Gotowa bibliografia na temat „1816-1855”

Charlotte Brontë (1816-1855) evidencia em The professor a arbitrariedade atrelada ao conceito de gênero no século 19 por meio de personagens dissonantes com a ideologia do período, questionando explicitamente o paralelismo entre sexo e gênero e a crença em uma suposta essência do feminino capaz de justificar uma postura submissa da mulher.

Der englische Mediziner Joseph Sugar Baly (1816-1890) erlangte für die Chrysomelidae (Coleoptera) Weltgeltung. Von 1855 bis 1891 publizierte er 102 Arbeiten, in welchen er 217 Gattungen, 2 Untergattungen und 2.219 Arten beschrieb. Dieser Beitrag vermittelt eine kurze, biographische Übersicht, eine Bibliographie seiner entomologischen Veröffentlichungen und eine Liste der vorgeschlagenen Taxa.StichwörterBaly, biography, bibliography, proposed taxa.

En este artículo se estudia la organización y funcionamiento del sistema portuario de la provincia de Corrientes desde 1816 hasta 1855. Se examina el establecimiento de los puertos como parte del proceso de formación territorial y crecimiento económico del distrito. Se describe la legislación que regulaba la actividad de estos centros y su equipamiento. En base a los registros para la percepción de los impuestos aduaneros se efectúa un cálculo cuantitativo de la participación de cada uno de los puertos habilitados en el comercio de exportación e importación de la provincia.

The longest geodetic arc ever mesured by classical goedesy is long of 25° from the Baltic to the Black Sea through the Dorprat meridian. This arc is based upon measurements made, from 1816 to 1855, by a russian general, a norvegian, a Swedish and F.G.W. Struve, the founder of the Pulkovo Observatory; its lenght is 2° more than the arc Delisle, then at the Petersburg Observatory, intended to determine along the meridian of this observatory in the year 1737. Russia, at that time, became part of the european triangulation, a prelude to circumterrestrial modern campaigns.

Abstract Several theories emerged, based on the Christian conversion of lower caste communities in colonial India. The social and economic aspects predominate the study of religious conversion among the lower castes in Kerala. Most of these studies only explored the lower caste conversion after the legal abolition of slavery in Kerala (1855). The existing literature followed the mass movement phenomena. These studies ignore the slave lifeworld and conversion history before the abolition period, and they argued, through religious conversion, the former slave castes began breaking social and caste hierarchy with the help of Protestant Christianity. The dominant Dalit Christian historiography does not open the complexity of slave Christian past. Against this background, this paper explores the history of slave caste conversion before the abolition period. From the colonial period, the missionary writings bear out that the slaves were hostile to and suspicious of new religions. They accepted Christianity only cautiously. It was a conscious choice, even as many Dalits refused Christian teachings.

The picture showing the little Joseph Meister being treated against rabies under Louis Pasteur's eyes, on July 6, 1885, has quickly become a symbol of the triumphant progress of medicine, even though diseases with high mortality like tuberculosis or diphtheria could still not be healed with efficient therapeutic means. But before the discoveries of Pasteur, what was actually, in daily practice, the kind of response an ordinary doctor could give to human rabies? A Swiss physician, Charles-Hector Guisan, developed a therapy based on the use of sodium arsenate, which he published in the columns of the Gazette e/e.s //ôpttaux c/v/As et /«///fa/rev in 1854. This arsenic therapy was to be put into practice on a larger scale in the canton of Fribourg by Dr Jean-Louis Schaller (1816-1880), who meticulously wrote observations in a notebook on the cases of 13 persons wounded by a rabid dog in 1855.

Abstract Justus von Liebig (1803-1873) has been described as “one of the founding fathers of organic chemistry and a great teacher who transformed scientific education, medical practice, and agriculture in Great Britain” [1]. His research was generally initially published in German, although in some cases an English translation was released at the same time. William Brock identified a number of people associated with providing English translations. Most of these were former students, such as John Buddle Blyth (1814-1871), John Gardner (1804-1880), William Gregory (1803-1858), Samuel William Johnson (1830-1909), Benjamin Horatio Paul (1827-1917), Lyon Playfair (1818-1898), Thomas Richardson (1816-1867), Warren De La Rue (1815-1889), as well as Edward Turner (1796-1837) and his brother Wilton George Turner (1810-1855). In this article, the emphasis is on Edward Turner, Wilton George Turner, and John Buddle Blyth, who were all born on sugar plantations in Jamaica [2].

