Bibliografie tematiche / Wounding

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Wounding"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 11 marzo 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Wounding"

O'Neill, Ciaran. "The Wounding". Books Ireland, n. 218 (1998): 358. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20623785.

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Massagué, Joan. "Wounding Smad". Nature Cell Biology 1, n. 5 (settembre 1999): E117—E119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/12944.

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Liu, Ling, Kang Li, Xiujuan Zhou e Chuanying Fang. "Integrative Analysis of Metabolome and Transcriptome Reveals the Role of Strigolactones in Wounding-Induced Rice Metabolic Re-Programming". Metabolites 12, n. 9 (25 agosto 2022): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo12090789.

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Plants have evolved mechanisms to adapt to wounding, a threat occurring separately or concomitantly with other stresses. During the last decades, many efforts have been made to elucidate the wounding signaling transduction. However, we know little about the metabolic re-programming under wounding, let alone whether and how strigolactones (SLs) participate in this progress. Here, we reported a metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of SLs synthetic and signal mutants in rice before and after wounding. A series of metabolites differentially responded to wounding in the SLs mutants and wild-type rice, among which flavones were enriched. Besides, the SLs mutants accumulated more jasmonic acid (JA) and jasmonyl isoleucine (JA-lle) than the wild-type rice after wounding, suggesting an interplay of SLs and JAs during responding to wounding. Further transcriptome data showed that cell wall, ethylene, and flavones pathways might be affected by wounding and SLs. In addition, we identified candidate genes regulated by SLs and responding to wounding. In conclusion, our work provides new insights into wounding-induced metabolic re-programming and the SLs’ function.

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Fatuhi, Amer Hanna, Daniel T. Ames, Justin Archie e David Shook. "Wounding the Dark". World Literature Today 83, n. 6 (2009): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/wlt.2009.0365.

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Stamatopoulou, Zoe. "Wounding the Gods". Mnemosyne 70, n. 6 (26 ottobre 2017): 920–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12342234.

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AbstractIn this article, I explore the figure of the mortaltheomachosin archaic Greek hexameter poetry. In particular, I examine how theIliadand the HesiodicAspisconstruct Diomedes and Heracles respectively in their capacity to fight and wound divine opponents. Through a careful study of these two figures, I argue that they are emblematic of the heroic generations they belong to.

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SAVITZ, CAROL. "Healing and Wounding:." Journal of Analytical Psychology 31, n. 4 (ottobre 1986): 319–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-5922.1986.00319.x.

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Palaniswamy, P., e R. J. Lamb. "WOUND-INDUCED ANTIXENOTIC RESISTANCE TO FLEA BEETLES, PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (GOEZE) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE), IN CRUCIFERS". Canadian Entomologist 125, n. 5 (ottobre 1993): 903–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent125903-5.

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AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to determine the effect of wounding the cotyledons of Sinapis alba L. cv. Ochre, Brassica napus L. cv. Westar, B. rapa L. cv. Tobin, and C8711, a selection from Tobin, on subsequent feeding damage by the flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze). Cotyledons of 7-day-old seedlings were wounded either by puncturing them with needles (mechanical wounding) or by exposing them to flea beetles. One, 2, or 9 days following wounding, the wounded and unwounded seedlings were exposed to flea beetles and the feeding damage was estimated as a measure of antixenosis. Mechanical wounding of one of the cotyledons with 96 needle punctures induced a significant reduction in the damage of the unwounded cotyledons of S. alba, 1 or 2 days following wounding. True leaves of the wounded seedlings also showed consistently less damage than unwounded controls, 9 days following wounding. In S. alba, all three levels of mechanical wounding (i.e. 6, 24, or 96 punctures per cotyledon) reduced subsequent flea beetle damage to a similar extent. Wrapping a cotyledon of S. alba with a plastic film produced an effect similar to wounding it with needles. As with mechanical wounding, flea beetle wounding also reduced subsequent flea beetle damage in S. alba. Other plant species (B. napus and B. rapa) tested showed no measurable induced effects on subsequent feeding damage.

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Luo, Weifeng, Setsuko Komatsu, Tatsuya Abe, Hideyuki Matsuura e Kosaku Takahashi. "Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Wild-Type Physcomitrella Patens and an OPDA-Deficient Physcomitrella Patens Mutant with Disrupted PpAOS1 and PpAOS2 Genes after Wounding". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n. 4 (19 febbraio 2020): 1417. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21041417.

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Wounding is a serious environmental stress in plants. Oxylipins such as jasmonic acid play an important role in defense against wounding. Mechanisms to adapt to wounding have been investigated in vascular plants; however, those mechanisms in nonvascular plants remain elusive. To examine the response to wounding in Physcomitrella patens, a model moss, a proteomic analysis of wounded P. patens was conducted. Proteomic analysis showed that wounding increased the abundance of proteins related to protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism, protein folding, photosystem, glycolysis, and energy synthesis. 12-Oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) was induced by wounding and inhibited growth. Therefore, OPDA is considered a signaling molecule in this plant. Proteomic analysis of a P. patens mutant in which the PpAOS1 and PpAOS2 genes, which are involved in OPDA biosynthesis, are disrupted showed accumulation of proteins involved in protein synthesis in response to wounding in a similar way to the wild-type plant. In contrast, the fold-changes of the proteins in the wild-type plant were significantly different from those in the aos mutant. This study suggests that PpAOS gene expression enhances photosynthesis and effective energy utilization in response to wounding in P. patens.

