Articoli di riviste: "Xylosandrus"

1

Gugliuzzo, Antonio, Peter H. W. Biedermann, Daniel Carrillo, Louela A. Castrillo, James P. Egonyu, Diego Gallego, Khalid Haddi et al. "Recent advances toward the sustainable management of invasive Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles". Journal of Pest Science 94, n. 3 (15 maggio 2021): 615–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10340-021-01382-3.

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AbstractWe provide an overview of both traditional and innovative control tools for management of three Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), invasive species with a history of damage in forests, nurseries, orchards and urban areas. Xylosandrus compactus, X. crassiusculus and X. germanus are native to Asia, and currently established in several countries around the globe. Adult females bore galleries into the plant xylem inoculating mutualistic ambrosia fungi that serve as food source for the developing progeny. Tunneling activity results in chewed wood extrusion from entry holes, sap outflow, foliage wilting followed by canopy dieback, and branch and trunk necrosis. Maintaining plant health by reducing physiological stress is the first recommendation for long-term control. Baited traps, ethanol-treated bolts, trap logs and trap trees of selected species can be used to monitor Xylosandrus species. Conventional pest control methods are mostly ineffective against Xylosandrus beetles because of the pests’ broad host range and rapid spread. Due to challenges with conventional control, more innovative control approaches are being tested, such as the optimization of the push–pull strategy based on specific attractant and repellent combinations, or the use of insecticide-treated netting. Biological control based on the release of entomopathogenic and mycoparasitic fungi, as well as the use of antagonistic bacteria, has yielded promising results. However, these technologies still require validation in real field conditions. Overall, we suggest that management efforts should primarily focus on reducing plant stress and potentially be combined with a multi-faceted approach for controlling Xylosandrus damage.

2

GALLEGO, DIEGO, JOSÉ LUIS LENCINA, HUGO MAS, JULIA CEVERÓ e MASSIMO FACCOLI. "First record of the Granulate Ambrosia Beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), in the Iberian Peninsula". Zootaxa 4273, n. 3 (6 giugno 2017): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4273.3.7.

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The Granulate Ambrosia Beetle Xylosandrus crassiusculus, an alien species of Asian origin, was recorded for first time in the Iberian Peninsula. Many specimens were collected in October 2016 in the Valencia region (Spain) from infested carob trees. The species is included in the EPPO Alert List as causing serious damage in many Mediterranean regions. A key for the morphological identification of the Xylosandrus species occurring in Europe is also reported.

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Ranger, Christopher M., Michael E. Reding, Karla Addesso, Matthew Ginzel e Davide Rassati. "Semiochemical-mediated host selection by Xylosandrus spp. ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) attacking horticultural tree crops: a review of basic and applied science". Canadian Entomologist 153, n. 1 (24 agosto 2020): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/tce.2020.51.

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AbstractExotic ambrosia beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in the tribe Xyleborini include destructive pests of trees growing in horticultural cropping systems. Three species are especially problematic: Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff), Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky), and Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford). Due to similarities in their host tree interactions, this mini-review focuses on these three species with the goal of describing their host-selection behaviour, characterising associated semiochemicals, and assessing how these interactions relate to their management. All three of these Xylosandrus spp. attack a broad range of trees and shrubs. Physiologically stressed trees are preferentially attacked by X. crassiusculus and X. germanus, but the influence of stress on host selection by X. compactus is less clear. Ethanol is emitted from weakened trees in response to a variety of stressors, and it represents an important attractant for all three species. Other host-derived compounds tested are inconsistent or inactive. Verbenone inhibits attraction to ethanol, but the effect is inconsistent and does not prevent attacks. Integrating repellents and attractants into a push–pull management strategy has been ineffective for reducing attacks but could be optimised further. Overall, maintaining host vigour and minimising stress-induced ethanol are keys for managing these insects, particularly X. crassiusculus and X. germanus.

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HAUPTMAN, TINE, ZINA DEVETAK, MAARTEN DE GROOT, MASSIMO FACCOLI e BARBARA PIŠKUR. "First record of non-native Xylosandrus compactus and Anisandrus maiche (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Slovenia". Zootaxa 5415, n. 2 (21 febbraio 2024): 339–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5415.2.8.

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The introduction of non-native organisms into new areas may pose major threats to natural ecosystems. Therefore, continuous and careful national surveys for the interception of invasive non-native species are necessary. During the national survey of quarantine species in 2023, two new non-native ambrosia beetles, Anisandrus maiche (Kurentzov) and Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff), were recorded in Slovenia. Anisandrus maiche was recorded in three locations in the eastern part of Slovenia, with a total of 386 individuals. Three individuals of Xylosandrus compactus were collected in one location near the port of Koper. We discuss the possible pathways of introduction and dispersal.

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NEL, WILMA J., Z. WILHELM DE BEER, MICHAEL J. WINGFIELD e TUAN A. DUONG. "The granulate ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), and its fungal symbiont found in South Africa". Zootaxa 4838, n. 3 (27 agosto 2020): 427–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4838.3.7.

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Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motchulsky) is a native Asian ambrosia beetle that has been accidentally introduced to many countries of the world, presumably through the international movement of nursery, timber, and wood products. The species is known in various tropical African countries but only as far south as Tanzania on the African continent. In this study, we report X. crassiusculus and its fungal symbiont for the first time from South Africa. The species was identified using both morphological characters and COI sequence data. Xylosandrus crassiusculus were obtained from three different provinces of South Africa and represent two distinct haplotypes. The fungal symbiont, Ambrosiella roeperi, was isolated and identified using DNA sequencing and morphological characterization.

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Bari, Giuseppe, Eustachio Tarasco, Vito Genchi e Giambattista Maria Altieri. "Prima segnalazione di Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky, 1866) (Coleoptera Curculionidae – Scolytinae) in Puglia". Bollettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 156, n. 1 (30 aprile 2024): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/bollettinosei.2024.29.