Length–weight relations (LWRs) were estimated for 44 fish species, representing 23 families, collected from an unprotected coastal biological corridor of the Yucatan Peninsula. The following species were studied (in alphabetical order): Acanthostracion quadricornis (Linnaeus, 1758); Albula vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758); Anchoa hepsetus (Linnaeus, 1758); Anchoa lamprotaenia Hildebrand, 1943, Anchoa lyolepis (Evermann et Marsh, 1900), Anchoa mitchilli (Valenciennes, 1848); Archosargus rhomboidalis (Linnaeus, 1758); Ariopsis felis (Linnaeus, 1766); Bagre marinus (Mitchill, 1815); Bairdiella chrysoura (Lacepède, 1802); Caranx latus Agassiz, 1831; Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782); Chriodorus atherinoides Goode et Bean, 1882; Cynoscion arenarius Ginsburg, 1930; Elops saurus Linnaeus, 1766; Eucinostomus argenteus Baird et Girard, 1855; Eucinostomus gula (Quoy et Gaimard, 1824); Eucinostomus harengulus Goode et Bean, 1879; Harengula jaguana Poey, 1865; Hyporhamphus unifasciatus (Ranzani, 1841); Lagodon rhomboides (Linnaeus, 1766); Lutjanus griseus (Linnaeus, 1758); Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758); Menticirrhus littoralis (Holbrook, 1847); Menticirrhus saxatilis (Bloch et Schneider, 1801); Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836; Mugil trichodon Poey, 1875; Oligoplites saurus (Bloch et Schneider, 1801); Opisthonema oglinum (Lesueur, 1818); Opsanus beta (Goode et Bean, 1880); Orthopristis chrysoptera (Linnaeus, 1766); Prionotus tribulus Cuvier, 1829; Rypticus maculatus Holbrook, 1855; Selene vomer (Linnaeus, 1758); Sphoeroides spengleri (Bloch, 1785); Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus, 1758); Strongylura notata (Poey, 1860); Strongylura timucu (Walbaum, 1792); Symphurus plagiusa (Linnaeus, 1766); Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766); Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766); Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus, 1758); Trachinotus goodei Jordan et Evermann, 1896; Urobatis jamaicensis (Cuvier, 1816). A new maximum standard length (SL) was recorded for Anchoa lamprotaenia. Positive allometric growth was reported in ten species, negative allometric growth in sixteen species, and isometric growth in eighteen species.

Este trabalho visa analisar e comparar os paratextos da obra Wide Sargasso Sea e da sua tradução brasileira feita por Léa Viveiros de Castro, a fim de refletir como estes corroboram ou não para a elucidação do romance de Charlotte Brontë, bem como o papel desses paratextos no direcionamento da leitura da obra. Wide Sargasso Sea (1966) é um romance da escritora dominicana Jean Rhys (1890-1979), conhecido pela inter e hipertextualidade (GENETTE, 1997) que estabelece com o romance colonial do século XIX, Jane Eyre (1847), da escritora Charlotte Brontë (1816-1855), e por possibilitar discussões em áreas de estudos pós-coloniais e feministas. A tradução brasileira foi publicada em 2012, pela editora Rocco. A análise apresentada neste trabalho se embasa no conceito de paratexto cunhado e desenvolvido por Gérard Genette (2009). Uma obra literária raramente se apresenta de forma isolada, mas circula acompanhada de várias produções, de ordem verbal ou não. Essas produções são chamadas de paratextos e funcionam como dispositivos que orientam o percurso do/a leitor/a na obra, ajudando-o/a na sua decisão interpretativa.

"Why did George Eliot live and Currer Bell die?" Victorian pseudonymity is seldom treated to any critical scrutiny - the only sustained interest has been in reading masculine pseudonyms as masks for "disreputable femininity," signs of the woman writer's "anxiety of authorship." This thesis proposes that pseudonymity is not a capitulation to gender ideology, but that a nom de plume is an exaggerated version of any authorial signature - the abstraction (or Othering) of a self into text which occurs in the production of "real" authors as well as fictional characters. After an introductory chapter presenting the theoretical issues of selfhood and authorship, I go on to discuss milieu - the contexts which produced Bronte and Eliot - including a brief history of pseudonymous novelists and the Victorian publishing and reviewing culture. The third and fourth chapters deal with pseudonymity as heccéité, offering "biographies" of the authorial personas "Currer Bell" and "George Eliot" rather than the women who created them, thus demonstrating the problems of biography and the relative, multiple status of identity. The three following chapters explore the concerns of pseudonymity through a reading of the novels: I treat Jane Eyre, Villette, and even Shirley as "autobiographical" in order to address the construction of self and narrative; I examine how Eliot's realist fictions (notably Scenes of Clerical Life, Romola, Middlemarch and Daniel Deronda) trouble the "reality"/"fiction" binary; and finally I read Bronte specifically for her engagement with "dress," using queer theories of performativity with Victorian theories of clothing and conduct to question "readability" itself. My final chapter is concerned with agencement (adjustment) and "mythmaking": the posthumous biographical and critical practices surrounding these two writers reveal that an author's "name," secured through literary reputation, is not static or inevitable, but the result of constant process and revision.

