Articoli di riviste: "Wounding"

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O'Neill, Ciaran. "The Wounding". Books Ireland, n. 218 (1998): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20623785.

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Massagué, Joan. "Wounding Smad". Nature Cell Biology 1, n. 5 (settembre 1999): E117—E119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/12944.

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Liu, Ling, Kang Li, Xiujuan Zhou e Chuanying Fang. "Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Reveals the Role of Strigolactones in Wounding-Induced Rice Metabolic Re-Programming". Metabolites 12, n. 9 (25 agosto 2022): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12090789.

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Plants have evolved mechanisms to adapt to wounding, a threat occurring separately or concomitantly with other stresses. During the last decades, many efforts have been made to elucidate the wounding signaling transduction. However, we know little about the metabolic re-programming under wounding, let alone whether and how strigolactones (SLs) participate in this progress. Here, we reported a metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of SLs synthetic and signal mutants in rice before and after wounding. A series of metabolites differentially responded to wounding in the SLs mutants and wild-type rice, among which flavones were enriched. Besides, the SLs mutants accumulated more jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonyl isoleucine (JA-lle) than the wild-type rice after wounding, suggesting an interplay of SLs and JAs during responding to wounding. Further transcriptome data showed that cell wall, ethylene, and flavones pathways might be affected by wounding and SLs. In addition, we identified candidate genes regulated by SLs and responding to wounding. In conclusion, our work provides new insights into wounding-induced metabolic re-programming and the SLs’ function.

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Fatuhi, Amer Hanna, Daniel T. Ames, Justin Archie e David Shook. "Wounding the Dark". World Literature Today 83, n. 6 (2009): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wlt.2009.0365.

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Stamatopoulou, Zoe. "Wounding the Gods". Mnemosyne 70, n. 6 (26 ottobre 2017): 920–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12342234.

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AbstractIn this article, I explore the figure of the mortaltheomachosin archaic Greek hexameter poetry. In particular, I examine how theIliadand the HesiodicAspisconstruct Diomedes and Heracles respectively in their capacity to fight and wound divine opponents. Through a careful study of these two figures, I argue that they are emblematic of the heroic generations they belong to.

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SAVITZ, CAROL. "Healing and Wounding:." Journal of Analytical Psychology 31, n. 4 (ottobre 1986): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-5922.1986.00319.x.

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Palaniswamy, P., e R. J. Lamb. "WOUND-INDUCED ANTIXENOTIC RESISTANCE TO FLEA BEETLES, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), IN CRUCIFERS". Canadian Entomologist 125, n. 5 (ottobre 1993): 903–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent125903-5.

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AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of wounding the cotyledons of Sinapis alba L. cv. Ochre, Brassica napus L. cv. Westar, B. rapa L. cv. Tobin, and C8711, a selection from Tobin, on subsequent feeding damage by the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). Cotyledons of 7-day-old seedlings were wounded either by puncturing them with needles (mechanical wounding) or by exposing them to flea beetles. One, 2, or 9 days following wounding, the wounded and unwounded seedlings were exposed to flea beetles and the feeding damage was estimated as a measure of antixenosis. Mechanical wounding of one of the cotyledons with 96 needle punctures induced a significant reduction in the damage of the unwounded cotyledons of S. alba, 1 or 2 days following wounding. True leaves of the wounded seedlings also showed consistently less damage than unwounded controls, 9 days following wounding. In S. alba, all three levels of mechanical wounding (i.e. 6, 24, or 96 punctures per cotyledon) reduced subsequent flea beetle damage to a similar extent. Wrapping a cotyledon of S. alba with a plastic film produced an effect similar to wounding it with needles. As with mechanical wounding, flea beetle wounding also reduced subsequent flea beetle damage in S. alba. Other plant species (B. napus and B. rapa) tested showed no measurable induced effects on subsequent feeding damage.

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Luo, Weifeng, Setsuko Komatsu, Tatsuya Abe, Hideyuki Matsuura e Kosaku Takahashi. "Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Wild-Type Physcomitrella Patens and an OPDA-Deficient Physcomitrella Patens Mutant with Disrupted PpAOS1 and PpAOS2 Genes after Wounding". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n. 4 (19 febbraio 2020): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041417.

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Wounding is a serious environmental stress in plants. Oxylipins such as jasmonic acid play an important role in defense against wounding. Mechanisms to adapt to wounding have been investigated in vascular plants; however, those mechanisms in nonvascular plants remain elusive. To examine the response to wounding in Physcomitrella patens, a model moss, a proteomic analysis of wounded P. patens was conducted. Proteomic analysis showed that wounding increased the abundance of proteins related to protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism, protein folding, photosystem, glycolysis, and energy synthesis. 12-Oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) was induced by wounding and inhibited growth. Therefore, OPDA is considered a signaling molecule in this plant. Proteomic analysis of a P. patens mutant in which the PpAOS1 and PpAOS2 genes, which are involved in OPDA biosynthesis, are disrupted showed accumulation of proteins involved in protein synthesis in response to wounding in a similar way to the wild-type plant. In contrast, the fold-changes of the proteins in the wild-type plant were significantly different from those in the aos mutant. This study suggests that PpAOS gene expression enhances photosynthesis and effective energy utilization in response to wounding in P. patens.

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Thamarus, Karen A., e Glenn R. Furnier. "Temporal and genotypic variation of wound-induced gene expression in bark of Populus tremuloides and P. grandidentata". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, n. 11 (1 novembre 1998): 1611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-129.

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In two related experiments, total RNA was extracted from wounded and unwounded bark of young aspen ramets for Northern and dot blot analyses. Wound-inducible genes isolated from other plant species were hybridized to blots, and mRNA levels were estimated. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the significance of experimental factors (wounding, time after wounding, and genotype) affecting variation in mRNA levels. The first experiment examined the timing (0.5-96 h after wounding) of expression of wound-inducible genes in bark tissue of a single Populus tremuloides Michx. genotype. Wounding and variation among RNA samples significantly (p < 0.05) affected mRNA levels of two chitinases (win6, win8) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). The second experiment examined interclonal variation of wound-induced win6 and PAL expression in aspen bark. Ramets of four P. tremuloides and one Populus grandidentata Michx. genotypes were wounded and bark was collected 4, 8, or 12 h later. Genotype, wounding, and time after wounding all significantly affected win6 and PAL mRNA levels, with levels increasing as a result of wounding.