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Nel presente contributo gli autori segnalano la presenza del coleottero scolitino asiatico Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky, 1866) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Scolytinae) per la prima volta in Puglia, in provincia di Bari, all’interno di un giardino privato sito in agro di Torre a Mare, su un carrubo. Il coleottero Xylosandrus crassiusculus, originario dell’Asia, è un insetto xilofago che ha un impatto significativo sulle piante ospiti, causando danni economici e minacciando la biodiversità ecosistemica. Il suo alto livello di adattabilità ecologica e la capacità di infestare alberi apparentemente sani sollevano preoccupazioni sull’impatto potenziale in nuovi contesti ambientali. Questa segnalazione evidenzia l’importanza di approfondire le indagini ecologiche per comprendere e gestire gli effetti di questa specie invasiva.

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Faccoli, M. "Xylosandrus compactus, a new forest pest in Italy". Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 18, n. 1 (28 febbraio 2021): 8–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor3711-018.

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8

Heidenreich, E. "Ökologische Bedingungen für Primärbefall durch ‚Xylosandrus germanus’". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 54, n. 1-4 (26 agosto 2009): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1964.tb02925.x.

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Stone, W. Doug, T. Evan Nebeker e Patrick D. Gerard. "HOST PLANTS OF XYLOSANDRUS MUTILATUS IN MISSISSIPPI". Florida Entomologist 90, n. 1 (marzo 2007): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2007)90[191:hpoxmi]2.0.co;2.

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Li, You, Yong‐Ying Ruan, Edward L. Stanley, James Skelton e Jiri Hulcr. "Plasticity of mycangia in Xylosandrus ambrosia beetles". Insect Science 26, n. 4 (10 maggio 2018): 732–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1744-7917.12590.

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Wollmann, Jutiane, Mauro Silveira Garcia, Carlos Alberto Hector Flechtmann, Elder Finkenauer e Flávio Roberto Mello Garcia. "ESTRUTURA DA ASSEMBLEIA DE SCOLYTINAE (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE) EM AREAS FLORESTADAS COM Eucalyptus spp. NO SUL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL". Ciência Florestal 27, n. 4 (11 dicembre 2017): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509830299.

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi contribuir para o conhecimento da assembleia de besouros Scolytinae associada a plantios de eucalipto no sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil e determinar espécies de importância à cultura. Amostras quinzenais foram retiradas de cinco fazendas da Fibria Celulose S/A, florestadas com Eucalyptus spp., no período de fevereiro de 2006 a dezembro de 2010, com armadilhas de interceptação de voo iscadas com etanol a 95%. Foram coletados 7.365 exemplares em 76 espécies, 18 gêneros e sete tribos. Corthylini, representada pelos gêneros Corthylus, Monarthum, Amphicranus, Metacorthylus, Microcorthylus e Tricolus e Xyleborini, por Ambrosiodmus, Dryocoetoides, Xyleborinus, Xyleborus e Xylosandrus foram as tribos mais representativas, com 42,1% e 31,6% espécies, respectivamente. Xylosandrus retusus e Xyleborinus saxeseni foram as espécies mais abundantes com 52,64% e 27,98% do total de espécimes amostradas, seguida por Corthylus antennarius, com 4,15% besouros coletados. Quinze espécies foram comuns a todos os locais, incluindo Xyleborus ferrugineus, considerada praga desta cultura, enquanto 25 espécies foram encontradas exclusivamente em apenas um local. A fazenda Cerro Alegre apresentou a maior riqueza de espécies e maior quantidade de espécies exclusivas; São Manoel demonstrou o maior índice de diversidade e equitabilidade; Aroeira teve a maior frequência de Scolytinae e São Francisco evidenciou a maior abundância e dominância. O estudo das assembleias de Scolytinae evidenciou o predomínio das espécies Xylosandrus retusus e Xyleborinus saxeseni em todos os ambientes estudados.

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BEAVER, ROGER A. "A review of the genus Hadrodemius Wood, with new synonymy and a key to species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)". Zootaxa 2444, n. 1 (4 maggio 2010): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2444.1.3.

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The eight species included by Wood and Bright (1992) in the Palaeotropical scolytine genus Hadrodemius Wood are reviewed. The following new synonymy is proposed: Hadrodemius comans (Sampson) (= Xyleborus amorphus Eggers syn.n., = Xyleborus metacomans Eggers syn.n.), Hadrodemius globus (Blandford) (= Xyleborus tomentosus Eggers syn.n.), Hadrodemius pseudocomans (Eggers) (= Xyleborus artecomans Schedl syn.n.). Hadrodemius (Xyleborus) pubifer (Schedl) is transferred to the genus Coptodryas Wood. Xyleborus melli Schedl is misplaced by Wood & Bright (1992) as a synonym of Hadrodemius amorphus and is here transferred to Xylosandrus Reitter. The following new synonymy is proposed: Xylosandrus amputatus (Blandford) (= Xyleborus melli Schedl syn.n.). A key to the females of the three species now included in the genus is provided. The taxonomy, distribution and biology of the species are briefly reviewed, and some new records included.

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Thube, Shivaji Hausrao, Thava Prakasa Pandian, Anthara Bhavishya, Merin Babu, Arulappan Josephrajkumar, Muddumadiah Chaithra, Vinayaka Hegde e Enrico Ruzzier. "Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Its Fungal Symbiont Ambrosiella roeperi Associated with Arecanut Kernel Decay in Karnataka, India". Insects 13, n. 1 (6 gennaio 2022): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13010067.