Thanks, in part, to critical studies like Sandra Gilbert & Susan Gubar's The Madwoman in the Attic and Patricia Beer's Reader, I Married Him, Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte has come to be regarded as the standard feminist text; that is, when someone wants to demonstrate a particular principle of feminist criticism or a traditionally feminine concern, she generally points to Jane Eyre. As critics like Gilbert and Gubar have shown us, Bronte's novel is not merely a Gothic romance; it reveals a feminine consciousness struggling to assert itself within the nineteenth-century patriarchal social and religious structures. Jane Eyre, therefore, would naturally lend itself to a critical study based on the concerns of feminist spirituality, especially the notion of women's communities and reflections of a feminine divinity. I propose a critical study of Jane Eyre, like the one Carol Christ conducted on the works of Kate Chopin, Margaret Atwood, Doris Lessing, Adrienne Rich and Ntozake Shange in Diving Deep and Surfacing: Women Writers on a Spiritual Quest, in which Christ examines spiritual awakening of a female consciousness in the writings of these five authors.Though Jane Eyre, seems at first glance to work within a standard Christian, or patriarchal, religious structure, there are elements of a feminine divinity, even an attempt to re-create (as Mary Daly would say) God so that He perhaps more closely resembles the early, androgynous Hebrew Yaweh: Iahu-Anat, or Ashtoreth (Diane Stein, The Women's Spirituality Book, Llewellyn Publications, 1987, pp. 78). Jane Eyre asks guidance from the Moon, who in turn addresses her as "daughter'; then too, she clearly rejects the Christian Church, as evidenced by her highly symbolic refusal of St. John's proposal of marriage, for instance. However, despite her intuitive recognition of the feminine power and wisdom that is hers to draw upon and her rejection of the institution of patriarchal religion, she does not ultimately, I believe, reject a masculine God, nor does she replace Him with an androgynous God. Yet the aspects of the feminine divinity she discovers and the women's community (the nurturing influence of her cousins Diana and Mary, so named for the archetypal moon and the virgin) in which she finds herself lead lead her to a subconscious acceptance of the feminine divinity within herself.I propose then to trace the development of a feminine divinity in Jane Eyre, which culminates in a rejection of the Church and follows the individuation process of Jane Eyre herself. Completion of this project will requires research into four principal areas:1) Feminist literary criticism on Jane Eyre--in order to familiarize myself with the feminine and feminist significance of such a reflection, and possibly place Jane traditions it falls into and those, like Gilbert & Gubar's, that center on it and also to determine to what extent the notion of a feminine divinity has been recognized in the novel.2) Archetypal psychology and criticism--strictly concerning the process of individuation and manifestations of the Goddess and those figures associated with Her; for example, near the end of the novel Mr. Rochester is compared to Vulcan and I would like to pursue to what extent he can be seen in light of a Hephesties/Demeter syzygy.3) Jane Eyre criticism that discusses the spiritual or religious aspects of the novel--since Jane Eyre has obvious religious implications, spiritual issues have not been ignored by the critics (I am most eager to read Elisabeth Jay's The Religion of the Heart: Anglican Evangelicalism and the Nineteenth Century Novel, for instance); however, my previous research has not unearthed a feminist spirituality critical approach to Jane Eyre.4) Issues of women's spirituality--particularly those concerning communities of women, Goddess worship and ritual behavior, and images and symbols of the Goddess. Such research will allow me to determine to what extent a sense of a feminine divinity is reflected in Jane Eyre, come to a conclusion about the meaning and Eyre into a tradition of women writers on a spiritual Research in community management of the severely mentally ill has been scarce. Two primary components of community care in particular need evaluation,residential arrangements and styles of "case management." The purpose of this study was to evaluate the interaction of two types of residential arrangements (single- and double-occupancy) and two types of case management ("assertive" and "limited") in a 2 X 2 design. Participants were individuals with a severe mental illness served by CMHS, Inc. Individuals were matched on DSM-III-R diagnoses and sex: 8 had roommates and received assertive case management, 5 had roommates and limited case management, 5 lived alone and received assertive case management, and 5 lived alone with limited case management. Data were obtained from three independent sources: (1) each client was interviewed using the Denver Community Mental Health Questionnaire (DCMHQ) and the Inventory of Socially Supportive Behaviors (ISSB) on four separate occasions over three consecutive months; (2) frequency of client contact with family members over the same time interval was tracked by case managers; and (3) concurrent attendance in day treatment sessions, diagnosis, number of previous hospitalizations, and approximate number of months of previous hospitalization were obtained from community mental health center records. DCMHQ scores for acute symptoms and interpersonal conflict were combined into an index called problems, while ISSB scores measured social support received. Monthly followups for. three consecutive months were used to obtain stable estimates of problems and support. Significant positive correlations were found between family involvement and problems, family involvement and residential arrangements, social support and problems, group attendance percentage and age, problems and social support, and a marginal relationship between residence and social support. Statistically significant negative correlations were found between case management and problems, social support and number of previous hospitalizations, group attendance percentage and problems, and residence and age. In multiple regression involving all predictors, the variables other than roommating and case management, (i.e., average family involvement, number of previous hospitalizations, program attendance, and age, considered together) predicted both problems reported and support received, while as second and third steps in the regression analysis case management and residence did not significantly predict problems or social support. In other words, once chronicity (i.e., number of previous hospitalizations), family contact, age, and group attendance were controlled, case management and residence both vanished as predictors. Future studies should consider these factors, and other aspects of the natural context, when evaluating community interventions for the mentally ill in a more controlled experimental design. With respect to developing new research for community adjustment, recommendations for more controlled studies were made and two new community intervention procedures were described.
Department of English

