810, Harpalus Latreille, 1802, Lebia Latreille, 1802, Pheropsophus Solier, 1834, Trechus Clairville, 1806; CERAMBYCIDAE: Callichroma Latreille, 1816, Callidium Fabricius, 1775, Cerasphorus Audinet-Serville, 1834, Dorcadion Dalman, 1817, Leptura Linnaeus, 1758, Mesosa Latreille, 1829, Plectromerus Haldeman, 1847; CHRYSOMELIDAE: Amblycerus Thunberg, 1815, Chaetocnema Stephens, 1831, Chlamys Knoch, 1801, Monomacra Chevrolat, 1836, Phratora Chevrolat, 1836, Stylosomus Suffrian, 1847; COLONIDAE: Colon Herbst, 1797; CURCULIONIDAE: Cryphalus Erichson, 1836, Lepyrus Germar, 1817; ELATERIDAE: Adelocera Latreille, 1829, Beliophorus Eschscholtz, 1829; ENDOMYCHIDAE: Amphisternus Germar, 1843, Dapsa Latreille, 1829; GLAPHYRIDAE: Anthypna Eschscholtz, 1818; HISTERIDAE: Hololepta Paykull, 1811, Trypanaeus Eschscholtz, 1829; LEIODIDAE: Anisotoma Panzer, 1796, Camiarus Sharp, 1878, Choleva Latreille, 1797; LYCIDAE: Calopteron Laporte, 1838, Dictyoptera Latreille, 1829; MELOIDAE: Epicauta Dejean, 1834; NITIDULIDAE: Strongylus Herbst, 1792; SCARABAEIDAE: Anisoplia Schönherr, 1817, Anticheira Eschscholtz, 1818, Cyclocephala Dejean, 1821, Glycyphana Burmeister, 1842, Omaloplia Schönherr, 1817, Oniticellus Dejean, 1821, Parachilia Burmeister, 1842, Xylotrupes Hope, 1837; STAPHYLINIDAE: Batrisus Aubé, 1833, Phloeonomus Heer, 1840, Silpha Linnaeus, 1758; TENEBRIONIDAE: Bolitophagus Illiger, 1798, Mycetochara Guérin-Méneville, 1827. Type species are fixed for the following nominal genera: ANTHRIBIDAE: Decataphanes gracilis Labram & Imhoff, 1840 for Decataphanes Labram & Imhoff, 1840; CARABIDAE: Feronia erratica Dejean, 1828 for Loxandrus J.L. LeConte, 1853; CERAMBYCIDAE: Tmesisternus oblongus Boisduval, 1835 for Icthyosoma Boisduval, 1835; CHRYSOMELIDAE: Brachydactyla annulipes Pic, 1913 for Pseudocrioceris Pic, 1916, Cassida viridis Linnaeus, 1758 for Evaspistes Gistel, 1856, Ocnoscelis cyanoptera Erichson, 1847 for Ocnoscelis Erichson, 1847, Promecotheca petelii Guérin-Méneville, 1840 for Promecotheca Guérin- Méneville, 1840; CLERIDAE: Attelabus mollis Linnaeus, 1758 for Dendroplanetes Gistel, 1856; CORYLOPHIDAE: Corylophus marginicollis J.L. LeConte, 1852 for Corylophodes A. Matthews, 1885; CURCULIONIDAE: Hoplorhinus melanocephalus Chevrolat, 1878 for Hoplorhinus Chevrolat, 1878; Sonnetius binarius Casey, 1922 for Sonnetius Casey, 1922; ELATERIDAE: Pyrophorus melanoxanthus Candèze, 1865 for Alampes Champion, 1896; PHYCOSECIDAE: Phycosecis litoralis Pascoe, 1875 for Phycosecis Pascoe, 1875; PTILODACTYLIDAE: Aploglossa sallei Guérin-Méneville, 1849 for Aploglossa Guérin-Méneville, 1849, Colobodera ovata Klug, 1837 for Colobodera Klug, 1837; PTINIDAE: Dryophilus anobioides Chevrolat, 1832 for Dryobia Gistel, 1856; SCARABAEIDAE: Achloa helvola Erichson, 1840 for Achloa Erichson, 1840, Camenta obesa Burmeister, 1855 for Camenta Erichson, 1847, Pinotus talaus Erichson, 1847 for Pinotus Erichson, 1847, Psilonychus ecklonii Burmeister, 1855 for Psilonychus Burmeister, 1855. New replacement name: CERAMBYCIDAE: Basorus Bouchard & Bousquet, nom. nov. for Sobarus Harold, 1879. New status: CARABIDAE: KRYZHANOVSKIANINI Deuve, 2020, stat. nov. is given the rank of tribe instead of subfamily since our classification uses the rank of subfamily for PAUSSINAE rather than family rank; CERAMBYCIDAE: Amymoma Pascoe, 1866, stat. nov. is used as valid over Neoamymoma Marinoni, 1977, Holopterus Blanchard, 1851, stat. nov. is used as valid over Proholopterus Monné, 2012; CURCULIONIDAE: Phytophilus Schönherr, 1835, stat. nov. is used as valid over the unnecessary new replacement name Synophthalmus Lacordaire, 1863; EUCNEMIDAE: Nematodinus Lea, 1919, stat. nov. is used as valid instead of Arrhipis Gemminger, 1869, which is a junior homonym. Details regarding additional nomenclatural issues that still need to be resolved are included in the entry for each of these type genera: BOSTRICHIDAE: Lyctus Fabricius, 1792; BRENTIDAE: Trachelizus Dejean, 1834; BUPRESTIDAE: Pristiptera Dejean, 1833; CANTHARIDAE: Chauliognathus Hentz, 1830, Telephorus Schäffer, 1766; CARABIDAE: Calathus Bonelli, 1810, Cosnania Dejean, 1821, Dicrochile Guérin-Méneville, 1847, Epactius D.H. Schneider, 1791, Merismoderus Westwood, 1847, Polyhirma Chaudoir, 1850, Solenogenys Westwood, 1860, Zabrus Clairville, 1806; CERAMBYCIDAE: Ancita J. Thomson, 1864, Compsocerus Audinet-Serville, 1834, Dorcadodium Gistel, 1856, Glenea Newman, 1842; Hesperophanes Dejean, 1835, Neoclytus J. Thomson, 1860, Phymasterna Laporte, 1840, Tetrops Stephens, 1829, Zygocera Erichson, 1842; CHRYSOMELIDAE: Acanthoscelides Schilsky, 1905, Corynodes Hope, 1841, Edusella Chapuis, 1874; Hemisphaerota Chevrolat, 1836; Physonota Boheman, 1854, Porphyraspis Hope, 1841; CLERIDAE: Dermestoides Schäffer, 1777; COCCINELLIDAE: Hippodamia Chevrolat, 1836, Myzia Mulsant, 1846, Platynaspis L. Redtenbacher, 1843; CURCULIONIDAE: Coeliodes Schönherr, 1837, Cryptoderma Ritsema, 1885, Deporaus Leach, 1819, Epistrophus Kirsch, 1869, Geonemus Schönherr, 1833, Hylastes Erichson, 1836; DYTISCIDAE: Deronectes Sharp, 1882, Platynectes Régimbart, 1879; EUCNEMIDAE: Dirhagus Latreille, 1834; HYBOSORIDAE: Ceratocanthus A. White, 1842; HYDROPHILIDAE: Cyclonotum Erichson, 1837; LAMPYRIDAE: Luciola Laporte, 1833; LEIODIDAE: Ptomaphagus Hellwig, 