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Kang, Ji-Nam, Woo-Haeng Lee, So Youn Won, Saemin Chang, Jong-Pil Hong, Tae-Jin Oh, Si Myung Lee e Sang-Ho Kang. "Systemic Expression of Genes Involved in the Plant Defense Response Induced by Wounding in Senna tora". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n. 18 (17 settembre 2021): 10073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810073.

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Wounds in tissues provide a pathway of entry for pathogenic fungi and bacteria in plants. Plants respond to wounding by regulating the expression of genes involved in their defense mechanisms. To analyze this response, we investigated the defense-related genes induced by wounding in the leaves of Senna tora using RNA sequencing. The genes involved in jasmonate and ethylene biosynthesis were strongly induced by wounding, as were a large number of genes encoding transcription factors such as ERFs, WRKYs, MYBs, bHLHs, and NACs. Wounding induced the expression of genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, such as PR-1, chitinase, thaumatin-like protein, cysteine proteinase inhibitor, PR-10, and plant defensin. Furthermore, wounding led to the induction of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and the accumulation of kaempferol and quercetin in S. tora leaves. All these genes were expressed systemically in leaves distant from the wound site. These results demonstrate that mechanical wounding can lead to a systemic defense response in the Caesalpinioideae, a subfamily of the Leguminosae. In addition, a co-expression analysis of genes induced by wounding provides important information about the interactions between genes involved in plant defense responses.

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Lazcano, Carlos A., Fred T. Davies, Andrés A. Estrada-Luna, Sharon A. Duray e Victor Olalde-Portugal. "Effect of Auxin and Wounding on Adventitious Root Formation of Prickly-pear Cactus Cladodes". HortTechnology 9, n. 1 (gennaio 1999): 99–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.9.1.99.

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Mature cladodes of prickly-pear cactus (Opuntia amyclaea Tenore. `Reina') were treated with five wounding methods and four concentrations of potassium salt indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA) to stimulate adventitious root formation. The wounding method and K-IBA had highly significant effects on root number and root dry mass of cladodes. Interaction between K-IBA and wounding methods showed that greater root number was obtained at the higher auxin concentrations and with wounding methods that had the greatest cut surface area. K-IBA concentrations from 4,144 to 41,442 μm (1,000 to 10,000 mg·L-1) increased root dry mass. Only the wounding method affected rotting of cladodes. Treatments allowing suberization had a higher percentage of nonrotted cladodes. This research validates the commercial practice of allowing cladodes to suberize early in the propagation cycle. K-IBA altered rooting polarity and stimulated adventitious root formation along the wounded cladode surfaces. The vertical nonsuberized wounding methods and auxin treatments are an excellent classroom demonstration for manipulating rooting polarity. Auxin application and wounding could be of commercial benefit for enhanced rooting in the clonal regeneration of new selections for prickly-pear cactus orchards.

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Son, Seungmin, Miye Kwon e Jong Hee Im. "A New Approach for Wounding Research: MYC2 Gene Expression and Protein Stability in Wounded Arabidopsis Protoplasts". Plants 10, n. 8 (25 luglio 2021): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10081518.

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Wounding is a constant threat to plant survival throughout their lifespan; therefore, understanding the biological responses to wounds at the cellular level is important. The protoplast system is versatile for molecular biology, however, no wounding studies on this system have been reported. We established a new approach for wounding research using mechanically damaged Arabidopsis mesophyll protoplasts. Wounded protoplasts showed typical wounding responses, such as increased MPK6 kinase activity and upregulated JAZ1 expression. We also assessed expression profiles and protein stability of the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor MYC2 in wounded protoplasts. Promoter activity, gene expression, and protein stability of MYC2 were compromised, but recovered in the early stage of wounding. In the late stage, the promoter activity and expression of MYC2 were increased, but the protein stability was not changed. According to the results of the present study, this new cell-based approach will be of use in various molecular studies on plant wounding.

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SMITS. "WOUNDING, SEALING, AND KISSING". Medium Ævum 88, n. 1 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/26889854.

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Taylor, Victor E. "Wounding Theology and Literature". English Language Notes 44, n. 1 (1 marzo 2006): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00138282-44.1.13.

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Kaiser, J. "Wounding Earth's Fragile Skin". Science 304, n. 5677 (11 giugno 2004): 1616–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.304.5677.1616.

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Eardley, William G. P., Sarah A. Watts e Jon C. Clasper. "Limb Wounding and Antisepsis". International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds 11, n. 3 (21 giugno 2012): 213–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1534734612450589.

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Shaw, Philip, Holly Furneaux e Joanna Wilson-Scott. "War, wounding and intimacies". Critical Military Studies 6, n. 2 (2 aprile 2020): 115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23337486.2020.1759315.

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Cao, Chuan Wang, Ling Ma, Shan Chun Yan e Zhi Ying Wang. "Effects of Lymantria dispar Feeding and Wounding on Phenyalanine Ammonia-Lyase in Populus simonii × P. nigra". Advanced Materials Research 183-185 (gennaio 2011): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.183-185.323.

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In plants, phenyalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) has been related to defense mechanisms against insect feeding and wounding, and its role was investigated in poplar (Populus simonii × P. nigra) regarding induction by third-instar Lymantria dispar larvae feeding and punching mechanical wounding. The activity and mRNA expression level of PAL was evaluated during time courses in relation to L. dispar feeding and mechanical wounding. The constitutive levels of PAL activity in healthy poplar showed no significant differences during 72 h. L. dispar feeding and mechanical wounding caused different responses of protein and transcript levels of PAL. PAL was obviously induced by L. dispar feeding during a 24-72 h period. For mechanical wounding, activity and mRNA expression level of PAL were not significant induced but were mostly inhibited. The results suggested PAL gene may be significantly related to poplar defense against L. dispar attack.

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Gu, Andrea, Dan Kho, Rebecca Johnson, E. Graham e Simon O’Carroll. "In Vitro Wounding Models Using the Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS)-Zθ Technology". Biosensors 8, n. 4 (11 ottobre 2018): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios8040090.