Charlotte Brontë, retirée dans les landes désolées du Yorkshire, tente d'harmoniser ses personnages et leur environnement afin de donner une perception plus aigüe de leur isolement. Les héroïnes, surtout, cherchent une forme d'intégration par leur fusion avec le cosmos. Cette approche tout à fait personnelle met en relief tous les aspects de la vie intérieure : les émotions, les passions et les souffrances acquièrent une plus grande force évocatrice par le pouvoir de l'imagination. On peut remarquer, dans l'expression littéraire de Charlotte Brontë, deux aspirations contradictoires : à la fois désir intense et peur obsédante de la solitude ; la recherche de l'équilibre entre ces tendances antinomiques crée une névrose que seuls l'amour et l'amitié ont le pouvoir de guérir. L’aspect androgyne des personnages brontéens traduit en fait le malaise et la solitude de la femme écrivain dans le monde littéraire de l'époque. Ce que Charlotte Brontë montre (et dénonce parfois), c'est l'injustice du sort qui est fait aux femmes célibataires à l'époque victorienne et leur isolement insupportable : les héroïnes doivent lutter contre les préjugés de leur entourage et leur combat accentue cette solitude ; ces femmes étouffent stoïquement leurs désirs et leurs faiblesses afin de mieux surmonter les obstacles de l'existence. Les personnages brontéens accomplissent un pèlerinage qui les amène, après bien des souffrances, à une meilleure connaissance d'eux-mêmes ; ils atteignent une forme de sagesse et d'accomplissement après la rencontre avec "l'autre" qui peut les comprendre et communiquer avec eux
Charlotte Brontë, withdrawn in the dreary "moors" of Yorkshire, tries to harmonize her characters and their background so as to give a keener perception of their isolation. The heroines especially, seek a form of integration by their fusion with the cosmos; this very personal approach brings out all the aspects of consciousness: emotions, passions and sufferings thus gain a greater suggestive force through the transforming power of imagination. There are, in charlotte Brontë's literary expression, two contradictory aspirations: at the same time a strong desire and a fear of solitude; the guest for a balance between these antinomic tendencies creates a neurosis that can only be cured by love and friendship. The androgynous aspect of the brontean characters reveals women writers' malaise and solitude in the literary world of the time. What Charlotte Brontë shows (and sometimes exposes) is single women's predicament and unbearable isolation in the victorian era: the heroines must struggle against prejudice and their fight increases their solitude; these women stifle their desires and weaknesses so as to overcome the obstacles of existence. The brontean characters perform a pilgrimage which brings them to a better knowledge of their inner self; they achieve a form of wisdom and fulfilment after they have met their "alter ego" who can understand them and communicate with them

