Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Yangben language"

Chie Ikeya, Refiguring women, colonialism, and modernity in Burma (Henk Schulte Nordholt) Thomas J. Conners, Mason C. Hoadley, Frank Dhont, Kevin Ko (eds), Pancasila’s contemporary appeal: Relegitimizing Indonesia’s founding ethos (R.E. Elson) I Nyoman Darma Putra, A literary mirror: Balinese reflections on modernity and identity in the twentieth century (Dick van der Meij) Margaret Jolly. Serge Tcherkézoff and Darrell Tryon (eds), Oceanic encounters: Exchange, desire, violence (H.J.M. Claessen) Rudolf Mrázek, A certain age: Colonial Jakarta through the memories of its intellectuals (Lutgard Mutsaers) Jan Ovesen and Ing-Britt Trankell, Cambodians and their doctors: A medical anthropology of colonial and post-colonial Cambodia (Vivek Neelakantan) Daromir Rudnyckyj, Spiritual economies: Islam, globalization and the afterlife of development (Gabrial Facal) Claudine Salmon, Sastra Indonesia awal: Kontribusi orang Tionghoa (Melani Budianta) Renate Sternagel, Der Humboldt von Java: Leben und Werk des Naturforschers Franz Wilhelm Junghuhn 1809-1864 (Andreas Weber) Wynn Wilcox (ed.), Vietnam and the West: New approaches (Hans Hägerdal) Zheng Yangwen and Charles J.H Macdonald (eds), Personal names in Asia: History, culture and identity (Rosemary Gianno)

The objective is to analyze the treatment used in relatively high quality randomized controlled trials to identify any similarities of therapeutic approaches and subsequently present recommendations for a standard acupuncture procedure for the treatment of peripheral facial paralysis (PFP). We searched Chinese and English language literatures through MEDLINE (January 1966 to October 2007), EMbase (January 1980 to October 2007), Chinese Biomedical Database (January 1978 to October 2007) and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (January 1979 to October 2007) for randomized controlled trials. With independent assessment by 2 observers, 33 of 386 originally identified articles were finally included. The extracted information from these articles was focused on the selection of meridians and acupoints, types of stimulation and duration of treatment. On the whole, when treating PFP, the best acupoints options are Dicang (ST4), Xiaguan (ST7), Jiache (ST6), Chengjiang (CV24), Yingxiang (LI20), Quanliao (SI18), Yifeng (TE17), Yangbai (GB14), Sibai (ST2), Fengchi (GB20), Shuigou (GV26), Yuyao (EX-HN4) and Hegu (LI4). Manual stimulation or electro-acupuncture combined with moxibustion is recommended. Moreover, the suggested duration of acupuncture treatment refers to once a day, 10 times for each course, 2 to 5 days as courses interval, and 20 to 40 treatments in total.

In China, rock art is spread mainly in the border regions – carvings and engravings in the north of the country and paintings in the south. Before the beginning of the 21st century, research books and albums of petroglyphs were published in four administrative units at provincial level in the north-west of the county: Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang and Qinghai. Petroglyphs of Inner Mongolia were studied and published by Gai Shanlin, Liang Zhenhua and N. Dalengurib. The earliest and the latest books by Gai Shanlin available to us (published in 1985 and 2002 respectively) were entirely devoted to the interpretation of rock carvings and searches for their analogies. All four monographs on Ningxia rock art – by Zhou Xinghua, Li Xiangshi and Zhu Cunshi, Xu Cheng and Wei Zhong were published almost simultaneously, at the beginning of the 1990s. Ancient rock art of Xinjiang was published in albums by Zhao Yangfeng, Wang Linshan and Wang Bo and in books by Wang Binghua and Su Beihai. The monograph by Tang Huisheng and Zhang Wenhua was devoted to the description of Qinghai petroglyphs and the problems of their interpretation. The album of photos “The Rock Arts of China” is a kind of a guide to the main rock art sites known by 1993 in all the Chinese provinces. Generally, it can be stated that modern Chinese scientific rock art research was born in the first half of the 1980s, when the first articles on rock carvings started to appear in Chinese archaeological periodicals and flourished in the second half of the 1980s and the 1990s, when quite a number of monographs were published.