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Electric Cell-Substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) can produce reproducible wounding models by mechanically disrupting a cell monolayer. This study compared in vitro wound-healing using human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMVEC) with both single electrode (8W1E) and multiple electrodes (8W10E+) arrays. Measurements of hCMVEC migration and barrier functions were conducted, revealing variable levels of barrier disruption could be achieved by altering the duration and magnitude of the applied current. In all scenarios, the barrier (Rb) did not recover the strength observed prior to injury. Localization of junctional proteins following wounding were analyzed by immunocytochemistry. Following wounding, cell migration was generally faster on the 8W10E+ than the 8W1E array. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed non-viable cells remained on the 8W1E electrodes but not the 8W10E+ electrodes. However, viable cells partially remained on the 8W10E+ electrodes following wounding. In addition, the 8W10E+ electrodes demonstrated variation in cell loss across electrodes within the same well. This suggests the type of wounding is different on the two array types. However, our data show both arrays can be used to model incomplete barrier recovery and therefore both have potential for testing of drugs to improve endothelial barrier function. This is the first time that the possibility of using the 8W10E+ array as a wounding model is addressed. We highlight the differences in wounding produced between the two arrays, and can be used to study the underlying causes for impaired barrier function following CNS injuries.

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Fiorucci, Anne-Sophie, Olivier Michaud, Emanuel Schmid-Siegert, Martine Trevisan, Laure Allenbach Petrolati, Yetkin Çaka Ince e Christian Fankhauser. "Shade suppresses wound-induced leaf repositioning through a mechanism involving PHYTOCHROME KINASE SUBSTRATE (PKS) genes". PLOS Genetics 18, n. 5 (27 maggio 2022): e1010213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010213.

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Shaded plants challenged with herbivores or pathogens prioritize growth over defense. However, most experiments have focused on the effect of shading light cues on defense responses. To investigate the potential interaction between shade-avoidance and wounding-induced Jasmonate (JA)-mediated signaling on leaf growth and movement, we used repetitive mechanical wounding of leaf blades to mimic herbivore attacks. Phenotyping experiments with combined treatments on Arabidopsis thaliana rosettes revealed that shade strongly inhibits the wound effect on leaf elevation. By contrast, petiole length is reduced by wounding both in the sun and in the shade. Thus, the relationship between the shade and wounding/JA pathways varies depending on the physiological response, implying that leaf growth and movement can be uncoupled. Using RNA-sequencing, we identified genes with expression patterns matching the hyponastic response (opposite regulation by both stimuli, interaction between treatments with shade dominating the wound signal). Among them were genes from the PKS (Phytochrome Kinase Substrate) family, which was previously studied for its role in phototropism and leaf positioning. Interestingly, we observed reduced shade suppression of the wounding effect in pks2pks4 double mutants while a PKS4 overexpressing line showed constitutively elevated leaves and was less sensitive to wounding. Our results indicate a trait-specific interrelationship between shade and wounding cues on Arabidopsis leaf growth and positioning. Moreover, we identify PKS genes as integrators of external cues in the control of leaf hyponasty further emphasizing the role of these genes in aerial organ positioning.

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Cicák, A., e I. Mihál. "Can artificial wounding of beech stems induce necroses?" Journal of Forest Science 51, No. 12 (10 gennaio 2012): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4588-jfs.

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The paper presents data on the induction of necroses after small injuries to beech stems caused by electrodes during measuring cambium electric resistance. Altogether 121 beech stems of tree class 1–3 (according to Kraft) were evaluated. Among 2,904 mechanical injuries in 121 stems evaluated (24 per stem), 155 injuries induced necroses, hence each 19<sup>th</sup> injury induced necrosis. Most stems (33.06%) showed one necrosis, few stems (4.96%) showed even four necroses. 28.93% of stems did not show any necrosis. In order to prevent the infection of wounds and subsequent induction of necroses the authors recommend to treat any wounds with a suitable fungicide after using an equipment causing even negligible wounds of stems.

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Soblosky, Joseph S., N. Lynn Rogers, Jeffery A. Adams, J. Bryan Farrell, June F. Davidson e Michael E. Carey. "Central and peripheral biogenic amine effects of brain missile wounding and increased intracranial pressure". Journal of Neurosurgery 76, n. 1 (gennaio 1992): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/jns.1992.76.1.0119.

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✓ This study was performed to ascertain the acute effects of brain missile wounding on brain-stem and hypothalamic biogenic amines in a group of cats anesthetized with pentobarbital (40 mg/kg). Brain wounding is associated with a concomitant increase in intracranial pressure (ICP); to separate the effects of elevated ICP alone from the effects of wounding, a second group of cats had ICP artificially increased from a normal level of approximately 5 mm Hg to approximately 140 mm Hg by infusion of mock cerebrospinal fluid into the cisterna magna. In both groups, significant epinephrine depletions (47% to 74%) occurred in the nucleus tractus solitarius, area A1C1, locus ceruleus, raphe nuclei, and posterior hypothalamus. Epinephrine levels were also significantly decreased in the anterior hypothalamus in the wounded cats. In addition, both brain wounding and artificially induced ICP increases caused significant decreases of norepinephrine in the posterior hypothalamus, and of serotonin, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, dopamine, and homovanillic acid in the raphe nuclei. Only brain wounding, however, caused significant reductions of norepinephrine, dopamine, and homovanillic acid in the nucleus tractus solitarius and area A1C1. The plasma catecholamine levels resulting from brain wounding or artificially induced ICP increases were dissimilar only in the amount of time required to attain maximum plasma levels, with the wounded animals responding faster. It is concluded that the hypothalamic and brain-stem biogenic amine changes resulting from either brain wounding or increased ICP alone are reflective of a stress response. Brain-stem distortion caused by brain wounding did not appear to be a factor and monoaminergic systems appeared to remain intact despite a severe and eventually lethal brain injury. If the detected depletion of epinephrine and serotonin levels is associated with potentially lethal brain injury, pharmacological intervention may be possible.

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Tantam, Digby, e Jane Whittaker. "Personality Disorder and Self-wounding". British Journal of Psychiatry 161, n. 4 (ottobre 1992): 451–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.161.4.451.

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At least 1 in 600 adults wound themselves sufficiently to need hospital treatment. More men than women do it, although more women receive psychological treatment. Many have a history of sexual or physical abuse. Self-wounding differs from other self-harm in being aimed neither at mutilation nor at death. Self-wounding coerces others and relieves personal distress. Repeated self-wounding is one criterion of borderline personality disorder but we prefer to consider it an ‘addictive’ behaviour rather than an expression of a wider disorder. Psychological management may need to be augmented by drug or social treatment. Carers, including professional carers, usually need help to contain the turbulence that self-wounding produces.