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In Charlotte Bronte's novels, the importance accorded to female homosocial relationships - such as friendship and the mother-daughter relationship - challenges the conventional structure of the Victorian realist novel, in which the focus of the female protagonist's development is almost exclusively on the eventual achievement of heterosexual marriage Structurally. heterosexual marriage at closure re-establishes the status quo that has been threatened or destabilised during the unfolding of the plot. Yet what Bronte's novels reveal, is that the status quo thus re-established also confirms patriarchy as a system in which the bonds between men are consolidated to maintain social, political and economic power as a male prerogative By contrast, the ideology that promotes marriage as the sine qua non of women's existence positions women as rivals and the representation of female homosocial relationships in the nineteenth-century novel is either relegated to the margins of the text or erased entirely. In Bronte's novels, the structural relationship between this conventional displacement of female homosocial relationships and the silencing and containment of female desire in heterosexual marriage at closure is consistently explored and subverted. In an increasingly complex process of rewriting the Victorian novel from a female perspective, Bronte's novels construct alternative plots that privilege the representation of female homosocial relationships even as they imitate conventional plot structure In so doing. the gendering of narrative voice as female lays claim to a female discourse of desire. which is rooted in female homosociality and inclusive of lesbian desire. Compulsory (female) heterosexuality which is exclusively domestic and maternal. IS therefore challenged by an alternative representation of female desire as defiant of the ngid categories Imposed by heterosexuality. because it is fiurd and multiple in Its expression This thesis explores the process of recuperation through which Bronte both places the representation of female hornosocial relationships at the centre of her novels and reveals patriarchal structures of control at work
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In die romans van Charlotte Bronte konfronteer the sentraliteit van vroulike homososiale verhoudings - soos vriendskap en die moeder-dogter verhouding - die konvensionele struktuur van die Victoriaanse realistiese roman. Volgens hierdie konvensionele struktuur is die fokus van die vroulike protagonis se ontwikkeling bykans uitsluitlik gerig op haar uiteindelike toetrede tot 'n heteroseksuele huwelik. Struktureel gesproke herstel die heteroseksuele huwelik by die sluiting van die roman die status quo wat bedreig of gedestabiliseer is gedurende die ontplooing van die roman. Wat Bronte se romans egter aan die lig bring, is dat die status quo wat so herstel word, ook die patriargale sisteem bevestig - waarbinne die bande tussen mans gekonsolideer word ten einde sosiale politieke en ekonomiese mag as 'n manlike prerogatief te waarborg Die ideologie wat die huwelik voorhou as die sine qua non van die vrou se bestaan posisioneer vroue as mededingers, en hierdeur word die uitbeelding van vroulike homososiale verhoudings in die negentiende-eeuse roman verskuif na die buitewyke van die teks, of word dit algeheel uitgewis. In Bronte se romans word die strukturele verwantskap tussen hierdie konvensionele verplasing van vroulike homososiale verhoudings en die demping of beheer van vroulike begeerte in die heteroseksuele huwelik voortdurend in die roman se sluiting ondersoek en ondermyn In 'n proses wat 'n toenemend ingewikkelde herskrywing van die Victonaanse roman vanuit 'n vroulike qesiqspunt inhou. stel Bronte se romans alternatiewc verwikkelinqsplanne saam wat voorrang gee aan die uitbeelding van vroulike hornososiale verhoudings terwyl hierdie storieplanne konvensionele struktuurplanne naboots. Ole manier waarop die verteller se stem so vervroulik word gee uiting aan 'n vroulike diskoers van begeerte wat gewortel IS In vroulike hornososialiteit en wat lesbiese begeerte insluit Verpliqte (vroullke) heteroseksualiteit. wat uitsluitlik huislik en moederlik IS, word dus gekonfronteer deur 'n alternatiewe uitbeeldinq van vroulike begeerte wat die rigiede kateqoriee opqele deur heteroseksualiteit verwerp en meer vloeibare en veelsoortiqe vorme van ultdrukklng daarstel Hierdie tests ondersoek die herstellinqsprcses waardeur Bronte die uitbeeldinq van vroulike hornososiale verhoudinqs sentraal plaas In haar romans, terwyl sy terselfdertyd die werkswyses van patriargale beheerstrukture aan die lig bring.

