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1
Sneddon, Joanne. "Innovation in the Australian wool industry : a sensemaking perspective". University of Western Australia. Graduate School of Management, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0010.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Achieving the successful development, transfer and adoption of new agricultural technology is a popular issue in the innovation literature. Innovation diffusion and economic theory has informed this literature by emphasising the central role that technology attributes and economic rationality play in the adoption of new technology. In agricultural innovation context, research has traditionally taken a technological determinist perspective, assuming that technologies shape society and that all technological change is positive and progressive. As a result of limitations of the linear, determinist perspective of agricultural innovation to explain how new technologies are adopted and diffused, social constructivist approaches to agricultural innovation have emerged as a complement to this approach. However, a unifying framework of the social construction of new agricultural technologies has not been presented in the agricultural innovation literature. In this study Karl Weicks seven properties of sensemaking are used as the foundation for the development of a unifying conceptual framework for the examination of the social construction of agricultural technology. This thesis is a study of sensemaking in the context of agricultural innovation. It examines how participants in the Australian wool industry make sense of new technologies and how that sensemaking shapes their use of new technologies over time. The focal innovation initiative studied in this thesis is the development, transfer, adoption and abandonment of objective wool fibre testing technologies. This initiative commenced in the 1960s and has resulted in significant changes in the way that Australian wool is produced, marketed and processed. An interpretive research paradigm is adopted in this study. A theory-building case study approach, combining quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis is used to capture the ongoing, iterative, enactive and social actions and interactions that occur throughout the agricultural innovation process. The case study is divided into three separate but interlocking empirical analyses which examine how industry participants' sensemaking shaped their use of wool testing technologies at the industry, technological system and individual farm level. The findings and implications of the three empirical studies in this thesis are discussed in relation to (1) the interpretation frameworks of agricultural industry participants and technology enactment, (2) the sensemaking process, (3) the social construction of shared technology frames, and (4) the social construction of industry belief systems. This study contributes to the debate on the social construction of agricultural technology and sensemaking in the innovation process by exploring the development, transfer, adoption and abandonment of new wool fibre testing technologies by industry participants over time. It builds on theoretical and empirical agricultural innovation and sensemaking research, and draws on a theoretical framework sensitive to the social construction of technology at the individual, group and industry levels. In doing so this study develops the concept of sensemaking in the agricultural innovation process as a way of deepening our understanding of how new agricultural technologies are transferred, adopted and diffused.
2
Scobie, David Roger. "Short term effects of stress hormones on cell division rate in wool follicles : a thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy". Title page, abstract and contents only, 1992. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs421.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 183-207) A local intradermal technique using colchicine to estimate cell division rate in wool follicles is refined and used throughout the thesis. Statistical methods used to analyse data obtained with this method are described and discussed. The implications of the findings are of great significance to research into the influence of physiological changes on wool production, and suggest experiments should be conducted under controlled environmental conditions, with a minimum of stress imposed on the animals.
3
Olivier, Willem J. "The evaluation of a South African fine wool genetic resource flock". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86675.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (PhD(Agric))--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study set out to determine (co)variance components for the important production, reproduction and conformation traits of a South African fine wool resource flock that was established at the request of the South African wool industry. A secondary aim was to assess progeny of these animals under pastoral conditions in areas where the production of fine wool is uncommon. The Cradock fine wool Merino stud was established in 1988 with ewes bought from producers with the finest clips in South Africa. Data collected from 1988 to 2010 were used to estimate the (co)variances for the genetic fine wool resource flock. The quantification of the interdependencies of fibre diameter (FD) with production, reproduction and subjective traits were the main objective of this study. It is evident from the results of this study that FD is a highly heritable (0.63 ± 0.03) trait, which can lead to marked genetic progress provided that there are adequate levels of phenotypic variation available during selection. Fibre diameter was unfavourably correlated with body weight (0.30 ± 0.05), clean fleece weight (0.24 ± 0.05) and reproduction (0.59 ± 0.18), which implies that selection for reduced FD can have a detrimental effect on all these traits. Despite these unfavourable genetic correlations genetic gain in the other economical important traits was achievable in the stud (-0.129 ± 0.033). These results were supported by the results obtained during the evaluation of progeny of this stud under pastoral conditions where the production and reproduction of the fine wool animals were comparable with medium wool animals. It can therefore be concluded that selection for reduced FD can be practiced without detrimental effects on the economically important traits and subsequently the profitability of the sheep enterprise, as long as breeders have a reasonable selection objective based on economic considerations.