1795; LUCANIDAE: Leptinopterus Hope, 1838; LYCIDAE: Cladophorus Guérin-Méneville, 1830, Mimolibnetis Kazantsev, 2000; MELOIDAE: Mylabris Fabricius, 1775; NITIDULIDAE: Meligethes Stephens, 1829; PTILODACTYLIDAE: Daemon Laporte, 1838; SCARABAEIDAE: Allidiostoma Arrow, 1940, Heterochelus Burmeister, 1844, Liatongus Reitter, 1892, Lomaptera Gory & Percheron, 1833, Megaceras Hope, 1837, Stenotarsia Burmeister, 1842; STAPHYLINIDAE: Actocharis Fauvel, 1871, Aleochara Gravenhorst, 1802; STENOTRACHELIDAE: Stenotrachelus Berthold, 1827; TENEBRIONIDAE: Cryptochile Latreille, 1828, Heliopates Dejean, 1834, Helops Fabricius, 1775. First Reviser actions deciding the correct original spelling: CARABIDAE: Aristochroodes Marcilhac, 1993 (not Aritochroodes); CERAMBYCIDAE: Dorcadodium Gistel, 1856 (not Dorcadodion), EVODININI Zamoroka, 2022 (not EVODINIINI); CHRYSOMELIDAE: Caryopemon Jekel, 1855 (not Carpopemon), Decarthrocera Laboissière, 1937 (not Decarthrocerina); CICINDELIDAE: Odontocheila Laporte, 1834 (not Odontacheila); CLERIDAE: CORMODINA Bartlett, 2021 (not CORMODIINA), Orthopleura Spinola, 1845 (not Orthoplevra, not Orthopleuva); CURCULIONIDAE: Arachnobas Boisduval, 1835 (not Arachnopus), Palaeocryptorhynchus Poinar, 2009 (not Palaeocryptorhynus); DYTISCIDAE: Ambarticus Yang et al., 2019 and AMBARTICINI Yang et al., 2019 (not Ambraticus, not AMBRATICINI); LAMPYRIDAE: Megalophthalmus G.R. Gray, 1831 (not Megolophthalmus, not Megalopthalmus); SCARABAEIDAE: Mentophilus Laporte, 1840 (not Mintophilus, not Minthophilus), Pseudadoretus dilutellus Semenov, 1889 (not P. ditutellus). While the correct identification of the type species is assumed, in some cases evidence suggests that species were misidentified when they were fixed as the type of a particular nominal genus. Following the requirements of Article 70.3.2 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature we hereby fix the following type species (which in each case is the taxonomic species actually involved in the misidentification): ATTELABIDAE: Rhynchites cavifrons Gyllenhal, 1833 for Lasiorhynchites Jekel, 1860; BOSTRICHIDAE: Ligniperda terebrans Pallas, 1772 for Apate Fabricius, 1775; BRENTIDAE: Ceocephalus appendiculatus Boheman, 1833 for Uroptera Berthold, 1827; BUPRESTIDAE: Buprestis undecimmaculata Herbst, 1784 for Ptosima Dejean, 1833; CARABIDAE: Amara lunicollis Schiødte, 1837 for Amara Bonelli, 1810, Buprestis connexus Geoffroy, 1785 for Polistichus Bonelli, 1810, Carabus atrorufus Strøm, 1768 for Patrobus Dejean, 1821, Carabus gigas Creutzer, 1799 for Procerus Dejean, 1821, Carabus teutonus Schrank, 1781 for Stenolophus Dejean, 1821, Carenum bonellii Westwood, 1842 for Carenum Bonelli, 1813, Scarites picipes G.-A. Olivier, 1795 for Acinopus Dejean, 1821, Trigonotoma indica Brullé, 1834 for Trigonotoma Dejean, 1828; CERAMBYCIDAE: Cerambyx lusitanus Linnaeus, 1767 for Exocentrus Dejean, 1835, Clytus supernotatus Say, 1824 for Psenocerus J.L. LeConte, 1852; CICINDELIDAE: Ctenostoma jekelii Chevrolat, 1858 for Ctenostoma Klug, 1821; CURCULIONIDAE: Cnemogonus lecontei Dietz, 1896 for Cnemogonus J.L. LeConte, 1876; Phloeophagus turbatus Schönherr, 1845 for Phloeophagus Schönherr, 1838; GEOTRUPIDAE: Lucanus apterus Laxmann, 1770 for Lethrus Scopoli, 1777; HISTERIDAE: Hister rugiceps Duftschmid, 1805 for Hypocaccus C.G. Thomson, 1867; HYBOSORIDAE: Hybosorus illigeri Reiche, 1853 for Hybosorus W.S. MacLeay, 1819; HYDROPHILIDAE: Hydrophilus melanocephalus G.-A. Olivier, 1793 for Enochrus C.G. Thomson, 1859; MYCETAEIDAE: Dermestes subterraneus Fabricius, 1801 for Mycetaea Stephens, 1829; SCARABAEIDAE: Aulacium carinatum Reiche, 1841 for Mentophilus Laporte, 1840, Phanaeus vindex W.S. MacLeay, 1819 for Phanaeus W.S. MacLeay, 1819, Ptinus germanus Linnaeus, 1767 for Rhyssemus Mulsant, 1842, Scarabaeus latipes Guérin-Méneville, 1838 for Cheiroplatys Hope, 1837; STAPHYLINIDAE: Scydmaenus tarsatus P.W.J. Müller & Kunze, 1822 for Scydmaenus Latreille, 1802. New synonyms: CERAMBYCIDAE: CARILIINI Zamoroka, 2022, syn. nov. of ACMAEOPINI Della Beffa, 1915, DOLOCERINI Özdikmen, 2016, syn. nov. of BRACHYPTEROMINI Sama, 2008, PELOSSINI Tavakilian, 2013, syn. nov. of LYGRINI Sama, 2008, PROHOLOPTERINI Monné, 2012, syn. nov. of HOLOPTERINI Lacordaire, 1868.

»My name is Boye, I dig carins and old mounds«The archaeologist Vilhelm Christian BoyeThe story of Vilhelm Boye is the history of one man’s passionate and insightful involvement in archaeology, which from the first was directed solely towards the Bronze Age. His involvement led to an academic disaster in his youth, but left behind it a developed skill in field archaeology. Despite his problems he persisted with what most obsessed him, namely the preservation of Denmark’s oak coffin graves. His multi-facetted personality and his more popular approach to archaeology may have challenged his contemporaries, and certainly contributed to his more or less deliberate exclusion from a permanent appointment at the Museum of Northern Antiquities in Copenhagen. Even though he was opposed by powerful people within the Copenhagen museum establishment for nearly twenty years, he had the natural facility of easily winning the trust of others. This enabled him to cope with the situation and turn it to his advantage wherever