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Thamarus, Karen A., e Glenn R. Furnier. "Temporal and genotypic variation of wound-induced gene expression in bark of Populus tremuloides and P. grandidentata". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 28, n. 11 (1 novembre 1998): 1611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x98-129.

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In two related experiments, total RNA was extracted from wounded and unwounded bark of young aspen ramets for Northern and dot blot analyses. Wound-inducible genes isolated from other plant species were hybridized to blots, and mRNA levels were estimated. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the significance of experimental factors (wounding, time after wounding, and genotype) affecting variation in mRNA levels. The first experiment examined the timing (0.5-96 h after wounding) of expression of wound-inducible genes in bark tissue of a single Populus tremuloides Michx. genotype. Wounding and variation among RNA samples significantly (p < 0.05) affected mRNA levels of two chitinases (win6, win8) and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL). The second experiment examined interclonal variation of wound-induced win6 and PAL expression in aspen bark. Ramets of four P. tremuloides and one Populus grandidentata Michx. genotypes were wounded and bark was collected 4, 8, or 12 h later. Genotype, wounding, and time after wounding all significantly affected win6 and PAL mRNA levels, with levels increasing as a result of wounding.

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Kang, Ji-Nam, Woo-Haeng Lee, So Youn Won, Saemin Chang, Jong-Pil Hong, Tae-Jin Oh, Si Myung Lee e Sang-Ho Kang. "Systemic Expression of Genes Involved in the Plant Defense Response Induced by Wounding in Senna tora". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n. 18 (17 settembre 2021): 10073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221810073.

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Wounds in tissues provide a pathway of entry for pathogenic fungi and bacteria in plants. Plants respond to wounding by regulating the expression of genes involved in their defense mechanisms. To analyze this response, we investigated the defense-related genes induced by wounding in the leaves of Senna tora using RNA sequencing. The genes involved in jasmonate and ethylene biosynthesis were strongly induced by wounding, as were a large number of genes encoding transcription factors such as ERFs, WRKYs, MYBs, bHLHs, and NACs. Wounding induced the expression of genes encoding pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, such as PR-1, chitinase, thaumatin-like protein, cysteine proteinase inhibitor, PR-10, and plant defensin. Furthermore, wounding led to the induction of genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis and the accumulation of kaempferol and quercetin in S. tora leaves. All these genes were expressed systemically in leaves distant from the wound site. These results demonstrate that mechanical wounding can lead to a systemic defense response in the Caesalpinioideae, a subfamily of the Leguminosae. In addition, a co-expression analysis of genes induced by wounding provides important information about the interactions between genes involved in plant defense responses.

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Tesi sul tema "Wounding"

James-Dunbar, Heidi. "Trauma and wounding". Thesis, Kingston University, 2011. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/22972/.

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This thesis recalls and surveys the work of major theorists in the field of Trauma theory, including Freud, Charcot, Prince, Caruth and Leys. It will consider if literature can provide a positive response to the attestation and representation of trauma. For Derrida, testimony must always remain irreducible to evidence or proof. This secret at the heart of every telling is what is at stake for survivors of trauma. Further, pain (either physical or mental) is that which precisely can't be shared between subjects it cannot be denied neither can it be confirmed. On the one hand it induces certainty (I feel pain) and on the other, doubt (I can't see or feel your pain). One's pain is entirely aversive, a secret that evades language. How does this affect the textual production of trauma narratives? And how are those narratives received? The definition of testimony, that it alone can't constitute a 'proof whilst possibly recuperating one's right to 'tell' insomuch as one can construct an apparatus to evade censorship by government or other authorities, reduces that telling to a fiction, a story; which could be described as akin to the violence of blocking one's ears, refusing to partake in witnessing, a dismissal of subjectivity/sovereignty. Can literature and the art of testimony confront the impossibility of a proper response to trauma, a trauma that evades language and majority discursive practices?.

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Chan, Huater. "Flightless-I responses to epidermal wounding /". Title page and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09SBT/09sbtc4541.pdf.

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Yip, Christina. "Re-pigmentation of skin following wounding". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/repigmentation-of-skin-following-wounding(a2d4efca-4ace-4081-a19c-6a8eb5d8ca28).html.

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Human skin colour has significant aesthetic and cultural implications. Cutaneous injuries can result in dys-pigmented scars which are more noticeable, aesthetically unpleasant, and can lead to patient distress and social isolation. Management of dys-pigmented scars has been challenging with variable success. There is a limited understanding of the timing, progression and mechanisms of skin re-pigmentation following wounding. This thesis is a detailed sequential study, which describes and quantifies scar colour changes in pigs of different pigmented strains.The first result chapter describes the observational pigmentary changes in scars of four different pigmented pig strains (Hampshire, Yucatan, Tamworth and Duroc) over time. Two scar re-pigmentation progression patterns, specific to the darkly and the lightly pigmented pigs, are identified and all scar photographs of all pigs at all time-points are scored during non-invasive wound/ scar monitoring using a semi-quantitative scale. In the second result chapter, histo-chemical (DOPA-oxidase) staining was combined with immuno-histochemistry (HMB45) to establish the spatial and temporal distribution and activities of melanocytes in the regenerated epithelium of darkly pigmented pig strains. Results suggest a rise in both inactive and active melanocyte numbers in re-pigmenting scars at early time-points and by late time-points, scars achieved ‘complete re-pigmentation’ and melanocyte numbers were lowest. Late melanocyte proliferation was observed in two scars from two different pigs; one of which manifested this as hyper-pigmentation, macroscopically. In addition, histological analysis of the epidermal melanin staining (Warkel-Luna-Helwig) pattern showed good correlation with the macroscopic appearance of the scars. The effect of changes in scar basement membrane undulation on melanocyte packing density was investigated: changes were small and unlikely to impact melanocyte packing density; hence macroscopic scar colour. Macroscopic and microscopic observations of the pattern of re-pigmentation following creation of partial thickness wounds across the white and black belts of three Hampshire pigs were investigated.The final result chapter describes how colour changes were quantified for scars and normal skin of each pig, at all time-points during non-invasive scar monitoring; using a reflectance spectrophotometer. In addition, the sensitivity of objective colour measurements was investigated. Results using two statistical clustering techniques suggest that colour measurements differentiate scars from the surrounding normal skin and the tristimulus L*a*b* values of scars correlate well with their macroscopic colour appearances. Time-dependent colour changes in scars and normal skin were quantified independently, using polynomial analysis. The results suggest systematic colour changes in most scars of all pig groups, except Yucatans’, which on the other hand, showed systematic colour changes to their normal skin. These findings highlight the importance of independent analysis of scar and normal skin colour measurements with time post wounding. In conclusion, this thesis has investigated timing and progression patterns of scar re-pigmentation in pigs of different pigmented strains.

