Gotowa bibliografia na temat „1700-1714”

The treatise “De morbis artificum diatriba” (Modena, 1700) is considered to be the first text to specifically deal with occupational illnesses. It was also the last for over 150 years. Written by Bernardino Ramazzini (Carpi, 1633-Padua, 1714), a professor at the University of Padua from 1700 to 1714, the book highlights the importance given at the time to headache as an occupational symptom. Among the 69 professions described, accounting for the majority of the occupations of the period, 12 were found to lead to headache as an important symptom caused by work. Ramazzini appears to have paid more attention to this than we do today. Ramazzini's work opens up a wide view on social conditions in the 18th century, as his sensitivity for occupational hazards was exceptional. His remarks on headache are typical of his way of collecting first-hand experience of working conditions, and they underline the importance of occupational hazards in the assessment of headache, today just as in 1710.

Resum: En aquest article realitzarem una anàlisi quantitativa, semàntica i comparativa dels conceptes ‘Espanya’ i ‘Catalunya’ en les seves formes terminològiques singulars i plurals pròpies dels idiomes català, castellà i llatí, contingudes en els dietaris institucionals del Consell de Cent de Barcelona i de la Diputació del General de Catalunya. La cronologia analitzada serà l’albada del segle XVIII, període convuls en què es produí la mort del monarca hispànic Carles II d’Àustria (1700), l’entronització dels Borbó (1701) i la consegüent guerra de successió per la Monarquia d’Espanya (1702-1715) que es batallà al Principat de Catalunya entre 1704 i 1714. Els resultats de l’estudi ofereixen noves perspectives sobre alguns aspectes del debat historiogràfic desfermat per la celebració del Tricentenari del 1714, i que gira al voltant de com era la identitat col·lectiva dels catalans a inicis del segle XVIII.Paraules clau: Història conceptual, Espanya, Catalunya, Barcelona, Guerra de Successió espanyola.Abstract: In this article we will carry out a quantitative, semantic and comparative analysis of the concepts ‘Spain’ and ‘Catalonia’ in its singular and plural forms of the Catalan, Spanish and Latin languages, contained in the institutional diaries of the Consell de Cent of Barcelona and the Deputation of the General of Catalonia. The chronology analysed will be the start of the 18th century, a period in which the death of the Spanish monarch Charles II of Austria (1700), the enthronement of the Bourbons (1701) and the consequent war of succession for the Monarchy of Spain (1702-1715) that was fought in the Principality of Catalonia between 1704 and 1714. The results of the study offer new perspectives on some aspects of the historiographical debate unleashed by the celebration of the Tricentenary of 1714, which revolves around the collective identity of Catalans at the beginning of the 18th century.Keywords: Conceptual history, Spain, Catalonia, Barcelona, War of Spanish Succession.

ABSTRACTThe occasional conformity controversy during the reign of Queen Anne has traditionally been understood as a straightforward symptom of the early eighteenth-century ‘rage of party’. For all the pious rhetoric concerning toleration and the church in danger, the controversy is considered a partisan squabble for short-term political gain. This traditional interpretation has, however, never been able to account for two features of the controversy: first, the focus on ‘moderation’ as a unique characteristic of post-Revolutionary English society; and second, the prominence of the Anglican nonjurors in the debate. This article revisits the occasional conformity controversy with an eye toward explaining these two related features. In doing so, it will argue that the occasional conformity controversy comprised a referendum on the Revolution settlement in church and state. Nonjurors lit upon the practice of occasional conformity as emblematic of the broader malady of moderation afflicting post-Revolutionary England. From their opposition to occasional conformity, the nonjurors, and soon the broader Anglican high-church movement, developed a comprehensive critique of religious modernity that would inform the entire framework of debate in the early English Enlightenment.