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Wanderley, Lêdia Feitosa, Karla Lílian Rodrigues Batista, Jorgiane Furtado de Carvalho, Aldilene da Silva Lima, Gabriel Alves Landulfo, Alexandra Martins dos Santos Soares e Livio Martins Costa Junior. "The first assessment of the stress inducible defense of Leucaena leucocephala with acaricidal potential effect against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae)". Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária 26, n. 2 (giugno 2017): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-29612017026.

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Abstract Plants respond to wounding caused by mechanical stress or herbivory by synthesizing defense proteins. There are no studies reporting the action of induced plant proteins against ticks. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mechanically wounded Leucaena leucocephala leaves against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Initially, we carried out time course experiments to evaluate the impact of mechanical wounding on the protein content and the peroxidase, catalase and protease inhibitor activities in L. leucocephala. We then evaluated the acaricidal activity on R. (B.) microplus from protein extract collected from L. leucocephala after mechanical wounding. L. leucocephala leaves were artificially wounded, and after 6, 12, 24 and 48h, the leaves were collected for protein extraction. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of the proteins were performed. The protein content and peroxidase and protease activities increased 12h after wounding, and the acaricidal activity of this protein extract was evaluated using engorged R. (B.) microplus females. The protein extract obtained after wounding reduced egg production (8.5%) compared to those without wounding. Furthermore, the extract reduced egg hatching by 47.7% and showed an overall efficacy of 56.3% at 0.1 mgP/mL of the protein. We demonstrated that L. leucocephala defensive proteins could be effective against R. (B.) microplus.

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Bertini, Laura, Luana Palazzi, Silvia Proietti, Susanna Pollastri, Giorgio Arrigoni, Patrizia Polverino de Laureto e Carla Caruso. "Proteomic Analysis of MeJa-Induced Defense Responses in Rice against Wounding". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, n. 10 (22 maggio 2019): 2525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20102525.

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The role of jasmonates in defense priming has been widely recognized. Priming is a physiological process by which a plant exposed to low doses of biotic or abiotic elicitors activates faster and/or stronger defense responses when subsequently challenged by a stress. In this work, we investigated the impact of MeJA-induced defense responses to mechanical wounding in rice (Oryza sativa). The proteome reprogramming of plants treated with MeJA, wounding or MeJA+wounding has been in-depth analyzed by using a combination of high throughput profiling techniques and bioinformatics tools. Gene Ontology analysis identified protein classes as defense/immunity proteins, hydrolases and oxidoreductases differentially enriched by the three treatments, although with different amplitude. Remarkably, proteins involved in photosynthesis or oxidative stress were significantly affected upon wounding in MeJA-primed plants. Although these identified proteins had been previously shown to play a role in defense responses, our study revealed that they are specifically associated with MeJA-priming. Additionally, we also showed that at the phenotypic level MeJA protects plants from oxidative stress and photosynthetic damage induced by wounding. Taken together, our results add novel insight into the molecular actors and physiological mechanisms orchestrated by MeJA in enhancing rice plants defenses after wounding.

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Salas, B., R. W. Stack, G. A. Secor e N. C. Gudmestad. "The Effect of Wounding, Temperature, and Inoculum on the Development of Pink Rot of Potatoes Caused by Phytophthora erythroseptica". Plant Disease 84, n. 12 (dicembre 2000): 1327–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2000.84.12.1327.

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The effect of wounding, temperature, and inoculum on the development of pink rot caused by Phytophthora erythroseptica, was studied for its potential impact on postharvest infection. Tissue plugs cut from pink rot infected tubers and plugs of similar size from laboratory cultures of the pathogen were highly effective inoculum sources on wounded tubers. Severe wounding, temperatures of 15 to 25°C, and high inoculum density affected the infection risk. Regardless of source or amount of inoculum, any degree of wounding greatly increased incidence of infection of tubers by P. erythroseptica. Infections in unwounded tubers started at 15°C, whereas in wounded tubers infection started at 10°C. Incidence of pink rot was high when two or three of the factors (severe wounding, high temperature, high inoculum level) were favorable. Incidence of pink rot was intermediate when only one factor was favorable. Incidence of pink rot was low or absent without a favorable factor (no wounding, low temperature, and low inoculum), Since infected tuber tissue may serve as potential inoculum source for postharvest infection of tubers by P. erythroseptica, the removal of pink rot infected tubers at harvest is desirable. Avoidance of wounding and rapid cooling of storage bins to 10°C may also help control pink rot.

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Fraudentali, Ilaria, Renato Rodrigues-Pousada, Alessandro Volpini, Paraskevi Tavladoraki, Riccardo Angelini e Alessandra Cona. "Stress-Triggered Long-Distance Communication Leads to Phenotypic Plasticity: The Case of the Early Root Protoxylem Maturation Induced by Leaf Wounding in Arabidopsis". Plants 7, n. 4 (4 dicembre 2018): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants7040107.

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Root architecture and xylem phenotypic plasticity influence crop productivity by affecting water and nutrient uptake, especially under those environmental stress, which limit water supply or imply excessive water losses. Xylem maturation depends on coordinated events of cell wall lignification and developmental programmed cell death (PCD), which could both be triggered by developmental- and/or stress-driven hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production. Here, the effect of wounding of the cotyledonary leaf on root protoxylem maturation was explored in Arabidopsis thaliana by analysis under Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM). Leaf wounding induced early root protoxylem maturation within 3 days from the injury, as after this time protoxylem position was found closer to the tip. The effect of leaf wounding on protoxylem maturation was independent from root growth or meristem size, that did not change after wounding. A strong H2O2 accumulation was detected in root protoxylem 6 h after leaf wounding. Furthermore, the H2O2 trap N,N1-dimethylthiourea (DMTU) reversed wound-induced early protoxylem maturation, confirming the need for H2O2 production in this signaling pathway.

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Donskoy, Anne-Laure, e Rosemarie Stevens. "Starting from scratch: an exploration of the narratives of the first episode of self-wounding". Ethnicity and Inequalities in Health and Social Care 6, n. 2/3 (17 giugno 2013): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eihsc-10-2013-0021.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present some results of a qualitative study exploring people's memories of the pathways to the first episode of self-wounding. Specifically it will focus on the issue of “suicidality”. Design/methodology/approach – In total, 11 participants, aged between 19 and 50, were described. They were asked to describe their first episode of self-wounding. The interviews were conducted using a semi-structured topic guide. An initial thematic and a subsequent narrative analysis were used to explore the participants’ stories. Findings – The narratives of self-wounding show that the first episode occurs in a complex landscape of interactions between events and emotions. Even when participants were aware of suicidal feelings before self-wounding, the suicidal intention was abandoned as the self-wounding was shown to be an effective method for dealing with distress. For most of the participants the self-wounding was not associated with suicidality but with a strong need to gain or regain control of an emotionally charged and chaotic environment. Practical implications – Focusing on the first episode of self-harm holds the key to a better appreciation of the underlying meanings of self-wounding as a complex and dynamic experience. It can provide health care practitioners with a new direction to understanding people's individual motivations rather than focusing relying on behaviour generalised assumptions. Originality/value – This study provides a rare insight into the first episode of self-harm as a unique event. It is also a rare example of publicly funded service-user research with a focus on issues which are meaningful to them.

