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1
Zheng, Lijian, Juanjuan Ma, Xihuan Sun e Xianghong Guo. "Improving Leaf Photosynthetic Performance of Apple through a Novel Root-Zone Irrigation in the Loess Plateau". Agriculture 12, n. 9 (1 settembre 2022): 1362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12091362.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
As freshwater becomes an increasingly scarce and expensive natural resource, novel water-saving irrigation methods for dwarfing apple orchards are needed in the Loess Plateau. However, studies are lacking on the effects of novel root-zone irrigation technology on leaf-level photosynthesis, which directly determines the yield and survival ability of trees. In this study, the leaf gas characteristics and water status of five-year-old dwarfing apple trees in the Loess Plateau of China were monitored during the 2016–2017 growing seasons under water storage pit irrigation (WSPI) and surface irrigation (SI) treatments. Under WSPI, the leaf water potential (Ψm), net photosynthesis rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), and chlorophyll content (Chl) were significantly higher than those under SI (by 12.21–28.36%), while non-photochemical quenching, superoxide dismutase, and sucrose were lower. Compared with SI, WSPI improved dwarfing apple yield by 25.4% and 26.7% in 2016 and 2017, respectively. WSPI increased the photosystem II (PSII) activity by increasing the chlorophyll fluorescence features (the potential quantum yield of PSII (Fv/Fm), actual quantum yield (ΦII), photochemical quenching (qP), and electron transport rate (ETR)). Principal component analysis showed that Ψm, Chl, the chlorophyll fluorescence features (qP, ΦII, and ETR), Pn, and gs could represent the leaf photosynthetic difference between WSPI and SI treatments. Results indicated that apple under WSPI could improve its yield through enhancing leaf photosynthetic performance, and water storage pit irrigation is an effective root-zone irrigation method for apple orchards on the Loess Plateau.
2
Liang, Zuodong, e Dong-Sheng Jeng. "A Three-Dimensional Model for the Seabed Response Induced by Waves in Conjunction with Currents in the Vicinity of an Offshore Pipeline Using OpenFOAM". International Journal of Ocean and Coastal Engineering 01, n. 03 (settembre 2018): 1850004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2529807018500045.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
To better understand the physical processes involved in the wave–seabed–pipeline interactions (WSPI), a three-dimensional numerical model for the wave-induced soil response around an offshore pipeline is proposed in this paper. Seabed instability around an offshore pipeline is one of the key factors that need to be considered by coastal engineers in the design of offshore infrastructures. Most previous investigations into the problem of WSPI have only considered wave conditions and have not included currents, despite the co-existence of waves and currents in natural ocean environments. Unlike previous studies, currents are included in the present study for the numerical modeling of WSPI, using an integrated FVM model, in which the volume-averaged Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (VARANS) equation is used to solve the mean fluid field, while Biot’s consolidation equation is used to describe the solid–pore fluid interaction in the porous medium. Numerical examples demonstrate a significant influence of ocean current direction and angle on the wave-induced pore pressures and the resultant seabed liquefaction around the pipeline, which cannot be observed in two-dimensional (2D) numerical simulation.
3
Jun, Hwandon, Arin Gim, Sueyeun Oak e Donghwi Jung. "Development of a Fuzzy-Function-Based Performance Indicator for Water Distribution System’s Emergency Condition". Water 12, n. 8 (15 agosto 2020): 2296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12082296.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Emergency interconnected operation (EIO) between adjacent blocks in a water distribution system (WDS) is one of the most effective countermeasures of a water utility when abnormal conditions (e.g., suspended water supply, pipe burst) occur at a certain location. For improved WDS operation and management, calculating a reliable performance indicator that accurately represents the states of consumers under both normal and abnormal conditions is essential. In this study, a water supply performance indicator (WSPI) was developed for assessing the hydraulic performance of a WDS in terms of consumer usability and satisfaction. A fuzzy function is used to represent the consumer satisfaction with the water supply level, and the satisfaction of different consumers can be adjusted by setting the variables of the fuzzy function. The WSPI can be applied to a hydraulic analysis model based on data from an actual WDS to assess the water supply capacity for each node and the entire network. It can also be used in an advanced pressure-driven analysis model to assess the WDS performance under various abnormal conditions. The proposed WSPI was applied to six suspended water supply scenarios of an actual WDS with and without EIO to assess the effectiveness of this countermeasure.
4
Goharian, Erfan, e Steven J. Burian. "Developing an integrated framework to build a decision support tool for urban water management". Journal of Hydroinformatics 20, n. 3 (8 febbraio 2018): 708–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2018.088.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract This paper presents an integrated, computer-based generic framework to couple urban water related models into a decision support tool (DST) for urban-water management. The DST, built on a participatory modelling approach, enables stakeholders to analyze impacts of climate variation, population growth, and alternative management solutions ranging from centralized to distributed options. The coupling of external models, building of the DST, and execution of simulation processes is achieved by employing GoldSim, which is linked to a database management tool and a shared library. A post-processing package generates outcomes for decision makers in the form of a new criterion, the Water System Performance Index (WSPI). The application of DST is demonstrated for the water service area of the Salt Lake City Department of Public Utilities (SLCDPU). Results show that a decentralized alternative increases the reliability of the system without changing the system's vulnerability. Centralized alternative improves the overall performance of the system based on WSPI results, but decrease in performance is still noticeable under the hot and dry climate condition. Overall, the system is very sensitive to changes in climatic conditions. Results show that during droughts, supply management is not the sole solution and compulsory demand-management practices should be instigated.
5
Cheng, Qiyun, Juanjuan Ma, Rong Ren, Lijian Zheng, Xianghong Guo e Xihuan Sun. "Effects of Fertilization Management under WSPI on Soil Nitrogen Distribution and Nitrogen Absorption in Apple Orchard in Loess Plateau". Agronomy 10, n. 9 (14 settembre 2020): 1386. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10091386.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Water storage pit irrigation (WSPI) has been proven effective in improving the water use efficiency of fruit trees in Loess Plateau, but so far there are still no matching efficient fertilization management methods. A two-year experiment was conducted to explore the management strategy of fertilization under the consideration of apple production and environmental sustainability. N isotope tracer technique was used to study the distribution of labelled nitrogen in soil, leaf, root and fruit. Moreover, the yield in different fertilizer managements were observed to evaluate the apple production. The results showed that increasing the amount of fertilizer could increase the accumulation of fertilizer nitrogen in soil, but also increased the risk of nitrogen leaching. Under the same amount of fertilizer, split fertilization can effectively increase of fertilizer nitrogen in soil by a mean of 4.7 times. Further, N300 application with split fertilization effectively increased apple yield. The yield of N300II treatment was higher than other treatment by maximum 68.5%. In addition, the root system mainly absorbed the fertilizer nitrogen applied in the current year, and the fruit mainly absorbed the fertilizer nitrogen applied in the previous year, but there was no significant difference in the leaves.
6
Chatsuwan, Niphattha, Sitthipong Nalinanon, Yuporn Puechkamut, Buddhi P. Lamsal e Praphan Pinsirodom. "Characteristics, Functional Properties, and Antioxidant Activities of Water-Soluble Proteins Extracted from Grasshoppers, Patanga succincta and Chondracris roseapbrunner". Journal of Chemistry 2018 (15 novembre 2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6528312.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Water-soluble proteins extracted from two species of grasshoppers, Patanga succincta (WSPP) and Chondracris roseapbrunner (WSPC), were characterized as well as their functional properties and antioxidant activities were investigated. The extraction yield, on a wet weight basis, was 7.35% and 7.46% for WSPP and WSPC, respectively. The most abundant amino acid in both proteins was glutamic acid, followed by aspartic, alanine, and leucine, in that order. The electrophoretic study revealed that proteins with MW of 29, 42, 50, 69, and 146 kDa were the major protein components in WSPP and WSPC. FTIR analysis showed that those proteins remained their structural integrity. The surface hydrophobicity at pH 7 of WSPC was higher than WSPP, but the sulfhydryl group content did not show significant difference between the proteins from two species. Both grasshopper proteins were mostly soluble in strong acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions with a minimum value at pH 4. Those proteins exhibited poor emulsifying properties and foaming capacity, but they had greater foaming stability compared with bovine serum albumin (BSA) (p<0.05). WSPC showed greater DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activities and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) than did WSPP (p<0.05). Therefore, based on characteristics and functional properties, water-soluble proteins from both edible grasshoppers can be used as an ingredient in food applications.