Un tour d'horizon de l'étendue de la diffusion de Jane Eyre et de Wuthering Heights et de la qualité de leur réception à l'échelle mondiale de 1847 à 1969, une approche de l'imagination et de la sensibilité de leurs auteurs dans le cadre de l'évolution du roman féminin et de la société au début de l'ère victorienne ont été nécessaires pour mieux comprendre leur présence à Madagascar et les éventuelles réactions de leurs lectrices dans cette partie du monde. Il est alors apparu que ceci est fonction des thèmes qui y sont développés. Touchant la femme, ses aspirations amoureuses, ses fonctions, son comportement au sein de la société victorienne, ces thèmes ont été regroupés sous trois rubriques : représentations de la femme, romantisme, idéologies victoriennes. Avant d'analyser leur impact, nous avons étudié les moyens de leur pénétration et le contexte de leur réception en Imerina, mettant en relief les résultats d'une enquête auprès de leur public, l'importance des structures de diffusion, celles de l'enseignement et de la langue française, outil de leur propagation. Cette réceptivité repose sur trois facteurs : - la communauté des évidences : Charlotte et Emily Brontë sont des femmes évoquant des problèmes spécifiquement féminins la communauté de culture liée, d'une part, à des analogies culturelles entre l’Angleterre et l’Imerina et d'autre part, à la venue au 19eme siècle de missionnaires protestants britanniques à Madagascar qui a laissé un impact profond sur les mentalités, entrainant une adhésion aux valeurs victoriennes, véhiculées
For more than a century (1847-1969), Jane Eyre and Wuthering heights had been the objects of a world-wide attention as the impressive number of translations, editions, adaptations and critical works concerning those attests. This had led us to examine their most striking features within the context of the feminine novel in England. It then becomes obvious that such a popularity was due to their authors ‘views on women and their social functions, on romanticism (with an emphasis on love) and on Victorianism in so far as the two novels are representative of the trends and ideas of the Victorian era (conservatism, evangelism, sentimentalism, didacticism, prudery). A scrutiny of the way they were introduced in Imerina together with a general portrait of their Malagasy women readers in the 60 help to a better understanding of their impact. These reveal the importance of commercial exchange, literacy, education, translation and that of French language. Our conclusion is that three elements account for their popularity: - first, a community of interests their main subject being the eternal dilemma of women torn apart between their aspirations to more freedom and consideration and their feminine conditions - second, a community of culture: the presence of British protestant missionaries in Imerina in the nineteenth century has left an enduring influence on the minds causing a spontaneous identify

This thesis is a study of the presentation of the orphan child in eighteenth and early nineteenth century English literature, and focuses on William Blake's Songs of Innocence and Experience, Charlotte Bronte's Jane Eyre, and Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights. It is concerned with assessing the extent to which the orphan children in each of the works are liberated from familial and social constraints and structures and to what end. Chapter One examines the major thematic concern of the extent to which the motif of the orphan child represents a wronged innocent, and whether this symbol can also, or alternatively, be presented as a revolutionary force that challenges society's status quo in Blake's Songs of Innocence and Experience. Chapter Two considers the significance of the child "lost" and "found", which forms the explicit subject of six of Blake's Songs of Innocence and Experience and explores the treatment of these conditions, and their differences and consequences for the children concerned. Chapter Three focuses on Charlotte Bronte's depiction of the orphan in Jane Eyre, which presents two models of the orphan child: the protagonist Jane, and Helen Burns. The chapter examines these two models and their responses to orphan-hood in a hostile world where orphans are mistreated by family and society alike. Chapter Four determines whether the orphan constitutes a subversive threat to the family in Emily Bronte's Wuthering Heights and also explores the notion that, although orphan-hood often entails liberation from adult guardians, it also comprises vulnerability and exposure. The thesis concludes by considering the extent to which orphan-hood can involve a form of liberation from the confines of social structures, and what this liberation constitutes for each of the three authors.

Three of the most notable English women authors, Jane Austen, Charlotte Bronte, and George Eliot, explore similar themes of the individual, particularly the young woman, in relation to a hierarchical, patriarchal society, more specifically a crumbling paternalist society. My focus is on three Victorian novels' representations of society's transformation from a paternalistic nature to one of greater individualism; and in particular, I explore how women defined for themselves positions of power within these structures. So this study is twofold, one on representations of gender and the other of class; for the two are inseparable in discussing power relationships of Victorian women. Austen, Bronte, and Eliot understood and, to some degree, accepted the pervasive paternal values. Their novels, however, do not advocate radical social change; rather, their heroines willingly turn to domesticity. I aim to argue that each author, although dissatisfied with aspects of society, did not desire to radically alter women's role within society. The fictitious lives they created became both a representation and a critique of the ideologies surrounding them. The texts of Emma, Jane Eyre, and Middlemarch are representative of traditional social norms and yet question some of the culture's dominant codes, especially in relation to paternalism and gender. What strikes me about these novels is that although the female characters are limited by society, they are not ineffectual. Rather the authors portray women in control of their lives and able to make choices for themselves within the framework of society. My research includes social, philosophical, and political attitudes of the decades in which each novel was written, as well as personal philosophies held by Austen, Bronte, and Eliot in relation to gender and class and the influence of these philosophies in their art. Finally, my reading of the texts explicates evidences of the culture's and author's attitudes in relation to paternalism and gender.