This study aimed to explore the mechanism of Yangxin Tongmai decoction (YXTMD) in the treatment of coronary heart disease (CHD) with blood stasis syndrome (BSS) using network pharmacology and molecular docking, and to verify these results through clinical trials. The active compounds of YXTMD were identified using the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology database, and the targets of the active compounds were predicted using the SwissTarget Prediction database. The targets of CHD and BSS were predicted using the GeneCards, OMIM, PharmGKB, TTD, and DrugBank databases. The common targets of “herb-disease-phenotype” were obtained using a Venn diagram, then used Cytoscape software 3.8.2 and its plug-in CytoNCA and STRING database to construct the “herb active compounds-common target” and protein–protein interaction networks. R language software and bioconductor plug-in were used for Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. AutoDock was used for the molecular docking analysis. Finally, clinical trials were conducted to confirm the results of network pharmacology. Eighty-three active components were obtained, and the core active components were 5,7,4′-trimethoxyflavone, tetramethoxyluteolin, isosinensetin, sinensetin, and 5,7-dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)chroman-4-one. A total of 140 common targets were identified, and the core targets were EGFR, VEGFA, AKT1, STAT3, TP53, ERBB2, and PIK3CA. Biological processes identified by the GO analysis primarily involved wound healing, regulation of body fluid levels, and vascular process in circulatory system. The cellular components were primarily located in the membrane raft, membrane microdomain, and plasma membrane raft. The primary molecular functions were activity of transmembrane receptor protein kinase, transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase, and protein tyrosine kinase. KEGG analysis showed that the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway was closely related to the treatment of CHD with BSS by YXTMD. Molecular docking results showed that the core active components had a good binding activity with the core targets. The clinical trial results showed that YXTMD improved the BSS scores and decreased the serum levels of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Moreover, the levels of PI3k and AKt mRNA were upregulated and the levels of GSK-3β mRNA were downregulated. YXTMD has multicomponent, multitarget, and multipathway effects in the treatment of CHD with BSS, and its mechanism of action may involve activation of the PI3K-AKt signaling pathway, downregulation of GSK-3β, and mediation of in vivo lipid metabolism-based metabolic processes.