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Goto, Taichi, Gojiro Nakagami, Takeo Minematsu, Masamichi Shinoda e Hiromi Sanada. "Measurement of mechanical withdrawal threshold on full-thickness cutaneous wounds in rats using the von Frey test". Journal of Wound Care 28, n. 11 (2 novembre 2019): 762–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2019.28.11.762.

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Objective: A method for measuring mechanical withdrawal threshold of full-thickness cutaneous wound pain in animal models is lacking. This study aimed to confirm the validity and reactivity of the von Frey test in full-thickness cutaneous wounds in rats. Method: A 1.5cm-diameter wound was established on the dorsal areas of male Sprague-Dawley rats and subcutaneously injected with either morphine hydrochloride (5.0mg/kg) or indomethacin (2.5mg/kg) with a 27-gauge needle on day three post-wounding. On day five post-wounding, an injection of morphine hydrochloride, indomethacin or lambda-carrageenan (1.0%) into the granulation tissue was also administered. The withdrawal threshold of mechanical stimulation of the wound edge was compared in each group before treatment with injection and at two, four, eight and 24 hours after injection. Results: A total of 40 rats were used in the study. Since more severe inflammation in and around the wound was induced on day three post-wounding than that of day five, the withdrawal threshold measured on day three post-wounding was significantly lower than that of day five. The decrease of the withdrawal threshold was depressed by morphine hydrochloride and indomethacin treatment on day three post-wounding. While there was no significant difference between the changes in the withdrawal threshold after indomethacin treatment on day five post-wounding, we observed an increased withdrawal threshold after morphine hydrochloride treatment and decreased withdrawal threshold after lambda-carrageenan treatment on day five post-wounding. Conclusion: The results suggest that the von Frey test can be applied to measure the mechanical withdrawal threshold of full-thickness dorsal wounds in rats.

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Smith, Kevin. "Wounding, Compartmentalization, and Treatment Tradeoffs". Arboriculture & Urban Forestry 14, n. 9 (1 settembre 1988): 226–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.48044/jauf.1988.054.

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Sharkey, Valerie. "Self-wounding: a literature review". Mental Health Practice 6, n. 7 (1 aprile 2003): 35–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/mhp.6.7.35.s24.

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Reinhardt, Klaus, Nils Anthes e Rolanda Lange. "Copulatory Wounding and Traumatic Insemination". Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology 7, n. 5 (15 aprile 2015): a017582. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a017582.

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JANZON, BO, BIRGER SCHANTZ e TORSTEN SEEMAN. "Scale Effects in Ballistic Wounding". Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care 28, Supplement (gennaio 1988): S29—S32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005373-198801001-00008.

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Singh Gambhir, Raghvinder Pal. "Firearm Violence and Wounding Pattern". Journal of the American College of Surgeons 229, n. 2 (agosto 2019): 220–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2019.05.001.

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35

Jones, S., L. Nokes e S. Leadbeatter. "The mechanics of stab wounding". Forensic Science International 67, n. 1 (giugno 1994): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0379-0738(94)90413-8.

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36

Lin, Yiqun, Michael R. Wagner e Joseph R. Cobbinah. "Effect of Bottom Heat, IBA Dipping Duration, and Wounding on Rooting of Stem Cuttings of Milicia excelsa". HortTechnology 7, n. 1 (gennaio 1997): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.7.1.68.

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The effect of bottom heat, wounding, and duration of stem basal IBA dip on macropropagation of Milicia excelsa was investigated. Bottom heat enhanced root dry mass and accelerated root initiation. Percentage rooting and root dry mass were not affected by wounding and duration of stem basal treatment. However, wounding interacted with bottom heat to affect dry mass (P < 0.05). Root biomass was 60% higher from wounded cuttings than from nonwounded cuttings under the nonheated condition. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).

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Li, Jianlong, Lanting Zeng, Yinyin Liao, Dachuan Gu, Jinchi Tang e Ziyin Yang. "Influence of Chloroplast Defects on Formation of Jasmonic Acid and Characteristic Aroma Compounds in Tea (Camellia sinensis) Leaves Exposed to Postharvest Stresses". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, n. 5 (27 febbraio 2019): 1044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051044.

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Characteristic aroma formation in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves during the oolong tea manufacturing process might result from the defense responses of tea leaves against these various stresses, which involves upregulation of the upstream signal phytohormones related to leaf chloroplasts, such as jasmonic acid (JA). Whether chloroplast changes affect the formation of JA and characteristic aroma compounds in tea leaves exposed to stresses is unknown. In tea germplasms, albino-induced yellow tea leaves have defects in chloroplast ultrastructure and composition. Herein, we have compared the differential responses of phytohormone and characteristic aroma compound formation in normal green and albino-induced yellow tea leaves exposed to continuous wounding stress, which is the main stress in oolong tea manufacture. In contrast to single wounding stress (from picking, as a control), continuous wounding stress can upregulate the expression of CsMYC2, a key transcription factor of JA signaling, and activate the synthesis of JA and characteristic aroma compounds in both normal tea leaves (normal chloroplasts) and albino tea leaves (chloroplast defects). Chloroplast defects had no significant effect on the expression levels of CsMYC2 and JA synthesis-related genes in response to continuous wounding stress, but reduced the increase in JA content in response to continuous wounding stress. Furthermore, chloroplast defects reduced the increase in volatile fatty acid derivatives, including jasmine lactone and green leaf volatile contents, in response to continuous wounding stress. Overall, the formation of metabolites derived from fatty acids, such as JA, jasmine lactone, and green leaf volatiles in tea leaves, in response to continuous wounding stress, was affected by chloroplast defects. This information will improve understanding of the relationship of the stress responses of JA and aroma compound formation with chloroplast changes in tea.