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Gelting, Richard J., Kristin Delea e Elizabeth Medlin. "A conceptual framework to evaluate the outcomes and impacts of water safety plans". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 2, n. 2 (1 giugno 2012): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2012.079.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A Water Safety Plan (WSP) is a preventive, risk management approach to ensure drinking water safety. The World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines place WSPs within a larger 'framework for safe drinking-water' that links WSPs to health, creating an implicit expectation that implementation of WSPs will safeguard health in areas with acceptable drinking water quality. However, many intervening factors can come between implementation of an individual WSP and ultimate health outcomes. Evaluating the impacts of a WSP, therefore, requires a much broader analysis than simply looking at health improvements. Until recently, little guidance for the monitoring and evaluation of WSPs existed. Drawing examples from existing WSPs in various regions, this paper outlines a conceptual framework for conducting an overall evaluation of the various outcomes and impacts of a WSP. This framework can provide a common basis for implementers to objectively monitor and evaluate the range of outcomes and impacts from WSPs, as well as a common understanding of the time frames within which those results may occur. As implementers understand the various outcomes and impacts of WSPs beyond health, a strong evidence base for the effectiveness of WSPs will develop, further enabling the scaling up of WSP implementation and provision of better quality water.
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Lockhart, Gabriella, William E. Oswald, Brian Hubbard, Elizabeth Medlin e Richard J. Gelting. "Development of indicators for measuring outcomes of water safety plans". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 4, n. 1 (21 ottobre 2013): 171–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.159.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Water safety plans (WSPs) are endorsed by the World Health Organization as the most effective method of protecting a water supply. With the increase in WSPs worldwide, several valuable resources have been developed to assist practitioners in the implementation of WSPs, yet there is still a need for a practical and standardized method of evaluating WSP effectiveness. In 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) published a conceptual framework for the evaluation of WSPs, presenting four key outcomes of the WSP process: institutional, operational, financial and policy change. In this paper, we seek to operationalize this conceptual framework by providing a set of simple and practical indicators for assessing WSP outcomes. Using CDC's WSP framework as a foundation and incorporating various existing performance monitoring indicators for water utilities, we developed a set of approximately 25 indicators of institutional, operational, financial and policy change within the WSP context. These outcome indicators hold great potential for the continued implementation and expansion of WSPs worldwide. Having a defined framework for evaluating a WSP's effectiveness, along with a set of measurable indicators by which to carry out that evaluation, will help implementers assess key WSP outcomes internally, as well as benchmark their progress against other WSPs in their region and globally.
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Gittoes, Elise, Elias Mpofu e Lynda R. Matthews. "Rehabilitation Counsellor Preferences for Rural Work Settings: Results and Implications of an Australian Study". Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling 17, n. 1 (1 giugno 2011): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jrc.17.1.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThis study sought to identify influences on rehabilitation counsellors' preference to work in rural areas, including their recruitment to, and retention in, rural work settings. Participants were 38 practicing rehabilitation counsellors (31% males) recruited through the Australian Society of Rehabilitation Counsellors and the Rehabilitation Counselling Association of Australasia. The mean age of participants was 38.67 years (SD= 12.9 years, age range, 25 to 65 years). Nineteen (50%) were working in rural areas at the time of the survey. A specifically designed survey, the Work Setting Preference Inventory (WSPI), which incorporated both quantitative and qualitative response options, was used to collect data. Analysis involved open coding of data into themes that emerged from the participants' responses. Descriptive statistical analysis was applied to quantify the prevalence or salience of particular themes. Results suggest that participants perceived preference to work in rural area to be influenced by the unique lifestyle of rural communities and family friendly employer policies. They perceived the availability of employment and training opportunities and supplemental financial compensations as incentives to attract rehabilitation counsellors to work in rural areas. Programs to recruit rehabilitation counsellors to rural areas should address employee lifestyle preferences in the context their overall career development.
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String, Gabrielle, e Daniele Lantagne. "A systematic review of outcomes and lessons learned from general, rural, and country-specific Water Safety Plan implementations". Water Supply 16, n. 6 (14 maggio 2016): 1580–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.073.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Water Safety Plans (WSPs) are a comprehensive risk assessment and management approach to water delivery that were internationally recommended in 2004. WSPs consist of five implementation steps, followed by evaluation. To date, approximately 90 countries have implemented WSPs; however widespread uptake is limited by lack of documented outcomes and impacts. We conducted a systematic review to collate outcomes, impacts, and lessons learned from WSPs developed in general, rural, and three case-study country contexts. Overall, 53 documents met inclusion criteria. In general contexts, the need for institutional support during WSP implementation was highlighted. In rural applications, the need to simplify the WSP process and provide community support was emphasized. In case-study countries, we found the WSP process was selectively adapted and integrated within existing programs. In outcome and impact evaluations, financial outcomes have the clearest evidence base, while operational outcomes are documented most frequently, particularly in relation to infrastructure improvements. However, evidence is lacking on institutional and policy outcomes and impacts of WSPs. To ensure WSPs reach their potential for improving water delivery and management, support should be provided to implementers, outcomes and impacts of urban, peri-urban, and rural WSP implementations should be evaluated, and adaptation of WSPs locally encouraged.
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Kanyesigye, Christopher, Sara J. Marks, Juliet Nakanjako, Frank Kansiime e Giuliana Ferrero. "Status of Water Safety Plan Development and Implementation in Uganda". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n. 21 (24 ottobre 2019): 4096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214096.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Uganda was among the first countries in Africa that pioneered Water Safety Plan (WSP) development and implementation, with the first WSP dating back to 2002. The objective of this study was to assess WSP status in Uganda, focusing on the experience of the National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), in order to understand the factors that influenced it and strategies for scaling-up. This study consisted of a review of documentation for 20 WSPs, 42 interviews, a focus group discussion and four field visits. Results show that the development of the 20 WSPs over the last 15 years was largely incomplete and diverse. Most of the WSPs focused on system assessment and improvement, but failed to include WSP monitoring, verification and management. The monitoring of control measures was implemented in nine of the 20 systems, while verification took place in the form of internal (5/20) and external (2/20) auditing. The main barriers identified to WSP implementation were inadequate training, team composition and deployment, mistaken perception and inability to evaluate WSP effectiveness. Conversely, the main enabling factors were management commitment, public health responsibility, good customer relations, financial availability and reliable laboratories. These findings suggest a need for more institutionalization of WSPs with improved coordination across stakeholder groups.
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Magtibay, B. B. "An index model for evaluating water safety plans in the Philippines". Water Supply 17, n. 4 (7 febbraio 2017): 1168–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2017.015.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Developing a water safety plan (WSP) is now a requirement for all service providers of drinking water in the Philippines. To assist compliance with the Philippine Department of Health (DOH), this study develops an index model that the DOH can use for evaluating WSPs and covers the WSPs of 14 water districts and 11 health care facilities. The WSP Index model was developed using a nine-step process and was tested in 25 WSPs to determine the robustness of its weights and benchmark. Approximately 21 WSPs received a passing mark when the 60% benchmark was used but only nine WSPs passed when the benchmark was raised to 74%. This Philippine model may be utilized by countries in evaluating the WSPs, and further adapted to their local context and considerations.