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Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is reported causing damage to areca palm plantations (Areca catechu L.—Arecaceae) in Karnataka (India). In particular, X. crassiusculus has been observed attacking and successfully reproducing on areca nuts; besides the new host plant record, the data provided here represent the first documented case of spermatophagy for this xyleborine beetle. All infestation symptoms of this polyphagous pest were documented and illustrated. The identity of the scolytid, besides morphologically, was confirmed by its DNA barcoding. Eggs, larvae and pupae were found within the galleries of infested kernels. All galleries of the infested kernels were characterized by the presence of whitish to greyish fungal growth. The fungus was identified as Ambrosiella roeperi, a known symbiont of Xylosandrus crassiusculus. Incidence of this symbiotic insect-fungus complex in the economic part of arecanut, i.e., the kernel, is of serious concern. In a climate change scenario, this beetle with fungal symbionts may pose a serious threat to arecanut production in India and elsewhere.

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Quresh, Khalid Hussain, Abdul Waheed Solang, Abdul Ghani Lanjar, Jan Muhammad Marri, Sajjad Ali Khuhro e Aslam Bukero. "Biological Parameters of the Bark Beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions". Arab Journal for Plant Protection 39, n. 2 (giugno 2021): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22268/ajpp-039.2.146151.

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Biological parameters of the bark beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) was investigated under different temperature regimes (27, 29, 31 and 35ºC). The females reared at 29°C, lived 30.93±2.36 days for oviposition. The female laid a maximum of 6.71±1.89 eggs per day and a maximum of 6.99±1.33 batches per female. Each batch had an average of 13.78±2.01 eggs. The mean total fecundity recorded was 67.8±4.25 eggs, with a shortest egg incubation period. At 29°C, the duration of the larval stage was 20.17±2.89 days, the pupal stage 5.03±1.11 days, and the life span of the adult insect was 29.44±3.19 days. Significant differences (P<0.05) were noted when the duration of the different life stages under 29 and 35ºC were compared, with longer duration at 29°C. Insects reared at 35°C had narrower bodies and smaller sizes. Furthermore, the developmental stages period, including the ovipositional period (days) were negatively correlated with temperature. Keywords: Xylosandrus crassiusculus, bark beetle, biological parameters, temperature regimes.

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GARONNA, ANTONIO P., STEPHANIE A. DOLE, ANTONIO SARACINO, STEFANO MAZZOLENI e GENNARO CRISTINZIO. "First record of the black twig borer Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) from Europe". Zootaxa 3251, n. 1 (30 marzo 2012): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3251.1.5.

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During winter months and early spring 2011, we observed symptoms of scattered twig mortality in two historical woody urban parks of Campania (Southern Italy), at Portici (Parco Gussone: 40°48’ N, 14°20’ E) and Naples (Parco di Capodimonte: 40°52’ N, 14°15’ E). The woods consist of mature holm oaks (Quercus ilex) with an understorey of evergreen Mediterranean shrubs, natural regeneration of oak and several ornamental species. The examined dry terminals of holm oak, collected in late March 2011, hosted adult females of an ambrosia beetle of the genus Xylosandrus Reitter. Here, we report the first European record of the black twig borer (BTB) Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff) reproducing on new host plants in Italy. Insect and twig sampling was conducted irregularly during spring and summer 2011. Infested twigs of different host plants were isolated in plastic tubes, new emerged or callow adults counted and sexed and other biological data recorded. Hundreds of specimens of BTB, (>700 females and 43 males) emerged from sampled twigs or were directly collected from reproductive galleries at both localities.

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Wichmann, Heinrich E. "Einschleppungsgeschichte und Verbreitung des Xylosandrus germanus Blandf. in Westdeutschland". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 40, n. 1 (26 agosto 2009): 82–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1957.tb00854.x.

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Stone, W. Doug, e T. Evan Nebeker. "Distribution and Seasonal Abundance of Xylosandrus mutilatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)". Journal of Entomological Science 42, n. 3 (1 luglio 2007): 409–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-42.3.409.

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Viloria, Zenaida, Raul T. Villanueva, Ric Bessin, Paul O'Neal, Christopher M. Ranger e Winston Dunwell. "Scolytinae in Nursery and Fruit Crops of Western Kentucky and Seasonal Population Patterns of Four Invasive Ambrosia Beetles". Journal of Entomological Science 56, n. 3 (1 luglio 2021): 374–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/jes20-50.

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Abstract Ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) inoculate species specific symbiotic fungi into the sapwood of their hosts. Some fungi are innocuous, but others are pathogenic and can kill plants in a short time. The main objectives of this study were to identify ambrosia beetle species found in wholesale and retail nurseries and an apple orchard in western Kentucky and monitor population abundance and phenology of the more common invasive ambrosia beetles. Baker traps baited with ultra-high or standard release ethanol were deployed in late February or March and removed in either fall (2016 and 2017) or August (2018). Sixteen ambrosia beetle species were captured, and eight of them were invasive. The invasive species Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford), Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky), Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford), and Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg) were the most common and abundant species. The highest counts of these invasive species were recorded from April to May. In addition, we are reporting 13 bark beetle species captured in this study; among them, Phloeotribus dentrifrons (Blackman) and Thysanoes fimbricornis LeConte are reported for the first time for Kentucky, whereas Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) was the only invasive bark beetle collected.

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Gugliuzzo, Antonio, Giulio Criscione e Giovanna Tropea Garzia. "Unusual Behavior of Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) on Carob Trees in a Mediterranean Environment". Insects 10, n. 3 (23 marzo 2019): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10030082.

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Xylosandrus compactus (Eichhoff), commonly known as the black twig borer, was reported in Sicily (Italy) at the end of 2016, infesting Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) twigs, large branches, and trunks. Previous research indicated that X. compactus attacks only small twigs and branches, not large branches and tree trunks. This unusual behavior was monitored through the two following years in five sites in Ragusa province (Sicily, Italy). For each of the monitored sites, the diameter of the infested trunks and branches was recorded. Samples of branches and trunks presenting galleries were removed from the trees and analyzed in the laboratory. Xylosandrus compactus occurred on branches of all monitored trees, while the percentage of infested trunks of carob trees ranged from 60% to 80%. Inside the infested galleries, all biological stages of X. compactus were found. Infestations were also recorded on trunks and branches with diameters greater than 80 cm and 30 cm, respectively. The mean number of X. compactus specimens inside the galleries was recorded and gallery shape was described. Unordinary behaviors, like the one described here for the first time, can affect the current efficiency of management recommendations.

