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1
Lazarenko, Elena I. "Newspaper clippings with information about the status of Russian war prisoners in 1918 as a historical source". Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, n. 3 (2022): 780–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2022-27-3-780-793.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We consider the activities of the Soviet press in 1918 to inform society about the problems of Russian war prisoners in the camps of the states of the Quadruple Alliance, re-evacuation home and providing them with comprehensive state assistance. The relevance of the study is to compare the printed publications of the First World War, which operated during the reign of Nicholas II, the Provisional Government and the Soviet government, and to consider how the pol-icy and ideology regarding Russian prisoners of war affected the media. The purpose of the article is based on the analysis of newspaper clippings from 1918 of the State Archive of the Russian Federation. During the study of works by Russian historians, printed publications of the Great War, it was concluded that the attitude towards Russian war prisoners by the tsarist leadership and the Soviet authorities were different. In the Russian press for 1914–1917, problems related to Rus-sian war prisoners were rarely mentioned, mass surrenders and statistics on the number of prison-ers of war languishing in foreign camps were kept silent. Due to the lack of information in printed publications in 1914–1915 borrowed articles from foreign newspapers. It seems that tsarism has forgotten about its compatriots in captivity. But local newspapers constantly talked about the situation of foreign prisoners of war in various regions and cities of Russia. Clippings from Soviet newspapers provided important information that was difficult to find in other historical sources, showing the social policy and ideology towards Russian war prisoners on the part of the Bolshe-viks. The government headed by V.I. Lenin tried in every possible way to help war prisoners who found themselves in a difficult situation, covering their activities and the fate of prisoners of war in newspapers, thereby gaining the confidence of the population of the country in order to enlist support for the young Soviet state.
2
Iurlov, Aleksandr R. "Social and demographic structure of the Talerhof internment camp (1914–1917)". Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, n. 2 (2022): 574–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2022-27-2-574-584.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Talerhof internment camp became the place of imprisonment of many thousands of representatives of the Ruthenian people of Austria-Hungary in 1914–1917, however, there is still no historical portrait of the prisoner of the camp. The creation of a database containing information about the prisoners of Talerhof made it possible to recreate the socio-demographic structure of the camp. As a result of the study, it was found that only every tenth prisoner of the camp was a Russophile. The research made it possible to compile a portrait of an average prisoner and, in some cases, to recreate their path to Talerhof, and to identify the key causes of deaths in the camp. The assumptions of V.R. Vavrik about the violent death of over 3,000 prisoners in the Talerhof camp were called into question. The study fills a number of significant gaps in the historiography of the Russophile movement during the First World War. For instance, in Russian and foreign historiography there is still no consensus on the institutional status of the Talerhof camp. The restoration of its social and demographic structure, as well as the historical portrait of the camp’s prisoner, allows us to make a reasonable conclusion that the camp was not a concentration camp, and Thalerhof’s victims were people who were not involved in Russophile political crimes against the Austro-Hungarian monarchy during the First World War. The results make it possible to intensify scientific discussions about the historical status of the Russophile issue in the structure of Russian-Ukrainian relations and its significance for current political events.
3
ISPOVEDNIKOV, DMITRY. "PRISONERS OF THE WORLD WAR I IN SIBERIA AND RUSSIAN FAR EAST IN THE FOCUS OF INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW". Sociopolitical Sciences 11, n. 2 (28 giugno 2021): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2223-0092-2021-11-3-103-111.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose and objectives of the article are to analyze the application of humanitarian law in relation to prisoners of the First World War. The research focuses on the situation in the Siberian and Far Eastern camps of Russia during the Civil War (1918-1922). A number of solid scientific works are devoted to the treatment of foreign prisoners of war in 1914-1918 in Europe and the Russian Empire, while the adaptation of international law in the context of the statehood’s destruction and the decentralization of power is rarely the subject of distinct exercise. Bridging the gaps, the authors studied, how the successive regimes in the eastern part of Russia observed the IV Hague Convention with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land (October 18, 1907), as the main set of rules that protected prisoners of war. Methodological approach. The situation of captured members of the Central Powers’ armies in Siberia and the Russian Far East was studied on the basis of a set of published and unpublished archival documents. The revealed facts were analyzed in comparison with articles of the IV Hague Convention. It was established how the legal status of prisoners of war changed in 1918-1922, how the conditions for their maintenance and employment were ensured. The role played by foreign charitable organizations in the life of the camps is considered. Results and conclusions. Based on the results of the research, the authors came to the conclusion that during the years of the revolutionary struggle in Siberia and the Far East, the Russian authorities ensured the rights of foreign prisoners of war within the limits of reasonable humanism. However, violations of the IV Hague Convention’s articles were dictated not only by the objective realities of a large-scale crisis in the region, but also by the unfolding information war. The originality and value of the work lies in the study of the situation of prisoners of the First World War in the east of Russia on the basis of the source base expanding and analysis of the application of international law during the Civil War.
4
Lobko, N. V. "Rights and obligations of prisoners of war in the World War I and their observance in Lebedyn District of Kharkiv Province". Legal horizons, n. 21 (2020): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2020.i21.p7.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
History of World War I that due to its global consequences started a new stage of development of European civilization still draws attention of many researchers. One of the most interesting topics for researchers is the topic of war imprisonment during the World War I. Stay of prisoners of war in the territory of Ukraine is a scantily studied issue. The objects of this study are prisoners of war who were in Lebedyn district of Kharkiv province during the World War I (1914–1918). The subject of the research is the legal status of prisoners of war, the protection of their rights and the observance of their duties. The author analyzed norms of international law and Russian legislation for regulation conditions of war imprisonment during the period of war. Using materials of Lebedyn District of Kharkiv Province, being deposited in the archives of Sumy Region, the author examines the legal status of prisoners of war, the protection of their rights and the observance of their duties. The position of prisoners of war during the World War I on Ukrainian lands as part of the Russian Empire was determined by the norms of international law and Russian legislation for regulation conditions of war imprisonment during the period of war. Using the archival sources kept in funds of the State Archives of Sumy Region, it was found that the rights of prisoners of war were generally ensured on the territory of the Lebedyn District of Kharkiv Province. However, there were not a few cases when Austrian and German prisoners suffered from hunger, domestic inconvenience and abuse by employers. There were also repeated violations of their duties by prisoners of war. The most common violations were refusal to work, leaving the workplace.
5
Tishkina, K. A. "Activities of Tomsk Mining Circle in Siberia during First World War (1914—1918)". Nauchnyi dialog 11, n. 9 (2 dicembre 2022): 472–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-9-472-488.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article deals with the activities of the Tomsk Mining Circle during the First World War (1914—1918). The main attention is paid to the process of formation of the organization, activities to provide assistance to the front, Russian prisoners of war, as well as to promote the work of the Fourth Siberian Tomsk Medical and Nutritional Detachment. The relevance of the study is due to the growing interest in the topic of charity during the First World War. A detailed examination of the functioning of a particular social organization of a social orientation allows us to identify common and special features inherent in this phenomenon in this period. Thanks to the involvement of a wide range of sources, it was possible to establish a chronological sequence in the actions of the Tomsk Mining Circle in collecting and sending goods with things and products to the front; identify the military formations that were assisted; find out with which public organizations, mining and industrial enterprises the circle communicated, etc. It is concluded that the Tomsk Mining Circle, as an example of an institution formed on a professional basis, occupied one of the prominent places in the system of charitable organizations in Siberia.