O objetivo desta dissertação é apresentar uma leitura de O Morro dos Ventos Uivantes (1847), de Emily Brontë, e de Jane Eyre (1847), de Charlotte Brontë, com foco nas convenções góticas contidas nas duas obras e observando as maneiras como tais convenções interferem nos movimentos das duas protagonistas, Catherine e Jane, cada uma lutando para se adaptar ao seu espaço e, ao mesmo tempo, para realizar seus anseios. Apesar de as duas obras serem estruturalmente diferentes uma da outra, ambas compartilham uma atmosfera gótica intensa, bem como uma consequente densidade psicológica que influencia a disposição mental das duas protagonistas. A leitura dos dois romances foi conduzida com a finalidade de explorar as relações encontradas entre os aspectos estruturais, sociais e psicológicos envolvidos, ressaltando os elementos góticos que representam os desafios que Catherine e Jane são forçadas a enfrentar. A obra The Coherence of Gothic Conventions (1986), da crítica literária Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, é utilizada para identificar e contextualizar a capacidade que as imagens góticas têm de traduzir o peso imposto pelas convenções sociais sobre o processo natural de crescimento das duas protagonistas. Considerando que esse peso é consideravelmente ampliado pelas práticas sociais ligadas a questões de gênero, foi explorado o conceito de Gótico Feminino, como apresentado pela Professora Carol Margaret Davison. Especial atenção é reservada para as imagens relacionadas com espaço – o espaço psicológico necessário para o crescimento emocional das protagonistas; e o espaço físico, que determina onde e como elas devem se movimentar. Aqui o suporte teórico é oferecido pelas poéticas dos elementos primitivos, de Gaston Bachelard, para análise do corpo de imagens apresentadas nos dois romances. A conclusão comenta as soluções encontradas por Catherine Earnshaw e Jane Eyre para abrir caminho e superar os obstáculos que se lhes apresentam; e também ressalta o quanto as convenções góticas conseguem revelar sobre a estrutura social que elas representam.
This thesis consists of a reading of Emily Brontë‘s Wuthering Heights (1847) and Charlotte Brontë‘s, Jane Eyre (1847), focusing on the body of Gothic conventions they hold, and the ways in which such conventions interfere with the movements of the two female protagonists, Catherine and Jane, each struggling to fit into their space, while trying to accomplish their desires. Although the two works are structurally different in several ways, they share an intense Gothic atmosphere and its consequent psychological density, which influences the mental frame of the two protagonists. In order to explore the relations among the structural, social and psychological aspects involved, a reading of the novels has been conducted, focusing on the presence of Gothic elements that stand for the challenges Catherine and Jane are bound to face. Literary critic Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick‘s work The Coherence of Gothic Conventions (1986) is used to identify and contextualise the capacity of Gothic imagery to reveal the weight of social conventions upon the natural process of growth of the two protagonists. Inasmuch as the pressure becomes intensified by the rules of gender settlements, the concept of Female Gothic is explored, as presented by Professor Carol Margaret Davison. Particular attention is paid to the imagery related to space – psychological space for the protagonists to grow emotionally, and physical space, as determinant of where and how they must move. Here the theoretical support is offered by Gaston Bachelard‘s poetics of the primitive elements, unveiling the body of images presented in the two novels. The conclusion indicates the solutions found by Catherine Earnshaw and by Jane Eyre to find their way and overcome the obstacles they meet; with comments on how revealing Gothic imagery is of the social conventions it represents.