Statement of the problem. Modern opera performance art in China is closely related to the national theater tradition, which has a thousand-year history. Despite the fact that Italian (and generally European) musical and dramatic art has been known in China for more than a few century, the public did not perceive it for a long time due to significant differences in many aspects: from stage dramaturgy, vocal roles to behavioral norms in the theater institutions. This study draws historical parallels between Italian opera and national Chinese music-theatre art and examines attempts to adapt Italian vocal art to Chinese. Objectives, methods, novelty of the research. In this investigation, we tried to find common and distinctive features in Italian and Chinese musical theater by comparison, as well as to identify the factors that influence the perception of the theater work by the Chinese public. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time the path taken to adapt Italian vocal art to the Chinese language, the national musical theater and its audience is analyzed, and the role of tradition in this process. The main research method is comparative, with the help of which the common and distinctive features of Chinese and Italian musical theater are revealed; methods of historical musicology and cultural studies were also used. Research results. The development of Italian and Chinese musical theater in certain historical periods took place in parallel, so they have a number of similar typological features. Both Chinese and Italian theaters synthesize different types of art: singing, ballet, visual series (decoration, costumes), dramatic action. At the same time, they are fundamentally different manifestations of theatrical art. In Chinese opera, the visual component is of great importance – costumes, make-up, decor, etc., and the content and plot vicissitudes are deliberately simplified so that the audience is not distracted, but can enjoy the spectacle. The difference of Chinese opera is circus art: the actors had to have acrobatic and fighting skills and impress the audience with them. In Italian opera at the stage of its formation, the visual series was given great importance, but due to the fact that the authors of the first opera models (Florentines) considered as a model the Greek drama with its idea of moral improvement through catharsis, its dramaturgy is radically different from that of the Chinese theater; therefore, tragedies and dramas were not perceived by the Chinese audience who went to the theater to be entertained and enjoy the skill of the actors. For quite a long period after the penetration of European culture, the Chinese public did not perceive works of Western art, treated them as exotic and often did not understand their essence, aesthetics and value in general. The main obstacle was usually the language, but also the content of the theatrical works of European playwrights, translated into Chinese, did not find a response in the audience, despite the rather significant commonality in plots, themes, and issues. The public did not understand complex ideas that were accompanied by dramatic events or had a tragic ending. Conclusion. Italian and Chinese opera have many common features, but differ in their basis, and the Chinese audience did not perceive Western art for so long because of the fundamental difference in the approach to the visual and content aspects. The originality of Chinese theater drama consists in maximum visualization, which distinguishes it from European drama, in which the content is the basis of the work. The formation of modern opera performing art in China took place in the middle of the 20th century, and this process has a distinctive feature: modern national opera in European traditions was created in order to interest the Chinese public, to draw their attention to the new art. The first example of such an opera (yangban xi) – “The White-Haired Girl “(1945), created by the team of authors of the Academy of Fine Arts named after Lu Xin, became popular among the Chinese, which confirmed the correctness of the creative approach that combined European forms and Chinese performance traditions. In addition, the work was adapted for plastic (ballet), screen and traditional theater (xìqǔ) arts. The appearance of such productions contributed to the fact that the public gradually got used to European opera, and today Chinese opera art is widely represented on the national and world stages. In the years since the appearance of the first Western-style national opera, Chinese singers have mastered various classical vocal styles: Italian bel canto, traditional Chinese singing, Chinese bel canto, and now represent their own national vocal school on world stages.

AbstractBackgroundGeriatric depression can affect on decline of various cognitive functions including executive function and can lead to disabilities in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). Decline in IADL was related to conversion to dementia even though there was no decline in screening tests such as MMSE. Therefore it is important to manage the factors affecting IADL. We examined the relationship between depression, cognitive dysfunction and IADL in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) to reveal the effect of depression on IADL.MethodWe recruited 132 patients with MCI who visited the Department of Neurology at Pusan National University Yangsan Hospital from March 2019 to June 2022. Using the Short‐Geriatric Depression Scale (S‐GDS: cuf‐off 8), these patients were divided into 64 depressed groups (mean age 75±6.7) and 68 non‐depressed groups (mean age: 71±8.1). To evaluate cognitive function, the Seoul Neuropsychological Screening Battery, which consists of five domains: attention, language functions, visuospatial functions, memory, and executive functions, was conducted. K‐IADL (Korean Instrumental Activities of Daily Living) was conducted to evaluate IADL. We investigated the mediation effect of cognitive functions between depression and IADL using mediation analysis.ResultDepression and K‐IADL showed positive correlation (B = 0.023, p < 0.001). Mediation analysis of cognitive function between depression and IADL showed significant effect of executive function (B = ‐0.001, p = 0.019) and visuospatial function (B = ‐0.001, p = 0.045). Memory, language and attention domains had no significant mediation effect between depression and ADL.ConclusionIn our study, depression related to decline in IADL, and not only the effects of depression but also mediation effects of executive and visuospatial dysfunction could affect IADL. In terms of IADL maintenance, it is necessary to actively manage the depressed mood of MCI patients.