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Davies-Colley, R. J., R. J. Craggs, J. Park e J. W. Nagels. "Optical characteristics of waste stabilization ponds: recommendations for monitoring". Water Science and Technology 51, n. 12 (1 giugno 2005): 153–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0452.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The optical character of waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) is of concern for several reasons. Algal photosynthesis, which produces oxygen for waste oxidation in WSPs, is influenced by attenuation of sunlight in ponds. Disinfection in WSPs is influenced by optical characteristics because solar UV exposure usually dominates inactivation. The optical nature of WSPs effluent also affects assimilation by receiving waters. Despite the importance of light behaviour in WSPs, few studies have been made of their optical characteristics. We discuss simple optical measures suitable for routine monitoring of WSPs (including at sites remote from laboratories): optical density of filtrates – an index of dissolved coloured organic (humic) matter, visual clarity – to provide an estimate of the beam attenuation coefficient (a fundamental quantity needed for optical modelling) colour (hue) – as an indicator of general WSP ‘condition’ and irradiance attenuation quantifying depth of light penetration. The value of optical characterisation of WSPs is illustrated with reference to optical data for WSPs in NZ (including high-rate algal ponds) treating dairy cattle wastewater versus domestic sewage. We encourage increased research on optical characteristics of WSPs and the incorporation of optical measures in monitoring and modelling of WSP performance
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Barrington, Dani, Kathryn Fuller e Andrew McMillan. "Water safety planning: adapting the existing approach to community-managed systems in rural Nepal". Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3, n. 3 (6 maggio 2013): 392–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2013.120.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Water Safety Plans (WSPs) improve the quality and secure the quantity of drinking water supplies, and hence improve public health outcomes. In developing countries such as Nepal, thousands of residents die each year as a result of poor water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services and WSPs show great promise for improving both health and livelihoods. The Nepali Non-Governmental Organisation Nepal Water for Health (NEWAH) has been working in partnership with Engineers Without Borders Australia and WaterAid Nepal to develop a WSP methodology suited to rural, community-managed water supply systems. Three pilot projects were undertaken incorporating community-based hazard management into the standard World Health Organization and Nepali Department of Water Supply and Sewerage WSP approaches. The successes and challenges of these pilots were assessed, and it was determined that community education, behaviour change, and the distribution of simplified WSP documentation to households and managers were essential to implementing successful WSPs within this context. This new WSP methodology is currently being mainstreamed throughout all of NEWAH's WASH projects in rural Nepal, as well as being shared with the wider Nepali WASH sector.
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Lian, Yirui, Liah X. Coggins, Jessica Hay, Andrew van de Ven e Anas Ghadouani. "Effect of Attached Growth on Treatment Performance in Waste Stabilization Ponds". Water 14, n. 20 (14 ottobre 2022): 3245. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14203245.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) rely upon natural biochemical reactions for treatment and are used widely across the world. However, WSPs often fail to meet treatment performance expectations due to insufficient hydraulic performance. Installation of baffles can improve hydraulic performance of WSPs by increasing the mean residence time, reducing dead zones, and short circuiting, thus improving pond treatment performance. Theoretically, baffles with the ability to sustain attached growth will increase the possible attachment area of microorganisms and further contribute to nutrient removal. However, to date there have been no full-scale studies exploring attached growth baffles in WSPs. The main objective of this study was to investigate and quantify the effect of attached growth baffles on WSP treatment performance, specifically in terms of improvements in treatment performance provided by attached biofilm compared with hydraulic improvement. A first-order kinetic model was used to predict biological oxygen demand (BOD) removal efficiency, including suspended and biofilm biomass reactions, to determine whether attached growth or hydraulics had the most influence on performance improvement. At the operational WSP scale, we found that although the presence of attached growth on baffles results in a modest (~0.6%) improvement in treatment performance, the most influential factor for improving treatment was improved hydraulics (~5.3%). In model generalization, the change in biofilm thickness and biofilm area had less effect on treatment in WSPs in higher organic loading scenarios; however, a considerable improvement (~12%) in treatment efficiency could be achieved by doubling the total biofilm area. Overall, this study shows that baffles can not only improve WSP hydraulics but can also be used as a medium for increasing biofilm area to improve WSP biological treatment efficiency.
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Schmidt, Isabelle, Bettina Rickert, Oliver Schmoll e Thomas Rapp. "Implementation and evaluation of the water safety plan approach for buildings". Journal of Water and Health 17, n. 6 (30 ottobre 2019): 870–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2019.046.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes water safety plans (WSPs) – a risk-based management approach – for premise plumbing systems in buildings to prevent deterioration of drinking-water quality. Experience with the implementation of WSPs in buildings were gathered within a pilot project in Germany. The project included an evaluation of the feasibility and advantages of WSPs by all stakeholders who share responsibility in drinking-water safety. While the feasibility of the concept was demonstrated for all buildings, benefits reported by building operators varied. The more technical standards were complied with before implementing WSP, the less pronounced were the resulting improvements. In most cases, WSPs yielded an increased system knowledge and awareness for drinking-water quality issues. WSPs also led to improved operation of the premise plumbing system and provided benefits for surveillance authorities. A survey among the European Network of Drinking-Water Regulators on the existing legal framework regarding drinking-water safety in buildings exhibited that countries are aware of the need to manage risks in buildings' installations, but experience with WSP is rare. Based on the successful implementation and the positive effects of WSPs on drinking-water quality, we recommend the establishment of legal frameworks that require WSPs for priority buildings whilst accounting for differing conditions in buildings and countries.
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Zacharia, Abdallah, Wajihu Ahmada, Anne H. Outwater, Billy Ngasala e Rob Van Deun. "Evaluation of Occurrence, Concentration, and Removal of Pathogenic Parasites and Fecal Coliforms in Three Waste Stabilization Pond Systems in Tanzania". Scientific World Journal 2019 (23 ottobre 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3415617.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In Tanzania, waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) are employed to treat wastewater, and effluents are used for urban agricultural activities. The use of untreated or partially treated wastewater poses risks of disease transmission, including parasitic and bacterial infections, to exposed communities. Little is known about the occurrence, concentration, and removal of parasites and fecal coliform (FC) bacteria in WSPs in Tanzania. This study evaluates the occurrence and concentration of parasites and FCs in wastewater, the efficiency of WSPs in removing parasites and FCs, and the validity of using FCs as an indicator of parasites. This was a cross-sectional study conducted between February and August 2018. Wastewater samples were collected from three WSPs located in the Morogoro, Mwanza, and Iringa regions. APHA methods were used to test physicochemical parameters. The modified Bailenger method and Ziehl–Neelsen stain were used to analyse parasites. Membrane filtration method was used to analyse FCs. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 20. Helminth egg removal ranged from 80.8% to 100%. Protozoan (oo)cyst removal ranged from 98.8% to 99.9%. The Mwanza WSP showed the highest FC reduction (3.8 log units (100 mL)−1). Both the parasites and FCs detected in the effluents of assessed WSPs were of higher concentrations than World Health Organization and Tanzania Bureau of Standards limits, except for helminths in the Morogoro WSP and FCs in the Mwanza WSP. FCs were significantly correlated with protozoa (p<0.01) and predicted protozoa occurrence well (p=0.011). There were correlations between physicochemical parameters, parasites, and FC bacteria in the WSP systems. Inadequate performance of these systems may be due to lack of regular maintenance and/or systems operating beyond their capacity. FC indicators were observed to be a good alternative for protozoa monitoring, but not for helminths. Therefore, during wastewater quality monitoring, helminths should be surveyed independently.
