Tesi sul tema "Work permits"

Проведено аналіз запропонованих Мінсоцполітики змін до нормативно-правових актів, що регулюють діяльність у сфері охорони праці та промислової безпеки. Показано, що прийняття запропонованих змін до вказаних документів сприятиме зростанню ризиків при експлуатації зношеного виробничого обладнання, рівня виробничого травматизму та аварій виробничого характеру під час експлуатації устаткування підвищеної небезпеки, що відпрацювало граничний строк експлуатації.
The analysis of the changes proposed by the Ministry of Social Policy in the regulatory legal acts regulating the activities in the field of labor protection and industrial safety was carried out. It is shown that acceptance of proposed changes to the indicated documents will increase the risk of exploitation of worn-out industrial equipment, the level of occupational injuries and industrial accidents during the operation of high-risk equipment, which has expired the limitation period of exploitation.

In delivering Safety in systems it is not only essential to ensure that each part of the system is safe but that account is taken of the interrelationship between the components of the system and the relationship with its environment. When viewed from a System Engineering perspective safety is often "pigeon-holed" into non-functional aspects, while, when viewed from the standpoint of Engineering Management it is considered in terms of organisational culture. In reality, both views must be considered.

This thesis addresses the phenomenon of short-term labour migration between Fiji and New Zealand that operates within the confining structures of formally instituted work permit schemes. Established since the late 1960s on the initiative of New Zealand governments, as part of attempts to regulate labour movements from Pacific Island nations to New Zealand, these schemes have had their greatest success in controlling flows from Fiji. Numerically the most significant users of the schemes, many among this flow have sought rural work in New Zealand. This in turn has led to the expression of hopes that a degree of skill and money transfer will operate through this means to assist Fiji's development. Establishing the efficacy of such mechanisms is a major aim of this thesis. The study also details the pervasive role of government policy in the fortunes of short-term South Pacific labour migration. The need for integrated and flexible approaches to this study is accepted, with the proviso that the requirement to situate this controversial migration in the context of policy is paramount. The latter is achieved here, with the result that the conclusions drawn are generally sympathetic to scheme labour migration, and are therefore somewhat at odds with observed but not openly stated New Zealand government policy.

This project is a multifaceted analysis of the Post Graduate Work Permit Program (PGWPP), a temporary work permit that allows international students to live and work in Canada following graduation. This dissertation explores a) the program’s development throughout the years, b) the lived experiences and the perceptions of the students who used the program for transitioning to permanent residency and, c) an art-based autoethnographic introspection about this transition. The research question focuses on how the PGWPP, which provides the government with economic projections regarding student migration, influences the social and economic integration of international students/graduates. This dissertation consists of three self-containing articles all of which employ mobilities paradigm to examine the following secondary questions and purposes: a)Article 1 is an archaeological review of the development of the program that assesses how well the program meets its objective to settle international graduates as successful future permanent residents, b)Article 2 investigates international graduates’ experiences and perspectives about their transition to permanent residency via the PGWPP, c) Article 3 investigates the impacts of migratory-related difficulties among international students on their trajectory as immigrants. Each article approaches the PGWPP from a different methodological angle to provide a comprehensive analysis of the program that ultimately considers the wellness of international students in their pathways to Canadian residency.

Denna uppsats ämnar utforska huruvida det finns spänningar i förhållandet mellananvändarcentrerad design och digitala statliga tjänster i Sverige genom en fallstudie avansökningsprocessen för arbetstillstånd vid Migrationsverket i Sverige. Fallstudieninkluderade två ostrukturerade intervjuer med designers, en kontextuell intervju med ensökande av arbetstillstånd, en dagboksstudie med en sökande och två semistruktureradeintervjuer med handläggare på Migrationsverket. Studien resulterade i fyra hypoteserangående orsaker till spänningar i förhållandet mellan användarcentrerad design ochutvecklingen av svenska digitala statliga tjänster. De hypoteser som hittades var; handläggareoch sökande har olika syn på processen, design utformas endast för slutanvändaren,processens komplexitet växer och lagar och förordningar styr processen.

Flera olika källor har fastställt att många av Malmös thaimassagesalonger erbjudersexuella tjänster mot betalning. Syftet med denna studie har varit att delsundersöka hur omfattande den påstådda problematiken är samt att tydliggöravilken utsatthet en del av kvinnorna på salongerna lever i. En viktig del i studienhar varit att lyfta fram vilket stöd som professionella aktörer kan erbjuda dessakvinnor. Erfarenheter och kunskaper från de professionella aktörerna, bådefrivilligorganisationer, kommunala verksamheter samt myndigheter, har legat tillgrund för studiens resultat. Informationen har hämtats genom kvalitativaintervjuer med personal från ovan nämnda aktörer. Det framgår tydligt att detförekommer försäljning av sex på thaimassagesalonger i Malmö.Samtliga respondenter i intervjuerna bekräftar att många av kvinnorna på Malmösthaimassagesalonger lever i en särskild utsatthet. En beroendeställning gentemotsin arbetsgivare eller sin svenska man, tillsammans med en bristande kunskap omsvenska lagar och rättigheter, har varit det som bidragit till kvinnornaslivssituation. En rädsla för att mista sitt uppehållstillstånd har varit en faktor somökat deras beroendeställning. Enligt en del intervjupersoner kan arbetet med att nåut till denna målgrupp bli väsentligt mycket bättre.
Multiple sources determine that many of Malmö’s Thai massage parlours offersexual services. The goal of this study has been to investigate how extensive thealleged problem is, and to clarify the type of vulnerable situations some of thewomen working in the massage parlours live in. An important part on this studyhas been to highlight the type of support professionals can offer these women.Experiences and knowledge from professionals, voluntary organizations, andmunicipalities has been the bases for this study. Data has been gained throughqualitative interviews with professionals from the above mentioned actors. Theinterviews show that sexual services are sold in Thai massage parlours in Malmö.The interviewees confirm that many of the women that work in Thai massageparlours live in especially vulnerable situations. A combination of dependency ontheir employer, on a Swedish husband and a lack of understanding of Swedishlaws and rights, have contributed to these women’s vulnerability. A fear of losingtheir residency is a factor that has increased their dependency. According toseveral interviewees, outreach work toward this group can become substantiallyimproved.