In Indonesia, switching from one language to another language is a commonphenomenon because Indonesian speakers are bilinguals. They use two or morelanguages, for example, Indonesian, English, or/and their own local language in a seriesof communication practices. With regard to the study of codeswitching, three perspectivescan be used. They include pragmatic, sociolinguistic, and linguistic analyses. Of the threeperspectives, analyzing codeswitching from a linguistic perspective seems to be interestingand challenging as the analysis gives an emphasis on the internal structure of thecodeswitching itself. This article deals with code switching from English to Indonesian orvice-versa analyzed from grammatical aspects as part of the linguistic analysis. It aims atreviewing the grammatical rules underlying the code-swictching.Keywords: code-switching, grammatical analysisA. PENDAHULUAN bentuk bahasa yang cocok dalam konteksDalam masyarakat multilingual, k o m u n i k a s i t e r t e n t u d e n g a nmisalnya masyarakat Indonesia peralihan dari mempertimbangkan faktor sosial, yaknisuatu bahasa ke bahasa lain atau yang dikenal partisipan, topik pembicaraan, dan setingalih kode (code-switching) merupakan suatu komunikasi.fenomena kebahasaan yang sering ditemukan Peristiwa alih kode bukan suatudalam bebagai peristiwa komunikasi. Poplack fenomena kebahasaan yang dilakukan secara(1980) mengatakan bahwa peristiwa alih kode s e r a m p a n g a n . A l i h k o d e t e r s e b u ttidak dapat dihindarkan ketika para penutur dilatarbelakangi oleh beberapa fungsimenguasai dua bahasa atau lebih. Peristiwa alih komunikasi. Myers-Scotton dan Ury (1977)kode tersebut terjadi karena pihak-pihak yang mengatakan bahwa alih kode merupakanterlibat dalam peristiwa komunikasi menguasai strategi yang dinamis dalam tindak komunikasi.lebih dari satu bahasa yang memiliki pertalian Alih kode dapat dijadikan sebagai strategikonsep kebahasaan. negosiasi dalam tindak komunikasi (GoyvaertsPertalian dua konsep bahasa tersebut dan Zembele, 1992) dan alih kode berperantergantung pada tingkat kebilingualan sebagai strategi komunikasi yang dapatseseorang. Pendapat ini sejalan dengan Goh dan digunakan untuk pengendalian keberlanjutanSilver (2004) yang mengatakan bahwa jika tindak tutur (Cook, 1991). David (2002)seorang penutur menguasai lebih dari satu menambahkan bahwa alih kode dapatbahasa, penutur tersebut memiliki beberapa digunakan sebagai strategi komunikasi untukpilihan ketika penutur menghubungkan antara mengatasi keterbatasan bahasa yang berakibatkonsep dan bentuk-bentuk leksikal. Goyvaerts pada kemandegan berkomunikasi yangdan Zembele (1992) juga mengatakan bahwa dilakukan oleh pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalampara bilingual memiliki an innate capacity yang tindak tutur dengan berbagai macam perbedaandigunakan secara otomatis untuk menyaring kemampuan berbahasa.

In 2007 the Myanmar government made a decision to standardise the country's two sign languages, Yangon Sign Language and Mandalay Sign Language. The project was initiated without community consultation. While this paternalistic approach to sign language planning and policy is widespread, there is a paucity of academic research that explores deaf people's responses to policy making. This study presents an ethnographic account of language planning and policy (LPP) in the Yangon deaf community, giving visibility and voice to deaf people. LPP is examined at different levels, demonstrating the complex and dynamic interactions between language policy in education, unofficial community language policy and top-down attempts at standardisation. Experiences of language use in school are shown to shape unofficial LPP in the community, influencing language ideologies and linguistic practices, as well as wider beliefs regarding language, equality and citizenship. The study also highlights the agency of the community, demonstrating how participants negotiate, and subvert, official LPP by constructing their own unofficial policy towards the standardised language in accordance with their ideologies, interests and agendas. Throughout the thesis, attention is drawn to the need for LPP research to go 'beyond language' and adopt an interdisciplinary approach in order to understand more completely the implications and outcomes of LPP. The findings also contribute to ongoing scholarly debate regarding the interplay between LPP and social justice. It is suggested that a more critical approach is required, one that questions the assumed moral imperative of interventions such as mother-tongue education and language rights.