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Yamamoto, A., M. D. Short, B. van den Akker, N. J. Cromar e H. J. Fallowfield. "Nitrification potential in waste stabilisation ponds: comparison of a secondary and tertiary pond system". Water Science and Technology 61, n. 3 (1 febbraio 2010): 781–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.962.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study compared the nitrification potential of two separate Waste Stabilisation Ponds (WSPs) operating under differing physical and chemical conditions. In order to probe the nitrification potential of each system, the oxidation of ammonium and also the intermediate product nitrite was assessed using both in situ and laboratory micro-scale incubations. The role of sediment in determining the nitrification potential of the two WSPs was also investigated. Results from laboratory microcosm incubations revealed a competent and strikingly similar nitrification potential for both WSPs in spite of their differing nitrogen and organic loadings, and also suggested a significant role for sediment in WSP nitrogen cycling. Results from in situ field experiments identified biomass uptake to be the dominant nitrogen removal mechanism in natural pond environments. Other aspects of WSP nitrogen cycling are also discussed.
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Howard, G. "Water safety plans for small systems: a model for applying HACCP concepts for cost-effective monitoring in developing countries". Water Science and Technology 47, n. 3 (1 febbraio 2003): 215–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0198.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The development of water safety plans (WSPs) for small systems should be based on a thorough understanding of the relationships between risk factors and contamination events. This can be achieved through the use of well-designed assessments of water quality that provide better evidence to support the identification of control measures, performance limits, monitoring parameters and verification procedures. Training of community operators is critical to the success of the WSP and the understanding gained from the assessments provides a sound basis for addressing these needs. The WSP approach provides for more effective control of water quality and the use of targeted assessments is cost-effective in improving the design of WSPs.
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Summerill, C., S. J. T. Pollard, J. A. Smith, B. Breach e T. Williams. "Securing executive buy-in for preventative risk management – lessons from water safety plans". Water Supply 11, n. 6 (1 dicembre 2011): 682–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.074.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Appropriate implementation of water safety plans (WSPs) offers an important opportunity to engage in and promote preventative risk management within water utilities. To ensure success, the whole organization, especially executive management, need to be advocates. Illustrated by four case studies, we discuss the influence of organisational culture on buy-in and commitment to WSPs. Despite an internal desire to undertake risk management, aspects of organisational culture prevented these from reaching full potential. Enabling cultural features included: enthusiastic management; past incidents; accountability; insufficient regulations; image; learning and continual improvement cultures; stakeholder relationships; and empowerment of staff. Blocking features included: lack of awareness and recognition; complacency; poor internal relationships; competing priorities; lack of resources and skills; contrasting internal cultures and a lack of near miss reporting. Benefits of WSP implementation and how management are committed are also discussed. We offer some suggestions to those wishing to generate executive buy-in such as: understanding reasons for hesitance; demonstrate benefits; avoiding complacency; highlight building blocks of WSPs and recognising the value of using the WSP approach to inform sound investment planning. We urge water utilities to consider the influence of organisational culture on the success and sustainability of WSP adoption, and to better understand how effective leadership can mould culture to support implementation.
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Craggs, R. J., C. C. Tanner, J. P. S. Sukias e R. J. Davies-Colley. "Dairy farm wastewater treatment by an advanced pond system". Water Science and Technology 48, n. 2 (1 luglio 2003): 291–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0133.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs) have been used for the treatment of dairy farm wastewater in New Zealand since the 1970s. The conventional two pond WSP systems provide efficient removal of wastewater BOD5 and total suspended solids, but effluent concentrations of other pollutants including nutrients and faecal bacteria are now considered unsuitable for discharge to waterways. Advanced Pond Systems (APS) provide a potential solution. A pilot dairy farm APS consisting of an Anaerobic pond (the first pond of the conventional WSP system) followed by three ponds: a High Rate Pond (HRP), an Algae Settling Pond (ASP) and a Maturation Pond (which all replace the conventional WSP system facultative pond) was evaluated over a two year period. Performance was compared to that of the existing conventional dairy farm WSP system. APS system effluent quality was considerably higher than that of the conventional WSP system with respective median effluent concentrations of BOD5: 34 and 108 g m-3, TSS: 64 and 220 g m-3, NH4-N: 8 and 29 g m-3, DRP: 13 and 17 g m-3, and E. coli: 146 and 16195 MPN/100 ml. APS systems show great promise for upgrading conventional dairy farm WSPs in New Zealand.
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Rodriguez-Alvarez, María Soledad, Aimé Gutiérrez-López, Martín Alejandro Iribarnegaray, Mark Howard Weir e Lucas Seghezzo. "Long-Term Assessment of a Water Safety Plan (WSP) in Salta, Argentina". Water 14, n. 19 (20 settembre 2022): 2948. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14192948.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The use of water safety plans (WSPs) has been recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 2004 as a highly effective means of improving water safety management. Experience with the implementation of WSPs is increasing worldwide, but there is no unified or standardized methodology for how the verification of a WSP should be conducted. In this article, we present a thorough evaluation of a specific WSP five years after its initial implementation. We reviewed the risk assessment methodology used by a water utility in Salta, Argentina, and assessed the implementation of control measures. To objectively evaluate the effectiveness of the WSP, we evaluated water quality parameters and customer complaints using a time-series analysis. We show that although some control measures were implemented, and a reduction in risk values was observed, it was not possible to improve long-standing problems in the water supply of the city of Salta, such as the number of consumer complaints or high turbidity levels in the water during the rainy season. We discuss the role of rigorous scientific assessments and the importance of legislation and regulatory bodies in implementing the WSP.
23
Mudaliar, M. M. "Success or failure: demonstrating the effectiveness of a Water Safety Plan". Water Supply 12, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2012): 109–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.106.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Water Safety Plan (WSP) concept has become a globally recognised and accepted approach to drinking water supply management and operation. Many countries around the world are adopting this proactive, risk-based model for ensuring consistent confidence in drinking water safety, accessibility and affordability. While it is widely accepted that the WSP concept is an appropriate tool for ensuring drinking-water supply efficiency, the process for gathering the required evidence to demonstrate this continues to be rather vague. The problem may lie fundamentally in the way WSPs are developed and implemented. This paper discusses the need for establishing performance targets, identifying key performance indicators and monitoring these to build a body of evidence that would be instrumental in demonstrating whether WSPs are effective or not.
24
Zhang, Bing Jun, Jing Cao e Xue Zhong Zhang. "Calculation of Water-Soil Pressure of Silt Layer in the Foundation Pit Considering the Seepage Effect". Advanced Materials Research 568 (settembre 2012): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.568.176.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The water-soil pressure (WSP) is an important parameter to be considered in the foundation pit design and construction. Most of available calculation methods for WSP are based on the estimation of the water pressure and the soil pressure, either separately or together, with little consideration paid on the particularity of silt layer. The differences of WSPs calculated by separately or by together to estimate the soil pressure and water pressure in the silt soil is compared. A method for calculating the WSP in silt soil considering the seepage effect is suggested.
25
Amjad, Urooj Quezon, Jeanne Luh, Rachel Baum e Jamie Bartram. "Water safety plans: bridges and barriers to implementation in North Carolina". Journal of Water and Health 14, n. 5 (15 giugno 2016): 816–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2016.011.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
First developed by the World Health Organization, and now used in several countries, water safety plans (WSPs) are a multi-step, preventive process for managing drinking water hazards. While the beneficial impacts of WSPs have been documented in diverse countries, how to successfully implement WSPs in the United States remains a challenge. We examine the willingness and ability of water utility leaders to implement WSPs in the US state of North Carolina. Our findings show that water utilities have more of a reactive than preventive organizational culture, that implementation requires prioritization of time and resources, perceived comparative advantage to other hazard management plans, leadership in implementation, and identification of how WSPs can be embedded in existing work practices. Future research could focus on whether WSP implementation provides benefits such as decreases in operational costs, and improved organization of records and communication.