he found himself. His marriage to Mimi Drachmann brought a welcome stability to his life, but his lack of professional recognition and his exclusion from a place at the top of archaeology continued. Time was running out for Boye, but he managed to leave an impressive body of published work behind him.Vilhelm Christian Boye was the son of the Norwegian-born priest and writer of hymns Caspar Johannes Boye. In 1848 his father was moved to the garrison church in Copenhagen, where the family lived at 29 Bredgade until his father’s death from cholera in 1853. This was a fashionable part of town, its residents including both the composer Niels W. Gade and Professor Adam Oehlenschläger, and even more notably J.J.A. Worsaae lived in the same property as the Boye family from 1850 to 1852. It was probably through his neighbour Worsaae that Boye later became a member of the circle around C.J. Thomsen. We may therefore assume that Boye visited and spent many after-school hours at the Museum of Northern Antiquities, and soon became an assistant during the public tours.Early in the 1840s tension arose between Worsaae and Thomsen, because Thomsen did not want to make Worsaae a junior museum inspector. Worsaae had not hitherto received any stipend or official position, and with some justice felt himself hard done by. Thomsen however did not respond to his request, so he left the Museum, later to be made Director for the Preservation of Ancient monuments. At the same time he taught at Copenhagen University, where Boye from time to time came to his lectures. There is no doubt that Boye wanted an academic career, and presumably hoped that his involvement with the Museum of Northern Antiquities would allow him to complete a study of Scandinavian archaeology. In the meantime Boye studied at the Museum under the direction of both Thomsen and Herbst.In early October 1857 Boye undertook one of his first excavations of a Bronze Age mound, the so-called Loholm barrow at Snørumnedre Mark (fig. 1). The dating of the grave however caused problems for him, but through a comparative study of Bronze Age burial rituals he concluded that the grave had close parallels within this period.The following year three funerary urns and some bronze objects were found in Hullehøj barrow, near Kjeldbymagle on the island of Møn. The barrow was going to be blown up, but the local judge had the work stopped and sent Boye to lead the excavation in May 1859. As the excavation progressed, Boye was able to ascertain that there were both cremations and inhumations in one and the same barrow. The inhumations were surrounded by fist-sized stones and placed at the bottom of the barrow, the cremations higher up within the mound. In comparison with his earlier barrow excavations it is worth noting Boye’s stratigraphic observations, which for the first time supported the division of the Bronze Age into an earlier and a later section. This hypothesis had been suggested earlier, but not hitherto adequately demonstrated. In 1859 Boye published the results of his excavations of 1857-8, as well as those of his recently completed excavation of Aasehøj barrow at Raklev, in the periodical Annaler for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie for 1858. This article is his first independent scientific publication, and should have attracted greater attention than it in fact did. In modern perspective the article is a perfectly competent archaeological publication, in which Boye solely through field observations reaches the conclusion that the Bronze Age could be divided into two periods, each with its own burial ritual. Even though Boye had been close to understanding why both cremations and inhumations occurred in the same barrow as early as 1857, he did not reach his final understanding this early. In November 1857 Worsaae had in fact given lectures at the university in which he suggested a division of the Bronze Age, but it is noteworthy that he had not earlier published any or all of his conclusions. His work on the subdivision of the Stone Age was probably more important to Worsaae, while the subdivision of the Bronze Age was more of a footnote, a natural outgrowth of the idea that there was continuous development from one stage to the next. Boye’s article in Annaler thus inevitably supported Worsaae’s hypothesis, although this was presumably not the intention. On the contrary, Boye merely intended to publish his own conclusions. Boye cannot therefore be said to be the sole originator of the subdivision of the Bronze Age, but apart his barrow investigations there was nobody else who reached the same conclusion at the time independently of Worsaae.In 1860 Boye took part in the first major bog excavations, at Vimose and then at Thorsbjerg with Engelhardt. Despite adverse circumstances and appalling weather, the Thorsbjerg excavations produced several important finds including Roman coins, a gilt breastplate, and also a very unusual face mask of silver with gilt (fig. 2). Although Engelhardt did not publish the full excavation report until 1863-69, Boye presented his observations in Annaler as early as 1860, where he discussed earlier interpretations of the many weapons found in bogs. Boye observed that the universal destruction of these weapons did