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Stone, W. D., T. E. Nebeker, W. A. Monroe e J. A. MacGown. "Ultrastructure of the mesonotal mycangium of Xylosandrus mutilatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)". Canadian Journal of Zoology 85, n. 2 (febbraio 2007): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z06-205.

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Mycangial structures of female Xylosandrus mutilatus (Blandford, 1894), an Asian ambrosia beetle recently introduced and now established in the southeastern United States, were examined. In addition to the glandular (secretory) mesonotal mycangium located below the scutellum, nonglandular pit mycangia containing fungal propagules were discovered to occur externally on the scutellum. The ultrastructure of the glandular mesonotal mycangium, which consisted of an outer secretory layer covering an inner paired cuticular sac, is described and illustrated. Both secretory and cuticular layers of the mesonotal mycangium were highly tracheolated. Tracheae and tracheoles in association with a Xyleborine mycangium are reported here for the first time. Type 1 secretory cells were identified and observed passing electron-dense material into the glandular mycangium via efferent cuticular ductules, although type 2 secretory cells were not observed. Secretory cells were not observed in association with the nonglandular pit mycangia.

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Ruzzier, Enrico, Stefan Cristian Prazaru, Massimo Faccoli e Carlo Duso. "Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894) on Grapevines in Italy with a Compilation of World Scolytine Weevils Developing on Vitaceae". Insects 12, n. 10 (24 settembre 2021): 869. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12100869.

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The invasive ambrosia beetle Xylosandrus germanus (Curculionidae: Scolytinae: Xyleborini) is recorded for the first time infesting wine grapes in Italy. The type of the attack is illustrated and the possible causes of the onset of the infestation are discussed. Furthermore, given the continuously increasing number of alien wood-borer beetles introduced worldwide, we provide and discuss the updated world checklist of Scolytinae attacking Vitaceae, and Vitis sp. in particular.

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KIRKENDALL, LAWRENCE R., e FRODE ØDEGAARD. "Ongoing invasions of old-growth tropical forests: establishment of three incestuous beetle species in southern Central America (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)". Zootaxa 1588, n. 1 (19 settembre 2007): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1588.1.3.

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Old-growth tropical forests are widely believed to be immune to the establishment of alien species. Collections from tropical regions throughout the world, however, have established that this generalization does not apply to inbreeding host generalist bark and ambrosia beetles. Scolytine saproxylophages are readily spread by shipping, inbreeders can easily establish new populations, and host generalists readily find new breeding material, apparently regardless of stage of forest succession. Consequently, many inbreeding scolytines are globally distributed and abundant in all forest types, often being among the dominant species in their wood-borer communities. We report the recent introductions to lower Central America of two Old World inbreeding ambrosia beetles: Xylosandrus crassiusculus, which breeds primarily in smaller diameter trunks, small branches, and twigs, and Xyleborinus exiguus, which is apparently not size selective. We also document the establishment of Euwallacea fornicatus in the region, known previously from a single collection in Panama. Xylosandrus crassiusculus and E. fornicatus are notorious agricultural and forestry pests, as are several previously established alien species in the region. Studying the spread of species such as these three new arrivals into millions of years-old faunas could help us to understand if the saproxylic communities of old-growth tropical forests are peculiarly vulnerable to invasion.

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Skelton, James, Andrew J. Johnson, Michelle A. Jusino, Craig C. Bateman, You Li e Jiri Hulcr. "A selective fungal transport organ (mycangium) maintains coarse phylogenetic congruence between fungus-farming ambrosia beetles and their symbionts". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, n. 1894 (9 gennaio 2019): 20182127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2127.

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Thousands of species of ambrosia beetles excavate tunnels in wood to farm fungi. They maintain associations with particular lineages of fungi, but the phylogenetic extent and mechanisms of fidelity are unknown. We test the hypothesis that selectivity of their mycangium enforces fidelity at coarse phylogenetic scales, while permitting promiscuity among closely related fungal mutualists. We confirm a single evolutionary origin of the Xylosandrus complex—a group of several xyleborine genera that farm fungi in the genus Ambrosiella . Multi-level co-phylogenetic analysis revealed frequent symbiont switching within major Ambrosiella clades, but not between clades. The loss of the mycangium in Diuncus , a genus of evolutionary cheaters, was commensurate with the loss of fidelity to fungal clades, supporting the hypothesis that the mycangium reinforces fidelity. Finally, in vivo experiments tracked symbiotic compatibility throughout the symbiotic life cycle of Xylosandrus compactus and demonstrated that closely related Ambrosiella symbionts are interchangeable, but the probability of fungal uptake in the mycangium was significantly lower in more phylogenetically distant species of symbionts. Symbiont loads in experimental subjects were similar to wild-caught beetles. We conclude that partner choice in ambrosia beetles is achieved in the mycangium, and co-phylogenetic inferences can be used to predict the likelihood of specific symbiont switches.

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Reding, Michael, Jason Oliver, Peter Schultz e Chris Ranger. "Monitoring Flight Activity of Ambrosia Beetles in Ornamental Nurseries with Ethanol-Baited Traps: Influence of Trap Height on Captures". Journal of Environmental Horticulture 28, n. 2 (1 giugno 2010): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-28.2.85.