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Han, Yuanhuai. "Molecular analysis of post-harvest physiological deterioration of cassava". Thesis, University of Bath, 2000. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323591.

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Delima, Suzanne Lynn. "Pre-Wounding and Free Gingival Grafts: A Pilot Investigation". The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1372075336.

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Anderson, Eric Paul. "Pre-Wounding and Connective Tissue Grafts: A Pilot Investigation". The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306903367.

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Carter, Lauralyn B. "Induction of phototoxic acetylenes in carthamus tinctorius by mechanical wounding". FIU Digital Commons, 1999. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2061.

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Sujipuli, Kawee. "Identification of miRNAs produced in response to wounding Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.533707.

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Chung, Thanh Tu. "Effect of wounding on cell wall hydrolase expression in fruit". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.415488.

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De, Lange Bev. "Wounding and healing as paradox: towards the visual articulation of synthesis". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1655.

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The very notion of wounding can be argued to imply a process of healing. Indeed some wounds are at the outset designed to be instruments of healing. As ten years of my professional life were spent assisting in the surgical creation of such „wounds‟ in an operating theatre it is from this memory timeframe that I initiated the process of developing visual equivalents that become reflective of both wounding and healing. The operation theatre was also an environment from which I developed increased awareness of mind or psyche as an entity conceptually comprising both conscious and unconscious components. Within this context, it can be argued that the patient‟s state of mind moves between consciousness and forms of unconsciousness induced through anaesthesia. Through research into the writings of the psychoanalyst Carl Jung, I began to develop a greater understanding of the concepts surrounding the conscious and unconscious mind in relation to the development of consciousness as well as to the integration of opposites. It is from this understanding of a dynamic process within the mind itself that I have attempted to develop visual signifiers of paradox in order to give expression to symbols that are reflective of these processes and in so doing indicate the psychological journey towards synthesis and individuation.

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Libri sul tema "Wounding"

Blanche, Cynthia. Wounding of the light. Sydney: Hodder and Stoughton, 1991.

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Gresham, G. A. Colour atlas of wounds and wounding. Lancaster: MTP, 1986.

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Kearney, Amanda. Cultural Wounding, Healing, and Emerging Ethnicities. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137478290.

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Gresham, G. Austin. Colour Atlas of Wounds and Wounding. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4123-6.

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Gresham, G. A. Colour atlas of wounds and wounding. Lancaster: MTP Press, 1986.

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Fabricant, Linn Sheila, e Linn Matthew, a cura di. Healing the future: Personal recovery from societal wounding. New York: Paulist Press, 2012.

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Filip, Gregory M. Managing tree wounding and stem decay in Oregon forests. [Corvallis, Or.]: Oregon State University Extension Service, 2001.

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Alsagoff, Ahmad S. A. al-Diyah as compensation for homicide & wounding in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: International Islamic University Malaysia, 2006.

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Hollis, James. Under Saturn's shadow: The wounding and healing of men. Toronto, Canada: Inner City Books, 1994.

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Hollis, James. Under Saturn's shadow: The wounding and healing of men. Toronto, Canada: Inner City Books, 1994.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Wounding"

Geilfus, Christoph-Martin. "Wounding". In Controlled Environment Horticulture, 113–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23197-2_10.

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Kearney, Amanda. "Cultural Wounding". In Cultural Wounding, Healing, and Emerging Ethnicities, 29–43. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137478290_3.

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Larson, Philip R. "Cambial Wounding". In The Vascular Cambium, 499–586. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-78466-8_10.

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Maisel, Eric. "Bringing Up Authoritarian Wounding". In Helping Survivors of Authoritarian Parents, Siblings, and Partners, 158–64. New York: Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429507717-22.

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Alleyne, Aileen. "Shame and black identity wounding". In Shame Matters, 77–89. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003175612-6.

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Gresham, G. Austin. "Regional Injury and Sequelae of Wounding". In Colour Atlas of Wounds and Wounding, 29–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4123-6_2.

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Crombleholme, Timothy M. "Response of Fetal Tissue to Wounding". In Pelvic Surgery, 37–50. New York, NY: Springer New York, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1864-7_4.

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Bala, Miklosh, e Jeffry Kashuk. "Common Wounding Mechanisms and Injury Patterns". In Hot Topics in Acute Care Surgery and Trauma, 31–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92345-1_3.