not happen by chance, but was deliberate. Furthermore, the weapons lay in groups of one type, and the shields were pierced by spear points to pin them to the bottom of the bog. Boye’s interpretation of the finds was thus remarkably accurate, because he regarded them as votive offerings of the spoils of war.When Prussian and Austrian troops crossed the Ejder River on 1st February 1864, Boye volunteered within the month and was promoted to lance corporal (fig. 3). In May he was landed to take part in the defence of the island of Als along with the other Danish forces. On his return home in August Boye continued his work at the Museum of Northern Antiquities, but Thomsen’s health was failing, and after a long illness he died on 21st May 1865. The question of who was to succeed Thomsen had long been discussed, and it was indeed Worsaae who was appointed. Although Herbst had been groomed for the job by Thomsen, he found himself outmanouevred. Boye probably already knew by then that he would not be given a position at the Museum. Herbst, his confidant, could no longer help him, and Thomsen’s awareness of his archaeological skills was of no use either. Circumstances thus forced Boye to leave the Museum.Boye’s relationship with the family friend and poet H.C. Andersen resulted in the latter recommending Boye in December 1867 as a Danish tutor to the Brandt family in Amsterdam (fig. 4). On Wednesday 22nd January 1868 Boye departed for Amsterdam via Kiel. During his stay Boye wrote regularly to Andersen, who also travelled to Amsterdam to visit him. His stay in Amsterdam was evidently good for Boye, and contributed to the fact that he never lost his love for archaeology. As early as late August of the same year, Boye travelled to southern Halland in Sweden at the request of Ritmester Peter von Möller, to examine and excavate a large group of barrows known as the Ätterhögar on the Drömmestrup estate, the excavation of which was concluded in early July 1869. Boye thus returned home just in time to take part as a member of the Danish Committee in the International Congress of Archaeology and Anthropology that was held in Copenhagen from 25th August to 5th September. But his love of Schleswig and the old borderland called him, and soon Boye moved permanently to Haderslev to work as a freelance writer on the daily paper Dannevirke under the editorship of H.R. Hiort-Lorenzen.His coverage of the International Congress of Archaeology and Anthropology meeting in Copenhagen is the most extensive of Boye’s writings in Dannevirke. He also wrote a series of articles with a marked archaeological-ethnographic content, for example on the antiquities of Brazil, and the discovery of ­Australia.Although Boye supported himself as a writer for Dannevirke, his main occupation seems rather to have been the investigation of the burial mounds of Schleswig, which before 1864 had only been intermittently examined by amateurs. Boye began an extensive programme, and without his efforts and initiative, knowledge of many Schleswig barrows would have been lost. Although the information he recorded was not particularly satisfactory, in that it was mostly based on the memory of local people, his efforts should be seen as a precursor, because the work of protection went slowly at the time. In his search for lost information, in 1875 Boye considered the barrow at Dybvadgård north of Åbenrå, which had been partially excavated by Prince Carl of Prussia in 1864. During the excavations the Prince’s soldiers found an oak coffin, which was despatched to the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. Boye therefore wrote direct to the Prince, who in reply sent a photograph and description of the coffin. During the next eight years Boye managed to accumulate a great deal of information about the barrows of Schleswig, but his work was not without risk, because several of his “missions” involved evading the Prussian authorities and their power to confiscate the antiquities which Boye from time to time illegally sent to the Museum in Copenhagen.In 1874 the Principal of Herlufsholm School, C. Hall, engaged Vilhelm Boye to organise the school’s collection of antiquities, which had been in store for nearly twenty years. In addition to this reorganisation, funds were also made available for the systematic excavation of a nearby barrow at Grimstrup (fig. 5). The barrow however contained very little, mainly urns full of cremated bone, but the excavation was thoroughly recorded and a series of drawings was produced by R. Bertelsen, the school’s teacher of drawing. After this Boye set to work to display the collection in the six cases that were made available. The greater part of the collection came from the Stone Age, filling no fewer than five cases, giving an impression both of coastal finds from shell middens, and grave finds. The Bronze Age display contained only a few bronzes, but rather more pots. Iron Age artifacts were hardly represented at all, and consisted mostly of whetstones, a bowl-shaped buckle, and a pot burnt black.In November of the same year Boye was working at Herlufsholm, he produced his remarkable work Vejledning til Udgravning af Oldsager og deres foreløbige Behandling [Guide to the Excavation of Antiquities and their Initial