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Abstract Ethanol-baited bottle traps were used to monitor spring flight activity of the ambrosia beetles Xylosandrus crassiusculus and Xylosandrus germanus in Ohio, Tennessee, and Virginia. The traps were deployed at three different heights to determine if height influenced captures. X. germanus was captured in all three states, while X. crassiusculus was captured in TN and VA only. Traps 0.5 m above the ground captured more X. germanus than traps at 1.7 or 3.0 m. Traps 0.5 or 1.7 m above the ground captured more X. crassiusculus than traps at 3.0 m. In TN and VA, first activity of X. crassiusculus and X. germanus occurred from mid-March to early April. In OH, first activity of X. germanus occurred early to mid-April. Analysis of attacks by X. germanus on Cornus florida revealed that more than 90% of the attacks occurred on the main trunk within 1 m (3 ft) of the ground. Monitoring will be most effective when traps are suspended 0.5 or < 1.7 m above the ground for X. germanus or X. crassiusculus, respectively. To detect first flight of X. crassiusculus or X. germanus, traps should be deployed by early to mid-March in TN and VA and late March in OH.

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Ahmet, KATI, e KATI Hatice. "Isolation and identification of bacteria from Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)". African Journal of Microbiology Research 7, n. 47 (28 novembre 2013): 5288–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajmr2013.5822.

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Groschke, Franz. "Der «schwarze Nutzholzborkenkäfer», Xylosandrus germanus Blandf., ein neuer Schädling in Deutschland1)". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 34, n. 2 (26 agosto 2009): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1953.tb00698.x.

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Wichmann, Heinrich E. "Zur derzeitigen Verbreitung des Japanischen Nutzholzborkenkäfers Xylosandrus germanus Blandf. im Bundesgebiete". Zeitschrift für Angewandte Entomologie 37, n. 2 (26 agosto 2009): 250–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1955.tb00786.x.

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Delgado, Cesar, e Guy Couturier. "Primer registro de Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) sobre cacao en Perú". Revista Colombiana de Entomología 43, n. 1 (30 luglio 2017): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/socolen.v43i1.6659.

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El curculiónido Scolytinae Xylosandrus compactus es una plaga polífaga, invasora, originaria de Asia. Actualmente se encuentra en las zonas tropicales y subtropicales de todos los continentes. El insecto probablemente ingresó a América del Sur en los años 1970, fue detectado por primera vez en el Perú en 1973 y en la Amazonía Peruana en 1991. En este trabajo, se registra por primera vez sobre cacao en la Amazonía peruana donde causa daños importantes en los viveros de cacao. Se proponen algunos métodos de control.

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Colombari, Fernanda, e Andrea Battisti. "Citizen science at school increases awareness of biological invasions and contributes to the detection of exotic ambrosia beetles". NeoBiota 84 (18 maggio 2023): 211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.84.95177.

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The serious and growing threat posed by biological invasions to biodiversity and livelihoods means that public engagement in dealing with problems of invasive alien species is ever more urgent and necessary hence a citizen science experiment was carried out in north-eastern Italy. The study aimed i) to raise awareness of invasive alien species threatening trees and forests, and ii) to perform monitoring activities of a group of wood borers as an example, involving teachers and students (aged 11 to 18) of high schools. Students and teachers were given background knowledge and trained about the protocol for collecting data in schoolyards/grounds. Native (Anisandrus dispar (Fabricius, 1792), Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg, 1837)) and exotic ambrosia beetles (Anisandrus maiche Kurentsov, Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford), Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky, 1866), Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894)) were used as the target species, as they could be easily detected through accessible and low-cost traps requiring limited effort. The traps were exposed for 24 hours weekly between March and June 2021. The experiment also aimed to strengthen public involvement, connecting environmental education and experiential outdoor learning. The mutual collaboration resulted in a wider knowledge of the potential impact of exotic species. It also led to new geographical citizen-science records of two alien ambrosia beetles considered to be quarantine pests by the European Union: C. mutilatus, new for the European part of the EPPO (European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization) region, and A. maiche, which was previously found only in Eastern European EPPO member countries.

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LEZA, MAR, LUIS NUÑEZ, JOSEP MARIA RIBA, CLAUDIA COMPARINI, ÁLVARO ROCA e DIEGO GALLEGO. "First record of the black twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in Spain". Zootaxa 4767, n. 2 (24 aprile 2020): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4767.2.9.

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We present the first record for Spain of the black twig borer, Xylosandrus compactus, an ambrosia beetle of Asian origin, collected from an infested carob tree located in Calvià (Majorca, Balearic Islands, Spain). X. compactus is included in the EPPO Alert List, and it has been recently reported causing damages in a Mediterranean maquis ecosystem in Italy and Southern France. Here, we discuss about the first steps of management of this Invasive Alien species (IAS), the eradication plan and the hypothesis of the path of introduction in this Western Mediterranean island.

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Monterrosa, Alejandra, Angelita L. Acebes, Brett Blaauw e Shimat V. Joseph. "Effects of Trap, and Ethanol Lure Type and Age on Attraction of Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)". Journal of Economic Entomology 114, n. 4 (27 maggio 2021): 1647–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab089.

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Abstract Ambrosia beetles (Xylosandrus spp.) are pests of woody ornamental nurseries and tree nut orchards. Growers use ethanol-infused bolts and ethanol-mediated bottle traps for monitoring ambrosia beetles in the spring. To refine these monitoring tools, we investigated the 1) sensitivity of the commercially available ethanol pouches placed on bolts compared with that of ethanol-infused bolts for ambrosia beetle attacks; and 2) the effect of aging of ethanol pouches on ambrosia beetle captures in bottle traps. Experiments were conducted in ornamental nurseries and pecan orchards in 2019 and 2020. For objective 1, the treatments included a bolt infused with locally purchased ethanol, an ethanol pouch attached to a bolt, and a control (bolt without ethanol). For objective 2, ethanol pouches were initially field-aged for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk and ambrosia beetle captures were documented weekly for 4 wk. Ethanol pouches older than 5 wk were replaced with fresh pouches at the pecan sites while ethanol pouches at nursery sites were aged up to 8 wk. The ethanol-pouch comparison study showed that the number of ambrosia beetle attacks was significantly greater on ethanol-infused bolt traps than with the ethanol pouches on bolts at the nursery and pecan sites in both years. The age of the ethanol pouches did not affect captures of Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) and X. germanus (Blandford) in bottle traps within 8 wk of deployment. Results provide practical implications into the sensitivity of the different ethanol lure types in association with bolt traps and the longevity of the ethanol pouches for grower use.