26
Schmidt, Jordan J., Colin M. Ragush, Wendy H. Krkosek, Graham A. Gagnon e Rob C. Jamieson. "Characterizing phosphorus removal in passive waste stabilization ponds in Arctic communities". Arctic Science 2, n. 1 (marzo 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/as-2015-0002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A majority of communities in the Canadian territory of Nunavut rely on passive waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) for domestic wastewater treatment. Little research has been conducted on the treatment performance of these systems. Therefore, in response to impending federal wastewater regulations, a research program was conducted in order to characterize contaminant removal, with phosphorus a contaminant of particular concern. The performance of WSPs in the Arctic communities of Kugaaruk, Pond Inlet, Grise Fiord, and Clyde River was evaluated from 2011 to 2014. Removal of total phosphorus was highly variable, ranging from 24% (Pond Inlet, 2014) to 76% (Grise Fiord, 2011). The average removal efficiency was 44%. Effluent total phosphorus concentrations generally exceeded 7 mg P/L, partly due to elevated raw wastewater concentrations. Over the course of the treatment season (defined as June to September, when the WSP is thawed), limited additional total phosphorus removal was observed. A fractionation analysis of WSP sediments showed that organic phosphorus and phosphorus bound to aluminum and iron were the predominant forms, which provided insight into primary treatment mechanisms. Further studies on these mechanisms are needed in order to optimize Arctic WSP treatment.
27
Setty, K., G. O’Flaherty, J. Enault, S. Lapouge, JF Loret e J. Bartram. "Assessing operational performance benefits of a Water Safety Plan implemented in Southwestern France". Perspectives in Public Health 138, n. 5 (11 luglio 2018): 270–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757913918787846.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Aims: The World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended Water Safety Plans (WSPs) since 2004 as a means to reduce drinking water contamination and risks to human health. These risk management programs have shown promise across several potential areas of evaluation, such as economic benefits and regulatory compliance. Since WSPs are largely carried out by people who interact with water treatment equipment and processes, operational performance indicators may be key to understanding the mechanisms behind desirable WSP impacts such as water quality and public health improvement. Method: This study reports performance measures collected at a WSP implementation location in southwestern France over several years. Results: Quantitative assessment of performance measures supported qualitative reports from utility managers. Results indicate significantly reduced duration of low-chlorine events at one production facility and a significant decrease in customer complaints related to water quality, manifesting reported improvements in operational performance and the customer service culture. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate some success stories and potential areas of future performance tracking. Cyclical iteration of the WSP can help to achieve continuous quality improvement. Successfully applied evaluation criteria such as the number of water quality complaints or alarm resolution time might be useful across other locations.
28
Sweeney, D. G., M. J. O'Brien, N. J. Cromar e H. J. Fallowfield. "Changes in waste stabilisation pond performance resulting from the retrofit of activated sludge treatment upstream: part II – management and operating issues". Water Science and Technology 51, n. 12 (1 giugno 2005): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0417.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bolivar Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) was originally commissioned with trickling filter secondary treatment, followed by waste stabilisation pond (WSP) treatment and marine discharge. In 1999, a dissolved air flotation/filtration (DAFF) plant was commissioned to treat a portion of the WSP effluent for horticultural reuse. In 2001, the trickling filters were replaced with activated sludge treatment. A shift in WSP ecology became evident soon after this time, characterised by a statistically significant reduction in algal counts in the pond effluent, and increased variability in algal counts and occasional population crashes in the ponds. While the photosynthetic capacity of the WSPs has been reduced, the concomitant reduction in organic loading has meant that the WSPs have not become overloaded. As a result of the improvement in water quality leaving the ponds, significant cost savings and improved product water quality have been realised in the subsequent DAFF treatment stage. A number of operating issues have arisen from the change, however, including the re-emergence of a midge fly nuisance at the site. Control of midge flies using chemical spraying has negated the cost savings realised in the DAFF treatment stage. While biomanipulation of the WSP may provide a less aggressive method of midge control, this case demonstrates the difficulty of predicting in advance all ramifications of a retrospective process change.
29
Liu, C. J., S. Chao e M. D. Gale. "Wsp-1, a set of genes controlling water-soluble proteins in wheat and related species". Genetical Research 54, n. 3 (dicembre 1989): 173–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300028639.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SummaryThree water-soluble wheat endosperm proteins of the wheat variety Chinese Spring have been shown, by isoelectric focusing, to be the products of genes located on the long arms of chromosomes 7A, 7B and 7D. In the absence of any evidence of function these genes have been assigned the temporary symbol, Wsp-1.Considerable intervarietal variation was found among a sample of 44 hexaploid wheat varieties. Five alleles at Wsp-A1, three at Wsp-B1 and two at Wsp-D1 were identified. Intrachromosomal mapping showed that Wsp-B1 is located distally on the long arm of chromosome 7B.Alien homoeoloci were identified on chromosomes 7Hch of Hordeum chilense, 7H of H. vulgare, 7E of Agropyron elongatum, 7S1 of Aegilops sharonensis and 7V of Dasypyrum villosum. Some other loci encoding WSPs found in wheat and some alien species are also briefly described.
30
Summerill, Corinna, Jen Smith, James Webster e Simon Pollard. "An international review of the challenges associated with securing buy-in for water safety plans within providers of drinking water supplies". Journal of Water and Health 8, n. 2 (1 febbraio 2010): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2010.047.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Since publication of the 3rd Edition of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Drinking Water Quality guidelines, global adoption of water safety plans (WSPs) has been gathering momentum. Most guidance lists managerial commitment and ‘buy-in’ as critical to the success of WSP implementation; yet the detail on how to generate it is lacking. This commentary discusses aspects of managerial commitment to WSPs. We argue that the public health motivator should be clearer and a paramount objective and not lost among other, albeit legitimate, drivers such as political or regulatory pressures and financial efficiency.
31
Davis-Colley, R. J., A. M. Donnison e D. J. Speed. "Towards a mechanistic understanding of pond disinfection". Water Science and Technology 42, n. 10-11 (1 novembre 2000): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0630.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A broad overview of mechanisms of disinfection of waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) is based on a review of the literature on indicator micro-organisms in ponds, including our own recent experiments. There is appreciable evidence that sunlight is the single most important factor in WSP disinfection. Much of the uncertainty in the literature regarding pond disinfection may reflect the interaction of sunlight with other factors, including dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH, which fluctuate diurnally within WSPs owing to algal metabolism. Our experiments with WSP effluent (conducted in small, stirred reactors with well-controlled physico-chemical conditions) showed that different faecal indicators are inactivated by different components of the solar spectrum, and the rates of sunlight inactivation have differing dependencies on physico-chemical conditions. For example, F-specific DNA phage was inactivated only by solar UV-B (300–320 nm) at a rate unaffected by other factors, whereas enterococci and F-specific RNA phage were inactivated by a wide range of wavelengths (300–550 nm) by (DO-dependent) photo-oxidation. Sunlight inactivation of faecal coliforms was particularly complicated: at pHs < 8.5 only solar UV-B (300–320 nm) caused (slow) inactivation, but at higher pHs, the inactivation rate increased and a wider range of wavelengths (300–550 nm) contributed – suggesting photo-oxidative damage to membranes which sensitises faecal coliforms to high external pH. Our findings on the different influences of physico-chemical conditions for different indicators suggest difficulties in interpreting microbiological quality of WSP effluent in terms of a single indicator micro-organism. However, clearly disinfection in WSPs may be enhanced by increasing sunlight exposure, for example with shallower ponds or increased residence times.