6
Lange, Britta. "Archival Silences as Historical Sources. Reconsidering Sound Recordings of Prisoners of War (1915-1918) from the Berlin Lautarchiv". SoundEffects - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Sound and Sound Experience 7, n. 3 (9 aprile 2018): 46–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/se.v7i3.105232.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article aims to consider not only sound recordings of speech samples as historical sources, but also the absence of words and the content hereof: silences in speech. Its focus are sound recordings made by prisoners in German camps during World War I, today kept in the Lautarchiv (Sound Archive) of the Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (http://www.lautarchiv.hu-berlin.de/). The World War I recordings comprise one of the archive’s three founding collections. The fi rst contains voice portraits of illustrious fi gures such as Kaiser Wilhelm II and Paul von Hindenburg, the recordings of which began during the war in connection with the autograph collection of Ludwig Darmstaedter. The second collection is made up of voice portraits of people who were not well-known or prominent individuals, but exemplary speakers of particular languages and dialects. Between 1915 and 1918, in German prisoner of war camps, the state-funded Königlich Preußische Phonographische Kommission (Royal Prussian Phonographic Commission) produced sound recordings of a range of languages, dialects and ethnic groups for the purposes of linguistic and musicological research.
7
Rachamimov, Alon. "Imperial Loyalties and Private Concerns: Nation, Class, and State in the Correspondence of Austro-Hungrian POWs in Russia, 1916–1918". Austrian History Yearbook 31 (gennaio 2000): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237800014375.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
one of the most common experiences during World War I (and one of the least researched topics in the historiography of the war) was the experience of captivity. During four years of fighting, an estimated 8.5 million soldiers were taken captive, or roughly 1 out of every 9 men to don uniforms during the war. Among the warring countries, none had a greater prisoner of war problem than Austria-Hungary: out of 8 million soldiers mobilized by the Dual Monarchy during the war, an estimated 2.77 million wound up in POW camps, the great majority (2.11 million) in Russia.
8
Rostislavleva, Natalia V. "RUSSIAN CIVILIAN PRISONERS IN GERMANY (1914-1918). REPRESENTATIVENESS OF THE DOCUMENTS IN THE SAXON MAIN STATE ARCHIVE". History and Archives 5, n. 3 (2023): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2658-6541-2023-5-3-123-136.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article considers the informative value of the documents in the Saxon Main State Archive (Dresden, Germany) about persecution and restrictions during the First World War against the “enemy aliens”, subjects of the Russian Empire. The main idea in the documents of the archive funds is the rationale for the need of civilian captivity to ensure national security. The archive funds contain information about how the persecution of “enemy aliens” began in Germany, reveal the specifics in the situation with such categories of civilian captives as the interned and confined ones. The documents illustrate the position that the policy of internment is a mirror policy. It depends on the decisions of the government of the Russian Empire in regard to German subjects, who were deported and interned on the territory of Russia. There is an important information is contained on possible ways of humanitarian support for Russian civilian prisoners. The analysis of documents confirms that the least studied segment of the phenomenon of civilian captivity during the First World War is their repatriation
9
KRAVETS, Nataliia. "NATIONAL AND CULTURAL ACTIVITIES OF VASYL PROKHODA IN POW CAMPS DURING THE FIRST WORLD WAR". Ukraine: Cultural Heritage, National Identity, Statehood 31 (2018): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/ukr.2018-31-203-212.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article deals with the national-cultural activities of Vasyl Prokhoda in the POW camps in Austria-Hungary during the First World War. First of all, the stages of military service in the Russian army on the eve and during the Great War have been clarified (1912 – beginning of service in the 51st Lithuanian Regiment in Simferopol; 1913 – courses of the reserve ensigns; November 1914 – the rank of ensign; the Austro-Hungarian front of the First World War; winter 1914–1915 – participation in the Carpathian Operation of the Russian Army, captivity). Special attention is paid to his staying in the POW camps (Josefstadt, Liberec, Brux (Most), Theresienstadt (Terezin), stages of his national identity evolution. It stated that the formation of V. Prokhoda's national identity was facilitated by various factors: first of all, acquaintance with K. Kuril, program documents of the Union for the Liberation of Ukraine, creation of Ukrainian libraries, choirs, drama clubs in the camps, reading of works by T. Shevchenko, M. Vovchka, etc. The author also investigates the public activities of V. Prokhoda in the POW camps, his contribution to the organization of Ukrainian life there, highlights living conditions in the camps (according to his observations), as well as specifics of inter-ethnic relations against the backdrop of events of the Russian Revolution 1917. The perception and attitude of nationally conscious Ukrainians (prisoners of war), in particular, V. Prokhody, to the creation of the Ukrainian Central Rada, its I and II Universals, the resolutions of the first military congresses in Ukraine, the Bolshevik coup in Russia in October 1917, compared to the estimates of these events by Russians (prisoners of war). The circumstances that opened the possibility of forming Ukrainian divisions of prisoners of war and sending them to disposal of the Government of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in the first half of 1918 were clarified. The last months of V. Prokhoda's staying in the POW camps under conditions of his health deterioration, the circumstances of his returning to Ukraine after the coup of P. Skoropadskyi are presented. Keywords Vasyl Prokhoda, national and cultural activity, POW camps, Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.
10
Удовенко, И. В. "Camps for Prisoners of the Lithuanian-Soviet and Polish-Soviet Wars in the Territory of the RSFSR (1918–1922)". Historia provinciae - the journal of regional history 7, n. 4 (17 dicembre 2023): 1121–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/2587-8344-2023-7-4-1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Статья посвящена исследованию концентрационных лагерей и лагерей принудительных работ на территории РСФСР, в которых содержались военнопленные советско-литовской и советско-польской войн в период с 1918 по 1922 г. В качестве основной источниковой базы данного исследования использовались делопроизводственные и статистические материалы: отчеты, доклады, документы межведомственной переписки, инспекторских проверок лагерей, Главного управления принудительных работ, а также Польского отдела, созданного при политическом управлении Революционного военного совета Республики, и Польского бюро (Польбюро) ЦК РКП(б). Кроме того, в статье использовались данные, полученные из личных прошений и коллективных заявлений военнопленных различного характера. В статье прослеживается эволюция лагерной системы, начиная с периода Первой мировой войны. С приходом советской власти и глобальным изменением вектора внутренней политики была сформирована новая лагерная структура, которая перешла из Наркомата по военным делам в Наркомат внутренних дел РСФСР. Обновленная лагерная система концентрировала пленных Первой мировой войны, пленных Гражданской войны, военнопленных новых военных компаний в Прибалтике и Польше, а также классовых врагов советской власти. Таким образом, грань между понятиями «военнопленный» и «заключенный» в первые годы советской власти внутри концлагерей была нечеткой. Зачастую представители этих категорий содержались в лагерях совместно и не имели отличий в режиме и трудовом использовании. Только к 1920–1921 гг. в РСФСР начался процесс по выделению категории военнопленных в отдельные лагеря и приданию им самостоятельного статуса. За годы существования лагерной системы НКВД РСФСР через нее прошли порядка 40 тыс. военнопленных из Прибалтики и Польши, из которых около 35 тыс. человек были репатриированы, а около 3 тыс. по разным причинам остались в РСФСР. The article is devoted to the study of the concentration camps and forced labor camps that contained prisoners of the Lithuanian-Soviet and Polish-Soviet wars in the territory of the RSFSR in the period from 1918 to 1922. As the main source base of this study, clerical and statistical materials were used: reports, returns, interdepartmental correspondence, materials of camp inspections; documents of the Main Directorate of Forced Labor, the Polish Department established under the political directorate of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, and the Polish Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP(b). In addition, the article used the data obtained from personal petitions and collective statements of prisoners of war of various kinds. The article retraces the evolution of the camp system starting from the period of the First World War. With the establishment of Soviet power and the global change in the vector of domestic policy, a new camp structure was formed, which was transferred from the People’s Commissariat for Military Affairs to the People’s Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the RSFSR. The updated camp system concentrated prisoners of the First World War, prisoners of the Civil War, prisoners of the new military campaigns in the Baltic states and Poland, and class enemies of the Soviet regime. Thus, the distinction between the concepts “prisoner of war” and “prisoner” inside concentration camps was unclear during the first years of the Soviet rule. The representatives of these categories were often held in the camps together and there were no differences in their custodial control and labor use. It was only by 1920–21 that the RSFSR had begun the process of concentrating the category of prisoners of war into separate camps and giving them an independent status. During the years of existence of the camp system of the NKVD of the RSFSR, about 40,000 prisoners of war from the Baltic states and Poland passed through it, of whom about 35,000 people were repatriated, and about 3,000 stayed in the RSFSR for various reasons.