The aim of this study was to reach an understanding of how young adults with permanent residence permit, who came to Sweden as unaccompanied asylum seeking minors, experience their confrontation with the Swedish society. Another purpose was to understand how these young adults view Sweden and its inhabitants, as well as the experience of starting a new life in Sweden. In order to investigate these questions, a qualitative method consisting of five interviews with five young men was conducted. The results showed that the respondents feared the meeting with the immigration board and that they feel that school is divided in two groups, Swedes and immigrants. People with nonethnic Swedish background who have lived in Sweden for a long time are seen as Swedes, and in that meaning assimilated. One important conclusion we made was that the division between Swedes and immigrants have a negative influence on the immigrants´ integration in the society. Another conclusion is that school has to take more responsibility to give the children a more meaningful life.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur personer som sökt asyl tillsammans med sina familjer har upplevt sin livssituation i väntan på uppehållstillstånd, där fokuset läggs på barnfamiljer. Studien bygger på en kvalitativ forskningsmetod och resultatet analyseras med hjälp av en innehållsanalys. Empirin är framtagen genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med män och kvinnor som sökte asyl i Sverige under den så kallade flyktingkrisen. Studiens teoretiska ramverk utgörs av teorin om känsla av sammanhang samt utgår från teoretiska begreppen liminalitet och resiliens. Resultatet visar att personer som söker asyl tillsammans med barn i familjen kan stå inför en rad olika påfrestningar under vänteperioden; nämligen ekonomiska svårigheter, otrygga boendeförhållanden, ovisshet inför framtiden och en dubbel orosbörda. Den ovissa framtiden gör det svårare att uppleva nuet som begripligt och hanterbart när man inte vet om man kommer få stanna i landet eller inte. Oron om barnets framtid och tankar om hur ett avslag kan påverka barnets liv präglar tillvaron i väntan. Men samtidigt är det barnen och familjen som ökar motivationen att fortsätta hålla ut. Studien lyfter också på vilket sätt det var möjligt för asylsökande att hantera sin situation. Resultatet visar att intervjupersoner har använt sig av olika resiliensstrategier och resurser för att känna sammanhang i sin tillvaro. Studien kommer slutligen fram till att en lång asylprocess påverkar asylsökande barnfamiljer på flera olika plan och för att individer i dessa familjer ska känna sig kunna hantera sin situation bör man satsa på att förstärka deras känsla av sammanhang.

The present diploma thesis ‘Practical Division of a Real Estate – Agricultural Farmstead‘ is concerned with actual division of an agricultural homestead in XXX, the district of Olomouc. Based on the local examination which has been performed and after analyzing documents acquired from the owners, conclusions were drawn as to the possibility of dividing the estate while adhering to the applicable regulations of the civil procedure, construction law, construction technology, operational technology and economy. Valid price guidelines were used to determine the price of the estate and a comparative price of the estate was also estimated. Both price levels were also determined for the individual parts established by the practical division of the estate. The thesis consists of two basic sections. The first section focuses on theory, explaining the problem of practical division of an estate and providing a description of work of a certified expert drawing up this type of expert opinion. The second section comprises a practical part, which contains the expert opinion on the actual division of the agricultural homestead in the town of XXX in the Olomouc district.