32
Branch, W. D. "Inheritance of White-Spot Testa Color Trait in Peanut1". Peanut Science 25, n. 1 (1 gennaio 1998): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-25-1-11.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The white-spot testa color trait has occasionally been found among segregating cross populations in the cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Crosses involving one such true-breeding white-spot selection were made both between and within subspecies of the cultigen to determine the inheritance of this unusual trait. The F1, F2, and F3 data indicated that two duplicate recessive genes, designated wsp1 and wsp2, control the white-spot trait in peanut.
33
Alvarado, Andres, Esteban Sanchez, Galo Durazno, Mehul Vesvikar e Ingmar Nopens. "CFD analysis of sludge accumulation and hydraulic performance of a waste stabilization pond". Water Science and Technology 66, n. 11 (1 dicembre 2012): 2370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2012.450.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Sludge management in waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) is essential for safeguarding the system performance. Sludge accumulation patterns in WSPs are strongly influenced by the pond hydrodynamics. CFD modeling was applied to study the relation between velocity profiles and sludge deposition during 10 years of operation of the Ucubamba WSP in Cuenca (Ecuador). One tracer experiment was performed and three sludge accumulation scenarios based on bathymetric surveys were simulated. A residence time distribution (RTD) analysis illustrated the decrease of residence times due to sludge deposition. Sludge accumulation rates were calculated. The influence of flow pattern on the sludge deposition was studied, enabling better planning of future pond operation and desludging.
34
Post, Yvonne, Emma Thompson e Edward McBean. "Insights into the challenges of risk characterization using drinking water safety plans". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 44, n. 5 (maggio 2017): 321–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2016-0573.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Risk assessment methodologies, specifically water safety plans (WSPs), provide a water operator with a greater awareness of the drinking water system and the hazards that may occur. This brings key issues to the forefront and promotes a proactive approach to drinking water safety. This paper identifies the challenges in completing a WSP and evaluates the robustness of procedures. Experts knowledgeable in drinking water treatment were asked to complete Alberta’s Drinking Water Safety Plan template for a hypothetical community. Findings from use of a condensed version of the WSP are also described, and the resulting risk scores obtained from both methodologies are compared. A high degree of variability between experts’ responses was observed from both; however, trends between responses show that the condensed WSP makes it easier to compare hazards relative to each other, to determine key risk areas that warrant more attention.
35
Lloyd, B. J., A. R. Leitner, C. A. Vorkas e R. K. Guganesharajah. "Under-performance evaluation and rehabilitation strategy for waste stabilization ponds in Mexico". Water Science and Technology 48, n. 2 (1 luglio 2003): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0080.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Fourteen high altitude (>2,500 m amsl) small Waste Stabilisation Pond systems (WSPs) commissioned during the last 12 years in the State of Mexico in Mexico, were built to a common 3-stage design. Each system is comprised of 2 parallel series of bio-digesters, anaerobic and facultative ponds. All fourteen WSP systems produce poor quality effluents, and eight studied in more detail did not meet any of the national standards for discharge to rivers or the standards required for reuse. The under-performance of these WSPs is underlined by the anaerobic condition of the upper reaches of the Lerma river which receives the sewage from the towns served by these treatment plants. Preliminary surveillance diagnostics identified fundamental operational problems in all eight WSP systems located in the upper Lerma catchment. The results of an intensive secondary diagnostic performance evaluation on one system were used to identify the reasons for under-performance. Under-performance was caused by under-design, hydraulic short-circuiting, adverse environmental conditions and poor operation and maintenance. A strategy for improvement of design and operation to meet national standards is presented.
36
Davies-Colley, R. J., A. M. Donnison e D. J. Speed. "Sunlight wavelengths inactivating faecal indicator microorganisms in waste stabilisation ponds". Water Science and Technology 35, n. 11-12 (1 giugno 1997): 219–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0737.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs) are widely used in New Zealand for the treatment of domestic sewage and other organic wastes. Traditionally, faecal coliforms have been used as the faecal indicator in WSPs and their receiving waters but there is increasing interest in alternative indicators. We studied the comparative inactivation kinetics under sunlight of two bacterial indicators in WSP effluent, and also those of two F-specific bacteriophages that may be models of the behaviour of viral pathogens in WSPs. We investigated the wavelength-dependence of sunlight inactivation in rapidly-stirred, small reactors, with temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH control, using various plastics as “longpass” filters to screen different portions of the UV-visible spectrum. The UVB, UVA and blue-green visible radiation (<550nm wavelength) all contributed appreciably to inactivation of enterococci and possibly FRNA phage, consistent with a photooxidation mechanism of action. In contrast, E. coli and presumed FDNA phage were inactivated mainly by UVB, consistent with direct absorption by, and damage to, the DNA with minor or negligible contribution by longer wavelengths. Our results suggest that E. coli may be a better bacterial indicator in WSPs than enterococci.
37
Koia, Raharuhi, Jack Needham, Saeid Alizadeh, John Scarry e Gregory A. MacRae. "Beam Shear Connections". Key Engineering Materials 763 (febbraio 2018): 207–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.763.207.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Web side plate (WSP) connections consist of a WSP bolted to the web of a beam. The WSP and the beam web not lying in the same vertical plane cause a load eccentricity under shear or axial loading. However, common design practices in New Zealand do not explicitly consider the effects of this load eccentricity. Therefore, the purpose of this research paper was to investigate the effect this load eccentricity can have on the capacity of a WSP connection when it is subjected to shear loading alone. To do this, a finite element model was developed to predict the behaviour and performance of WSP connections under monotonic shear loading. Via the use of experimental data gathered from previous research into web side plate connections the performance of the model could be validated. It was shown that the finite element model could replicate the behaviour and performance of WSP connections well. Using the validated model procedure two different standard WSP connections were modelled and subjected to various parametric studies. It was found that for some typical NZ configurations the failure modes were identified to be bearing failure of the WSP or beam web and bolt tear out. The failure modes most susceptible to eccentric effects were considered to be bearing of the WSP and bolt shear failure. In general the effects of the eccentricity was considered to not be significant, however, there was one exception. The strength of the WSP connection was seen to decrease by 24% when the WSP was extended. It was concluded that the current design practices were appropriate for all WSP connections investigated except for those with extended WSPs. For extended WSP connections additional guidance was developed. Thus, considering the additional guidance in conjunction with current design practices will result in good behaviour for extended WSP connections.
38
Chang, Zai Kang, Mien Ling Chong e Jamie Bartram. "Analysis of Water Safety Plan costs from case studies in the Western Pacific Region". Water Supply 13, n. 5 (1 settembre 2013): 1358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2013.146.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Unsafe water remains a significant public health threat in high and low income countries. The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes Water Safety Plans (WSPs) as the most effective means of consistently ensuring the safety of a drinking-water supply. Although health benefits of WSP implementation have been shown, there is a lack of information relating water supplier characteristics to expected costs. Costing practices were adapted from food quality management studies and applied to six water suppliers from the Western Pacific Region, as designated by WHO. The explanation building procedure was used to develop understanding of relationships between drinking-water supply agency (DWSA) characteristics and WSP implementation costs. The results indicate that costs associated with WSP implementation are expected to be low for developed DWSAs; however, for developing DWSAs, there is high variability in costs which indicates further research may not improve generalized WSP cost estimations. Furthermore, developing DWSAs experience large and highly variable capital and operational monitoring costs. The capital and operational monitoring improvements are necessary to achieving a safe water supply and may require ongoing financial and technical resources to execute.