11
Vemic, Mirceta. "Mass mortality of Serbian prisoners of war and interned civilians in Austro-Hungarian camps during the First World War 1914-1918". Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, n. 147 (2014): 201–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1447201v.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper discusses the massive use of camps by the Austro-Hungarian Empire during the First World War, 1914-1918, in order to achieve its war aims, being the most prominent country of the Central Powers. The camps were founded for each nation separately. There were at least 300 camps, out of which ten were large. There were captivated Serbian prisoners of war, but unlike other nations, there were also Serbian civilians interned, which was prohibited by Geneva conventions. In these camps, there was a mass mortality of Serbian inmates aged 1 to 101 years. The final number of imprisoned and killed Serbs has not been determined, but it is considered to be much higher than the estimated number accepted at the peace conference in Versailles. From the previous research the main causes of their suffering can be seen. These are hunger, inadequate housing of the inmates, the location of the camps, heavy forced labor, poor hygiene and health care, illness and disease, punishment and looting of detainees, etc. All camps operated by the same principle and achieved the same war results: the mass mortality of the imprisoned people. Given that the camps were massively opened during the Second World War by the same countries, it is clear that from the beginning they were planned and designed as the most efficient means of genocide against the Serbs.
12
Orekhovsky, V. O. "Activities of the Red Cross Society in Ukraine during the First World war". Вісник Київського національного лінгвістичного університету. Серія Історія, економіка, філософія, n. 28 (7 giugno 2023): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32589/2412-9321.28.2023.280706.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of the study is to reveal the main areas of activity of the Red Cross Society in Ukraine during the First World War (1914–1918). The author made an attempt, based on both published and unpublished sources, to characterize the multifaceted work of the Society directly in the theater of operations (the South-Western Front), as well as to highlight the main areas of activity of the Red Cross beyond the front lines. Methodology. In the research process, the path of dominance of the following principles was chosen: the principle of historicism, the principle of objectivity, comprehensiveness and integrity of the source. As part of the study of the history of the Society, general scientific research methods were used, such as induction and deduction. Scientific novelty. The article presents an analysis of the main areas of work of the Red Cross society, namely: evacuation of the wounded and sick from advanced positions; their further treatment in rear medical facilities; rehabilitation of the wounded, sick and disabled; assistance to prisoners of war; providing assistance to the civilian population; international activity of the Society. An assessment of the effectiveness of the society’s social and humanitarian activities in helping victims of famine, epidemic diseases, natural disasters and preparing the population for the protection of the state and its cooperation with military societies is given. Research results. Researched: the process of evolution of the organizational structure of the Society in 1914–1918, sources of funding for the activities of the Red Cross; the main directions of his activity both in advanced positions and beyond. It is emphasized that the insufficient effectiveness of state structures in the organization of medical and sanitary economy led to the fact that the Society partially intercepts these functions, turning out in many cases to be competitors and even monopolists in some fields of medical and not only medical care.
13
Gorcsa, Oszkár. "Szerb hadifoglyok Bihar vármegyében, 1914–1920". Belvedere Meridionale 32, n. 2 (2020): 22–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/belv.2020.2.2.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The World War can be justifiably called the great seminal catastrophe of the 20th century, because the war that should have ended every further war, just disseminated the seeds of another cataclysm. From this point of view it is comprehensible why lots of historians deal with the named period. Numerous monographies and articles that deal with the destructing and stimulating eff ect of the Great War have seen the light of day. However, the mentioned works usually have serious defi cenceis, as most of them deal only with the battlefi elds, and a small proportion deals with the question of everyday life and hinterland, and the ordeals of the POWs are superfi cially described. In case of Hungary, the more serious researches related to POWs only started at the time of the centenary. This is why we can still read in some Serbian literatures about the people annihilating endeavors of the „huns” of Austria–Hungary. My choice of subject was therefore justified by the reasons outlined above. In my presentation I expound on briefly introducing the situations in the austro–hungarian POW camps. Furthermore, the presentation depicts in detail the everyday life, the medical and general treatment, clothing supply, the question of the minimal wages and working time of the prisoner labour forces. Lastly, I am depicting the problem of escapes and issues dealing POWs marriage and citizenship requests.
14
Krzek-Lubowiecki, Marcin. "Porucznik Edward Ralski – żołnierska karta w życiorysie wybitnego uczonego". Res Gestae 12 (12 giugno 2021): 155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/24504475.12.9.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The following article describes the military service of Edward Ralski. He was not only an outstanding scientist and biologist, but also a participant in the struggle for Polish independence in the years 1918–1921. In the interwar period, Ralski continued his military service as a member of the reserve force. In 1939, aft er the outbreak of World War II, he was taken prisoner by the Soviets and murdered by the NKVD in the spring of 1940.