Den första januari 2015 trädde en ny regel i kraft, PBL 8 kap. 4 a §. Regeln innebär att kommuner inte får ställa egna krav på ett byggnadsverks tekniska egenskaper, även kallat särkrav. Med egna krav anses sådana krav som är mer ambitiösa än vad regelverket tillåter. Krav på byggnadsverks tekniska egenskaper finns angivna i plan- och bygglagen (PBL), plan- och byggförordningen (PBF), Europeiska konstruktionsstandarder (EKS) och i Boverkets byggregler (BBR). En anledning till förbudet är att särkrav anses påverka byggkostnaderna, vilket i sin tur påverkar förutsättningarna för att tillgodose behovet av bostäder. I utredningar som utfördes åt regeringen hävdades att särkrav medför merkostnader på mellan 10 och 15 procent vid bostadsbyggandet. Regeringen ansåg även att samma krav ska gälla över hela landet för att underlätta den industriella produktionen av byggnadsverk. När lagförslaget lades fram bemöttes det negativt av många kommuner och myndigheter, vilket gör det intressant att undersöka om kommunerna väljer att följa den nya regeln. Syftet med studien är att undersöka i vilken utsträckning kommuner, i bygglovsprocessen och vid upprättade av exploateringsavtal, bryter mot särkravsförbudet i PBL 8 kap. 4 a §. Studien utgår från exploateringsavtal och bygglovsärenden vars handlingar är upprättade efter 2015-01-01 då särkravsförbudet trädde i kraft. I studien ingår bygglovshandlingar från åtta kommuner i Västra Götalands län och exploateringsavtal från 34 av Sveriges kommuner. I studien används en kombination av en kvalitativ och kvantitativ metod samt en juridisk metod. Särkrav som förekommer i studien är klassificerade som tydliga eller vaga särkrav. Bedömning av särkravens klassificering är författarnas egna och utgår från grundsatsen att byggherren är fri att välja metod så länge föreskrifterna i BBR uppfylls. Studiens resultat visar att 24 av de 42 kommunerna som ingår i studien ställer särkrav, vilket motsvarar 57 procent av de granskade kommunerna. Tolv kommuner ställer tydliga särkrav, fyra ställer vaga särkrav och åtta ställer både tydliga och vaga särkrav. Var fjärde kommun hänvisar även till olika program, strategier eller policys där särkrav förekommer. I exploateringsavtalen är särkrav vanligast inom områdena hygien, hälsa och miljö samt energihushållning. I byggloven är särkrav vanligast inom områdena brandskydd, hygien, hälsa och miljö samt säkerhet vid användning. Studiens slutsats är att kommuner fortfarande ställer särkrav i stor utsträckning trots förbudet i PBL 8 kap. 4 a §.
On January 1, 2015, a new law came into force, PBL 8 kap. 4 a §. The law implies that municipalities may not impose their own demands on construction works technical properties, also known as special demands. Own demands are considered as demands that are more ambitious than the law allow. Demands on construction works technical properties are specified in the Planning and Building Act (PBL), the Planning and Building Regulation (PBF), the European Construction Standard (EKS) and in Boverket's Building Regulations (BBR). One reason why the prohibition came into force is that special demands affect construction costs, which affect the conditions to meet the need of housing. The government's investigations revealed that specials demands resulted in additional costs of between 10 and 15 percent in the residential construction. The government wanted as well that the same requirements would apply across the whole country to facilitate the industrial production of construction works. When the new law was presented it faced negatively by many municipalities and public authorities, which makes it interesting to examine if the municipalities choose to follow the new law. The purpose of the study is to investigate in which extend the special demand prohibition in PBL 8 kap. 4 a § are broken by the municipalities in the building permit process and in the establishment of land development agreement. The study is based on land development agreements and building permits documents that are signed after 2015-01-01. Building permit documents from eight municipalities in Västra Götaland and land development agreements from 34 of Sweden's municipalities are included in the study. The study use a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods as well as a jurisprudence method. Special demands which been presented in the study have been classified into clearly or vaguely special demands. The special demands classification are the authors own assessment and are based on the principle that the developer is free to choose the method as long as the regulations in BBR is met. The study's result points out that 24 of 42 municipalities that is included in the study, use special demands, which is equivalent to 57 percent of the audited municipalities. Twelve municipalities have clearly special demands, four have vaguely special demands and eight have both clearly and vaguely special demands. Every fourth municipality also refers to various programs, strategies or policies with special demands. Special demands are most common within the area of hygiene, health and environment and energy in the land development agreements. In the building permits are special demands frequently used within the area of fire protection, hygiene, health and environment and safety in use. The conclusion of the study is that municipalities still use special demands widely despite the prohibition in PBL 8 kap. 4 a §.

L'économie mondiale actuelle est marquée par une forte rivalité entre États. Ces derniers se doivent ainsi d'être le plus compétitifs possible. Dans ce contexte, l'immigration économique a indéniablement un rôle à jouer. Elle peut en effet donner au marché du travail le personnel dont il a besoin, que ce soit en matière de travailleurs hautement qualifiés ou uniquement pour faire face à des pénuries de main-d'œuvre. Par conséquent, l'Union européenne et ses États membres se doivent d'agir afin de se montrer attractifs en matière de recrutement de travailleurs extracommunautaires. À la suite du livre vert de 2005 sur la gestion des migrations économiques, l'Union a fait le choix de se focaliser sur des directives sectorielles relatives à l'admission de certaines catégories de travailleurs extracommunautaires. La directive majeure qui en est ressortie est celle relative à l'admission des travailleurs hautement qualifiés. En agissant de la sorte, l'Union a souhaité rivaliser avec les autres pôles d'attraction de main-d'œuvre que sont notamment les États-Unis. Dans cette perspective, l'Union a-t-elle réussi son pari ? En outre, la question de l'immigration économique renvoie immanquablement au statut des travailleurs extracommunautaires. Ces deux notions sont d'ailleurs étroitement liées. Il ne saurait être question de statut s'il n'y avait pas eu immigration. À l'inverse, il ne pourrait y avoir d'immigration en l'absence d'un statut avantageux pour le migrant. Les États souhaitant développer l'immigration du travail se doivent ainsi de garantir un ensemble de droits protecteurs aux travailleurs extracommunautaires. Le statut revêt en effet une importance capitale dans le choix d'une destination. Partant de là, quel est le statut réservé aux travailleurs extracommunautaires au sein de l'Union ?
The present global economy is characterized by a strong rivalry between States. Therefore they have to be the most competitive they can be. In this context, there is no doubt the economic immigration has a role to play. It can indeed give needed workers to the labour market, whether concerning highly qualified workers or only in order to answer labour shortage. As a result, European Union and its Members States must behave in order to seem attractive regarding the recruitment of extra community workers. After the 2005 green paper on an approach to managing economic migration, the Union chose to focus itself on sectoral directives regarding the admission of some categories of extra community workers. The major directive that came out is the one dealing with the admission of highly skilled workers. By doing so, the Union wished to compete with the other attracting labour poles such as the United States for example. From this point of view, did the Union succeed ? Furthermore, the question of economic immigration inevitably refers to the extra community workers status. In fact, these two notions are highly connected. We would not talk about status if there were no immigration. On the contrary, immigration could not be possible without a favourable status for the migrant. The States which want to encourage economic immigration must guarantee a package of rights protecting extra community workers. This is why the status is really important in choosing a destination. Hence, what is the status reserved for extra community workers within the Union ?