39
Sheludchenko, Maxim, Anna Padovan, Mohammad Katouli e Helen Stratton. "Acinetobacter baumannii detected on modified charcoal–cefoperazone–deoxycholate agar in a waste stabilization pond". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 66, n. 3 (marzo 2020): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2019-0282.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Campylobacter is a recommended reference pathogen for the verification and validation of water recycling schemes in Australia and globally. In a larger study investigating the efficacy of pathogen removal in waste stabilization ponds (WSP), we cultivated bacteria from wastewater samples on modified charcoal–cefoperazone–deoxycholate agar (mCCDA) targeting the growth of Campylobacter. A high number of colonies characteristic of Campylobacter grew on this selective medium, but this did not correlate with qPCR data. Using primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene, and additional confirmatory tests to detect VS1, ompA, blaOXA-51-like, blaOXA-23-like genes, we tested 80 random colonies from 10 WSP samples. All 80 were identified as Acinetobacter baumannii. Wastewater grab samples taken three times over 6 months throughout the WSP system showed removal of A. baumannii in the WSP at rates similar to that of Escherichia coli. Our study suggests that mCCDA agar is not a suitable medium for isolating Campylobacter from environmental samples and that A. baumannii can be used as an indicator for removal of pathogens in WSPs.
40
Heaven, S., A. C. Lock, L. N. Pak e M. K. Rspaev. "Waste stabilisation ponds in extreme continental climates: a comparison of design methods from the USA, Canada, northern Europe and the former Soviet Union". Water Science and Technology 48, n. 2 (1 luglio 2003): 25–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0078.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The paper presents a brief review of the application of WSPs in extreme climates where ice formation occurs during winter. Design standards and methods are compared and different systems are described. Design equations developed by the US EPA and normative standards from the former Soviet Union are compared in a simple example using typical wastewater and performance characteristics. The results are similar except at low temperatures, where the Soviet method can give pond depths outside the prescribed limits. The paper examines construction and operational aspects of extreme climate WSPs, comparing North American, Northern European and Russian standards. It considers why WSP systems have not been widely adopted in Russia and the NIS, and looks at the advantages these systems may have in countries in economic transition.
41
Indah, Ayu Nurlaila, Shigeki Moriya, Tomoya Ohta, Rani Agustina Wulandari, Panjisakti Basunanda e Hideki Murayama. "Cell wall modifications lead to cultivar differences in apple (Malus domestica) fruit mealiness". Ilmu Pertanian (Agricultural Science) 7, n. 2 (24 agosto 2022): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ipas.72768.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Recently, four quantitative trait loci linked to flesh mealiness in apples were identified, with one associated with the MdPG1 allele. Hence, this study analyzed cell wall changes in two mealy (Orin and Akane) and three non-mealy (Kiou, Kitaro, Fuji) apple cultivars during ripening. The fruits were harvested for each cultivar at optimum maturity and stored at 20°C for 20 days. The flesh firmness of ‘Kitaro’ and ‘Fuji’ fruit did not change strikingly over the 20 days, whereas that of the other three cultivars, especially ‘Akane’ and ‘Orin’, gradually decreased during ripening. Between the two cultivars with a mealy texture, ‘Akane’ fruit produced extremely low levels of ethylene, whereas ‘Orin’ fruit produced high levels. The water-soluble polyuronide (WSP) contents of ‘Kiou’ and ‘Fuji’ fruit did not change clearly. In contrast, the WSP contents of the other three cultivars, especially ‘Akane’ and ‘Orin’, increased during ripening. In ‘Kiou’, ‘Kitaro’, and ‘Fuji’ fruit, the molecular-mass distributions of WSPs did not change during ripening. Conversely, the molecular-mass distribution of WSPs in ‘Akane’ and ‘Orin’ fruit exhibited downshifts during ripening. These results indicate that solubilization and depolymerization of pectic polyuronides occur during ripening in mealy ‘Akane’ and ‘Orin’ fruit, and that ethylene may not be involved in these changes.
42
Achag, Badre, Hind Mouhanni e Abdelaziz Bendou. "Improving the performance of waste stabilization ponds in an arid climate". Journal of Water and Climate Change 12, n. 8 (18 ottobre 2021): 3634–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2021.218.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract In many parts of the world, waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) are currently the preferred wastewater treatment method for municipal wastewater. The objective of this research is to examine the performance of a WSP in an arid climate region and to identify ways to improve its purification efficiency so that it can meet the criteria for reuse. The results attributed the poor performance to both improper process and physical design after 12 months of physicochemical and bacteriological analyses, as well as monitoring of operation, maintenance and loading rates. In tertiary treatment, maturation ponds are added, an increase in the capacity of the station, and management of the flow rate and retention time for each pond. By simulating the new WSP with GPS-X, the best pond area ratio obtained is 2.5 m2/capita, with a retention time of 4 days for anaerobic ponds, 20 days for facultative ponds and 3 days for two maturation ponds in series, which is suitable and provides reduction rates of BOD and fecal coliforms of 95 and 99%, respectively, with an average effluent concentration of 20 mg/L and 195 CFU. According to the results, well-maintained WSPs provide a viable, self-sufficient and environmentally friendly wastewater treatment solution for irrigation water supply in dry areas.
43
Badrot-Nico, F., V. Guinot e F. Brissaud. "Taking wind into account in the design of waste stabilisation ponds". Water Science and Technology 61, n. 4 (1 febbraio 2010): 937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.966.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Up to now, most investigations on the dependency of the fluid flow patterns and performance of waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs) on wind speed and direction and pond layout have been performed using 2D and 3D CFD steady state isothermal models. 3D non steady state models integrating thermal processes and boundary conditions taking into account the full influence of meteorological factors are likely to provide more realistic predictions of WSP performance. Such modelling was undertaken for 4 pond layouts, 2 without baffles and 2 with baffles. Wind speed and direction were kept constant throughout each simulation while other meteorological forcings were derived from field measurements. Twelve wind directions and 2, 4 and 6 m s−1 wind speeds were considered for each WSP layout. Simulations allowed verifying that the pond performance is dependent on the wind direction and velocity, that baffles may improve WSP performance and that the addition of well-designed baffles has the advantage of reducing its sensitivity to the wind.
44
Crimp, A., N. Brown e A. Shilton. "Microalgal luxury uptake of phosphorus in waste stabilization ponds – frequency of occurrence and high performing genera". Water Science and Technology 78, n. 1 (21 dicembre 2017): 165–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.632.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Microalgae commonly found in waste stabilization ponds (WSPs) are able to accumulate elevated phosphorus levels within their cells in a process known as luxury uptake. However, there are few studies focused on luxury uptake in full scale WSPs. In order to comprehensively quantify the occurrence of this phenomenon, eight different WSP sites comprising seven primary facultative, six maturation and two high rate algal ponds (HRAPs) spread over several climatic regions were monitored over four seasons. Of the 15 ponds studied, 13 of these exhibited elevated levels of biomass phosphorus content at some point; however, the occurrence in HRAPs was limited. More than half of the samples tested had elevated phosphorus contents and this occurred in all climatic zones surveyed. The phosphorus content of the biomass was significantly correlated to decreasing rainfall and increasing total dissolved phosphorus. Microscopic analysis revealed that nearly all the 17 microalgal and five cyanobacterial genera identified performed luxury uptake, but at varying frequencies. This is the first time that the genera of algae responsible for luxury uptake in full scale WSPs has been studied. Chlamydomonas/Cryptomonas, Micractinium/Microcystis and Scenedesmus were the only microalgal genera found to both commonly occur in WSPs and consistently perform luxury uptake.