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., Sutarman. "PENGUJIAN TRICHODERMA SP. SEBAGAI PENGENDALI HAWAR DAUN BIBIT KAKAO YANG DISEBABKAN OLEH PHYTHOPTHORA PALMIVORA". JURNAL HAMA DAN PENYAKIT TUMBUHAN TROPIKA 17, n. 1 (3 maggio 2017): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/j.hptt.11745-52.

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Analysist for Trichoderma sp. as the controller of the cocoa seedlings leaf blight which caused by Phythopthora palmivora. This study aims to determine: survival and ability to live of Trichoderma sp. isolates TCN-Klp supported by predisposing wounding or without wounding the leaves as well as the ability to suppress P. palmivora inoculated on the leaves of cocoa seedlings with and without wounding the leaves before inoculation. The research conducted at the Microbiology Laboratory and Greenhouse of Agriculture Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Sidoarjo on March-July 2015. There were two kinds of experiments: inoculation without wounding the leaves (1st experiment) and inoculation with wounding leaves (2nd experiment). Both of them were done by inoculation treatment: pathogens, Trichoderma, pathogens and Trichoderma simultaneously, then pathogens and incubated for 2x24 hours then inoculated. Both kinds of experiments were arranged in a complete randomize design (CRD) with 3 times of replication for 1st experiment and 4 times of replication for 2nd experiment. The data of result was analyzed by ANOVA followed by 5% test level of Duncan test. The results showed that the isolates TCN-Klp of Trichoderma sp: (i) had own survival and ability to live well in the leaf surface without injury, and (ii) was able to suppress pathogens by inoculation simultaneously, which was preceded and precede the pathogens with a gap of 24 hours on with and without wounding leaves at 10 days after inoculation.

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Liu, Bin, Bruna Marques dos Santos, Arooran Kanagendran, Elizabeth Neilson e Ülo Niinemets. "Ozone and Wounding Stresses Differently Alter the Temporal Variation in Formylated Phloroglucinols in Eucalyptus globulus Leaves". Metabolites 9, n. 3 (6 marzo 2019): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo9030046.

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Formylated phloroglucinol compounds (FPCs) are a class of plant specialized metabolite present in the Myrtaceae family, especially in the genus Eucalyptus. FPCs are widely investigated due to their herbivore deterrence properties and various bioactivities of pharmaceutical relevance. Despite the increasing number of studies elucidating new FPCs structures and bioactivity, little is known about the role of those compounds in planta, and the effects of environmental stresses on FPC concentration. Ozone (O3) and wounding are key stress factors regularly confronted by plants. In this study, we investigated how O3, wounding, and their combination affected individual and total FPC foliar concentration of the economically important species Eucalyptus globulus. Six individual FPCs, including five macrocarpals and one sideroxylonal, showed different response patterns to the single and combined stresses. Total macrocarpals only increased under single O3 treatment, whereas total sideroxylonals only increased in response to wounding treatment, suggesting different physiological roles played by the two groups of FPCs predominantly existing in E. globulus foliage. Total FPCs increased significantly under individual wounding and O3 treatments but not under the combined treatment. A principal component analysis indicated that all different treatments had unique FPC fingerprints. Total phenolic contents increased in all O3 and wounding treatments, and a marginally positive correlation was found between total FPCs and total phenolic contents. We suggest that, depending on the concentration and composition, FPCs play multiple physiological roles in planta, including serving as antioxidants to scavenge the reactive oxygen species brought about by O3 and wounding stresses.

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Wallis, Sarah, Susan Lloyd, Irene Wise, Grenham Ireland, Tom P. Fleming e David Garrod. "The α Isoform of Protein Kinase C Is Involved in Signaling the Response of Desmosomes to Wounding in Cultured Epithelial Cells". Molecular Biology of the Cell 11, n. 3 (marzo 2000): 1077–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.11.3.1077.

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Initiation of reepithelialization upon wounding is still poorly understood. To enhance this understanding, we focus here on changes in the adhesive state of desmosomes of cultured Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in response to wounding of confluent cell sheets. Previous results show that desmosomal adhesion in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells changes from a calcium-dependent state to calcium independence in confluent cell sheets. We show that this change, which requires culture confluence to develop, is rapidly reversed upon wounding of confluent cell sheets. Moreover, the change to calcium dependence in wound edge cells is propagated to cells hundreds of micrometers away from the wound edge. Rapid transition from calcium independence to calcium dependence also occurs when cells are treated with phorbol esters that activate PKC. PKC inhibitors, including the conventional isoform inhibitor Gö6976, cause rapid transition from calcium dependence to calcium independence, even in subconfluent cells. The cellular location of the α isoform of PKC correlates with the calcium dependence of desmosomes. Upon monolayer wounding, PKCα translocates rapidly to the cell periphery, becomes Triton X-100 insoluble, and also becomes concentrated in lamellipodia. The PKCα translocation upon wounding precedes both the increase in PKC activity in the membrane fraction and the reversion of desmosomes to calcium dependence. Specific depletion of PKCα with an antisense oligonucleotide increases the number of cells with calcium-independent desmosomes. These results show that PKCα participates in a novel signaling pathway that modulates desmosomal adhesion in response to wounding.

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Kuroda, Keiko. "Seasonal Variation in Traumatic Resin Canal Formation in Chamaecyparis Obtusa Phloem". IAWA Journal 19, n. 2 (1998): 181–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001520.

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Trunks of Chamaecyparis obtusa were injured to examine seasonal differences in traumatic resin canal formation in secondary phloem. Even after wounding during winter, differentiation of axial parenchyma into epithelium was initiated, and vertical resin canals formed. After winter wounding, resin canal development was slower and the tangential extent of resin canals was narrower than after spring wounding, and it took one to two months until resin secretion began. After spring wounding, the sites of resin canal formation were the 1- and 2-year-old annual rings of phloem. In August, the location of resin canal formation shifted into the current and 1-year-old annual ring. Resin canals never formed in secondary phloem areas that were 3 or more years old. In C. obtusa trunks that are affected by the resinous stem canker, numerous tangentiallines of resin canals are found throughout the phloem, not just recent and 1- to 2-year-old phloem. The present research indicates that these many lines of resin canals were not formed at one time, and that the stimuli that induce traumatic resin canals must occur repeatedly over many years. The data on artificial wounding effects are useful for understanding resinous stem canker.

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McLaughlin, John A., e Reino E. Pulkki. "Assessment of Wounding at Two Commercially Thinned Jack Pine Sites". Northern Journal of Applied Forestry 9, n. 2 (1 giugno 1992): 43–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/njaf/9.2.43.