15
Monballyu, Jos. "De strafrechtelijke repressie van het Vlaams activisme tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog in de Duitse krijgsgevangenkampen (november 1918 tot juli 1925). Deel 2". WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 70, n. 4 (7 dicembre 2011): 313–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v70i4.12287.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bij het bestuderen van de strafrechtelijke vervolgingen van de activisten na de Eerste Wereldoorlog, besteedde men tot nog toe alleen aandacht aan de activisten die tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog in het bezette gebied werkzaam waren. Voor de strafrechtelijke vervolgingen van de activisten die tijdens die Eerste Wereldoorlog in de Duitse gevangenenkampen werkzaam waren, bestond tot op heden geen interesse. Nochtans hebben een aantal studies al aangetoond dat er in die gevangenenkampen, en dan voornamelijk in dat van Göttingen, een aantal zeer actieve kernen van activisten waren die in nauw contact stonden met de vertegenwoordigers van de Raad van Vlaanderen en allerlei initiatieven namen voor een Vlaamse ontvoogding na de oorlog. Deze gevangenen waren meestal militairen en dus krijgsgevangenen. Omdat zij hun activisme in militaire dienst hadden beleden, moesten zij zich na de oorlog verantwoorden voor een militaire rechtbank, eerst voor de krijgsraad van het Groot Hoofdkwartier van het Leger en daarna voor de krijgsraad van Brabant. Uitzonderlijk werd hun zaak behandeld door de krijgsraad van Antwerpen of die van Oost-Vlaanderen of van West-Vlaanderen. Uiteindelijk werden er voor 101 Vlaamse militairen een dossier aangelegd, waarvan er maar 35 moesten verschijnen voor een krijgsraad en maar 26 tot een straf, met inbegrip van de doodstraf, werden veroordeeld. De rest werd ofwel buiten vervolging gesteld of vrijgesproken. In het hiernavolgend artikel wordt uiteengezet wie die vervolgde militairen waren, in welke kampen zij actief waren, voor welke feiten zij vervolgd werden, op grond van welke strafwetsartikelen dit gebeurde en welke straffen zij opliepen.________The criminal prosecution of Flemish activism during the First World War in German prisoner of war camps (November 1918 – July 1925)Until the present, research into the criminal prosecution of activists after the First World War only focused on activists that were active in the occupied territories. The criminal prosecution of activists who were active in German prisoner of war camps during the First World War had not raised any interest until now. However, a number of studies have demonstrated that there were a number of very active cores of activists in those camps, in particular in Göttingen. These activists were in close contact with the representatives of the Council of Flanders and took varied initiatives to promote Flemish emancipation after the war. These prisoners were usually military and therefore prisoners of war. Because they had admitted their activism during their military service, they had to account for themselves after the war to a military court, first in front of the Court Martial of the Main Headquarters of the Army and consequently in front of the Court Martial of Brabant. Exceptionally their case was dealt with by the Court Martial of Antwerp or that of East or West Flanders. Finally legal documents were prepared for 101 Flemish military, of whom only 35 were called to appear before a Court Martial, and only 26 were convicted and given a sentence including the death penalty. For the remainder, either the charges were dropped, or they were acquitted. The following article will explain who those prosecuted military were, in which camps they were active, for which crimes they were prosecuted, on the basis of which articles of the law this was done and which sentences they received.
16
Morgoshiia, Temuri Sh. "Sergey Romanovich Mirotvortsev (1878–1949) – urologist-outstanding innovator and clinician (140th anniversary of his birth)". Urologicheskie vedomosti 8, n. 4 (28 febbraio 2019): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/uroved8441-46.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The main milestones of the life and creativity of Professor S.R. Mirotvortsev are described in the article. Little-known facts from the professor's biography are noted. He was rewarded with two gold medals for his students' works: “Vessels and nerves of sinews of the human foot” (with his student V.P. Vorobyov) and “Dislocations of bones of the wrist.” Notably, during the Russian-Japanese war, S.R. Mirotvortsev spent 11 months in the besieged Port Arthur and remained with the wounded who were taken prisoner by the Japanese there. From 1905 to 1914, S.R. Mirotvortsev worked in the Military Medical Academy (Saint Petersburg), initially under the leadership of Professor S.P. Fedorov and then as assistant for Professor V.A. Oppel. From 1914 until the end of his life, S.R. Mirotvortsev worked in Saratov, in the Department of General Surgery; beginning in 1920, he was a member of the faculty of the surgical clinic. From 1922 to 1928, S.R. Mirotvortsev was the rector of Saratov University. In the period of the Great Patriotic War, he was the chief surgeon of Saratov and the Saratov region. S.R. Mirotvortsev published approximately 150 scientific works regarding questions of clinical and field surgery. In 1908, he demonstrated the first transplantation of ureters in the rectum and defended a doctoral dissertation (1909) on this subject. Broad popularity was gained by his work regarding malignant new growths, particularly sarcomas of tubular bones. S.R. Mirotvortsev developed methods of unilateral closure of the large intestine, determined the plasticity of the sealing gland of the meninx, and processed burn wounds with potassium permanganate solution. S.R. Mirotvortsev suggested the use of the hemostatic properties of catgut for local cessation of bleeding from parenchymatous bodies and channels within the meninx. His numerous works on field surgery provided statistical analysis of 180 000 cases involving gunshot wounds; these were especially valuable during World War I (1914–1918). Notably, the Department of Faculty Surgery of the Saratov Medical Institute, as well as a street in Saratov, carries the name of S.R. Mirotvortsev. He was awarded the Labour Red Banner, the Red Star, and numerous medals.
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Morgoshiia, T. Sh. "Academician S.R. Mirotvortsev (1878 - 1949) – the Clinical Physician, the Teacher, the Urologist Innovator (to the 140 anniversary since birth)". Herald Urology 6, n. 4 (22 febbraio 2019): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21886/2308-6424-2018-6-4-60-66.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The main milestones of life and S.R. Mirotvortsev’s creativity are given in article. The little-known facts from the biography of professor are noted. Rewarding with two gold medals for student’s works is analyzed: «Vessels and nerves of sinews of foot of the person» (in common with the student V.P. Vorobyov) and «Dislocations of bones of a wrist». It is noted that during the Russian-Japanese war spent 11 months in the besieged Port Arthur and remained with the wounded who were taken prisoner to Japanese there. From 1905 to 1914 worked in VMA at first under the leadership of professor S.P. Fedorov, then the assistant for professor V.A. Oppel. It is shown that since 1914 until the end of life worked in Saratov, occupying department of the general surgery, and since 1920 — faculty surgical clinic. From 1922 to 1928 the rector of the Saratov university. In the period of the Great Patriotic War was the chief surgeon of Saratov and the Saratov region. S.R. Mirotvortsev published about 150 scientific works on questions of clinical and field surgery. In work it is analyzed that he in 1908 offered original operation of change of ureters in a rectum, having defended the doctoral dissertation (1909) on this subject. It is noted that the broad popularity was gained by its researches about malignant new growths, in particular sarcomas of tubular bones. It developed methods of unilateral switching off of a large intestine, plasticity of a firm meninx the sealing gland, processing’s of burn wounds potassium permanganate solution. S.R. Mirotvortsev suggested to use haemostatic properties of a catgut for a local stop of bleedings from parenchymatous bodies and sine of a firm meninx. From numerous works on field surgery detailed statistical development of 180 thousand cases of a gunshot wound is especially valuable during World War I of 1914 — 1918. It is noted that the department of faculty surgery of the Saratov medical institute and the street in Saratov is called by the name of S.R. Mirotvortsev. It is awarded with awards of the Labour Red Banner, the Red Star and medals.