Study], published under the auspices of the Society for the Historical-Antiquarian Collection in Århus. Boye’s Guide is the first of its type, and one can clearly detect his close association with Herbst, who had contributed to the scientific content of the work.Boye’s link with the antiquarian collection in Århus had not come about by chance. During his time at the Museum of Northern Antiquities he had early on made contact with the person mainly responsible for the establishment of the Århus collection, Edvard Erslev. Boye joined the museum in 1871, re-arranged the collection, and produced a guide for visitors. For the first time the museum acquired a new and professional look. Boye thus functioned as part of the leadership until 1876, when he gave up his museum post in favour of the schoolteacher Emmerik Høegh-Guldberg. The continued problems facing Dannevirke and Hiort-Lorenzen’s mounting confrontation with the judicial authorities in Flensborg probably caused Boye to consider his position with the newspaper. This culminated with the expulsion of Hiort-Lorenzen, who then took up the post of chief editor of Nationaltidende in Copenhagen. Boye also travelled to Copenhagen in early 1878, and on 15th November the year after he married Mimi Drachmann, sister of the poet Holger Drachmann (fig. 6 ). Not suprisingly, Boye got a job at the Nationaltidende, where he edited the newspaper’s Archaeological and Ethnographic Communications until 1885. In the seven years Boye worked at the paper, no fewer than 150 numbers of the Communications appeared, Boye writing more than 400 pages of them himself. The articles include a multiplicity of archaeological and ethnographic topics such as “Egypt’s Ancient Cultures” and “A Copper Age in Scandinavia”.In 1882 Count Emil Frijs of Frijsenborg commissioned Boye to catalogue and organise his estate’s collection of prehistoric and medieval objects, which came from the area round the lake and castle ruin at Søborg in northern Zealand. Attempts had been made to drain the lake since 1793, and several antiquities had been found at various times during the work. The recording project culminated in the publication of a small book, Fund af Gjenstande fra Oldtiden og Middelalderen i og ved Søborg Sø [Finds of Objects from the Prehistoric and Medieval Periods in and around Søborg Lake], which among other things contains some of the first photographic illustrations of Danish antiquities (fig. 7).Worsaae’s death in 1885 inaugurated a new era, and Herbst was finally able to take over the post of head of the Museum (fig. 8). Boye’s long friendship with Herbst had in the previous years resulted in him becoming a regional inspector for the Museum. Herbst was probably even then considering Boye for a future post in the Museum, and was indicating that he himself could not be overlooked when it became time to nominate a successor to Worsaae. After his appointment to the Museum of Northern Antiquities in 1885, Boye continued his activities as inspector in northern Zealand, and was frequently called when new finds were recovered from Bronze Age barrows.In contrast to Herbst, Boye rapidly fell in with the group of younger workers, particularly Henry Petersen (fig. 9). Over the years they became close friends with a common interest in new finds, as during the excavation of Guldhøj in 1891. Boye had no draftsman at the excavation, but he did have a local photographer who recorded some aspects of the opening of the first oak coffin. These are the first photographs ever to be taken during an excavation, even though photography by then was nothing new (fig. 10).With the reorganising of the National Museum, Boye was made senior assistant of the historical section on 1st April 1892, under Henry Petersen. He was responsible for the Museum’s archive and library, but fieldwork and travels are what particularly characterise his work in these years. When the small Bronze Age barrow on which the Glavendrup rune stone had been erected in 1864 was nearly completely destroyed by ploughing, Boye undertook a restoration of the barrow itself and the associated ship-shaped arrangement of stones in 1892 (fig. 11). The restoration’s outcome was the construction of a new barrow on which was placed the rune stone, and the re-erection of the stones in the ship arrangement.At the same time, chamberlain A. Oxholm undertook a small excavation of the Bronze Age barrow at Tårnholm, and recovered an oak coffin containing the remains of a woman, a fine necklace, a belt plate, and a small bronze dagger. Boye was immediately informed, and in connection with his investigations at Tårnborg was able to go to Tårnholm and lead a new excavation of the barrow, in which A.P. Madsen was also involved, and recover two more oak coffins (fig. 12).If we now consider Boye’s last major work, the publication of the major volume Fund af Egekister fra Bronzealderen i Danmark [Finds of Oak Coffins from the Danish Bronze Age], there are several indications that suggest that Boye began the work with the early intention that its coverage should be wide, and contain his long-term investigations into and knowledge of the country’s oak coffin graves. It is particularly noteworthy that his work as an archaeological journalist and with the Archaeological