45
Vorkas, C. A., e B. J. Lloyd. "A comparative assessment of bacteriophages as tracers and models for virus removal waste stabilisation ponds". Water Science and Technology 42, n. 10-11 (1 novembre 2000): 127–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0625.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The suitability of five strains of bacteriophage as hydraulic tracers and as models of pathogenic virus removal in waste stabilisation ponds was determined in vitro. The bacteriophages investigated included Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas syringae, Erwinia amanas, and two phages of Erwinia amylovora. The study modeled the survival of these bacteriophages under the physico-chemical conditions typically encountered in WSP systems. This demonstrated that the selected phages, were greatly affected by increased pH and sunlight, but survived for sufficient time at moderate pH levels (6.5-8.5) to justify their use as tracers in full-scale WSPs. Furthermore, their survival/removal in adjusted physico-chemical conditions, suspended solids concentration and temperature, was comparable to human pathogenic viruses. It was concluded that these phages are potentially useful tracers and indicators for pathogenic viruses in WSPs.
46
Coleman, H. M., N. Le-Minh, S. J. Khan, M. D. Short, C. Chernicharo e R. M. Stuetz. "Fate and levels of steroid oestrogens and androgens in waste stabilisation ponds: quantification by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry". Water Science and Technology 61, n. 3 (1 febbraio 2010): 677–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.950.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The capacity for removing wastewater-borne endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) was investigated for two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) incorporating waste stabilisation ponds (WSPs) as the principal treatment technology. Samples were analysed for a number of steroidal oestrogens and androgens using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Removal efficiency for steroid androgens was high for both WWTPs (93–100%) but WSP treatment was observed to be less effective for removing steroid oestrogens, particularly oestriol.
47
Silva, Giselle de Lima Paixão e., Juliana Aparecida Correia Bento, Luiz Artur Mendes Bataus, Manoel Soares Soares Júnior, Márcio Caliari, Menandes Alves de Souza Neto, Karen Carvalho Ferreira, Ana Lázara Matos de Oliveira e Jhonathan Raphael Andrade. "White and orange fleshed-sweet potato starches modified by autoclave". Research, Society and Development 10, n. 1 (5 gennaio 2021): e14210111620. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i1.11620.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
. The objective of this research, using a Composite Central Rotational Design, was to evaluate whether the moisture and exposure time to a temperature of 121 °C and pressure of 1.1 kgf. cm2 in an autoclave would be capable of modifying the morphological, thermal, functional and pasting properties of orange (OSP) and white (WSP)-fleshed sweet potato starches. The modification increased: the WAI at 60ºC of WSP starch and of WSI at 60ºC of OSP starch, the setback of WSP starch, the final viscosity of OSP starch and enthalpy for both, besides reduced the breakdown of OSP starch. The micrographs of modified starches showed cracks and on the surface of the granules, and pre-gelatinization of OSP starch, confirming that the moisture and exposure time affected their morphological, thermal, functional and pasting properties. Therefore, due the promising use the authors suggest future researches with WSP and OSP autoclaved starches to test technological applications.
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Brissaud, F., E. Blin, S. Hemous e L. Garrelly. "Water reuse for urban landscape irrigation: aspersion and health related regulations". Water Science and Technology 57, n. 5 (1 aprile 2008): 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.162.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Mediterranean seaside resort of Le Grau du Roi includes 40 hectares of landscaped areas spray irrigated with river water supplied through a separate network. Wastewater collected from several municipalities is treated in an activated sludge wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and polished in waste stabilization ponds (WSPs). Planned substitution of treated wastewater for river water is hindered by spray irrigation prohibition within a 100 m distance from houses and recreational areas. WWTP and WSP effluents were monitored for pathogens with a particular attention to Legionella in Spring and Summer 2006. Helminth eggs, salmonellae and enteroviruses were never detected neither in WWTP effluent nor in the ponds. Legionella spp content was slightly higher or of the order of magnitude of river water contents. Regarding Legionella pneumophila contents, WSP effluent did not significantly differ from the river water. E.coli and enterococci contents in WSP effluents complied with the “excellent quality” criteria of the European Directive for coastal bathing waters. Therefore, substituting WSP effluents to river water is unlikely to alter health risks related to spray irrigation and, in this case, the buffer zone required by the French water reuse guidelines appears being short of support.
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Herschan, Jo, Bettina Rickert, Theresa Mkandawire, Kenan Okurut, Richard King, Susan J. Hughes, Dan J. Lapworth e Katherine Pond. "Success Factors for Water Safety Plan Implementation in Small Drinking Water Supplies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries". Resources 9, n. 11 (28 ottobre 2020): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/resources9110126.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Water Safety Plan (WSP) implementation has the potential to greatly improve, commonly very challenging and resource limited, small drinking water supplies. Although slower than in urban or high-income settings, the uptake of WSPs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is accelerating. Understanding the factors which will make a WSP successful will further improve efficient uptake and assist with its long-term sustainability. Based on an extensive literature search using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISM-A) methodology, 48 publications, including case studies and guidance documentation, formed the basis of this review. These were analysed using inductive and deductive coding methods to (i) identify the success factors applicable to WSP implementation in small drinking water supplies in LMICs and (ii) to investigate which factors are more or less critical depending on the geography and level of development of the implementing country. Key challenges identified during the review process were also noted. A comparison of these success factors was made with those identified from high-income and urban settings. The three most important success factors identified are the development of technical capacity, community engagement, and monitoring and verification. Factors specific to small drinking water supplies in LMICs include support from non-government organisations, integration into existing water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) programs, simplicity, and community engagement. Certain factors, such as adaptability, the use of guidance documentation, international collaboration, the role of pilot studies, knowledge sharing, and stakeholder involvement are applicable to all WSP settings. Due to the specific challenges faced by small drinking water systems and the limited number of original research publications on this topic, this study highlights the need for further data collection and research focused on success factors in these settings. It is anticipated that the consideration of the success factors identified in this study will assist implementers in improving the uptake and long-term sustainability of WSPs in small drinking water supplies in low- and middle-income settings.
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Kurtakoti, Prajvala, Milena Veneziani, Achim Stössel, Wilbert Weijer e Mathew Maltrud. "On the Generation of Weddell Sea Polynyas in a High-Resolution Earth System Model". Journal of Climate 34, n. 7 (aprile 2021): 2491–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0229.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractLarger Weddell Sea polynyas (WSPs), differentiated in this study from the smaller Maud Rise Polynyas (MRPs) that form to the east of the prime meridian in the proximity of the Maud Rise seamount, have last been observed in the 1970s. We investigate WSPs that grow realistically out of MRPs in a high-resolution preindustrial simulation with the Energy Exascale Earth System Model, version 0.1. The formation of MRPs requires high resolution to simulate the detailed flow around Maud Rise, whereas the realistic formation of WSPs requires a model to produce MRPs. Furthermore, WSPs tend to follow periods of a prolonged buildup of a heat reservoir at depth and weakly negative wind stress curl in association with the core of the Southern Hemisphere westerlies at an anomalously northern position. While this scenario also leads to drier conditions over the central Weddell Sea, which some literature claims to be a necessary condition for the formation of WSPs, our model results indicate that open-ocean polynyas do not occur during periods of weakly negative wind stress curl despite drier atmospheric conditions. Our study supports the hypothesis noted in earlier studies that a shift from a weakly negative to a strongly negative wind stress curl over the Weddell Sea is a prerequisite for WSPs to form, together with a large heat reservoir at depth. However, the ultimate trigger is a pronounced MRP, whose associated convection creates high surface salinity anomalies that propagate westward with the flow of the Weddell Gyre. If large enough, these anomalies trigger the formation of a WSP and a pulse of newly formed Antarctic Bottom Water.