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Kolomyyets, Olha. "„ПАМ’ЯТЬ СВІТУ”: ЗАПИСИ ПРУССЬКОЇ ФОНОГРАФІЧНОЇ КОМІСІЇ ВІД ВІЙСЬКОВОПОЛОНЕНИХ УКРАЇНЦІВ У НІМЕЦЬКИХ ТАБОРАХ ПЕРШОЇ СВІТОВОЇ ВІЙНИ З ФОНДІВ БЕРЛІНСЬКОГО ФОНОГРАМАРХІВУ (ФАКТОГРАФІЧНІ АСПЕКТИ)". Ethnomusic 19, n. 1 (dicembre 2023): 112–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33398/2523-4846-2023-19-1-112-142.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article highlights for the first time the material connected to the sound recordings of Ukrainians from WWI Prisoner-of War Camps in Germany, that were made during 1915-1918 years by the members of the Prussian Phonographic Commission which included Carl Stumpf (the head of the Commission), Georg Schünemann, Wilhelm Doegen among others. This article is a result of the author’s personal research conducted at the Berlin Phonogram Archive and explores the factographic documents that include the data about the sound recordings themselves, the history and process of the creation of the documents and their digital versions made a 100 years after the Prussian Phonographic Commission’s project has started. The research also presents the first results of the analysis of the repertoire recorded from Ukrainian prisoners-of WWI, specifically its culture and genre characteristics.
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Bružeňák, Vladimír. "POW Camp in Jindřichovice: Founding, Everyday Life, Memorialization". Slavic World in the Third Millennium 17, n. 3-4 (2022): 37–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2412-6446.2022.17.3-4.03.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The prisoner of war camp in Jindřichovice (German: Heinrichsgrün), located in the Ore Mountains on the territory of the modern Czech Republic, was one of the largest such camps of the First World War in Austria-Hungary. In the period from 1915 to 1918, tens of thousands of prisoners of war from Serbia, Montenegro, the Russian Empire, and Italy passed through it. Many Serbian civilians were interned in addition to military personnel. Over 170 buildings were erected for the camp which was capable of accommodating almost forty thousand prisoners and which was surrounded by a fence with barbed wire and watchtowers. The whole complex was almost autonomous, with all the necessary infrastructure, including a bakery, hospital, laundry, ablutions, and a chapel. Prisoners of war were used in a variety of jobs in the vicinity, primarily related to agriculture. Their labour was also used for the repair of roads, the extraction of basalt in a nearby quarry, and in industry, primarily at a metallurgical plant in Rotava and in the construction of a chemical plant in Sokolov (at that time Falknov; German: Falkenau). From 1917, the situation with the provision of food and medicine began to worsen in the camp, leading to the spread of disease and a rapid increase in the mortality rate. In total, 3,855 people died here, including 2,465 Serbs and Montenegrins, 1,301 Italians, 56 Russians, and approximately two dozen of the Austro-Hungarian camp guards, among whom were several Czechs. The prisoners of war were buried in a cemetery near the camp, which has survived to this day. After the war, the remains of the Serbian prisoners were exhumed and, together with the remains of thousands of soldiers of the newly established Yugoslavia who had previously been buried in locations all over Bohemia, were transferred to a mausoleum, which was converted from the camp’s water supply cistern. Today, it contains the remains of about 7,190 of those who came from the territory of the former Yugoslavia — mostly Serbs, but also soldiers who fought in the war on the side of Austria-Hungary, primarily Slovenes, Croats, and Bosnians, and also 189 Russians.
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Chmielewski, Krzysztof, e Maciej Pająk. "Organizacja więziennictwa polskiego (1918-1939)". Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne 69, n. 2 (4 ottobre 2018): 181–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cph.2017.2.9.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Recovering after the partition period, the Polish state faced many challenges and one of them definitely was the penitentiary policy. Among the legacies of the period of partition were three different prison systems and different regulations in the field of penitentiary law. The main task of the Polish legislator was to unify the national prison system by taking into account not only the specificity of the existing solutions but also the achievementsof the contemporary penitentiary. The purpose of the paper is to present the history of the organization of the Polish prison system between 1918 and 1939 in more detail. It is necessary to describe the political situation in the Polish lands during the final years of the First World War which significantly influenced the different character of the institutions in the Polish territories.The reflections on the organization of the Polish prisons during the interwar period will be centered around the following issues: taking over prisons by the Polish authorities, systematic unification of the structure of the prison system, prison stratification, the legal status of the prison staff, the education system of prison officers as well as the system of supervision of the execution of prison sentences. The literature on the subject highlights the importance of the international penitentiary congresses for the development of the penitentiary law in the interwar period. The contribution of the Polish delegations to the works of the London, Prague and Berlincongresses was significant. Taking into account the importance of the resolutions of the congresses, the paper will present the participation of Poles in the debates. Research methodology is based on the analysis of normative acts devoted to the organization of the Polish prison system between 1918 and 1939. The following are among the analyzed elements: the decree on the provisional prison regulations of the 8th of February1919, the regulation by the President of the Republic of Poland on the organization of the prison system of the 7th of March 1928, the regulation by the Minister of Justice on the rules and regulations of the prison system of the 20th of June 1931, the regulation by the President of the Republic of Poland on the Prison Guard of the 23rd of August 1932, and the act on the organization of the prisoner system of the 26th of July 1939. Memories ofpersons involved in prison activity and publications pertaining to penitentiary law issues from the interwar period were also used to prepare this article.
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Bakhturina, Alexandra Yu, Natalia V. Rostislavleva e Hannes Boсk. "Families of “Enemy Foreigners” in Russia and Germany in the Days of the First World War 1914–18". Herald of an archivist, n. 1 (2022): 214–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2022-1-214-228.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article considers an aspect of the history of civil captivity during World War I which, by itself, had not been previously studied — i.e., influence of the internment policy on the situation of “enemy foreigners” families. Until recently, the historiography addressed only the situation of civilian prisoners, men of military age, while the situation of their families was only mentioned. Drawing on documents from the Russian and German archives, as well as on the published sources, including legislative acts, petitions of individuals, memoirs and diaries, a comparative analysis has been carried out of the policy of the authorities in Russia and Germany towards hostile state citizens and their family members. It is concluded that, although the policy of internment in Russia and Germany was not directed strictly against this group of enemy subjects, its very course had a significant impact on their situation. The formation of legal foundations of internment in the Russian Empire is considered. The article shows the changed approaches to internment of enemy subjects under the influence of situation at the front and situation of the individual front-line territories. It has been established that in a number of cases, it was required to deport from front-line areas not only men liable for military service — citizens of states fighting with Russia, but also their family members. In Germany, the rules for internment were unclear, but the established practice also affected the situation of women and children. In both states, when interning men of military age, family members often followed them to camps and places of deportation. The proximity of cultural, economic, and family ties between the citizens of Russia and Germany on the brink of the First World War resulted in a conflict between nationality and citizenship. Russian citizens in Germany, despite being of German origin, became hostile foreigners. The article analyzes the situation of interned family members in German camps. In some cases, there were organized schools for children. A wide variety of reasons caused the breakdown of family ties: different citizenship of family members, loss of loved ones in displacement, internment of some family members, while other remained at their place of residence. It is concluded that there are similarities, as well as differences in the methods of internment in Russia and Germany, which in both cases negatively affected the situation of the families of hostile state citizens.