Dans ce travail de thèse, on s'intéresse é l'emploi de techniques de traitement de signal de systèmes de communication MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) pour des applications aux réseaux de capteurs sans fil. Les contraintes énergétiques de cette classe de réseau font appel à des topologies particulières et le réseau peut être perçu comme étant un ensemble de grappes de nœuds capteurs. Ceci ouvre la porte à des techniques avancées de communication de type MIMO. Dans un premier temps, les différents aspects caractérisant les réseaux de capteurs sans fil sont introduits. Puis, les efforts engagés pour optimiser la conservation de l'énergie dans ces réseaux sont résumés. Les concepts de base de systèmes MIMOs sont abordés dans le deuxième chapitre et l'exploration par voie numérique de différentes pistes de la technologie MIMO sont exposées. Nous nous intéressons à des techniques de diversité de polarisation dans le cadre de milieux de communication riches en diffuseurs. Par la suite, des méthodes de type beamforming sont proposées pour la localisation dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil. Le nouvel algorithme de localisation est présenté et les performances sont évaluées. Nous identifions la configuration pour la communication inter-grappes qui permet pour les meilleurs compromis entre énergie et efficacité spectrale dans les réseaux de capteurs sans fil. Finalement, nous envisageons la technique de sélection de nœuds capteurs afin de réduire la consommation de l'énergie dans le réseau de capteur sans fil
The aim of this work is to study from a signal processing point of view the use of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) communication systems for algorithms dedicated to wireless sensor networks. We investigate energy-constrained wireless sensor networks and we focus on cluster topology of the network. This topology permits for the use of MIMO communication system model. First, we review different aspects that characterize the wireless sensor network. Then, we introduce the existing strategies for energy conservation in the network. The basic concepts of MIMO systems are presented in the second chapter and numerical results are provided for evaluating the performances of MIMO techniques. Of particular interest, polarization diversity over rich scattering environment is studied. Thereafter, beamforming approach is proposed for the development of an original localization algorithm in wireless sensor network. The novel algorithm is described and performances are evaluated by simulation. We determine the optimal system configuration between a pair of clusters that permits for the highest capacity to energy ratio in the fourth chapter. The final chapter is devoted to sensor nodes selection in wireless sensor network. The aim of using such technique is to make energy conservation in the network

Syfte: Den rådande digitaliseringen av samhällsbyggandet leder till möjlighet att automatisera och effektivisera processer inom samhällsbyggandet. Att automatisera delar av bygglovsprocessen med hjälp av Robotic Process Automation (RPA) är möjligt. En sådan implementering skulle kunna leda till effektivare processer, men kanske även andra effekter, negativa som positiva. Några av Sveriges kommuner har redan implementerat RPA i bygglovsprocessen och andra står i begrepp att göra det inom kort. Därför är det av hög relevans att utreda hur mycket RPA kan effektivisera bygglovsprocessen samt undersöka hur automatisering påverkar arbetet för personal på bygglovsenheter. Syftet med denna studie är, därför, att undersöka i vilken utsträckning bygglovsprocessen kan effektiviseras med hjälp av RPA. Vidare önskar studien utreda hur en sådan implementering kan påverka arbetsuppgifter och arbetstillfällen för bygglovshandläggare och administratörer på bygglovsenheter i Sverige. Metod: Denna studie utförs som en survey. För att uppnå studiens syfte och mål har två olika datainsamlingstekniker valts, där primärdata insamlas genom intervjuer och sekundärdata via en dokumentstudie. Studien är således i huvudsak av kvalitativ karaktär, men kompletteras med kvantitativ empiri för att kunna styrka slutsatser. Resultat: I rapporten framkommer det att bygglovsprocessen effektiviseras med hjälp av RPA. Genom att automatisera moment i processen, beräknas 141,5 timmar/månad sparas in på tidigare manuellt utförda arbeten. Tiden som sparas in läggs istället på uppgifter som anses relevanta och mer kunskapskrävande. Detta i sin tur leder till en förändring av arbetsuppgifter för de anställda på bygglovsenheten och lyfts som en positiv aspekt. Vidare visar studien att bygglovshandläggares arbetstillfällen inte har påverkats på grund av RPA samt ger inga anvisningar på att deras arbeten i framtiden kommer hotas. De som påverkas mest av implementeringen är administratörer, då det främst är administrativa uppgifter som kan ersättas av RPA. Studien ger en viss indikation på att administrativa tjänster och behovet av administratörer på bygglovsenheter kan komma att minska, som en följd av automatisering. Konsekvenser: Genom att implementera RPA i bygglovsprocessen uppnås inte bara en effektivisering av processen. Andra fördelar som nöjdare medarbetare och högre kvalitét på besluten är också effekter av automatisering. Nöjdare medarbetare kan, i förlängningen, leda till färre antal uppsägningar och följaktligen en förhöjd kompetensnivå på bygglovsenheten. Högre kvalitét på beslut leder till ett ökat förtroende för bygglovsenheter i Sverige. Vidare kan även RPA bidra till en mer enhetlig bygglovsprocess kommuner emellan, då uppsatta funktioner och regler, samt information kan delges mellan kommunerna. Begränsningar: Då studien utförts som ett examensarbete har begräsningar funnits i form av antal ord som studien får omfatta. Utöver det har studien undersökt tre av Sveriges kommuner som arbetat med RPA i minst ett år. Om fler kommuner undersökts, skulle studiens validitet kunnat öka.
Purpose: The current digitalization of community building leads to the opportunity to automate and streamline processes in community building. Automating parts of the building permit process using Robotic Process Automation (RPA) is possible. Such implementation could lead to more efficient processes, but perhaps also other effects, negative and positive. Some of Sweden's municipalities have already implemented RPA in the building permit process and others are about to do so shortly. Therefore, it is of high relevance to investigate how much RPA can make the building permit process more efficient and investigate how automation affects the amount of work for employees at building permit units. The purpose of this study is to investigate the extent to which the building permit process can be streamlined with the help of RPA. Furthermore, the study wishes to investigate how such an implementation can affect the tasks and jobs of caseworkers and administrators at building permit units in Sweden. Method: This study is carried out as a survey. In order to achieve the purpose and objectives of the study, two different data collection techniques have been selected, where primary data is collected through interviews and secondary data via a document study. The study is thus mainly of a qualitative nature but is supplemented with quantitative empirical evidence in order to substantiate conclusions. Findings: The report shows that the building permit process is made more efficient with the help of RPA. By automating steps in the process, it is estimated that 141.5 hours/month is saved on previously manually performed work. The time saved is instead mainly spent on tasks that are considered relevant and more knowledge-intensive. This in turn leads to a change in tasks for the employees at the building permit unit, and is highlighted as a positive aspect. Furthermore, the study shows that jobs of building permit caseworkers have not been affected due to RPA and does not provide any indications that their work will be threatened in the future. Those most affected by the implementation are administrators, as it is mainly administrative tasks that can be replaced by RPA. The study provides some indication that administrative services and the need for administrators in building permit units may decrease, as a result of automation. Implications: By implementing RPA in the building permit process, not only is the process streamlined. Other benefits such as more satisfied employees and higher quality of decisions are also effects of automation. Satisfied employees can lead to fewer redundancies and consequently an increased level of competence at the building permit unit in the long run. Higher quality of decisions leads to increased trust in building permit units in Sweden. Furthermore, RPA can also contribute to a more unitary building permit process between municipalities, as established functions and rules, as well as information can be shared between the municipalities. Limitations: Since the study was carried out as a bachelor thesis, there were restrictions of the number of words that the study may include. In addition, the study examined three of Sweden's municipalities that worked with RPA for at least one year. If more municipalities were examined, the validity of the study could increase.