and Ethnographic Communications seems to have been a kind of precursor to this, as the last chapters contain sections that are clearly derived from his contributions to the Communications. The manuscript was completed in April 1896, and A.P. Madsen prepared for it no fewer than 27 full-page folio sized copperplates. The work was dedicated to “the veterans of Danish archaeology”, C.F. Herbst the museum director, and Japetus Steenstrup, with whom Boye had first collaborated more recently.His many years of a wandering existence and work-related disruptions had however told on him, and soon after the book was published Boye became ill. From his private correspondence from 1896 it emerges that Boye often had insufficient time to be with his nearest and dearest. Despite his illness he travelled one last time to visit relatives at Viken, but his illness worsened and he had to travel rapidly to Lund and on to Copenhagen. Boye died on 22nd September apparently as the result of a stroke, and was buried in Søllerød churchyard north of Copenhagen.Boye’s potential as a researcher was noticed early on by Thomsen, but just as quickly suppressed by Worsaae, who may more or less deliberately have sought to out-manoeuvre his colleague. Boye’s character and energy may have seemed a threat, and although he never finished an academic education he nevertheless displayed a remarkable archaeological acuity, but was unable to bolster his own reputation. Some of the blame for this must rest with the Museum’s aged leaders, who never supported or developed Boye’s evident skills to any great extent. It must also be stressed that some of Boye’s earlier career problems are closely connected to the lack of vision and jealousy of these same leaders. When he departed for Amsterdam Boye had no expectation of a Museum post, but despite this he intelligently kept up his contacts with Copenhagen, particularly with Herbst, knowing full well that Worsaae’s leadership would one day end. This somewhat bold presumption turned out to be correct, and helped his archaeological career.There is no doubt that Boye in his later years tried hard to recover his lost reputation and save his career from the disaster it suffered when he was younger, but the price was high and it also affected his health. We must today recognise that his reputation was restored to the highest level, and we must thank him for the fact that, through him, a uniquely detailed knowledge of the Bronze Age people themselves was preserved for Danish archaeology, as well as of their most prominent contribution to the Danish landscape: the barrows.Anders Otte StensagerInstitut for forhistorisk arkæologiKøbenhavns UniversitetTranslated by Peter Rowley-Conwy

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Abstract Four synchronous epidemics of measles and scarlet fever are observed in the historical data collected by colonial authorities in Victoria, Australia from 1853 to 1876, suggesting some sort of synergistic relationship between the two diseases. While epidemics of measles, as recorded by the colonial record keepers, still occurred during the remainder of the study period (until 1916), no further epidemics of scarlet fever occurred after 1876. This is suggestive of a change in Victoria’s disease ecology in the late 1870s. After analysis of the historical data for potential artifactual cases, it does not appear to be the result of confusion in diagnosis and changes in case definitions do not appear to have affected reporting of the causes of death. We conclude that the most likely explanation for the observed pattern is an epidemic synergy that ended after the 1876 epidemic. We hypothesize that this synergistic relationship between measles and scarlet fever in mid-nineteenth-century Victoria ended due to a shift in the dominant group A streptococci (GAS) M-type or the loss of a GAS bacteriophage. Support for this hypothesis comes from observations that other diagnoses associated with group A strep infections also changed their mortality profiles during the 1870s, particularly “Bright’s disease,” a possible descriptor of post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. We situate the emergence and end of this pattern within the demographic and socioeconomic conditions of the Victorian gold-mining boom in the 1850s to 1870s and postboom changes in fertility, mortality, and housing infrastructure, highlighting the importance of social conditions in disease evolution.

Sir William Wilde (1815–1876) excelled as a pioneering eye and ear surgeon, archaeologist, travel writer and Irish folklorist. His 1853 treatise, Diseases of the Ear, established surgery of the ear as a respectable scientific pursuit and became the definitive manual of otology on both sides of the Atlantic during the latter part of the 19th century. At a time when deafness was viewed with suspicion and hostility, the 'deaf and dumb' were largely confined to asylums, and the ear was regarded as inaccessible to surgeons, Wilde was one of handful of noble and innovative practitioners of this brave new discipline, rescuing it from the hands of quacks and charlatans. However, his colourful private and public lives not only foreshadowed but also bore eerie similarities to those of his notorious son Oscar.