22
Trentham, David R. "Samuel Victor Perry. 16 July 1918 — 17 December 2009". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 57 (gennaio 2011): 327–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2011.0009.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Samuel Victor Perry (1918–2009) was a biochemist who was born in the Isle of Wight, moved shortly thereafter to King’s Lynn, Norfolk, and then spent the greater part of his youth in Southport, Lancashire. His undergraduate education and early research at Liverpool University were followed by army service for the duration of World War II. After his capture in North Africa he spent much of the war as a prisoner of war, during which time his several escapes became the stuff of legends. In 1946 he began research towards his PhD degree at Cambridge University on the protein chemistry of muscle, a central theme in which he was actively engaged for more than 60 years. These were his halcyon days—member of a leading research group in muscle, alongside distinguished achievements as an English rugby international. After a Cambridge University lectureship he was appointed Head of Biochemistry in Birmingham University in 1959—a post he occupied with distinction until retirement, elevating his department to one of international stature. Among his many contributions to the protein biochemistry of muscle contraction and its regulation were the discovery of skeletal muscle myosin phosphorylation, whose significance is still a field of active research, and the recognition that the presence of the cardiac protein troponin I in the bloodstream could be used as a diagnostic marker of myocardial infarction. Perry was an inveterate gardener, especially happy in his beloved Felin Werndew, a beautiful retreat in Dinas Cross, Pembrokeshire. In August 1948 he married Maureen Shaw. She and their son and two daughters survive him.
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Monballyu, Jos. "Frans Van Cauwelaert als advocaat in strafprocessen tegen Vlaamse activisten. Deel 2". WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 75, n. 4 (1 dicembre 2016): 293–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v75i4.12039.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Tijdens een debat in de Kamer van volksvertegenwoordigers over amnestie voor incivieken tijdens de Eerste Wereldoorlog zette Frans Van Cauwelaert op 25 januari 1921 in het lang en het breed uiteen waarom volgens hem de recente strafrechtelijke repressie van het Vlaamse activisme tijdens de oorlog mislukt was. Om die stelling te staven, deed hij een beroep op meerdere gegevens die hij verkregen had van bevriende advocaten en ook op zijn eigen ervaringen als advocaat. Tussen juni 1918 en december 1920 verdedigde hij immers zeventien personen die wegens activisme voor een krijgsraad, het krijgshof of een Hof van Assisen terecht stonden. Sommige van hen waren daarbij aan het Belgische front, anderen in het bezette gebied en nog anderen in de Duitse krijgsgevangenenkampen werkzaam geweest. Van Cauwelaert had in deze processen niet altijd succes en viel daarbij ook niet op door zijn spitsvondige of vernieuwende juridische standpunten. Hij slaagde er met deze processen wel in om zijn kiezerspubliek uit de Antwerpse Kempen tevreden te stellen alsook in de rest van Vlaanderen bekend te geraken als de grote verdediger van diegenen die, ondanks de oproep van de Koning om de taalstrijd tijdens de oorlog te laten rusten, toch waren doorgegaan met het opeisen van meer rechten voor de Vlamingen. Meteen slaagde hij erin om zijn Vlaams blazoen wat op te poetsen dat geleden had onder het feit dat hij in het begin van de oorlog naar het buitenland was gevlucht en hierdoor veel minder onder de oorlog had geleden dan diegenen die aan het front hadden gestreden, in het bezette gebied de Duitse dictatuur hadden ondergaan of in een Duits krijgsgevangenenkamp veel hadden ontbeerd.________Frans Van Cauwelaert as attorney in criminal proceedings against Flemish ActivistsDuring a debate in the Chamber of Representatives concerning amnesty for disloyal persons during the First World War, Frans Van Cauwelaert spoke at length on why, according to him, the recent judicial punishment of Flemish Activism during the war had failed. To back this argument up, he drew on several facts that he gathered from lawyers who were friends of his, and also from his own experiences as an attorney. Between June 1918 and December 1920 he defended seventeen persons who stood before a court martial, an appellate court martial or the Court of Assizes on account of Activism. Some of them had been involved with Activism at the front, some in the occupied territory and yet others in German prisoner-of-war camps. Van Cauwelaert was not always successful in these proceedings, and did not stand out on account of any clever or novel legal positions. He did however manage to please his voting constituency from the Campine area around Antwerp, as well as to become known in the rest of Flanders as the great defender of those who, despite the call from the King to leave the language struggle alone during the war, nevertheless went ahead in demanding more rights for Flemings. At the same time, he was able to shore up his Flemish bona fides, which had previously come up short on account of the fact that he had fled abroad at the beginning of the war and therefore had suffered much less than had those who had fought on the front, experienced the German dictatorship in the occupied territory or undergone deprivation in a German prisoner-of-war camp.
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Matt, H. "GLOBAL CAPTIVITY IN THE FIRST WORLD WAR: PRISONERS OF WAR IN TURKESTAN, 1914 – 1916". edu.e-history.kz 31, n. 3 (20 ottobre 2022): 392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.51943/2710-3994_2022_31_3_392-404.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This articleexamines the health of prisoners of war in Turkestan during the First World Warthrough the lens of internationalrelief. Using the example of typhus, it considers the spread of epidemic disease seen through the reports of Red Cross delegates who inspected the conditions in POW camps in theRussian Empire. Alongside this, the article contributes to the growing literature that considers wartime captivity from a global perspective; bycomparing imperial managementsof wartime captivity in the Russian, British and German Empires, this article reframes experiences of captivity in Turkestan and places them in the wider global context of captivity in the early twentieth century.
25
Phelps, Nicole M. "Kenneth A. Steuer Pursuit of an “Unparalleled Opportunity”: The American YMCA and Prisoner-of-War Diplomacy Among the Central Power Nations During World War I, 1914–1923. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009. Pp. 440, tables." Austrian History Yearbook 43 (aprile 2012): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237811000890.
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Kennedy, W. Benjamin. "Jackson, The Prisoners 1914-1918". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 16, n. 2 (1 settembre 1991): 106–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.16.2.106-107.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Robert Jackson, former RAF pilot, military historian, and author of some fifty books, offers in this short work a sketch of the life of British POWs captured by the Germans during the Great War. Based on previously unpublished British prisoner narratives from the Imperial War Museum and some dozen or so similar accounts, most of which appeared in print soon after the war, the book relics on several long quotations from its sources to tell the story.
27
Ebel, Jonathan. "Kenneth Steuer . Pursuit of an “Unparalleled Opportunity”: The American YMCA and Prisoner‐of‐War Diplomacy among the Central Power Nations during World War I, 1914–1923 . (Gutenberg‐e Series.) New York: Columbia University Press. 2009. Pp. xi, 440. $60.00." American Historical Review 116, n. 4 (ottobre 2011): 1091–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/ahr.116.4.1091.
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Denezhuk, Artem Naskidovich, e Andrey Sergeevich Mikaelian. "WORLD WAR I 1914-1918". News of scientific achievements, n. 6 (2019): 18–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36616/2618-7612-2019-6-18-20.
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Krammer, A. "Pursuit of an "Unparalleled Opportunity": The American YMCA and Prisoner-of-War Diplomacy among the Central Power Nations during World War I, 1914-1923. By Kenneth Steuer. (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009. xii, 440 pp. $60.00, ISBN 978-0-231-13028-8.)". Journal of American History 97, n. 2 (1 settembre 2010): 550. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/97.2.550.