The master's thesis describe system of management construction project and elaboration prize offer from the perspective of contractor of building. Objectiv of this work is to introduce whit specific principles, procedures and methods, that are needed to prepare and management of construction contracts and their subsequen application to specific construction work - new building of locksmith in Chotěboř.

De par le monde, les intérêts des personnes travaillant à l’étranger sont tout à la fois méconnus et contestés. Le but de cette étude est de dégager les lignes de force qui sous-tendent, non sans contradictions ni crise la protection de ces personnes. En s’appuyant à la fois sur le droit (interne et international) camerounais et français, la thèse s’attache à démontrer que, nonobstant leur appartenance à des espaces géographiques différents et quel que soit leur niveau dedéveloppement économique, les Etats assurent un traitement juridique semblable aux migrants qui exercent une activité rémunérée sur leur territoire. La démarche d’ensemble de la prise en compte de la situation juridique des travailleursmigrants est caractérisée par le décalage qui existe entre un renforcement normatif de la protection d’une part et une effectivité limité de celle-ci d’autre part. Dans un premier temps, le renforcement du droit se déduit tout d’abord de ladiversité des règles juridiques applicables aux travailleurs migrants et de la dynamique des interactions entre celles-ci.Ensuite, l’affermissement de la protection résulte dune capacité de jouissance et d’exercice de droits par les travailleurs migrants de plus en plus étendue et d’une mise en balance (verticale ou horizontale) relativement harmonieuse desdroits reconnus. Dans un second temps, cette consolidation normative de la protection des travailleurs migrants peine à s’affirmer dans les faits. Cela tient avant tout au fait que les mécanismes de mise en oeuvre des droits des travailleursmigrants sont relativement insatisfaisants et que les acteurs concernés par cette protection sont inégalement impliqués. Le constat d’une effectivité limitée de la protection des travailleurs migrants découle aussi de la diversité des freins à laréalisation des droits des travailleurs migrants et des réformes à envisager dans l’optique d’une meilleure prise en compte des droits de cette catégorie de personnes. Au total, l’étude constitue un bilan particulièrement actuel des forces et des faiblesses (limites) du droit dans ces deux pays, pour autant que soit concerné la sauvegarde des intérêts de cette catégorie fragile de personnes que sont les travailleurs migrants. Elle permet de réaffirmer l’égalité juridique des individus, face à l’inégalité économique criarde des Etats. Ce qui conduit à conclure que, dans le domaine de la protection de l’humain, tous les Etats sont, àdivers degrés, sur un terrain d’apprentissage. C’est dire si le droit est lui-même un enjeu permanent de la protection de l’Homme en général et du travailleur migrant en particulier
All over the world, the interests of people working abroad are at once unknown and disputed. The purpose of this study is to identify the lines of force behind, not without contradictions crisis or protect these people. Based on French and Cameroon law ( domestic and international ), the thesis seeks to demonstrate that, despite their belonging to different geographical areas and whatever their level of economic development, states provide legal treatment similar to migrants who are gainfully employed in their territory. The overall approach of taking into account the legal status of migrant workers is characterized by the gap between normative strengthening protection on the one hand and limited effectiveness thereof other. At first, strengthening of the law is deduced firstly from the diversity of legal rules applicable to migrant workers and the dynamics of interactions between them. Second, the strengthening of protection results with a capacity of enjoyment and exercise of rights by migrant workers more scope and a balancing (vertical or horizontal) rather harmonious recognized rights. In a second step, this normative consolidation of protection of migrant workers sentence to assert the facts. This is primarily due to the fact that the mechanisms of implementation of the rights of migrant workers are relatively unsatisfactory and that the actors involved in this protection are unequallyinvolved. The finding of limited effectiveness of the protection of migrant workers also stems from the diversity of obstacles to realizing the rights of migrant workers and to consider reforms in the context of a greater consideration of the rights of this category of people. In short, the study is a particularly current assessment of strengths and weaknesses of the law in both countries, so far as is concerned to safeguard the interests of this vulnerable category of people that are migrant workers. It helps to reaffirm the legal equality of individuals facing the screaming economic inequality states. This leads to the conclusion that in the field of protection of human, all states are, to varying degrees, on a training ground. That is,if the law itself is an ongoing issue for the protection of human rights in general and migrant workers in particular