Dans cet article, la dynamique de la production précoce du café dans les Amériques est identifiée par le croisement de données historiques, généalogiques, agronomiques et climatologiques. Nous revisitons l’histoire de la diffusion du caféier, poussant dans les serres d’Amsterdam, vers les colonies hollandaises à travers, entre autres, des oeuvres à peine exploitées comme celle du botaniste anglais Richard Bradley. En 1714, ce dernier séjourna à l’Hortus medicus d’Amsterdam, ce qui nous a permis de proposer des corrections dans l’historiographie ancienne sur la diffusion des caféiers. Nous débutons par l’analyse des travaux de Bradley et poursuivons par une synthèse sur la diffusion des caféiers dans les serres européennes, puis de leur introduction dans les colonies hollandaises des Guyanes (Suriname, Essequibo, Berbice) et de Curaçao. La date de 1714 peut être retenue comme date d’introduction du caféier au Suriname à partir des serres d’Amsterdam, mais l’introduction du café montre en réalité deux séquences distinctes (1696-1700 et 1706-1723). Le hiatus (1701-1705) entre ces séquences peut être lié à des changements climatiques et éventuellement lié à un réchauffement climatique temporaire. Enfin, nous soulignons l’importance des échanges de caféiers entre colonies et le démarage des nouvelles plantations en comparant les liens familiaux, le rôle des impôts (capitation) et la législation locale révélant des éclairages nouveaux sur la situation au Suriname durant la première décennie du XVIIIe siècle, prélude à la réussite économique des investisseurs pour cette nouvelle culture de rente.

Notre thèse est consacrée à l'étude des pliegos de cordel narratifs de la Guerre de Succession d'Espagne (1700-1715). Cette littérature, généralement versifiée - la forme métrique la plus courante était le romance -, exista entre le XVe siècle et le début du XXe siècle. Elle était imprimée sur feuilles volantes, et la plupart du temps chantée et vendue par les aveugles. Le faible coût de ces feuillets les mettait à la disposition des bourses les plus modestes. Nous nous sommes particulièrement intéressée aux pliegos 'philippistes", c'est-à-dire ceux qui défendaient la cause de Philippe d'Anjou, petit-fils de Louis XIV qui régna sous le titre de Philippe V, face à l'archiduc Charles-François-Joseph d'Autriche, qui prétendait également à la couronne d'Espagne sous le titre de Charles III d'Autriche. Mais nous tenons également compte des imprimés "austracistas" ou pro-autrichiens distribués à Barcelone (la Catalogne fut acquise à la cause de l'archiduc entre 1705 et 1714). A travers ces sources, nous analysons l'imaginaire populaire et collectif tout au long de cette période, afin de comprendre comment les Espagnols vécurent et interprétèrent ce conflit d'un genre inédit et comment la nouvelle dynastie, les Bourbons d'Espagne qui règnent encore de nos jours, s'installa non sur le trône, mais dans les coeurs - ou alors pourquoi elle ne put s'y installer, comme ce fut le cas en Catalogne. Afin de cerner la spécificité et de retrouver la genèse du discours politique populaire, qui assume spontanèment la propagande d'un camp ou de l'autre, nous étudions ses rapports avec le discours officiel en mettant en regard les pliegos avec les gazettes, notamment la Gaceta de Madrid, et les "relations" brèves : les unes et les autres se présentent sous la même forme que les pliegos (des feuilles volantes peu coûteuses) et satisfont la même demande du public (le désir de s'informer des nouveautés et des événements récents). Mais contrairement à ces derniers, elles émanet du pouvoir ou d'auteurs se mettant au service de celui-ci. Nous déterminons de la sorte le rôle des pliegos dans la diffusion de la propagande politique et la spécificité de ce discours
Our thesis is dedicated to the study of the narrative pliegos de cordel of Spain's War of Succession (1700-1715). This generally versified literature - the most widely spread metrical form was romance -, existed between the XVth century and the early XXth century. It was printed on loose sheets, and was mostly sung and sold by the blind? The low cost of such sheets made them available to the poorest people's purse. We took a especial interest in "philippist" pliegos, i. E. Those which defended the cause of Philippe d'Anjou, Grandson of Louis XIV who reigned with the title of Philip V, as opposed to the Archduke Charles-François-Joseph of Austria, who also aspired to the throne of Spain with the title of Charles III of Austria. But we also take into consideration the "austracistas" or pro-Austrian printed sheets distributed in Barcelon (Catalonia was in complete support of the Archduke's cause between 1705 and 1714). Through such sources, we analyze the popular and collective imagination throughout this period of time, so as to understand how the Spanish lived and construed in this unusual style of dispute and how the new dynasty, the Bourbons of Spain, who are still reigning today, settled, not on the throne, but in people's heart - or else why it could not settle thereto, as this was in Catalonia's case. In order to figure out hte specificity and find the genesis of the popular speech, which assumes spontaneously the propaganda either from one side or the other, we are studying its relations with the officila speech by comparing pliegos with gazettes, especialy with the Gaceta de Madrid, and the short "relations" : both come up in the same form as pliegos (not much more expensive lose sheets) and meet the same requirement of the public (the desire for being informed about everything new and the latest events). But unlike such pliegos, they come from the political power or authors being in the service of the latter. In that way, we are determining the role of pliegos in the issue of political propaganda and the specificity of this speech