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Abstract The long-term effect of thinning on extent of aboveground wounding and effect of wounding on dbhob growth at two commercially thinned jack pine sites near Chapleau, Ontario, was studied. Conventional shortwood logging was used to strip-thin the Nimitz site in 1970. The Dupuis site was strip-thinned in 1973 with a Timberjack RW-30 tree-length harvester. The proportions of trees with wounds were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in the thinned areas: Nimitz thinned, 13.9%; Nimitz unthinned, 3.6%; Dupuis thinned, 18 7%; and Dupuis unthinned, 7.5%. The logging system employed did not appear to affect overall wounding; however, there were significantly (P < 0.05) more deep wounds in the conventional shortwood thinned area. The differences between dbhob of wounded and nonwounded trees in thinned and unthinned areas at the Nimitz and Dupuis sites were contradictory and statistically insignificant. Wounding may be more important as an infection court for fungi than for its effect on overall diameter growth. The extent of wounding emphasizes the need for good planning and control, and the use of highly skilled workers. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):43-46.

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Li, Li, Xuemei He, Jian Sun, Changbao Li, Dongning Ling, Jinfeng Sheng, Fengjin Zheng et al. "Responses of Phospholipase D and Antioxidant System to Mechanical Wounding in Postharvest Banana Fruits". Journal of Food Quality 2017 (2017): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/8347306.

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Banana fruits are susceptible to mechanical damage. The present study was to investigate the responses of phospholipase D (PLD) and antioxidant system to mechanical wounding in postharvest banana fruits. During 16 d storage at 25°C and 90% relative humidity, PLD activity in wounded fruits was significantly higher than that in control (without artificial wounding fruits). The higher value of PLD mRNA was found in wounded fruits than in control. PLD mRNA expression reached the highest peak on day 4 in both groups, but it was 2.67 times in wounded fruits compared to control at that time, indicating that PLD gene expression was activated in response to wounding stress. In response to wounding stress, the higher lipoxygenase (LOX) activity was observed and malondialdehyde (MDA) production was accelerated. The activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in wounded fruits were significantly higher than those in control. The concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion (O2•-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in fruits increased under mechanical wounding. The above results provided a basis for further investigating the mechanism of postharvest banana fruits adapting to environmental stress.

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Fraudentali, Ilaria, Renato A. Rodrigues-Pousada, Paraskevi Tavladoraki, Riccardo Angelini e Alessandra Cona. "Leaf-Wounding Long-Distance Signaling Targets AtCuAOβ Leading to Root Phenotypic Plasticity". Plants 9, n. 2 (15 febbraio 2020): 249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9020249.

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The Arabidopsis gene AtCuAOβ (At4g14940) encodes an apoplastic copper amine oxidase (CuAO) highly expressed in guard cells of leaves and flowers and in root vascular tissues, especially in protoxylem and metaxylem precursors, where its expression is strongly induced by the wound signal methyl jasmonate (MeJA). The hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) derived by the AtCuAOβ-driven oxidation of the substrate putrescine (Put), mediates the MeJA–induced early root protoxylem differentiation. Considering that early root protoxylem maturation was also induced by both exogenous Put and leaf wounding through a signaling pathway involving H2O2, in the present study we investigated the role of AtCuAOβ in the leaf wounding-induced early protoxylem differentiation in combination with Put treatment. Quantitative and tissue specific analysis of AtCuAOβ gene expression by RT-qPCR and promoter::green fluorescent protein-β-glucuronidase fusion analysis revealed that wounding of the cotiledonary leaf induced AtCuAOβ gene expression which was particularly evident in root vascular tissues. AtCuAOβ loss-of-function mutants were unresponsive to the injury, not showing altered phenotype upon wounding in comparison to wild type seedlings. Exogenous Put and wounding did not show synergy in inducing early root protoxylem maturation, suggesting their involvement in a shared signaling pathway.

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Sosnowski, R. G., S. Feldman e J. R. Feramisco. "Interference with endogenous ras function inhibits cellular responses to wounding." Journal of Cell Biology 121, n. 1 (1 aprile 1993): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.121.1.113.

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Wounding of tissue induces cellular responses that ultimately result in wound repair. Studies in tissue culture model systems indicate that these responses include induction of AP-1 regulated genes, cell migration and mitogenesis which are also characteristic of cellular responses to growth factors. Investigations have identified cellular ras proteins as critical components of growth factor-stimulated signal transduction pathways, however their role in the wounding response is less clear. Investigation of the potential involvement of c-Ras in this process utilized quiescent living bovine corneal endothelium cells (BCE) which were microinjected with ras dominant interfering mutant protein (N17) and subsequently stimulated by mechanical wounding. Analysis of these cells demonstrated that microinjection of dominant-interfering ras protein, but not control proteins, inhibited the wounding response as evidenced by diminished Fos expression, lack of cell migration and a block in DNA synthesis.

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Xu, Yun, Meredith J. Crane, William L. Henry, Jorge E. Albina e Amanda M. Jamieson. "The impact of surgical wounding on pulmonary infection". Journal of Immunology 196, n. 1_Supplement (1 maggio 2016): 61.9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.61.9.

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Abstract Post-surgical pneumonia happens frequently in hospitals and is prevalent in intensive care unit (ICU) patients. Its prevalence is correlated with the length of stay in hospital, the degree of trauma, and importantly, the mortality. While it is clear that there is an increased risk of acquiring pneumonia in post-surgical patients, not much is known about the detailed impacts of surgical wound healing on pulmonary infections and its immunity. Therefore, it is necessary to understand why pneumonia is common after surgery, and how the wound healing process influences the lung. Wound healing is a complicated process involving various immune cells, such as neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. Immune cells essential for proper wound healing are also crucial for the host to recognize, fight and resolve pulmonary infection. We have combined two wounding models (dorsal polyvinyl alcohol sponge implantation and excisional tail wounding) with one pulmonary pathogen—Influenza A Virus (IAV)—to investigate the immune responses at the two distinct sites. From our investigation, we have found that 1) wounding does not influence the clearance of IAV; 2) wounding increases immune cell infiltration into the lung; 3) wounding increases the levels of cytokines and chemokines in the lung; and 4) IAV infection delays wound healing. The future direction of this project will focus on investigating how the changes in immune cell infiltration, cytokines, and chemokines happen, and what renders the host more susceptible to pulmonary infections. In addition, we will explore the interactions between wounding and pulmonary Streptococcus pneumoniae infection and the general biological mechanisms behind the clinical phenomena.