Au cœur de l'écriture de Charlotte et Emily Brontë se trouve la question de la formation de l'identité et du saisissement de soi par le sujet (essentiellement féminin). Dans Jane Eyre, Villette, Wuthering Heights et la poésie d'Emily Brontë, le lecteur suit personnages principaux et personae tout au long d'un parcours qui les amène à prendre possession d'eux-mêmes, à trouver leur place dans le monde, à s'y inscrire et à pouvoir transmettre une vision de leur intériorité. Le processus d'intériorisation comprend quatre phases. La première s'organise autour de la perception. Les sujets découvrent le monde et apprennent à son contact la nécessité de rechercher, voire de créer la sensation d'appartenance pour atteindre le bonheur. Déçus par le monde, ils se replient alors sur eux-mêmes, et commence alors la phase de ressenti. Les sujets passent de la perception à l'intellection, forment leurs schémas mentaux, et tentent de recréer en eux-mêmes, virtuellement, les conditions du bonheur. L'imagination joue un rôle majeur dans cette entreprise, mais à terme, le refuge intérieur devient un enfermement, par l'expansion pathologique de l'intériorité et le manque de réel. Les sujets ressentent alors l'impérieuse nécessité d'extérioriser. La troisième phase s'amorce donc autour des problématiques d'expression. Les sujets, à travers la prise de parole, l'écriture et la pratique picturale, trouvent des canaux pour épancher leur intériorité autant que pour la mettre en forme. Le résultat de leur extériorisation donne lieu à la quatrième phase, celle du reçu, au cours de laquelle les lecteurs intimes et performants continuent l'entreprise de construction de l'identité
The development of identity and the process of self-possession is at the heart of Charlotte and Emily Brontë's writing. In Jane Eyre, Villette, Wuthering Heights and Emily Brontë's poetry, the reader follows the characters and personae (who are essentially female) through the life-voyage which brings them to get to know themselves, find their place in the world, inscribe themselves in it and transmit a vision of their interiority. The process of interiorisation consists in four phases. The first phase is about perception. The subjects discover the world and learn from this contact the necessity of searching for, and even recreating, the sense of belonging in order to gain happiness. Disappointed in the world, they withdraw into themselves, and the phase of feeling starts. The subjects shift from perception to intellection, shape their mental patterns, and try to recreate within themselves, virtually, the conditions of happiness. Imagination plays a major part in this process, but eventually, the inner shelter becomes a prison through the pathological expansion of interiority and the lack of reality. The third phase then begins, revolving around the idea of expression. The subjects, through speech, writing or painting, find ways to let out as much as frame their interiority. The result of their exteriorisation brings about the fourth phase, that of reception, during which intimate and competent readers carry on the process of the construction of identity

This chapter explores the business of shipbuilding and documents a social turning point in labour history when Salter grants his men a 10 hour working day in April 1853. This decision marks Salter as an outstanding exception to businessmen who cared very little about the welfare of their employees. The chapter also includes the announcement of the birth of Salter’s third child, Maggie, born in 1853 and Salter’s mayoral election in 1855.

The article analyzes the perception of Japan in the middle of the 19th century through the eyes of the Russian writer Ivan Goncharov. As secretary of Yevfimiy Putyatin’s mission (who concluded the first Russian-Japanese treaty in 1855), he kept travel notes, which later turned into a famous essay about a trip to Japan. The study is based on a rare edition of “Russians in Japan”, published in 1855, a few years before the appearance of the famous book “Frigate Pallada”. Goncharov’s notes marked the beginning of a new stage of awareness about Japan in the Russian Empire. His impressions added new colors to the portrayal of the country of Rising Sun, which Russians already knew from notes about the captivity of Vasily Golovnin (1816) and the three-volume work of the famous German Japanologist Philipp Franz von Siebold (1854). The valuable edition of Goncharov’s notes from the Library of the Faculty of Asian and African Studies of St. Petersburg State University (with an inscription from the author to Putyatin) differs from the text in the “Frigate Pallada” that was subjected to severe revision. Unlike this later version, this one, in many ways, resembles the unredacted travel notes made by Gonncharov during the Putyatin’s mission. Also, Iosif Goshkevich, who mastered the Japanese language during his stay in the country, accompanied Yevfimiy Putyatin as an interpreter. “Russian-Japanese Dictionary” (in fact, it is a Japanese-Russian dictionary) was published by him in collaboration with Tachibana Kosai in 1857. Two copies of this dictionary are available in the faculty’s Library (with autographs). One was a gift from Nicholas of Japan, and another - from the faculty teacher Kurono Yoshibumi. The authors aim to familiarize the general public with these rarities of the Library, which date back to the time of the conclusion of the first treaty between Russia and Japan and are directly related to the beginning of Russia’s in-depth acquaintance with Japan.