This is a study of the political prophecy in England in a period delimited by the accession of King James I (1603) and the end of the Interregnum (1660). It combines the analysis of hitherto obscure manuscript texts with that of printed works to provide a nuanced account of the uses and reception of prophecies in this period. Chapter One (which focuses on the first decade of James's reign) and Chapter Two (which covers the period 1613-19) approach the analysis of dramatic treatments of political prophecy through the study of prophecy both as a rhetorical buttress to the Jacobean state and as a protest genre. Attentive to the elite bias of the legal documents wherein allegedly oppositionist uses of prophecy are recorded, these chapters heed the counsel of historians who have found literary scholars insufficiently suspicious of the rhetoric of these materials. A focus on dramatic texts, neglected by the historians, reveals that Jacobean playgoers were encouraged to regard both official prophetic rhetoric and official rhetoric about prophecy with scepticism. Chapter Three considers how native and continental prophetic traditions were expanded and repurposed in England around the beginning of the Thirty Years' War, when belief in the purportedly inspired status of prophecies was rare but recognition of their utility as a vehicle for political discussion was nonetheless widespread. Chapter Four explores the adaptation and tendentious exposition of medieval, sixteenth-century, and Jacobean manuscript prophecies in printed propaganda for both the royalist and parliamentarian causes in the mid-seventeenth century. This study of literary and archival sources finds that previous scholarship has overestimated the extent of popular faith in the authenticity of allegedly ancient and inspired prophecies in the early Stuart period. The longevity of purported prophecies, it concludes, was ensured through the recognition, appreciation, and exploitation of their rhetorical affordances.