La tesis se encarga de analizar, por un lado, la integración y el desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías en la Administración de Justicia; y, por otro, los parámetros que constituyen la validez y eficacia del documento electrónico.
La primera cuestión se centra en la configuración de los Sistemas de Información de la Oficina Judicial y del Ministerio Fiscal, así como de la informatización de los Registros Civiles, donde el art. 230 LOPJ es la pieza clave. Se estudian sus programas, aplicaciones, la videoconferencia, los ficheros judiciales y las redes de telecomunicaciones que poseen la cobertura de la firma electrónica reconocida, donde cobran gran relevancia los convenios de colaboración tecnológica. La digitalización de las vistas quizá sea una de las cuestiones con más trascendencia, teniendo en cuenta que el juicio es el acto que culmina el proceso. Aunque no todos los proyectos adoptados en el ámbito de la e.justicia se han desarrollado de forma integral, ni han llegado a la totalidad de los órganos judiciales. El objetivo final es lograr una Justicia más ágil y de calidad, a lo cual aspira el Plan Estratégico de Modernización de la Justicia 2009-2012 aprobado recientemente.
En referencia a la segunda perspectiva, no cabe duda que el Ordenamiento jurídico y los tribunales, en el ámbito de la justicia material, otorgan plena validez y eficacia al documento electrónico. Nuestra línea de investigación se justifica porque cada vez son más los procesos que incorporan soportes electrónicos de todo tipo, ya sea al plantearse la acción o posteriormente como medio de prueba (art. 299.2 LEC). Entre otros temas examinamos el documento informático, la problemática que rodea al fax, los sistemas de videograbación y el contrato electrónico.
La tesi s'encarrega d'analitzar, per una part, la integració i el desenvolupament de les noves tecnologies dins l´Administració de Justícia; i, per l'altra, els paràmetres que constitueixen la validesa i l'eficàcia del document electrònic.
La primera qüestió es centra en la configuració dels Sistemes d´Informació de l´Oficina Judicial i del Ministeri Fiscal, així com de la informatització dels Registres Civils, on l'art. 230 LOPJ es la peça clau. S'estudien els seus programes, aplicacions, la videoconferència, el fitxers judicials i les xarxes de telecomunicacions que tenen la cobertura de la firma electrònica reconeguda, on cobren gran rellevància els convenis de col·laboració tecnològica. La digitalització de les vistes tal vegada sigui una de les qüestions amb més transcendència, tenint amb compte que el judici es l'acte que culmina el procés. Però no tots el projectes adoptats en l'àmbit de la e.justicia s'han desenvolupat d'una manera integral ni han arribat a la totalitat dels òrgans judicials. L'objectiu final es assolir una Justícia més àgil i de qualitat, al que aspira el Pla Estratègic de Modernització de la Justícia 2009-2012 aprovat recentment.
En referència a la segona perspectiva, no hi ha dubte que l´Ordenament jurídic i els tribunals, en l'àmbit de la justícia material, donen plena validesa i eficàcia al document electrònic. La nostra línia d'investigació es justifica perquè cada vegada son més el processos que incorporen suports electrònics de tot tipus, ja sigui quant es planteja l'acció o posteriorment como a medi de prova (art. 299.2 LEC). Entre altres temes examinem el document informàtic, la problemàtica que envolta al fax, els sistemes de videogravació i el contracte electrònic.
The thesis seeks to analyse, on the one hand, the integration and development of the new technologies in the Administration of Justice; and, on the other, the parameters which constitute the validity and efficiency of the electronic document.
The first question centres on the configuration of the Information Systems of the Judicial Office and the Public Prosecutor, as well as the computerisation of the Civil Registers, where the art. 230 LOPJ it's the part key. Their programmes, applications, the Video Conferencing, the judicial registers and the telecommunication networks which are covered by the recognised electronic signatures, are studied, where the agreements on technological collaboration gain great relevance. The digitalisation of evidence might perhaps be one of the questions with most consequence, bearing in mind that the judgment is the act by which the process is culminated. Although not all the projects adopted within the compass of e.justice have developed completely nor have reached all the judicial organs. The final objective is to achieve an agile, quality Justice, to which the recently approved Strategic Plan for the Modernisation of Justice aspires.
With reference to the second perspective, there is no doubt that the juridical Ordinance and the tribunals within the compass of material justice grant full validity and efficacy to the electronic document. Our line of investigation is justified because there are more and more processes which are sustained by electronic supports of all kinds, whether it be at the establishment of the action or later, as a proof of it (art. 299.2 LEC). Amongst other things, we examine the computerised document, the problems which surround the fax, the systems for video recording and the electronic contract.

The topic of the thesis is to analyse the employment relationships with a foreign component. Firstly, the thesis focuses on the employment of citizens of the Union within the territory of the EU countries and the rights of these workers. The next chapter provides an outline of the third-country nationals and concentrates on problems arising for the long-term residents who require staying in one of the EU countries for a longer period. Eventually, the last chapter of the thesis deals with the legislation in the Czech Republic which differentiates between the nationals of the EU and other (third-country) nationals. The purpose of this thesis is to provide an overview of the legal regulation of employment of foreign workers within the European Union and the Czech Republic.

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
輔導與諮商研究所
96
This study examined the psychological responses of a foreign worker in Singapore. Based on a case-study approach, this paper studied the psychological impact on the subject upon the completion of his two-year work permit. By analyzing McAdam’s self-depth-narratives produced, this paper described his experiences and his attempts to maintain and construct a sense of success. The study began with telling the “emotion” of the subject’s two-year working life in Singapore, exploring the job coping psychological states of participant. The participant was then invited to tell the researcher his adaptations during the two-year stay as a labor worker. The analysis process was headlined in six items: life chapter, stress and coping mentality, key events, significant people, future script and personal ideology. The primary result of this study indicated that the worker managed to work through the two-year period successfully by adapting to three major adaptation processes with seven psychological stages. Firstly, in the initial period, the participant went through a “fantasy” state，“immersion” state and “awareness state”. Secondly, after the becoming aware of the differences, he was in the “mobilization” state and started working towards homogenizing with the environment. That was when he was in the “action” state. Finally, when he had adapted to the surroundings, he was in the “adaptation” state. At last, he was “resolved” in the foreign working environment completing his two-year contract. This research concluded with the researcher’s self-reflection on the study with a purpose of providing direction for future similar researches.