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Reding, Michael E., Christopher M. Ranger e Peter B. Schultz. "Colonization of Trees by Ambrosia Beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) Is Influenced by Duration of Flood Stress". Journal of Economic Entomology 114, n. 2 (2 marzo 2021): 839–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toab021.

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Abstract The ambrosia beetles Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) and Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) bore into flood-stressed trees to establish colonies, but the influence of flooding duration on colonization is unknown. This relationship was examined by flooding trees for various time periods and evaluating colonization. In one experiment, X. germanus bored into 20 dogwood (Cornus florida L.) trees during a 3-d flood treatment. Ten trees dissected that season had no offspring present in tunnels; the remaining trees appeared healthy and bloomed the following spring. In another experiment, dogwood trees were flooded for 3 or 7 d and then dissected to assess colonization. The incidence of superficial (short unbranched) and healed (callus tissue in entrance) tunnels was greater in the 3-d trees, while the incidence of tunnels with X. germanus or offspring was greater in the 7-d trees. Four experiments (three in Ohio and one in Virginia) had flood treatments of 0 (nonflooded), 3, 5, 7, and 10 d. Numbers of tunnel entrances, tunnels with X. germanus, and incidence of tunnels with offspring or live foundresses tended to increase as flood duration increased on apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.), dogwood, and redbud (Cercis canadensis L.) in Ohio and redbud in Virginia. Nonflooded trees in Ohio had no boring activity, but ambrosia beetles bored into three nonflooded trees in Virginia. Indicators of unsuccessful colonization, such as superficial tunnels and healing, decreased as flood duration increased. These results suggest tree crops may recover from boring by ambrosia beetles following short-duration flood events, and not necessarily require culling.

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Ranger, Christopher M., Marek Dzurenko, Jenny Barnett, Ruchika Geedi, Louela Castrillo, Matthew Ethington, Matthew Ginzel, Karla Addesso e Michael E. Reding. "Electrophysiological and Behavioral Responses of an Ambrosia Beetle to Volatiles of its Nutritional Fungal Symbiont". Journal of Chemical Ecology 47, n. 4-5 (24 marzo 2021): 463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10886-021-01263-0.

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AbstractAmbrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytinae) cultivate their fungal symbiont within host substrates as the sole source of nutrition on which the larvae and adults must feed. To investigate a possible role for semiochemicals in this interaction, we characterized electrophysiological and behavioral responses of Xylosandrus germanus to volatiles associated with its fungal symbiont Ambrosiella grosmanniae. During still-air walking bioassays, X. germanus exhibited an arrestment response to volatiles of A. grosmanniae, but not antagonistic fungi Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium brunneum, Trichoderma harzianum, the plant pathogen Fusarium proliferatum, or malt extract agar. Solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry identified 2-ethyl-1-hexanol, 2-phenylethanol, methyl benzoate and 3-methyl-1-butanol in emissions from A. grosmanniae; the latter two compounds were also detected in emissions from B. bassiana. Concentration-responses using electroantennography documented weak depolarizations to A. grosmanniae fungal volatiles, unlike the comparatively strong response to ethanol. When tested singly in walking bioassays, volatiles identified from A. grosmanniae elicited relatively weak arrestment responses, unlike the responses to ethanol. Xylosandrus germanus also exhibited weak or no long-range attraction to the fungal volatiles when tested singly during field trials in 2016–2018. None of the fungal volatiles enhanced attraction of X. germanus to ethanol when tested singly; in contrast, 2-phenylethanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol consistently reduced attraction to ethanol. Volatiles emitted by A. grosmanniae may represent short-range olfactory cues that could aid in distinguishing their nutritional fungal symbiont from other fungi, but these compounds are not likely to be useful as long-range attractants for improving detection or mass trapping tactics.

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Covre, Luana de Souza, Adriano Arrué Melo e Carlos Alberto Hector Flechtmann. "Flight activity and spread of Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Brazil". Trees, Forests and People 4 (giugno 2021): 100076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tfp.2021.100076.

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Cognato, Anthony I., Carlos E. Bográn e Robert Rabaglia. "An exotic ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus mutilatus (Blandford) (Scolytinae: Xyleborina) found in Texas". Coleopterists Bulletin 60, n. 2 (giugno 2006): 162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1649/895.1.

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Fiala, Tomáš, Jaroslav Holuša, Jiří Procházka, Lukáš Čížek, Marek Dzurenko, Jiří Foit, Juraj Galko et al. "Xylosandrus germanus in Central Europe: Spread into and within the Czech Republic". Journal of Applied Entomology 144, n. 6 (5 maggio 2020): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jen.12759.

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Keller, Laurent, Katharina Peer, Christian Bernasconi, Michael Taborsky e David M. Shuker. "Inbreeding and selection on sex ratio in the bark beetle Xylosandrus germanus". BMC Evolutionary Biology 11, n. 1 (2011): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-11-359.

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Graf, Erwin, e Pius Manser. "Beitrag zum eingeschleppten Schwarzen Nutzholzborkenkäfer Xylosandrus germanus. Biologie und Schadenpotential an im Wald gelagertem Rundholz im Vergleich zu Xyloterus lineatus und Hylecoetus dermestoides | The Imported Japanese Scolytid beetle Xylosandrus germanus: Biology and Damage Potential for Stored Round Timber Compared to Xyloterus lineatus and Hylecoetus dermestoides". Schweizerische Zeitschrift fur Forstwesen 151, n. 8 (1 agosto 2000): 271–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3188/szf.2000.0271.