Im Gegensatz zum peripheren Nervensystem (PNS) ist die Regenerationsfähigkeit im adulten zentralen Nervensystem (ZNS) von Vertebraten sehr eingeschränkt. Diese eingeschrängte Regenerationsfähigkeit wird im Wesentlichen durch das Vorhandensein von Myelin im adulten ZNS determiniert. Einerseits ist dieses Lipid für die Stabilisierung und Ernährung von Axonen sowie für die schnelle Reizweiterleitung unbedingt notwendig, andererseits stellt es den größten Inhibitor axonaler Regeneration dar. Myelin ist außerdem Zielstruktur diverser ZNS Pathologien, wie z.B. der Multiplen Sklerose. Für das Verständnis dieser Pathologien sowie der auswachsinhibitorischen Wirkung von Myelin wurde der Hippocampus als eine der plastischten ZNS Regionen gewählt. Dazu waren genaue Kenntnisse der Myeloarchitektur dieses Gebietes notwendig. Nach Etablierung einer zuverlässigen Detektierung für Myelin konnten in der vorliegenden Arbeit detailliert Myelinisierungsvorgänge im sich entwickelnden, im adulten und im deafferenzierten Hippocampus der Ratte analysiert werden. Während der Entwicklung erreichen die ersten entorhinale Axone den Hippocampus bereits am embryonal Tag 17 (E17); Myelin kann jedoch erst am postnatal Tag 17 (P17) lichtmikrokopisch nachgewiesen werden. Die Anzahl myelinisierter Fasern erreicht um den P25 ein Verteilungsmuster, welches dem von adulten Tieren gleicht. Nach Entorhinaler Cortex Läsion (ECL), bei der die Durchtrennung des Tractus perforans (PP) eine Denervation des Hippocampus bewirkt, kommt es zu einem langanhaltenden Verlust von Myelin. Zehn Tage nach Läsion (10 dal), also zum Zeitpunkt maximaler Aussprossung (Sprouting), kommt es zu einem Wiederkehren myelinisierter Fasern. Mehrere myelin-assoziierte Proteine, mit wachstumshemmenden Eigenschaften sind bekannt, wie z.B. die Familie der Nogo Gene (Nogo; englisch, kein Durchkommen). Diese werden ganz entschieden für den Verlust der Regenerationsfähigkeit des adulten ZNS verantwortlich gemacht. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die Expression der drei Nogo Gene (Nogo-A, -B, - C) und deren Rezeptor (Ng66R) während der postnatalen Entwicklung, im adulten ZNS sowie nach Läsion beschrieben. Ein erster überraschender Befund war die neuronale Expression der Nogos, die bisher nur in Oligodendrocyten nachgewiesen worden war. Zu einem Zeitpunkt, an dem entorhinale Fasern bereits in den Hippocampus eingewachsen, aber noch nicht myelinisiert sind (P0), wird Nogo-A, -B und Ng66R mRNA mit Ausnahme der Körnerzellschicht des Gyrus dentatus in allen Zellschichten des sich entwickelnden Hippocampus detektiert. Nogo-C und myelin basic protein (MBP) mRNA, werden erst am P15 expremiert, zu einem Zeitpunkt also, an dem myelinisierte Fasern erstmalig im Hippocampus auftreten. MBP wird ausschließlich in glialen, Nogo-C hingegen hauptsächlich in neuronalen Zellen exprimiert. Nach Deafferenzierung zeigt sich eine dynamische und Isoform- spezifische Regulation aller Nogo Transkripte. So zeigen die als erste von der Deafferenzierung betroffenen Körnerzellen zu Beginn der Waller`schen Degeneration sowie der neuronalen und glialen Antwort, eine starke Erhöhung aller Nogo Transkripte. Zum Zeitpunkt der maximalen Aussprossung kam es zu einem signifikanten Abfall der Nogo-C und Ng66R mRNA Expression, währendessen Nogo-A und Nogo-B bereits wieder das Kontrollniveau erreicht hatten. Vor allem im contralateralen Hippocampus, dem Hauptquellgebiet sproutender Fasern, imponierte die Runterregulation von Ng66R mRNA und zeigte erst nach Abschluß von axonalen Sproutingprozessen und der Synapsenformation wieder vergleichbare Werte mit den Kontrolltieren. Diese Korrelation der erniedrigten Ng66R Expression im contralateralen Hippocampus und dem axonalen Einwachsen in den deafferenzierten Hippocampus, läßt eine reduzierte axonale Ansprechbarkeit auf den Neuriten-Auswachshemmer Nogo-A vermuten, da bekannt ist, dass Axone, die kein Ng66R exprimieren, nicht durch die Nogo Gene im Wachstum gehemmt werden. Zusammenfassend kommt es während der Entwicklung und in der Reorganisationsphase zu einer spezifischen und geordneten Myelinisierung im Hippocampus. Die neuronale Expression von Nogo- A, -B und -C in einer so plastischen ZNS- Region unterstützt die Hypothese, dass den Nogo- Genen neben der reinen Hemmung von axonalen Auswachsen weitere Funktionen zuzuordnen sind. So scheinen sie vor allem während der Entwicklung und während der Stabilisierungsphase der hippocampalen Reorganisation eine wichtige Rolle einzunehmen. Die hier dargestellten Daten zeigen auf, dass vor einem therapeutischen Einsatz von Nogo- Antagonisten nach Schädigung deren Verträglichkeit bzw. unerwünschte Nebeneffekte ausgeschlossen werden müssen.
Compared to the peripheral neuronal system (PNS) the reorganisation capacity in the adult central neuronal system (CNS) is highly restricted. One important reason for the lack of reorganisation is the existence of myelin in the CNS. Myelin is crucial for the stabilization of axonal projections in the developing and adult mammalian brain. However, myelin components also act as a non-permissive and repellent substrate of outgrowing axons. In these thesis the appearance of mature, fully myelinated axons during hippocampal development and following entorhinal cortex lesion with the myelin-specific marker Black Gold is reported. Althrough entorhinal axons enter the hippocampal formation at the embryonic day 17, light and ultrastructural analysis revealed that mature myelinated fibres in the hippocampus occur in the second postnatal week. During postnatal development, increasing numbers of myelinated fibers appear and the distribution of myelinated fibers at postnatal day 25 was similar to that found in the adult. After entorhinal cortex lesion, a specific anterograde denervation in the hippocampus takes place, accompanied by a long- lasting loss of myelin. Quantitative analysis of myelin and myelin breakdown products at different time points after lesion revealed a temporally close correlation to the degeneration and reorganisation phases in the hippocampus. In conclusion, it could be shown that the appearance of mature axons in the hippocampus is temporally regulated during development. Reappearing mature axons were found in the hippocampus following axonal sprouting. Various myelin-associated proteins, with neurite inhibition properties are known. One is the family of Nogo genes (no go). They are distinctly responsible for the lack of reorganisation. In these thesis the expression pattern of Nogo-A, Nogo-B, Nogo-C and Nogo-66 receptor (Ng66R) mRNA during hippocampal development and lesion induced axonal sprouting is reported. The first surprising result was the neuronal expression of all Nogos, who were supposed to be only expressed by oligodendrocytes. Nogo-A, Nogo-B and Ng66R transcrips preceded the process of myelination and were highly expressed at postnatal day zero (P0) in all principal hippocampal cell layers, with the exception of dentate granule cells. Only a slight Nogo-C expression was found at P0 in the principal cell layers of the hippocampus. During adulthood, all Nogo splice variants and their receptor were expressed in the neuronal cell layers of the hippocampus, in contrast to the myelin basic protein mRNA expression pattern, which revealed a neuronal source of Nogo gene expression in addition to oligodendrocytes. After hippocampal denervation, the Nogo genes showed an isoform-specific temporal regulation. All Nogo genes were strongly regulated in the hippocampal cell layers, wheras the Ng66R transcrips showed a significant increase in the contralateral cortex. These data could be confirmed on protein levels. Futhermore, Nogo-A expression was up-regulated after kainat- induced seizure. These data show that neurons express Nogo genes with a clearly distinguishable pattern during development. This expression is further dynamically and isoform-specifically altered after lesioning during the early phase of structural rearrangements. Thus, these results indicate a role for Nogo-A, -B and –C during development and during stabilisation phase of hippocampal reorganization. Taken together with these data, the findings that neurons in a highly plastic brain region express Nogo genes supports the hypothesis that Nogo may function beyond its known neuronal growth inhibition activity in shaping neuronal circuits.