The diploma thesis "Employment of foreigners" deals with the topic of legislation and proceedings concerning employment of foreigners in the Czech Republic. In the first place it is aimed at employment of foreigners that do not have nationality of European Union member states, member states of European Economic Area and Switzerland, but it also deals with employment of nationals of European Union member states. Different rules for access to labour market are set up for these two distinct groups of foreigners while for nationals of European Union member states the access is significantly easier. This diploma thesis is structured into six chapters. Chapter One deals with sources of law that are relevant for given topic - both on domestic and on international level. Chapter Two contains definitions of basic concepts that are essential for this thesis. These are concepts of foreigner, employment, subjects of employment relationship, family member of national of EU member state and illegal work. Chapter Three is aimed at particular types of residence of foreigners in the Czech Republic. Foreigners can use several different types of residence permits that allow them to stay in the country. Chapter Four deals with special obligations imposed on employers in connection with employment of foreigners....

The association agreement between EU and Ukraine includes visa liberalization, which brings concerns about the capability of absorbing the increasing migration of Ukrainian citizens in the Czech Republic. The theses aims at showing realistic state of affairs especially through statistics and interviews with members of crucial interest groups connected to migration process. The text is demonstrating that number of Ukrainians in the Czech Republic is significantly raising, but we cannot consider this raise as intractable. The increase directly connected with visa liberalization can be clearly demonstrated at the number of tourists. Looking at the number of asylum applications, growth was not noted which is considered as sign of well-managed liberalization of migration. Significant changes cannot be seen also in the statistics of illegal migration. Nevertheless, members of foreign police agree that they observe increase of illegal Ukrainians but do not have the capacities to arrest them and register as illegal in the statistics. Visa liberalization is not the only reason of the increase of Ukrainians in the Czech Republic. Major influence is the overall socio-economic situation of both countries and especially extremely low unemployment in the Czech Republic, which creates pressure to the employers...

Thesis title: Employment of stuff from abroad in the Czech Republic Abstract The aim of the thesis is to analyze the legislation of employment of stuff from abroad in the Czech Republic focusing on individual types of resident and work permits. Specifically, what permissions must be obtained from foreign employees so that they can be legally employed in our country and responsibilities they have in the course of their employment and obligations employers have. The Diploma thesis is divided into 6 chapters. The First chapter defines basic terms, which are essential for the thesis. The Second chapter is focused on the overview of sources of law also with connection to international and Union legislation. Part of the chapter is devoted to demarcation of international element in labour law. The Third chapter is focused on conditions of employment of foreign employees on the territory of the Czech Republic, specifically focused on resident permit in the Czech Republic. Employees from abroad are divided into three categories according to the complexity of the conditions they have to meet. First group are EU/EEA citizens and their family members and family members of Czech citizens. Another category is foreigners i.e. citizens of third world countries and the last category is applicants for international...

Deux paradigmes se côtoient dans le traitement de la dépendance au Québec. Tout d’abord, il y a le paradigme de l’abstinence avec un modèle d’intervention souvent basé sur les Alcooliques Anonymes. Avec ce modèle, l’alcoolisme (ou la toxicomanie) est défini comme une maladie. En ce qui a trait à la réduction des méfaits, cette dernière vise la réduction des effets néfastes de l’usage de drogues plutôt que l’élimination de leur usage (Brisson, 1997). Nous nous sommes intéressés à une intervention inscrite dans ce paradigme soit le programme de substitution à la méthadone. Cette étude avait comme but de connaître les perceptions de personnes inscrites à ce programme, comprendre comment est vécu le rétablissement à travers la participation au programme et connaître les perceptions de ces personnes en ce qui a trait aux conséquences de la dépendance. Un cadre théorique s’inscrivant dans la perspective de l’interactionnisme symbolique a été choisi. Plus précisément, les processus de transformations normatives de Maria Caiata Zufferey, la théorie de l’étiquetage d’Howard Becker et le concept de stigmate d’Erving Goffman ont été retenus. Ensuite, dix entrevues semi-dirigées auprès d’hommes et de femmes majeures inscrites à un programme de substitution à la méthadone ont été réalisées. En ce qui a trait au chapitre portant sur les résultats, il a mis en lumière différents rapports à la méthadone vécus par les participants. Pour ce faire, trois figures construites à l’aide de l’analyse typologique ont été développées. Il ressort que pour certaines personnes, la méthadone fut décrite comme un substitut nécessaire, pour d’autres, elle correspondait à une aide dont ils veulent se débarrasser et pour une minorité, elle suscitait de l’ambivalence. En définitive, bien que la substitution demeure le traitement de choix pour la dépendance aux opioïdes, il est difficile de parler de sortie du monde de la drogue à l’aide de la méthadone puisque ce traitement apparaît comme étant presque aussi stigmatisé que la dépendance à l’héroïne (Lauzon, 2011). À première vue, la méthadone permet de prendre une distance avec le monde de la drogue (l’argent facile, les vols, la prostitution) et permet de se reconstruire une existence sur la base de repères stables, mais à bien considérer les choses, elle confine les personnes interrogées dans une situation d’ambivalence puisqu’elle les rattache à une identité de toxicomane. Mots-clés : dépendance, programme de substitution à la méthadone, perception, participant, réduction des méfaits, stigmatisation.
Two paradigms are frequent when treating addiction in Quebec. First, there is the paradigm of abstinence with an intervention model often based on Alcoholics Anonymous. With this model, alcoholism (or addiction) is defined as a disease. The second paradigm, harm reduction, is aimed to reduce the harmful effects of drug use rather than eliminating their use (Brisson, 1997). We are particularly interested in an intervention found in this paradigm named methadone maintenance treatment. This research was aimed to identify the perceptions of people enrolled in this treatment, understand their recovery process while participation in this treatment and understanding the perceptions of users of methadone in regards to the consequences of addiction. A theoretical framework found in the symbolic interactionist perspective was selected. More specifically, the process of normative transformations of Maria Caiata Zufferey, the labelling theory of Howard Becker and the stigma theory of Erving Goffman were selected. A qualitative methodology was retained. Ten semi-structured interviews with men and women enrolled in a methadone maintenance treatment were conducted. The chapter that focussed on the results highlighted various reports on how methadone maintenance treatment was experienced by the participants. To do this, three figures constructed using typology analysis were developed. For some people, methadone was described as a necessary substitute, for others, it corresponded to a help that they wanted to eliminate and for a minority, it aroused ambivalence. One thing is certain, although the substitution remains the treatment of choice for opioid dependence, it is difficult to speak of the output of the drug world with the help of methadone because this treatment appears to be almost as stigmatized as the dependence on heroine (Lauzon, 2011). At first glance, the use of methadone can help distance a person from the world of drugs (easy money, theft, prostitution) and can help rebuild their lives on a basis of landmark stability, but to carefully consider, it confines the respondents in a state of ambivalence as it relates to the identity of an addict. Keywords : harm reduction, methadone maintenance treatment, perception, participant, stigma, dependency.