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Ivanova, Natalia. "Petrograd: First World War (19141918)". Cahiers Bruxellois Brusselse Cahiers XLVI, n. 1E (2014): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/brux.046e.0159.
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Andrei Aleksandrovich, Lutsenko. "PRISONERS OF WAR OF THE AUSTRIAN IMPERIAL ARMY IN NOVO-NIKOLAEVSK 1914–1918 AND MODERN FORMS OF NON-GOVERNMENTAL INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS IN THE MATTER OF PRESERVING THE MEMORY OF THE VICTIMS OF WORLD AND LOCAL WARS". Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University Bulletin 4, n. 6 (6 dicembre 2014): 129–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15293/2226-3365.1406.11.
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Monballyu, Jos. "Het uur van de vergelding. Vlaamse activisten voor de krijgsraad van het Groot Hoofdkwartier van het Leger (23 januari tot 30 juni 1919). Deel 2". WT. Tijdschrift over de geschiedenis van de Vlaamse beweging 70, n. 1 (24 marzo 2011): 7–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/wt.v70i1.12328.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Indien men de geschiedenis van de strafrechtelijke repressie van het Vlaamse activisme na de Eerste Wereldoorlog ten gronde wil bestuderen, moet men niet alleen de parlementaire verklaringen, de gerechtelijke statistieken en de kranten omrent die repressie raadplegen, maar vooral de gerechtelijke archieven uitpluizen die deze repressie heeft nagelaten. In dit artikel wordt dit voor de eerste keer gedaan voor de Vlaamse activisten die door de krijgsraad van het Groot Hoofdkwartier van het Leger werden veroordeeld. Die krijgsraad te velde kreeg tussen 19 november 1918 en 13 mei 1919 het monopolie van de bestraffing van zowel burgeractivisten als militaire activisten en behield dit monopolie tussen 14 mei 1919 en 30 september 1919 voor de militaire activisten. Na deze laatste datum werden de Vlaamse burgeractivisten vervolgd voor de provinciale Assisenhoven en de militaire activisten voor de provinciale krijgsraden.Het krijgsauditoraat van het Groot Hoofdkwartier vervolgde uiteindelijk 689 gewone burgers en 105 militairen voor (Vlaams en Waals) activisme (inbreuk op artikel 104, 115, lid 5 en 118bis van het Belgische strafwetboek). Hiervan moesten er zich uiteindelijk slechts drieëndertig Vlamingen (26 burgers en 7 militairen) verantwoorden voor de krijgsraad van het Groot Hoofdkwartier. Vier van hen werden vrijgesproken en negenentwintig tot een straf veroordeeld. De hoogste straf was een doodstraf, die in hoger beroep werd omgezet in een buitengewone hechtenis van twintig jaar. De laagste straf bestond uit een gevangenisstraf van twee jaar. Onder de veroordeelde burgers waren er twee die deel hadden uitgemaakt van de tweede Raad van Vlaanderen en twee die de Duitsers hadden benoemd in de door hen opgerichte Vlaamse administratie. Alle andere waren plaatselijke propagandisten van het Vlaamse activisme. De zeven militairen waren allen verdacht van activisme in het bezette België tijdens de zes laatste maanden van de oorlog. Drie van hen waren vanuit het Frontgebied naar het bezette gebied overgelopen en drie andere genoten van een vervroegde terugkeer uit een krijgsgevangenenkamp in Duitsland waar ze zich ook al maanden voor de Vlaamse zaak hadden ingezet.________The day of reckoning. Flemish activists court-martialled at the Main Headquarters of the Army (23 January until 30 June 1919)In order to carry out a thorough study of the history of the criminal repression of Flemish activism after the First World War, you need to consult not only the parliamentary declarations, the legal statistics and the newspapers on the subject, but more in particular research the court records reporting on that repression. This article is the first to study the Flemish activists who were sentenced by the court-martial at the Main Headquarters of the Army. From 19 November 1918 until 13 May 1919 that field court-martial was given the monopoly of prosecuting both civilian and military activists and it retained this monopoly for the prosecution of military activists between 14 May 1919 and 30 September 1919. After the latter date the Flemish civilian activists were prosecuted by the provincial Assize Courts and the military activists by the provincial court-martials. Eventually the military tribunal of the Main Headquarters prosecuted 689 civilians and 105 military on the basis of (Flemish and Walloon) activism (infringement of article 104, 115 paragraph 5 and 118bis of the Belgian Criminal Code). Finally only 33 Flemish (26 civilians and 7 military) had to account for their actions in front of the court-martial of the Main Headquarters. Four of them were acquitted and twenty-nine were sentenced. The most severe penalty was a death sentence, which was converted on appeal to an exceptional imprisonment of twenty years. The most lenient penalty was two years imprisonment. Two of the convicted civilians had been part of the Second Council of Flanders and two of them had been appointed by the Germans to be part of the Flemish administration they had established. All the others had been local propagandists of Flemish activism. The seven military had all been suspected of activism in occupied Belgium during the last six months of the war. Three of them had deserted from the Frontline to the occupied territory and three others had been granted an early return from a prisoner of war camp in Germany where they also had dedicated themselves for months to the Flemish cause.
33
Vanhaesebrouck, Karel. "Theatre of War: Commemorating World War I in Belgium". TDR/The Drama Review 61, n. 4 (dicembre 2017): 40–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/dram_a_00691.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Every town and village throughout Flanders is commemorating the gruesome events of 1914–1918 with a range of activities. Some of these propose intelligent and thoroughly researched perspectives on WWI, while others are just simple tourist entertainments. Flemish theatre artists enthusiastically contribute to this frenzy, although some choose to deconstruct the folkloric myths to comment on the economics of the commemoration industry or on present-day atrocities.
34
Nolan, Cathal J. "Civilians in a World at War, 1914–1918". International History Review 34, n. 3 (settembre 2012): 619–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07075332.2012.718125.
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Kahn, Marcel-Francis. "The World War I (1914–1918) and rheumatology". Joint Bone Spine 81, n. 5 (ottobre 2014): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.04.015.
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Gregory, Dr Adrian. "Civilians in a world at war, 1914–1918". First World War Studies 4, n. 2 (ottobre 2013): 274–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19475020.2013.843885.
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Salevouris, Michael. "Bourne, Britain And The Great War, 1914-1914". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 17, n. 1 (1 aprile 1992): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.17.1.41-42.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
"War," said Thomas Paine, "involves in its progress such a train of unforseen and unsupposed circumstances that no human wisdom can calculate the end." History is replete with examples of wars that didn't exactly go as planners planned, but one conflict above all, the "Great War" of 1914-1918, has been responsible for our contemporary fear of the "unforseen and unsupposed circumstances" of war. The short, heroic, victorious war that most Europeans foresaw in August, 1914, became an unimaginable tragedy that buried a generation in the mud of the western front. It is, therefore, not surprising that books on World War I continue to flow from the presses.