Le présent travail met en valeur le rôle de l'entourage français de Philippe V d'Espagne, dans les affaires diplomatiques de ce temps (guerre de Succession, guerre franco-espagnole de 1719, mariages princiers), comme dans la modernisation des affaires intérieures espagnoles (réforme de la Cour, de l'étiquette, mise en place des secrétaires d'Etat, simplification des finances, rénovation de l'armée). De nouveaux dépouillements d'archives ont permis, notamment, de créer un corpus sociologiquement diversifié de près de 260 personnes, dont les relations entre elles, avec les Espagnols ou avec Versailles, sont présentées en trois temps. Tout d'abord, est étudiée leur installation à Madrid, suivie de la prise en main des rouages de la monarchie. Puis, l'on s'intéresse aux modalités de leur prépondérance, entre 1702 et 1712, avant d'analyser le lent déclin de cette influence jusqu'en 1724. Cette recherche offre un éclairage inédit sur de nombreux aspects du règne du premier Bourbon d'Espagne
This work examines the French personalities that surrounded Philip V of Spain, and explores their role in diplomatic events (War of Succession, Franco-Spanish War of 1719, dynastic marriages) and in the modernization of Spanish domestic affairs (reform of the Court and etiquette, appointment of secretaries of state, streamlining of finances, reform of the army). A new examination of the archival sources facilitated the compilation of a sociologically diverse collection of nearly 260 persons, whose relations with the Spaniards and Versailles are profiled in three periods. The first is that of the arrival of the French entourage in Madrid and the extension of its influence throughout the Spanish monarchical apparatus. This is followed by a discussion of the nature and manifestations of the entourage’s power during 1702-1712. It concludes with an analysis of the decline of its influence up to 1724. This work offers new insights into diverse aspects of the reign of Spain’s first Bourbon monarch