Abstract Between 1853 and 1876, an unparalleled corpus of prints and photographs after the works of Raphael was assembled at the instigation of Prince Albert. Such an ambitious endeavour necessitated scrupulous bibliographic research, the assistance of art historians and artists, and international collaboration on a novel scale, as well as the harnessing of nascent photographic technologies. The Raphael Collection, recently digitized, remains a significant resource for the study of the artist’s oeuvre. This article sketches the genesis and development of the collection, considering, among other sources, previously uncited evidence in Queen Victoria’s journal. It then charts the collection’s fortunes after Albert’s death in 1861, drawing on unpublished correspondence between the prince’s librarians and royal courtiers, which illuminates the purpose, physical format and intended audience for the collection and its accompanying catalogue. Finally, it offers the first assessment of the early reception of the Raphael Collection among critics and Raphael scholars.

Exiliado en Inglaterra, miliciano liberal en San Sebastián, agregado al cuartel general del comandante de la Legión Británica, intérprete de la delegación británica durante la primera guerra carlista y agente durante las negociaciones del Tratado de Bergara que puso fin a la guerra en el País Vasco. Partidario de Constitución Foral vasca. Comerciante y socio de la firma E. Mickle and Company (1850) en San Francisco (California). Fue nombrado consul de España en San Francisco el 2/6/1851 y posteriormente consul de Parma en el Estado de California (1853). Desde 1864 pasó a ser diplomático de carrera, sirviendo como consul de España en Newcastle, Argelia, Montreal, Nueva York y Londres. Recibió el título del reino de Barón de Satrústegui en 1876. J.M. Satrústegui era, además, otro arquetipo del emigrante vasco:tenía una sólida preparación profesional, participó en diferentes empresas y se convirtió en funcionario de la estructura burocrática del estado- nación español, siguiendo la senda del grupo de presión liberal de San Sebastián. Socio fundador de la compañía naviera Lopez y Cia (1857).

Erzurum’da dünyaya gelen Mehmed Said Paşa, dönemin bir diğer paşası Said Paşa ile karıştırılmaması adına boyunun kısalığından dolayı “Küçük” lakabıyla bilinmektedir. Babasını erken yaşta kaybeden Paşa, ailesinin geçimini sağlamak için Erzurum Tahrirat Kalemi’ne memur olarak atanınca ihtisasına ara vermek durumda kalmıştır. 1853 yılında başlayan memurluk serüveni 1856’da Anadolu Ordu-yı Hümâyun Tahrirat Kalemliği, 1858’de Meclis-i Vâlâ memurluğuyla devam etmiştir. Bir taraftan memuriyetini sürdürürken bir taraftan da öğrenimini tamamlamaya çalışan Said Paşa, Ayasofya Camii’nde başladığı derslerini memuriyeti dolayısıyla sekiz yılda bitirmiştir. Dil konusunda kendini geliştiren Paşa, Anadolu ve Rumeli’de çeşitli görevler ifa etmiş ancak bürokrasinin basamaklarında yükselebilmek için mümkün olduğunca taşra memurluklarından uzak durmaya çalışmıştır. Basına olan ilgisinden ötürü Takvim-i Vekâyi gibi çeşitli dergilerde görevler ifa etmiştir. 1876 yılına dek çeşitli memurlukları icra eden Said Paşa, Sultan II. Abdülhamid’in tahta çıkmasıyla sultanın vazgeçemediği danışmanı olmuş ve bu durum Paşa’nın pek çok muhalifi karşısına almasına neden olmuştur. Başkitâbetlik görevi esnasında 1876 Kanûn-i Esâsinin hazırlanmasında hatta 1878 yılında bugün bile geçerli olan Adliye Teşkilatı Nizamnâmesini hazırlanmasında Paşa’nın devlete önemli katkıları olmuştur. Son derece çalkantılı bir dönemde yaşayan ve Sultan ile ara ara ihtilafa düşse de yekunda dokuz kez sadaret makamına getirilen Paşa, dönemin önemli siyasî, idarî ve ictimâi meseleleriyle yakından ilgilenmiştir. 1912 yılında İttihatçılarla düştüğü ihtilaf sonucunda istifa eden ve siyasî tarihini burada sonlandıran Said Paşa, 1914 yılında hayata gözlerini yummuştur. Sultan II. Abdülhamid ile olan yakınlığı, idarî anlamda ileriye sürdüğü fikirleri ve yaptığı bazı icraatlarından dolayı kendisine muhalif çevreler oluşturmuştur. Bu çevre içinde yer alan Mehmed Memduh Paşa, Said Paşa’ya olan düşüncülerini Esvât-ı Sudûr adlı eserinde uzun uzadıya kaleme almıştır. Çalışmada Said Paşa’ya karşı Mehmed Memduh Paşa tarafından yapılan ithamlara değinilip doğruluk payı olup olmadığı değerlendirilecektir.