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Abstract (sommario):

In 1995, significant damage caused by Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) was reported on round timber, both with bark and decorticated, of Norway spruce and fir. The insecticides used against Xyloterus lineatus and Hylecoetus dermestoides (L.), showed an insufficient to no effect againstX. germanus. Between 1996 and 1998, the development of the populations were investigated, the effectiveness of insecticides tested and the influence of felling date, decortication and storage site investigated in correlation with the intensity of damage. The decreasing population density, the activity of the insects as well as recommendations for felling and removal of round timber are illustrated and discussed.

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Chahal, Karandeep, Romina Gazis, William Klingeman, Denita Hadziabdic, Paris Lambdin, Jerome Grant e Mark Windham. "Assessment of Alternative Candidate Subcortical Insect Vectors From Walnut Crowns in Habitats Quarantined for Thousand Cankers Disease". Environmental Entomology 48, n. 4 (30 maggio 2019): 882–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz064.

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Abstract Thousand cankers disease (TCD) results from the combined activity of the fungal pathogen, Geosmithia morbida Kolařík, Freeland, Utley, and Tisserat and its principle vector, Pityophthorus juglandis (Blackman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) in Juglans L. spp. and Pterocarya Kunth spp. host plants. TCD has been reported from the eastern and western United States. To evaluate potential for other beetle species to vector the fungus in east Tennessee, specimens were collected using ethanol-baited traps that were suspended beneath crowns of TCD-symptomatic trees. Associations of G. morbida with insect species collected in traps were assessed in an unsuccessful, preliminary culture-based fungal assay, and then with a molecular-based detection method. For culture-based assays, rinsate from washed, individual insects was plated on nutrient media and growing colonies were subcultured to obtain axenic G. morbida cultures for identification. For the molecular-based method, G. morbida presence was detected by amplifying the previously developed, species-specific microsatellite locus GS004. Capillary electrophoresis was used to detect the amplified amplicons and representative reactions were validated using Sanger sequencing. Eleven beetle species were found to carry G. morbida, including Cnestus mutilatus (Blandford), Dryoxylon onoharaensum (Murayama), Hylocurus rudis (LeConte), Monarthrum fasciatum (Say), Monarthrum mali (Fitch), Xyleborinus saxesenii (Ratzeburg), Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky), Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) (all Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), Stenomimus pallidus (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Cossoninae), Oxoplatypus quadridentatus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Platypodinae), and Xylops basilaris (Say) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). These findings raise concerns that alternative subcortical insect species that already occur within quarantined habitats can sustain incidence of introduced G. morbida and contribute to spread within the native range of black walnut, Juglans nigra L., in the eastern United States.

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Ito, Masaaki, e Hisashi Kajimura. "Phylogeography of an ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae), in Japan". Applied Entomology and Zoology 44, n. 4 (2009): 549–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1303/aez.2009.549.

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Horn, Scott, e George N. Horn. "New Host Record for the Asian Ambrosia Beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)". Journal of Entomological Science 41, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2006): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-41.1.90.

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ITO, Masaaki, Hisashi KAJIMURA, Keiko HAMAGUCHI, Kunio ARAYA e Ferenc LAKATOS. "Genetic structure of Japanese populations of an ambrosia beetle,Xylosandrus germanus(Curculionidae: Scolytinae)". Entomological Science 11, n. 3 (settembre 2008): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1479-8298.2008.00280.x.

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Dole, Stephanie A., Bjarte H. Jordal e Anthony I. Cognato. "Polyphyly of Xylosandrus Reitter inferred from nuclear and mitochondrial genes (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 54, n. 3 (marzo 2010): 773–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2009.11.011.

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Dutto, M., C. Ferracini e M. Faccoli. "Serious infestations of Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford, 1894) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae) in chestnut plantations of North-Western Italy". Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale 15, n. 1 (31 dicembre 2018): 112–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3832/efor2860-015.

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BEAVER, ROGER A., e SARAH M. SMITH. "The bark and ambrosia beetles of Bhutan (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae): a synopsis with three new species of Scolytinae". Zootaxa 5174, n. 1 (8 agosto 2022): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5174.1.1.

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Abstract (sommario):

The present state of knowledge of the bark and ambrosia beetles of Bhutan is summarised as a basis for future studies of the fauna, and its economic importance in forestry, timber production and crop tree plantations. We describe three new species of Scolytinae: Cyclorhipidion druk Smith & Beaver, Euwallacea insolitus Smith & Beaver, and Xylosandrus geduensis Smith & Beaver. Thirty-four species of Scolytinae, and 13 species of Platypodinae are now known to occur in Bhutan, of which 14 species of Scolytinae, including the three new species, and four species of Platypodinae, are recorded for the first time. A checklist of the fauna is provided, with information on local and world distribution, host trees and biology, and taxonomy.

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KAVČIČ, ANDREJA. "First record of the Asian ambrosia beetle, Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), in Slovenia". Zootaxa 4483, n. 1 (20 settembre 2018): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4483.1.9.

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Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), with the common name the Asian ambrosia beetle or the granulate ambrosia beetle, originates in tropical and subtropical regions of eastern Asia. It is one of the most widespread wood-boring beetles and among these one of the most successful invaders (IPPC 2017). Outside its native habitat, the species is present in Africa (Wood & Bright 1992, Atkinson et al. 2000), in Australia (IPPC 2017), on the Pacific Islands (Beaver 1976), in the Americas (Atkinson 1988, Rabaglia et al. 2006, Flechtmann & Atkinson 2016, Landi et al. 2017) and in Europe (Pennacchio et al. 2003, Nageleisen et al. 2015, Gallego et al. 2016, Francardi et al. 2017).