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Handl, Sandra. "Selling and buying, killing and wounding". In Metaphor in Language, Cognition, and Communication, 61–78. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/milcc.5.04han.

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Shimmen, Teruo. "Electrophysiology in Mechanosensing and Wounding Response". In Plant Electrophysiology, 319–39. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-37843-3_14.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Wounding"

Wood, Will. "Blood cell migration during inflammation, wounding, and infection". In 2016 International Congress of Entomology. Entomological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/ice.2016.106672.

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Oeckler, Richard A., Jennifer S. Mattingley, Bruce J. Walters, Randolph W. Stroetz e Rolf D. Hubmayr. "Hypertonic Exposure Reduces Alveolar Epithelial Cell Plasma Membrane Wounding By Interfacial Stress". In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a3606.

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Chen, Wenli, Da Xing e Juan Wang. "Changes of ultraweak biochemiluminescence from germinating soybean in the wounding defense response". In Photonics Asia 2002, a cura di Yun-Jiang Rao, Julian D. C. Jones, Hiroshi Naruse e Robert I. Chen. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.481946.

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Liu, Zong-Yan. "Identification and Functional Characterization of IbHypSys-induced microRNA upon Wounding in Sweet Potato". In ASPB PLANT BIOLOGY 2020. USA: ASPB, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46678/pb.20.1007170.

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Van De Steen, C., C. Abadie e G. Belijar. "Simulation analysis of partial discharge in random wounding insulation systems in aeronautical conditions". In 2022 IEEE 4th International Conference on Dielectrics (ICD). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icd53806.2022.9863472.

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Scheraga, Rachel G., Mark Cowan, Mohan Tulapurkar, Ishwar S. Singh e Jeffrey D. Hasday. "Wound Healing In A549 Lung Epithelial Cells Is Accelerated By Post-Wounding Heat Shock". In American Thoracic Society 2012 International Conference, May 18-23, 2012 • San Francisco, California. American Thoracic Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2012.185.1_meetingabstracts.a2096.

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Wong, Sunny, Ervin Epstein, Andrzej Dlugosz e Jeremy Reiter. "Abstract SY37-01: Cilia and wounding cooperate with Hedgehog signaling to initiate basal cell carcinoma". In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-sy37-01.

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Crosby, LM, LP Desai, L. Tague, Z. Zhang, C. Luellen, SE Sinclair e CM Waters. "Alveolar Type II Cell Responses to Stretch + Wounding In Vitro: A Study of Morphometry and Cell Proliferation." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a1233.

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Nguyen, Tran N., Kimal Rajapakshe, Stanislav Avdieiev, Courtney Nicholas, Vida Chitsazzadeh, Eric Welsh, Bin Fang et al. "Abstract 406: A proteome-transcriptome-miRnome integrated analysis identifies similarity between UV-exposed skin and wounding skin". In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2018; April 14-18, 2018; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-406.

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Crosby, Lynn M., Scott E. Sinclair, Charlean Luellen e Christopher M. Waters. "The Balance Of Life And Death In Alveolar Type II Cells: Proliferation And Apoptosis After Wounding And Cyclic Stretch". In American Thoracic Society 2010 International Conference, May 14-19, 2010 • New Orleans. American Thoracic Society, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2010.181.1_meetingabstracts.a4936.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Wounding"

Whitecloud, Simone, Holly VerMeulen, Franz Lichtner, Nadia Podpora, Timothy Cooke, Christopher Williams, Michael Musty, Irene MacAllister e Jason Dorvee. Understanding plant volatiles for environmental awareness : chemical composition in response to natural light cycles and wounding. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), novembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45961.

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Abstract (sommario):

Plants emit a bouquet of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in response to both biotic and abiotic stresses and, simultaneously, eavesdrop on emit-ted signals to activate direct and indirect defenses. By gaining even a slight insight into the semantics of interplant communications, a unique aware-ness of the operational environment may be obtainable (e.g., knowledge of a disturbance within). In this effort, we used five species of plants, Arabidopsis thaliana, Panicum virgatum, Festuca rubra, Tradescantia zebrina, and Achillea millefolium, to produce and query VOCs emitted in response to mechanical wounding and light cycles. These plants provide a basis for further investigation in this communication system as they span model organisms, common house plants, and Arctic plants. The VOC com-position was complex; our parameter filtering often enabled us to reduce the noise to fewer than 50 compounds emitted over minutes to hours in a day. We were able to detect and measure the plant response through two analytical methods. This report documents the methods used, the data collected, and the analyses performed on the VOCs to determine if they can be used to increase environmental awareness of the battlespace.

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Steffens, John C., e Eithan Harel. Polyphenol Oxidases- Expression, Assembly and Function. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7571358.bard.