碩士
國立中央大學
客家研究碩士在職專班
101
The research focus mainly on the language contact of si-hai (四海)and hai-si(海四) hakka dialects in Taoyuan Yangmei(桃園楊梅). The field research is about to investigate the initial, finals ,tones and the lexicons of Yangmei si-hai and hai-si hakka dialects. Then, the phonetic system of Yangmei hakka dialects are arranged, we look forward to getting the further information of the phonological and lexical characteristics of Yangmei hakka dialects, and drawing the outline of how Yangmei hakka dialects spread and the current situation. The focal point of this thesis is ”comparison”. The first of all, we not only compare the phonological characteristics of Yangmei si-hai and hai-si hakka dialects, but also the lexical differences between them. Furthermore, compare the lexical differences with Yangmei si-hai and hai-si,sixian and hailu hakka dialects. The last, compare the situation of the language contact with Yangmei si-hai , hai-si hakka and the other hakka dialects in Yangmei. The thesis contains six chapters. The first chapter is the introduction, explain the motivation ,purpose, research method, procedure, bibliography of related articles, as well as brief situation of Yangmei, including history, geography, administrative division, resident situation, and simple information of utterance speakers. The second chapter describes the phonetics system of Yangmei si-hai and hai-si hakka dialects, and the initials, finals and tones of si-hai and hai-si hakka dialects is introduced here. The third Chapter is the phonological comparison of Yangmei si-hai and hai-si hakka dialects, and make comparison and discussion between the phonological characteristics of Yangmei si-hai and hai-si hakka dialects. The chapter four is to compare the lexical differences of them; meanwhile, Yangmei si-hai and hai-si hakka dialects, sixian and hailu hakka dialects are gathered to compare the lexicons. The fifth chapter is to put Yangmei si-hai, hai-si hakka dialects, Yongding(永寧) dialect of Hsiu-tsai-wo(秀才窩),Wuhua(五華) dialect of Reiyuan(瑞原) neighborhood and Yongning(永寧) neighborhood together to induce, and illustrate how Yangmei hakka dialects spread. The chapter six is the conclusion, to sum up the research achievements, and advices and self-criticism are provided to make further developments of this kind of topic.

Political oppression and the pro-democracy movement in Myanmar led to an increase in the number of refugees and other immigrants from Myanmar arriving in Japan at the end of the twentieth century. These immigrants from Myanmar have subsequently established several communities, including downtown Tokyo’s ‘Little Yangon’, with a diverse mixture of languages, ethnic groups, and religions. Most of them understand Burmese as a common language, and their social networks have been strengthened by various Burmese media and events in Japan. With the increase in the number of immigrants, refugees, and technical interns from Myanmar, it is necessary to gain a picture of the position of the Burmese language and its sociolinguistic environment in Japan. However, this has attracted little attention from academics thus far. Therefore, this chapter provides a general overview of the development and context of the lives of Burmese-speaking immigrants to Japan from Myanmar as well as their common linguistic usage patterns.

The relationship between Ava and Pegu was a symbiotic dualism: of time, space and type. Ava was not only a reformulation of something old, and Pegu, the genesis of something new, but as one was located in the agrarian Dry Zone and the other, on the commercial coasts, each was historically, materially, and in terms of general character, distinct. Whereas the Kingdom of Ava was essentially the resurrection of an old kingdom—Pagan writ small—Pegu was a new kingdom composed of new leaders, people, and cultures. Ava was a familiar, Upper Myanmar polity: the same material environment and demographic base, the same economic, social and political institutions, the same language, writing system, cosmology, and culture. Pegu, on the other hand, was a new, independent kingdom of Lower Myanmar, led by newcomers (the Mon speakers) who had migrated from what later became Thailand. Yet, because both Ava and Pegu were built on the same foundations (Pagan), both had certain common elements. They shared virtually the same religion and thought systems; similar social customs, values, and mores; familiar political and administrative principles; a common, even if contested, history; and certainly the same writing system. Whatever the dissimilarities were, they did not produce a binary situation of two irreconcilably antagonistic ethnic entities—Burman and Mon as convention has it—rather, these dissimilarities created a dualism of geo-political and cultural differences whose energy and dynamism came from the tension created precisely by those differences. In fact, Ava and Pegu’s relationship not only epitomized Southeast Asia’s “upstream-downstream” paradigm common throughout much of its history, it continues today in Naypyidaw and Yangon.