The war had scourged North-eastern Europe for almost 14 years. In 1714 the elector of Hannover George succeeded to the British throne and the Swedish king Charles XII returned home from his Ottoman exile. His presence led his enemies to attack the remnants of Sweden's provinces. The attack was successful, but their further plan for an invasion into southern Sweden was called off by tsar Peter I what caused the split of the northern alliance into one part led by George and the other one under Peter's command. The Swedish king tried hard to exploit this situation in an attempt to improve his position, nevertheless this policy ended by his death in 1718 and a new diplomatic course led to the conclusion of the war.

Defence date: 9 March 1998
Examining Board: Dr. Kirti N. Chaudhuri, Instituto Universitario Europeo (Director) ; Dr. Jaime Contreras, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares ; Dr. Gérard Delille, Instituto Universitario Europeo ; Dr. Jonathan I. Israel, University College London
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017

This chapter focuses on the burghers of Nyen (the Swedish settlement and largest trading town in Ingria) and their role as financers of the Great Northern War (1700–1721), which marked the end of Swedish Ingria and the ceding of the area back to Russia. As the battle over Ingria and Finland prolonged, the Nyen merchants – and particularly the wealthiest of them, Johan Henrik Frisius – became indispensable for the crown as suppliers and financiers. Even though Frisius and his colleagues were refugees from their destroyed hometown, they had better international connections and credit standing than the Swedish crown and managed to operate more efficiently at the markets than the royal officials.

Abstract The duchy of Mantua, bordering the Veneta, was a flourishing centre of the arts during the seventeenth century. Indirectly, lavish spending on court entertainment led to the downfall of the Gonzaga dynasty, for the last duke, Ferdinando Carlo, being greatly in debt, was bribed into an alliance with the French during the War of the Spanish Succession. As Mantua was a fief of the Austrian Empire, this constituted treason; accordingly, the victorious Austrians made Mantua an hereditary imperial possession, appointing as governor the younger brother of the Landgrave of Hesse-Darmstadt, Prince Philip. Fortunately, Mantua’s cultural life continued much as before under Philip’s governorship (1714–35). The movement of musicians between Venice and Mantua was a two-way traffic of long standing. If Vincenzo di Gonzaga had lost Monteverdi to Venice in 1613, Ferdinando Carlo’s recruitment of Caldara in 1700 showed that the pull could as well come from the other direction. A period of service at even a small court like Mantua’s offered a musician from republican Venice a type of experience and a species of patronage for which his city provided no equivalent.

Abstract 1927. Brennan, Michael G. English civil war travellers and the origins of the western European grand tour. London: Hakluyt Society, 2002. 32p. 1928. Creed, Richard. Richard Creed’s journal of the grand tour, 1699-1700; ed. Alice Thomas. Oundle: Oundle Musuem, 2002. 68p. 1929. Eurich, S. Amanda. ‘Huguenot self-fashioning: Sir Jean Chardin and the rhetoric of travel and travel writing’, A382. 1930. Tomalin, Claire. Samuel Pepys: the unequalled self. London: Penguin, 2002. xxxii, 499p.