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Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) participate in the preparation of many plant products on the one hand and cause considerable losses during processing of plant products on the other hand. However, the physiological functions of plant PPO were still a subject of controversy at the onset of the project. Preliminary observations that suggested involvement of PPOs in resistance to herbivores and pathogens held great promise for application in agriculture but required elucidation of PPO's function if modulation of PPO expression is to be considered for improving plant protection or storage and processing of plant products. Suggestions on a possible role of PPO in various aspects of chloroplast metabolism were also relevant in this context. The characterization of plant PPO genes opened a way for achieving these goals. We reasoned that "understanding PPO targeting and routing, designing ways to manipulate its expression and assessing the effects of such modifications will enable determination of the true properties of the enzyme and open the way for controlling its activity". The objective of the project was to "obtain an insight into the function and biological significance of PPOs" by examining possible function(s) of PPO in photosynthesis and plant-pest interactions using transgenic tomato plants; extending our understanding of PPO routing and assembly and the mechanism of its thylakoid translocation; preparing recombinant PPOs for use in import studies, determination of the genuine properties of PPOs and understanding its assembly and determining the effect of PPO's absence on chloroplast performance. Results obtained during work on the project made it necessary to abandon some minor objectives and devote the effort to more promising topics. Such changes are mentioned in the 'Body of the report' which is arranged according to the objectives of the original proposal. The complex expression pattern of tomato PPO gene family was determined. Individual members of the family are differentially expressed in various parts of the plant and subjected to developmentally regulated turnover. Some members are differentially regulated also by pathogens, wounding and chemical wound signals. Wounding systemically induces PPO activity and level in potato. Only tissues that are developmentally competent to express PPO are capable of responding to the systemic wounding signal by increased accumulation of PPO mRNA. Down regulation of PPO genes causes hyper susceptibility to leaf pathogens in tomato while over expression regulation of PPO expression in tomato plants is their apparent increased tolerance to drought. Both the enhanced disease resistance conferred by PPO over expression and the increased stress tolerance due to down regulation can be used in the engineering of improved crop plants. Photosynthesis rate and variable fluorescence measurements in wild type, and PPO-null and over expressing transgenic tomato lines suggest that PPO does not enable plants to cope better with stressful high light intensities or reactive oxygen species. Rather high levels of the enzyme aggravate the damage caused under such conditions. Our work suggests that PPO's primary role is in defending plants against pathogens and herbivores. Jasmonate and ethylene, and apparently also salicylate, signals involved in responses to wounding and defense against herbivores and pathogens, enhance markedly and specifically the competence of chloroplasts to import and process pPPO. The interaction of the precursor with thylakoid membranes is primarily affected. The routing of PPO shows other unusual properties: stromal processing occurs in two sites, resulting in intermediates that are translocated across thylakoids by two different mechanisms - a DpH- and a Sec-dependent one. It is suggested that the dual pattern of processing and routing constitutes a'fail safe' mechanism, reflecting the need for a rapid and flexible response to defense challenges. Many of the observations described above should be taken into consideration when manipulation of PPO expression is contemplated for use in crop improvement.

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Fluhr, Robert, e Maor Bar-Peled. Novel Lectin Controls Wound-responses in Arabidopsis. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7697123.bard.

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Innate immune responses in animals and plants involve receptors that recognize microbe-associated molecules. In plants, one set of this defense system is characterized by large families of TIR–nucleotide binding site–leucine-rich repeat (TIR-NBS-LRR) resistance genes. The direct interaction between plant proteins harboring the TIR domain with proteins that transmit and facilitate a signaling pathway has yet to be shown. The Arabidopsis genome encodes TIR-domain containing genes that lack NBS and LRR whose functions are unknown. Here we investigated the functional role of such protein, TLW1 (TIR LECTIN WOUNDRESPONSIVE1). The TLW1 gene encodes a protein with two domains: a TIR domain linked to a lectin-containing domain. Our specific aim in this proposal was to examine the ramifications of the TL1-glycan interaction by; A) The functional characterization of TL1 activity in the context of plant wound response and B) Examine the hypothesis that wounding induced specific polysaccharides and examine them as candidates for TL-1 interactive glycan compounds. The Weizmann group showed TLW1 transcripts are rapidly induced by wounding in a JA-independent pathway and T-DNA-tagged tlw1 mutants that lack TLW1 transcripts, fail to initiate the full systemic wound response. Transcriptome methodology analysis was set up and transcriptome analyses indicates a two-fold reduced level of JA-responsive but not JA-independent transcripts. The TIR domain of TLW1 was found to interact directly with the KAT2/PED1 gene product responsible for the final b-oxidation steps in peroxisomal-basedJA biosynthesis. To identify potential binding target(s) of TL1 in plant wound response, the CCRC group first expressed recombinant TL1 in bacterial cells and optimized conditions for the protein expression. TL1 was most highly expressed in ArcticExpress cell line. Different types of extraction buffers and extraction methods were used to prepare plant extracts for TL1 binding assay. Optimized condition for glycan labeling was determined, and 2-aminobenzamide was used to label plant extracts. Sensitivity of MALDI and LC-MS using standard glycans. THAP (2,4,6- Trihydroxyacetophenone) showed minimal background peaks at positive mode of MALDI, however, it was insensitive with a minimum detection level of 100 ng. Using LC-MS, sensitivity was highly increased enough to detect 30 pmol concentration. However, patterns of total glycans displayed no significant difference between different extraction conditions when samples were separated with Dionex ICS-2000 ion chromatography system. Transgenic plants over-expressing lectin domains were generated to obtain active lectin domain in plant cells. Insertion of the overexpression construct into the plant genome was confirmed by antibiotic selection and genomic DNA PCR. However, RT-PCR analysis was not able to detect increased level of the transcripts. Binding ability of azelaic acid to recombinant TL1. Azelaic acid was detected in GST-TL1 elution fraction, however, DHB matrix has the same mass in background signals, which needs to be further tested on other matrices. The major findings showed the importance of TLW1 in regulating wound response. The findings demonstrate completely novel and unexpected TIR domain interactions and reveal a control nexus and mechanism that contributes to the propagation of wound responses in Arabidopsis. The implications are to our understanding of the function of TIR domains and to the notion that early molecular events occur systemically within minutes of a plant sustaining a wound. A WEB site (http://genome.weizmann.ac.il/hormonometer/) was set up that enables scientists to interact with a collated plant hormone database.