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Blenis, P. V. "Impact of simulated aspen shoot blight on trembling aspen". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, n. 4 (aprile 2007): 719–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-270.

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Although aspen shoot blight (ASB), caused by Pollaccia americana Ondrej, is a common disease of trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides Michx.), its impact is uncertain. Mechanical wounding, previously shown to be a reliable surrogate for ASB infection, was used to assess ASB impact in two experiments. In the first experiment, the effect of date of wounding on impact was studied by wounding 1-year-old aspen on four dates between 29 June and 10 August 2001. Tree form at the end of the 2001 growing season varied with wounding date, and for each of the wounding dates, tree height was reduced relative to that of unwounded, control trees. After the 2005 growing season, only trees wounded on 17 July were shorter than unwounded trees and the difference in heights was only 62 cm. In the second experiment, trees spaced at 2.0 or 0.67 m were wounded in four successive seasons to determine the effect of multiple years of infection on trees growing at different densities. Simulated ASB reduced tree height by an average of 16 cm, whereas branchiness was not increased by ASB, even at the lower density. Although ASB should not be ignored, these results suggest that it is unlikely to be amongst the most destructive pests of intensively managed aspen.

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Chen, Yun-Hao, Jannis Straube, Bishnu P. Khanal, Viktoria Zeisler-Diehl, Kiran Suresh, Lukas Schreiber, Thomas Debener e Moritz Knoche. "Apple fruit periderms (russeting) induced by wounding or by moisture have the same histologies, chemistries and gene expressions". PLOS ONE 17, n. 9 (29 settembre 2022): e0274733. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0274733.

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Russeting is a cosmetic defect of some fruit skins. Russeting (botanically: induction of periderm formation) can result from various environmental factors including wounding and surface moisture. The objective was to compare periderms resulting from wounding with those from exposure to moisture in developing apple fruit. Wounding or moisture exposure both resulted in cuticular microcracking. Cross-sections revealed suberized hypodermal cell walls by 4 d, and the start of periderm formation by 8 d after wounding or moisture treatment. The expression of selected target genes was similar in wound and moisture induced periderms. Transcription factors involved in the regulation of suberin (MYB93) and lignin (MYB42) synthesis, genes involved in the synthesis (CYP86B1) and the transport (ABCG20) of suberin monomers and two uncharacterized transcription factors (NAC038 and NAC058) were all upregulated in induced periderm samples. Genes involved in cutin (GPAT6, SHN3) and wax synthesis (KCS10, WSD1, CER6) and transport of cutin monomers and wax components (ABCG11) were all downregulated. Levels of typical suberin monomers (ω-hydroxy-C20, -C22 and -C24 acids) and total suberin were high in the periderms, but low in the cuticle. Periderms were induced only when wounding occurred during early fruit development (32 and 66 days after full bloom (DAFB)) but not later (93 DAFB). Wound and moisture induced periderms are very similar morphologically, histologically, compositionally and molecularly.

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Kinsella, M. G., e T. N. Wight. "Modulation of sulfated proteoglycan synthesis by bovine aortic endothelial cells during migration." Journal of Cell Biology 102, n. 3 (1 marzo 1986): 679–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.102.3.679.

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The rates of 35S-sulfate incorporation into proteoglycan were compared in multi-scratch wounded and confluent cultures of bovine aortic endothelial cells to determine whether proteoglycan synthesis is altered as cells are stimulated to migrate and proliferate. Incorporation was found to be stimulated in a time-dependent manner, reaching maximal levels 44-50 h after wounding, as cells migrated into wounded areas of the culture dish. Quantitative autoradiography of 35S-sulfate-labeled single-scratch wounded cultures demonstrated a 2-4-fold increase in the number of silver grains over migrating cells near the wound edge when compared to cells remote from the wound edge. Furthermore, when cell proliferation was blocked by inhibition of DNA synthesis, the increase in 35S-sulfate incorporation into proteoglycan after wounding was unaffected. These data indicate that cell division is not required for the modulation of proteoglycan synthesis to occur after wounding. Characterization of the newly synthesized proteoglycan by ion-exchange and molecular sieve chromatography demonstrated that heparan sulfate proteoglycan constitutes approximately 80% of the labeled proteoglycan in postconfluent cultures, while after wounding, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and/or dermatan sulfate proteoglycan (CS/DSPG) increases to as much as 60% of the total labeled proteoglycan. These results suggest that CS/DSPG synthesis is stimulated concomitant with the stimulation of endothelial cell migration after wounding.

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Moral, J., N. Ahimera, D. G. Felts, D. P. Morgan e T. J. Michailides. "Effects of Wound Size, Amount of Sap, and Number of Blighted Nuts on Infection of Pistachio Organs by Neofusicoccum mediterraneum". Plant Disease 101, n. 12 (dicembre 2017): 2027–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-17-0544-re.

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Laboratory and field studies were conducted to determine the effects of wounding of nut exocarp, susceptibility period after wounding, and sap nut on infection of pistachio nut by Neofusicoccum mediterraneum, the main causal agent of panicle and shoot blight of pistachio. Under controlled conditions and in the field, detached nuts were inoculated with a conidial suspension 30 min before or after wounding. In addition, a 30-µl drop of pistachio sap was placed on the surface of noninjured nuts 30 min before or after they were wounded and then inoculated. Wounding increased the disease severity under both controlled and field conditions. The addition of sap increased the susceptibility of nuts under controlled conditions but not in the field, possibly due to dried sap blocking the pathogen infection. When nuts of Kerman, Kalehghouchi, and Golden Hills pistachio were wounded and inoculated at different time periods after wounding; the nuts of the three cultivars were highly susceptible to pathogen infection during at least the first 24 h after wounding. Under field conditions, there was not a clear effect of increasing the number of inoculated nuts per panicle or the inoculation position (basal or apical) in killing (blight) of the panicle. Conversely, inoculations conducted with mycelial plugs resulted in higher disease, increased the proportion of dead panicles, and resulted in faster symptom expression than inoculations conducted with a conidial suspension. To determine the temporal infection pattern, leaves and panicles were regularly collected from different orchards from 2004 to 2007 and the pathogen was isolated on medium. Important differences in latent infection were detected between years and orchards, with nut and rachis being, in general, the tissues most susceptible to infection. Results of this study help in better understanding the dynamic of infection and colonization of pistachio by N. mediterraneum.

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