Thesis title: Employing Foreigners The aim of the diploma thesis is an analysis of the legal conditions concerning the employment of foreign nationals in the Czech Republic. The second goal is the detection of the situation regarding employing foreigners in Great Britain. The analysis is followed by a comparison thanks to which the thesis offers possible inspiration for Czech laws. Part of the thesis also deals with the effects of Brexit on foreign workers. The diploma thesis is mainly based on the study of laws and connected regulations, related publications, commentaries and present articles. In the thesis, there were used descriptive and analytical methods followed at the end by comparative one. Thesis is divided into four main chapters further split into subchapters. In the first part, the thesis deals with the distinction of fundamental terms which are used in subsequent chapters. The introductory subchapters describe the international elements in labour-law relationships and residency types for foreigners in the Czech Republic, which are closely related to their employment. Second chapter is devoted to possibilities how to legally work as a foreigner. Three main topics cover work permits, employee and blue card. This chapter includes a short overview of historical development in the Czech...

1 Abstract The thesis "Employment of foreigners" analyses individual aspects of current legislation in the area of employment of foreigners. It is primarily focusing on nationals from non-EU countries. The thesis is divided into five parts. The first chapter focuses on defining the basic terms typical for the employment of foreigners and often used in the whole thesis. Their precise definition is crucial for a comprehensive analysis of the issue of employing foreigners. The second chapter provides a brief overview of the individual types of residence permits, on the basis of which a foreigner may reside in the Czech Republic. Although the thesis is mainly focused on the employment of foreigners from third countries, it also includes EU citizens and their family members for the sake of complexity. The thesis defines the basic difference between the certificate of temporary residence and the temporary residence permit, including the particulars that the foreigner must submit to obtain it. At the end of the first part of the chapter are summarised the basic conditions of permanent residence. The second part of the chapter is devoted to the conditions of entry of foreigners from third countries in the Schengen area, as well as the basic definition of short-term, long-term and permanent residence in the Czech...

Le Québec reçoit chaque année un nombre croissant de travailleurs agricoles temporaires, à travers deux programmes : le Programme des travailleurs agricoles saisonniers (principalement Mexicains) et le Programme des travailleurs peu qualifiés (pour l’instant Guatémaltèques). Une de leurs caractéristiques communes est le lien fixe à l’employeur imposé aux travailleurs. Cette recherche analyse la conformité de cette disposition avec l’article 46 de la Charte québécoise qui garantit le droit à des conditions de travail justes et raisonnables. Un examen des effets du lien fixe démontre que celui-ci établit une dépendance forte des travailleurs envers leur employeur, aux niveaux légal (du fait de la possibilité du rapatriement anticipé en cas de problèmes liés au travail ou au comportement), financier (dû à la nomination des travailleurs année après année et au dépôt de sécurité imposé aux travailleurs guatémaltèques) et psychologique (soumission, crainte). L’interprétation de l’article 46 à la lumière du droit international des droits de la personne met en évidence la non conformité du lien fixe avec cette disposition. Or si l’objectif de cette mesure est de retenir la main-d’oeuvre dans le secteur agricole, il serait plus juste et raisonnable d’améliorer les conditions de travail de cette main-d’oeuvre plutôt que de l’asservir.
Each year the province of Quebec receives an increasing number of temporary farm workers through two programs: the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program (mainly Mexican workers) and the Low-Skill Temporary Workers Program (with Guatemalan workers). These programs share a common characteristic: the workers’ permits are tied to an employer. This research analyses the compliance of the bonded-work permit with article 46 of the Quebec Charter, which guarantees the right to just and reasonable working conditions. An analysis of the effects of the work-tied permit shows that it creates a huge dependence of the workers vis-à-vis their employers – legally (due to the possibility of anticipated repatriation for work or behaviour related problems), financially (among other things because of the naming practise) and mentally (submission, fear). The interpretation of article 46 in light of international human rights law shows that tied-work permits violate that provision. If the objective of the bonded characteristic of the work permit is to retain a labour force, it would be much more just and reasonable to improve working conditions rather than to enslave workers.