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Prusky, Dov, Noel Keen e Rolf Christoffersen. Involvement of Epicatechin in the Regulation of Natural Resistance of Avocado Fruit against Postharvest Pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1997.7613028.bard.

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In this project it was found that the activation of the mechanism of resistance in avocado fruits to Colletotrichum gloeosporioides depends on the increase of the level of the preformed antifungal diene. This increase is regulated by the synthesis of the flavonoid epicatechin present in the fruit peel. Epicatechin is an inhibitor of the enzyme lipoxygenase whose activity catalyze the breakdown of the antifungal diene. Increase in epicatechin concentration inhibits the breakdown of the antifungal compound and since the compound is continuously synthesized, both combined processes result in the increase of the antifungal level. Biotic and abiotic elicitors affecting the mechanism of resistance, all activate the synthesis of epicatechin. As abiotic elicitors were tested wounding, ethylene and CO2 treatments. As biotic elicitors were tested challenge inoculation with C. gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum magna (a non pathogen of avocado) and also non pathogenic strain of C. magna. In all the cases activation of the key enzymes of the phenylpropanoic pathway is followed by an enhance in the level of epicatechin and the antifungal diene. In order to determine the level of regulation by the different elicitors of the mechanism, the genes encoding for key enzymes of the phenylpropanoic pathway were cloned and it was found that the different elicitors regulate the expression of those genes at a translational level. Modulation of the mechanism of resistance could also be done by activation of lipoxygenase gene expression. For this purpose lipoxygenase from avocado was cloned and its over-expression, under the effect of methyl jasmonate, determined.

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Droby, Samir, Michael Wisniewski, Ron Porat e Dumitru Macarisin. Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Tritrophic Interactions in Postharvest Biocontrol Systems. United States Department of Agriculture, dicembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7594390.bard.

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To elucidate the role of ROS in the tri-trophic interactions in postharvest biocontrol systems a detailed molecular and biochemical investigation was undertaken. The application of the yeast biocontrol agent Metschnikowia fructicola, microarray analysis was performed on grapefruit surface wounds using an Affymetrix Citrus GeneChip. the data indicated that 1007 putative unigenes showed significant expression changes following wounding and yeast application relative to wounded controls. The expression of the genes encoding Respiratory burst oxidase (Rbo), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK), G-proteins, chitinase (CHI), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chalcone synthase (CHS) and 4-coumarate-CoA ligase (4CL). In contrast, three genes, peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), were down-regulated in grapefruit peel tissue treated with yeast cells. The yeast antagonists, Metschnikowia fructicola (strain 277) and Candida oleophila (strain 182) generate relatively high levels of super oxide anion (O2−) following its interaction with wounded fruit surface. Using laser scanning confocal microscopy we observed that the application of M. fructicola and C. oleophila into citrus and apple fruit wounds correlated with an increase in H2O2 accumulation in host tissue. The present data, together with our earlier discovery of the importance of H₂O₂ production in the defense response of citrus flavedo to postharvest pathogens, indicate that the yeast-induced oxidative response in fruit exocarp may be associated with the ability of specific yeast species to serve as biocontrol agents for the management of postharvest diseases. Effect of ROS on yeast cells was also studied. Pretreatment of the yeast, Candida oleophila, with 5 mM H₂O₂ for 30 min (sublethal) increased yeast tolerance to subsequent lethal levels of oxidative stress (50 mM H₂O₂), high temperature (40 °C), and low pH (pH 4). Suppression subtractive hybridization analysis was used to identify genes expressed in yeast in response to sublethal oxidative stress. Transcript levels were confirmed using semi quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. Seven antioxidant genes were up regulated. Pretreatment of the yeast antagonist Candida oleophila with glycine betaine (GB) increases oxidative stress tolerance in the microenvironment of apple wounds. ROS production is greater when yeast antagonists used as biocontrol agents are applied in the wounds. Compared to untreated control yeast cells, GB-treated cells recovered from the oxidative stress environment of apple wounds exhibited less accumulation of ROS and lower levels of oxidative damage to cellular proteins and lipids. Additionally, GB-treated yeast exhibited greater biocontrol activity against Penicillium expansum and Botrytis cinerea, and faster growth in wounds of apple fruits compared to untreated yeast. The expression of major antioxidant genes, including peroxisomal catalase, peroxiredoxin TSA1, and glutathione peroxidase was elevated in the yeast by GB treatment. A mild heat shock (HS) pretreatment (30 min at 40 1C) improved the tolerance of M. fructicola to subsequent high temperature (45 1C, 20–30 min) and oxidative stress (0.4 mol-¹) hydrogen peroxide, 20–60 min). HS-treated yeast cells showed less accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than non-treated cells in response to both stresses. Additionally, HS-treated yeast exhibited significantly greater (P≥0.0001) biocontrol activity against Penicillium expansum and a significantly faster (Po0.0001) growth rate in wounds of apple fruits stored at 25 1C compared with the performance of untreated yeast cells. Transcription of a trehalose-6-phosphate synthase gene (TPS1) was up regulated in response to HS and trehalose content also increased.

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Barg, Rivka, Kendal D. Hirschi, Avner Silber, Gozal Ben-Hayyim, Yechiam Salts e Marla Binzel. Combining Elevated Levels of Membrane Fatty Acid Desaturation and Vacuolar H+ -pyrophosphatase Activity for Improved Drought Tolerance. United States Department of Agriculture, dicembre 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2012.7613877.bard.