The German ethnologist Theodor Koch-Grünberg (1872-1924) became one of the world’s leading Americanists of his era after having successfully concluded two expeditions to Amazonia. Between 1903 and 1905 he studied indigenous peoples inhabiting the regions of the rivers Rio Negro, Vaupés, and Japurá in northwestern Brazil; between 1911 and 1913 he traveled through northern Brazil and Venezuela investigating local Amerindian communities. He contacted dozens of indigenous peoples, studied their mythology, material culture, and languages. Koch-Grünberg maintained a scientific correspondence with some of the best-informed anthropologists of his time, including Adolf Bastian, Franz Boas, Arnold van Gennep and Paul Rivet. He also exchanged letters with Brazilian colleagues such as João Capistrano de Abreu (1853-1927), Teodoro Sampaio (1855-1937), and Affonso d’Escragnolle Taunay (1876-1958). Through an analysis of primary sources – the correspondence held at the Theodor Koch-Grünberg Archive of the Philipps-Universität Marburg in Germany – this article aims at contributing both to the history of Brazilian social thought and the history of German ethnology by contextualizing these relations within the broader context of social exchanges. Therefore, the history of anthropology should be written in the same way as Koch-Grünberg imagined ethnology: as an international science, based on humanistic principles and grounded on social relations.

İnsanoğlu, savaşlar, ülkeler arasındaki siyasi çekişmeler, dini baskılar, doğal afetler, sosyal ve iktisadi sebepler, geçim sıkıntıları vs. çeşitli sebepler yüzünden başka yerlere göç etme ihtiyacı duymuştur. Bunlar arasında en zor olanı diye düşündüğümüz vatanını, savaş, dini baskı ve siyasi çatışmalardan dolayı terk etmek zorunda kalan insanların göçleridir. Çünkü bu sebepler kişinin yaşam ve özgürlük hakkını ihlal eden durumların ortaya çıkmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu ise insanların yaşadıkları toprakları istemeyerek de olsa terk etmek zorunda bırakmaktadır. Dünya üzerinde yaşayan bütün toplumlar, kavimler ve milletler tarih boyunca çeşitli sebepler ile bir yerden başka bir yere göç etme ihtiyacı hissetmişlerdir. Osmanlı Devleti bulunduğu coğrafya itibarı ile kıtaları birbirine bağlayan önemli bir jeopolitik konuma sahipti. Bu durum Osmanlı’nın göç yolları üzerinde yer almasına neden olmuştur. Osmanlı Devleti çeşitli dönemlerde büyük Müslüman göçlerine maruz kalmıştır. Özellikle son dönemde kaybedilen topraklarda bulunan Osmanlı tebaası Anadolu topraklarına göç etmiştir. 1853-1856 Kırım Savaşı ve 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı sonrasında Osmanlı topraklarına kitlesel göçler meydana gelmiştir. XV. yüzyılda Osmanlı topraklarına dahil edilen Bosna-Hersek, kısa sürede Müslümanlığı kabul etmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti’ne karşı Sırp ve Karadağ isyanları (1876) ile Osmanlı-Rus ve Avusturya Savaşları sonrasında Balkan bölgesinde yaşayan halk Anadolu topraklarına göç etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Avusturya’nın Berlin Muahedesine göre işgal ettiği Bosna’dan göçler başlamıştır. Osmanlı Devleti muhacirleri, İstanbul başta olmak üzere birçok yere yerleştirmiştir. Bizim incelediğimiz defterde dikkati çeken Osmanlı Devleti’nin savaşın gölgesinde, büyük bir korku ve endişenin hâkim olduğu sırada bir yandan toprak bütünlüğünü korumaya çalışıp diğer yandan özerkliğini kazanan bölgelerden ve Osmanlı'nın toprak kaybettiği yerlerden gelen göçmenler ile ilgilenmek zorunda kalmıştır. 1878 yılında Avusturya tarafından işgal edilen Bosna-Hersek’ten gelen Müslüman Boşnak göçmenlerini tek tek kaydederek gidecekleri mevkileri ve mahalleri kayıt altına alması ve muhacirlerin yerleştirilmesinde uyguladığı düzene ve yardıma dikkat çekmektir.

AbstractUnderstanding the nutrition of crabs has a key role in ensuring the success and sustainability of their culture, as providing a well‐balanced, cost‐effective and sustainable diet that ensures the survival, growth and health of crabs is crucial. The present review is the first to focus primarily on the current state of knowledge of the nutrient requirements and related nutritional aspects in farmed crab species. The most common farmed and studied crabs are the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis Milne‐Edwards, 1853), giant mud crab (Scylla serrata Forsskal, 1775), green mud crab (Scylla paramamosain Estampador, 1949) and swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus Miers, 1876). The article reviews how levels of dietary protein and lipid, the two most important and expensive macronutrient ingredients for most marine animals, directly affect reproduction, growth performance and survival of crabs, and the important impacts they have on immune response and antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, essential amino acids, and essential fatty acids, especially the long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as key lipid classes such as cholesterol and phospholipid will be discussed in terms of dietary requirements. Nutrient digestibility is a crucial method to determine protein quality, and studies on this topic in crabs were covered. The replacement of fishmeal and fish oil, as the predominant ingredients traditionally used in aquafeeds for marine animals, with more sustainable alternatives in diet formulations for crabs are also discussed. Modern ‘omics’ studies and high‐throughput technologies as fast‐growing approaches in protein and lipid research are also covered. Crabs generally require approximately 35%–50% protein, 5%–10% lipid, ~2.5% arginine, ~2.5% lysine, 1.5%–2.5% phenylalanine, 2.2% leucine, 0.7% tryptophan, 0.7% taurine, 1%–2% each of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid, 1% cholesterol and ~2% phospholipid in their diets.