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M L, Revanna. "Problems of Industrialization Mysore -1914 -1918". Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 8, S1-Feb (6 febbraio 2021): 254–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v8is1-feb.3962.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
During the First World War period, despite the best efforts by the Government of Mysore it was difficult to start and run many industries which required large -scale import of machineries. The First World War had broken the regular commercial traffic between Europe, the Mediterranean and India. On the one hand, the state escaped from the reckless floatation of companies that characterized the boom that followed the war, but some capital was invested in shares in outside companies. However as far as the investment in the new industries was concerned, capital was certainly shy in Mysore during the warperiod1. This situation continued even in the early twenties. Even during 1921-22, business conditions continued to be unfavorable throughout the year. Heavy losses were sustained by per-sons engaged in the business of piece-goods, timber, hides and skins and to a certain extent in food grains.
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Denyssov, V. N. "World war and international law. 100 years to the First world war 1914–1918". Yearly journal of scientific articles “Pravova derzhava” 30 (2019): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.33663/0869-2491-2019-30-375-383.
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Thorpe, Wayne. "The European Syndicalists and War, 1914–1918". Contemporary European History 10, n. 1 (marzo 2001): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777301001011.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article argues that syndicalist trade union organizations, viewed internationally, were unique in First World War Europe in not supporting the war efforts or defensive efforts of their respective governments. The support for the war of the important French organisation has obscured the fact that the remaining five national syndicalist organisations – in belligerent Germany and Italy, and in neutral Spain, Sweden and the Netherlands – remained faithful to their professed workers' internationalism. The article argues that forces tending to integrate the labour movement in pre-1914 Europe had less effect on syndicalists than on other trade unions, and that syndicalist resistance to both integration and war in the non-Gallic countries was also influenced by their rivalry with social-democratic organisations.
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Gregory, Adrian. "1914–1918: The History of the First World War". English Historical Review 120, n. 488 (1 settembre 2005): 1056–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/cei347.
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Woodward, David R. "The Great War, 1914-1918, and: Who's Who in World War One (review)". Journal of Military History 67, n. 4 (2003): 1310–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2003.0341.
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Viktorin, Mattias. "Exil, värld och litterärt arbete". Tidskrift för litteraturvetenskap 48, n. 1-2 (1 gennaio 2018): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54797/tfl.v48i1-2.7600.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Exile, World, and Literary Work. An Anthropological Reading of Three Swedish Narratives from Siberia
This article is an exploration of exile, world, and literary work. I investigate these themes through a reading of early twentieth century narratives of Siberian exile. Since the publication of Fyodor Dostoevsky’s Notes from a Dead House (1861–62), stories of banishment and prison life in Siberia have evolved into a prominent subgenre of Russian literature. My perspective is different. Rather than relating the texts in focus to Russian literature, I approach them instead as parts of an extensive world literature on travel and exile. More specifically, I focus on three texts written in Swedish: Ivar Hasselblatt, Förvisad till Sibirien (1917; ”Banished to Siberia”), an autobiography about arrest, deportation, and exile; Elsa Brändström, Bland krigsfångar i Ryssland och Sibirien 1914–1920 (1921; ”Among Prisoners of War in Russia and Siberia 1914–1920”), an eye witness account from Siberian prison camps during the first world war; and Ester Blenda Nordström, Byn i vulkanens skugga (1930; ”The Village in the Shadow of the Volcano”), a personal ethnography about village life in Kamchatka. In my reading of these narratives, I explore literary representations of exile in relation to the anthropological problem ”of how to translate knowing into telling,” as Hayden White puts it. This is also the point where world literature and anthropology converge: through worldmaking literary work.
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Lowry, Bullitt. "Novels Of The Two World Wars". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 20, n. 1 (1 aprile 1995): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.20.1.29-32.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Television is filling the airwaves with programs about World War II and continuing to note the first installment of that war, the Great War of 1914-1918. Because I teach histories of World War I and World War Il, students regularly ask me to recommend novels covering those epochal events. Although I do not let novels substitute for weightier tomes of required reading in my courses, I believe fiction helps to illuminate what was really going on during those years.
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Hummel, H. C. "Grahamstown 1914-1918: Four wartime themes". New Contree 28 (26 giugno 2024): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v28i0.640.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study of Grahamstown during World War I illustrates four themes which serve to demonstrate the essentially British, frontier, commercial and martial attitudes that went into its making. Wartime conditions exacerbated the social and economic problems of white Grahamstown and its black population. In so volatile a community the hyper-charged atmosphere of wartime unleashed a strident Germanophobia. There were also two days of protest by blacks to which most whites reacted with alarm. The concluding episode of the article deals with the effects of the Spanish influenza epidemic on Grahamstown during the last weeks of the war.
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Mcguire, Michael. "A Fractured Service: Frances Webster and The Great War, 1914–1918". New England Quarterly 91, n. 2 (giugno 2018): 307–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/tneq_a_00671.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Born to privilege in Boston, Frances Webster, like her peers volunteered overseas with the American Red Cross as a nurse's aide. Where the activities of other Americans during the First World War is characterized as a “culture of coercive volunterism,” Webster's reflected a more complex mixture of altruism and tourism. Her history of participation in the First World War suggests historians need more multifaceted frameworks to explain Americans' First World War service.
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Turda, Marius. "The Biology of War: Eugenics in Hungary, 1914–1918". Austrian History Yearbook 40 (aprile 2009): 238–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237809000186.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Much has been written concerning the impact of World War I on the development of eugenic thinking, especially in Germany, Britain, France, Italy, and the Scandinavian countries. This has led historians to examine not only specific eugenic movements, but also the international nexus of institutional collaboration, personal affinities, and transfer of ideas. If before 1914, eugenicists from various countries were united in their quest to improve society by biological means—a form of internationalism culminating in the First International Congress on Eugenics organized in 1912 in London—during World War I, many of them engaged in national politics, devising eugenic methodologies to serve the ideological imperatives of their own countries rather than the proclaimed universalism of the prewar years.
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Канинская, Г. Н. ""War Culture" in German Postcards of 1914-1918". Диалог со временем, n. 79(79) (20 agosto 2022): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.21267/aquilo.2022.79.79.029.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
В статье рассматривается монография доктора исторических наук А.С. Медякова, изданная в 2021 г. В ней автор, на основе анализа солидного массива немецких открыток периода Первой мировой войны, показал, как формировалась «культура войны» в визуальной форме, как конструировался, поддерживался и эволюционировал в немецком обществе образ врага и союзника. Военный дискурс в книге представлен по многим срезам: социокультурному, историко-генетическому, идейно-пропаган-дистскому, сравнительному, лингвистическому. The article discusses the monograph of Doctor of Historical Sciences Alexander S. Medyakov, published in 2021. The author, who devoted a quarter of a century to collecting old postcards, for the first time in Russian historical science, showed based on the analysis of a solid array of German postcards from the period of the First World War, how the “culture of war” was formed » in visual form, how the image of the enemy and ally was designed, maintained and evolved in German society. The military discourse in the book is presented in many sections: socio-cultural, historical-genetic, ideological-propaganda, comparative, linguistic. The practice of distribution of printed materials is disclosed in detail, much attention is paid to the state and private press, competition in the postcard market, and censorship.
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Honcar, B. "American diplomacy and the outbreak of 1914-1918 World War". Україна дипломатична, Вип. 15 (2014): 633.
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Panayi, P. "Germans in Britain During the First World War, 1914-1918". German History 7, n. 2 (1 agosto 1989): 226–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635548900700204.
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