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Background to the topic: In previous works we have shown that Arabidopsis and tomato over-expressing H+-pyrophosphatase show increased tolerance to drought imposed by withholding irrigation of young plants in pots (Park et al. 2005). In addition, young tobacco plants over-expressing fatty acid desaturase 3 (OEX-FAD3) also showed increasing tolerance to drought stress (Zhang et al 2005), and similarly OEX-FAD3 young tomato plants (unpublished data from ARO), hence raising the possibility that pyramiding the two could further improve drought tolerance in tomato. Based on these findings the specific objects originally set were: 1. To analyze the impact of pyramiding transgenes for enhanced fatty acid desaturation and for elevated H+-PPase activity on tomato yielding under water deficit stress conditions. 2. To elucidate the biochemical relationship between elevated desaturation of the membrane lipids and the activities of selected vacuolar transporters in the context of drought responses. 3. To explore the S. pennellii introgression lines as alternative genetic sources for drought tolerance related to enhanced fatty acid desaturation and/or H+-PPase activity. 4. Since OEX-FAD3 increases the levels of linolenic acid which is the precursor of various oxylipins including the stress hormone Jasmonate. (JA), study of the effect of this transgene on tolerance to herbivore pests was added as additional goal. The Major conclusions, solutions, and achievements are: (1) The facts that ectopic over-expression of vacuolarH+-PPases (in line OEX-AVP1) does not change the fatty acid profile compared to the parental MoneyMaker (MM) line and that elevated level of FA desaturation (by OEX-FAD3) does not change the activity of either H+-PPase, H+-ATPaseor Ca2+ /H+ antiport, indicate that the observed increased drought tolerance reported before for increase FA desaturation in tobacco plants and increased H+PPase in tomato plants involves different mechanisms. (2) After generating hybrid lines bringing to a common genetic background (i.e. F1 hybrids between line MP-1 and MM) each of the two transgenes separately and the two transgenes together the effect of various drought stress regimes including recovery from a short and longer duration of complete water withhold as well as performance under chronic stresses imposed by reducing water supply to 75-25% of the control irrigation regime could be studied. Under all the tested conditions in Israel, for well established plants grown in 3L pots or larger, none of the transgenic lines exhibited a reproducible significantly better drought tolerance compare to the parental lines. Still, examining the performance of these hybrids under the growth practices followed in the USA is called for. (3) Young seedlings of none of the identified introgression lines including the S. pennellii homologs of two of the H+-PPase genes and one of the FAD7 genes performed better than line M82 upon irrigation withhold. However, differences in the general canopy structures between the IL lines and M82 might mask such differences if existing. (4). Over-expression of FAD3 in the background of line MP-1 was found to confer significant tolerance to three important pest insects in tomato: Bordered Straw (Heliothis peltigera), Egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). Implications: Although the original hypothesis that pyramiding these two trasgenes could improve drought tolerance was not supported, the unexpected positive impact on herbivore deterring, as well as the changes in dynamics of JA biosynthesis in response to wounding and the profound changes in expression of wound response genes calls for deciphering the exact linolenic acid derived signaling molecule mediating this response. This will further facilitate breeding for herbivore pest and mechanical stress tolerance based on this pathway.

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Sessa, Guido, e Gregory Martin. A functional genomics approach to dissect resistance of tomato to bacterial spot disease. United States Department of Agriculture, gennaio 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695876.bard.

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The research problem. Bacterial spot disease in tomato is of great economic importance worldwide and it is particularly severe in warm and moist areas affecting yield and quality of tomato fruits. Causal agent of spot disease is the Gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), which can be a contaminant on tomato seeds, or survive in plant debris and in association with certain weeds. Despite the economic significance of spot disease, plant protection against Xcvby cultural practices and chemical control have so far proven unsuccessful. In addition, breeding for resistance to bacterial spot in tomato has been undermined by the genetic complexity of the available sources of resistance and by the multiple races of the pathogen. Genetic resistance to specific Xcvraces have been identified in tomato lines that develop a hypersensitive response and additional defense responses upon bacterial challenge. Central goals of this research were: 1. To identify plant genes involved in signaling and defense responses that result in the onset of resistance. 2. To characterize molecular properties and mode of action of bacterial proteins, which function as avirulence or virulence factors during the interaction between Xcvand resistant or susceptible tomato plants, respectively. Our main achievements during this research program are in three major areas: 1. Identification of differentially expressed genes during the resistance response of tomato to Xcvrace T3. A combination of suppression subtractive hybridization and microarray analysis identified a large set of tomato genes that are induced or repressed during the response of resistant plants to avirulent XcvT3 bacteria. These genes were grouped in clusters based on coordinate expression kinetics, and classified into over 20 functional classes. Among them we identified genes that are directly modulated by expression of the type III effector protein AvrXv3 and genes that are induced also during the tomato resistance response to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. 2. Characterization of molecular and biochemical properties of the tomato LeMPK3MAP kinase. A detailed molecular and biochemical analysis was performed for LeMPK3 MAP kinase, which was among the genes induced by XcvT3 in resistant tomato plants. LeMPK3 was induced at the mRNA level by different pathogens, elicitors, and wounding, but not by defense-related plant hormones. Moreover, an induction of LeMPK3 kinase activity was observed in resistant tomato plants upon Xcvinfection. LeMPK3 was biochemically defined as a dual-specificity MAP kinase, and extensively characterized in vitro in terms of kinase activity, sites and mechanism of autophosphorylation, divalent cation preference, Kₘand Vₘₐₓ values for ATP. 3. Characteriztion of molecular properties of the Xcveffector protein AvrRxv. The avirulence gene avrRxvis involved in the genetic interaction that determines tomato resistance to Xcvrace T1. We found that AvrRxv functions inside the plant cell, localizes to the cytoplasm, and is sufficient to confer avirulence to virulent Xcvstrains. In addition, we showed that the AvrRxv cysteine protease catalytic core is essential for host recognition. Finally, insights into cellular processes activated by AvrRxv expression in resistant plants were obtained by microarray analysis of 8,600 tomato genes. Scientific and agricultural significance: The findings of these activities depict a comprehensive and detailed picture of cellular processes taking place during the onset of tomato resistance to Xcv. In this research, a large pool of genes, which may be involved in the control and execution of plant defense responses, was identified and the stage is set for the dissection of signaling pathways specifically triggered by Xcv.