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Thube, Shivaji Hausrao, R. Thava Prakasa Pandian, Arulappan Josephrajkumar, Anthara Bhavishya, B. J. Nirmal Kumar, Dnyaneshwar M. Firake, Vivek Shah, T. N. Madhu e Enrico Ruzzier. "Xylosandrus crassiusculus (Motschulsky) on Cocoa Pods (Theobroma cacao L.): Matter of Bugs and Fungi". Insects 13, n. 9 (5 settembre 2022): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects13090809.

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Exudation of mucilage from pinhead-sized boreholes in cocoa pods was recorded in Karnataka, India, during 2021. Further investigations showed the association of scolytine beetles with infested pods. The identity of the pest, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, was confirmed through morphological characterization and sequencing of the mitochondrial COI gene. We studied the predisposing factors for its infestation, visible and concealed damaging symptoms, and fungal symbionts. In addition to its well-known symbiotic fungus, Ambrosiella roeperi, a new association of yeast, Ambrosiozyma monospora, was discovered. We also traced the possible role of the mirid bug, Helopeltis theivora, in host selection by X. crassiusculus. Overall results indicated that a ‘mirid bug-ambrosia beetle–pathogen complex’ is responsible for the severe damage to cocoa pods in South India.

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Indriati, Gusti, Khaerati Khaerati, Iing Sobari e Dibyo Pranowo. "Attack Intensity of Twig Borer Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Four Robusta Coffee Clones". Jurnal Tanaman Industri dan Penyegar 4, n. 2 (30 luglio 2017): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jtidp.v4n2.2017.p99-106.

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Xylosandrus compactus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is one main pest in coffee plant which damages the branches. Each Robusta coffee clones has unique genetical, physiological, and morphological characteristics, thus presumably has different resistance levels to X. Compactus. This study aimed to determine the attack intensity of X. compactus on four Robusta coffee clones (SA 237, BP 308, BP 358 and RBGN 371) in the field. The research was conducted at Pakuwon Experimental Station and Integrated Laboratory of the Indonesian Industrial and Beverages Crops Research Institute (IIBCRI), Sukabumi, from September to Desember 2016. Three years old Robusta coffee plants of SA 237, BP 308, BP 358, and RBGN 371 clones were used, with 2.5 m x 2.5 m spacing and Gliricidia sepium, Musa paradisiaca, and Aleurites trisperma as shading plants. Variables observed were the attack symptoms in the hole, the insects stadia, the hole diameter, number and length of eggs, number and length of larvae, length and width of X. compactus imago, the attack symptoms and intensity. Moreover, sunlight intensity and water content of coffee branch was also observed as supportiing data. Data were analyzed by anova of completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 treatments of coffee clones and 6 replications. The results showed that attack of X. compactus was occurred at the branch of coffee plant, which potentially causing crops damage. Of the four Robusta coffee clones observed showed that the highest attack intensity and number of holes occurred in SA 237 clone, and the lowest in RBGN 371 clone.

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Weber, B. C., e J. E. McPherson. "RELATION BETWEEN ATTACK BY XYLOSANDRUS GERMANUS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AND DISEASE SYMPTOMS IN BLACK WALNUT". Canadian Entomologist 117, n. 10 (ottobre 1985): 1275–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent1171275-10.

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Xylosandrus germanus (Blandford) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) is an ambrosia beetle that occurs in Japan, Korea, the Kuril Islands, Vietnam, Taiwan, China, Central Europe, and the United States (Nobuchi 1981). Unlike most ambrosia beetles, it will attack apparently healthy trees and those that are dying or recently dead (Weber 1982). It has been associated with plants infected with pathogenic fungi, including black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) infected with species of Fusarium (Anderson and Hoffard 1978; Kessler 1974); reported symptoms include cankers, wilting and dieback, and sprouts. We found black walnut with wilting and dieback symptoms in southern Illinois in spring 1978 and central Tennessee in spring 1980. Subsequent examinations showed that X. germanus was present and apparently closely associated with the disease symptoms because of the number of diseased trees that also contained X. germanus pinholes. Therefore, we decided to study the relation between X. germanus attack and disease symptoms in black walnut.

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Carreras-Villaseñor, Nohemí, José B. Rodríguez-Haas, Luis A. Martínez-Rodríguez, Alan J. Pérez-Lira, Enrique Ibarra-Laclette, Emanuel Villafán, Ana P. Castillo-Díaz, Luis A. Ibarra-Juárez, Edgar D. Carrillo-Hernández e Diana Sánchez-Rangel. "Characterization of Two Fusarium solani Species Complex Isolates from the Ambrosia Beetle Xylosandrus morigerus". Journal of Fungi 8, n. 3 (26 febbraio 2022): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8030231.

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Ambrosia beetles are insect vectors of important plant diseases and have been considered as a threat to forest ecosystems, agriculture, and the timber industry. Several factors have been suggested as promoters of the pathogenic behavior of ambrosia beetles; one of them is the nature of the fungal mutualist and its ability to establish an infectious process. In Mexico, Xylosandrus morigerus is an invasive ambrosia beetle that damages many agroecosystems. Herein, two different isolates from the X. morigerus ambrosia beetle belonging to the Fusarium genus are reported. Both isolates belong to the Fusarium solani species complex (FSSC) but not to the Ambrosia Fusarium clade (AFC). The two closely related Fusarium isolates are pathogenic to different forest and agronomic species, and the morphological differences between them and the extracellular protease profile suggest intraspecific variability. This study shows the importance of considering these beetles as vectors of different species of fungal plant pathogens, with some of them even being phylogenetically closely related and having different pathogenic abilities, highlighting the relevance of the fungal mutualist as a factor for the ambrosia complex becoming a pest.

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