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Lers, Amnon, E. Lomaniec, S. Burd, A. Khalchitski, L. Canetti e Pamela J. Green. Analysis of Senescence Inducible Ribonuclease in Tomato: Gene Regulation and Function. United States Department of Agriculture, febbraio 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7570563.bard.

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Natural leaf senescence has a negative influence on yield. Postharvest induced senescence contributes to the losses of quality in flowers, foliage, and vegetables. Strategies designed to control the senescence process in crop plants could therefore have great applied significance. Senescence is regulated by differential gene expression yet, functional characterization of the genes specifically induced and study of their expression control, is still in its infancy. Study of senescence-specific genes is required to allow identification of regulatory elements participating in senescence-induced expression and thus provide insights into the genetic regulation of senescence. A main feature of senescence is the hydrolysis of macromolecules by hydrolases of various types such as RNases and proteases. This study was aimed a analysis of senescence-inducible RNases in tomato with the following objectives: Isolation of senescence-inducible RNase cDNA clones; Expression analyses of RNase genes during senescence; Identification of sequences required for senescence-induced gene expression; Functional analyses of senescence-inducible RNases. We narrowed our aims somewhat to focus on the first three objectives because the budget we were awarded was reduced from that requested. We have expanded our research for identification senescence-related RNase/nuclease activities as we thought it will direct us to new RNase/nuclease genes. We have also carried out research in Arabidopsis and parsley, which enabled us to draw mire general conclusions. We completed the first and second objectives and have made considerable progress on the remaining two. We have defined growth conditions suitable for this research and defined the physiological and biochemical parameters characteristic to the advance of leaf senescence. In tomato and arabidopsis we have focused on natural leaf senescence. Parsley was used mainly for study of postharvest senescence in detached leaves. We have identified a 41-kD a tomato nuclease, LeNUCI, specifically induced during senescence which can degrade both RNA and DNA. This activity could be induced by ethylene in young leaves and was subjected to detailed analysis, which enabled its classification as Nuclease I enzyme. LeNUCI may be involved in nucleic acid metabolism during tomato leaf senescence. In parsley senescing leaves we identified 2 main senescence-related nuclease activities of 41 and 39-kDa. These activities were induced in both naturally or artificially senescing leaves, could degrade both DNA and RNA and were very similar in their characteristics to the LeNUCI. Two senescence-induced RNase cDNAs were cloned from tomato. One RNase cDNA was identical to the tomato LX RNase while the second corresponded to the LE RNase. Both were demonstrated before to be induced following phosphate starvation of tomato cell culture but nothing was known about their expression or function in plants. LX gene expression was much more senescence specific and ethylene could activate it in detached young leaves. LE gene expression, which could be transiently induced by wounding, appeared to be activated by abscisic acid. We suggest that the LX RNase has a role in RNA catabolism in the final stage of senescence, and LE may be a defense-related protein. Transgenic plants were generated for altering LX gene expression. No major visible alterations in the phenotype were observed so far. Detailed analysis of senescence in these plants is performed currently. The LX promoter was cloned and its analysis is performed currently for identification of senescence-specific regulatory elements. In Arabidopsis we have identified and characterized a senescence-associated nuclease 1 gene, BFN1, which is highly expressed during leaf and stem senescence. BFN1, is the first example of a senescence- associated gene encoding a nuclease I enzyme as well as the first nuclease I cloned and characterized from Arabidopsis. Our progress should provide excellent tools for the continued analysis of regulation and function of senescence-inducible ribonucleases and nucleases in plants. The cloned genes can be used in reverse genetic approaches, already initiated, which can yield a more direct evidence for the function of these enzymes. Another contribution of this research will be in respect to the molecular mechanism, which controls senescence. We had already initiated in this project and will continue to identify and characterize regulatory elements involved in senescence-specific expression of the genes isolated in this work.

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Fishing Gears of the Cambodian Mekong. Vientiane, Lao PDR: Mekong River Commission Secretariat, marzo 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.52107/mrc.akbo7a.

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This catalogue describes more than 150 types of fishing gear used in the Cambodian part of the Mekong River Basin. Types are divided into 16 main categories ranging from hand-capture, scoop and wounding devices to traps and nets. These are divided into 44 secondary categories and 94 tertiary groups. Some 400 names for the different types of gear are given in Khmer (in both Khmer and Latin scripts) and English. Technical descriptions and mentions of target species are accompanied by detailed line drawings and photographs. Charts illustrate the seasons when each type of gear is used in four regions – the Tonle Sap Lake, the Tonle Sap River, the floodplains of the Mekong and Bassac rivers south and east of Phnom Penh, and the upper Mekong in northern Cambodia. Costs are given in local currency based on prices between 1998 and 2000. Gender and legal aspects are also taken into account.

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