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het dit ten doel gehad om (ko)variansie komponente vir die belangrike produksie, reproduksie en subjektiewe eienskappe in 'n Suid-Afrikaanse fyn wol hulpbronkudde, wat gevestig is op versoek van die Suid-Afrikaanse wolbedryf te bepaal. 'n Sekondêre doel was om die nageslag van hierdie diere onder veldtoestande te evalueer in gebiede waar die produksie van fynwol ongewoon is. Die Cradock fynwol Merino stoet is in 1988 gestig met die aankoop van ooie van produsente met die fynste skeersels in Suid-Afrika. Data wat ingesamel is vanaf 1988 tot 2010 is gebruik in die bepaling van (ko)variansie komponente vir hierdie genetiese fynwolkudde. Die kwatifisering van die interafhanklikheid van veseldikte (VD) met produksie, reproduksie en subjektiewe eienskappe was die hoofdoel van die studie. Dit is duidelik uit die resultate van die studie dat VD `n hoogs oorerflike (0.63 ± 0.03) eienskap is, wat tot vinnige vordering in VD kan lei indien genoegsame fenotipiese variasie beskikbaar is tydens seleksie. Veseldikte is ongunstig gekorreleer met liggaamsgewig (0.30 ± 0.05), skoonvaggewig (0.24 ± 0.05) en reproduksie (0.59 ± 0.18), wat beteken dat seleksie vir ʼn verlaagde VD nadelige vordering in hierdie eienskappe tot gevolg kan hê. Ten spyte van hierdie ongunstige genetiese korrelasies was die genetiese vordering in die ekonomies belangrike eienskappe haalbaar in die kudde wat ondersoek is (- 0.129 ± 0.033). Die laasgenoemde resultate word ondersteun deur die bevindinge dat die nageslag van hierdie stoet se produksie en reproduksie ooreengestem het met medium wol diere onder veldtoestande. Die gevolgtrekking wat gemaak kan word uit die studie is dat VD verlaag kan word sonder nadelige gevolge in die ekonomies belangrike eienskappe, asook die van `n skaapboerdery onderneming. Om dit te vermag moet telers `n aanvaarbare benadering tot seleksie, gegrond op ekonomiese beginsels, volg.
4
Akhter, Shahana. "Strategies for managing hazardous substances from industry in South Australia". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09enva315.pdf.
Testo completo
5
Porter, Wade. "Potential for peanut production in southern Australia /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AFP/09afpp849.pdf.
Testo completo
6
Burroughs, Gary Leslie. "The response to environmental economic drivers by civil engineering contractors in South Australia". Title page, contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envb972.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bibliography: leaves 91-93. Examines the response of two civil engineering construction contractors in South Australia to environmental economic conditions and market requirements using primarily an action research methodology whilst the researcher was engaged as the environmental manager at both corporations.
7
Larwood, Andrew John. "Cleaner production : promoting and achieving it in the South Australian foundry industry". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2000. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envl336.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bibliography: leaves 123-130. The literature search and the findings from the investigation have been used to provide recommendations for a sector specific cooperative approach using regulation, self-regulation, voluntary agreements, economic incentatives and educational/information strategies to promote and acheive cleaner production in the South Australian foundry industry.
8
Makapela, Mbulelo Joseph. "An overview of the management practices for wool production amongst the communal farmers of the Hewu district in the Eastern Cape Province". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1009.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The research was conducted in the Hewu area situated between Queenstown (20 km) and Whittlesea (15km) in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. In this area communal farming is practiced. Livestock and livestock products (wool) are the main sources of income. The farmers are mainly farming with Merino and Döhne Merino sheep. The lack of management systems (production, reproduction and management) for communal farmers resulted into ineffective communal farming defining the research problem. The research objectives set were: • To establish production norms for wool sheep. • To establish reproduction norms for wool sheep. • To establish effective management practices for wool sheep farmers. • To examine key constraints of wool sheep farmers. The farmers shear their sheep every 12 months usually in October of every year. The average wool production per sheep is 2.17kg. The clip averages a fineness of 19.1-20 micron. That is far below the wool production of the commercial farmers of the Eastern Cape who are producing between 4kg to 5kg per sheep at an average growing period of 12 months. The lack of proper fencing and camps causes major reproduction problems. The lambing percentage of the ewes is 94.85 percent. The weaning percentage referring to the reproductive efficiency of the mated ewes is only 17.24 percent. The survival rate of the lambs born alive is only 18.18 percent. Reproduction is the biggest problem of communal farms. Effective livestock- and grazing management systems for communal areas are essential for the successful development of farmers on communal grazing areas. Unfortunately the Hewu farmers still have many problems effecting their wool production and the production of lambs.
9
Lemar, Susan. "Children of industry : boy labour, "apprenticeship" and the state in South Australia 1880-1917 /". Title page, contents and introduction only, 1994. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09AR/09arl548.pdf.
Testo completo
10
Lim, Geok Hwee. "The role and effects of penalty rates in the hospitality industry of South Australia /". Adelaide : G. H. Lim, 1985. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09EC/09ecl7317.pdf.
Testo completo
11
Swanepoel, Elzeri. "Income tax benefits available to the mining industry : a comparison between South Africa and Australia". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/53002.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The mining industry plays a vital role in the South African economy as well as supporting various sectors of the economy, for example the transport services, consulting and financial services, steel and material inputs, and electricity and water usage. The future success of the mining industry requires certainty on numerous regulatory issues, one of which is taxation. In this study the income tax benefits available to the South African mining sector were compared to those offered to the mining industry in Australia, which has the third largest mining sector in the world, in order to determine which of the two systems is more advantageous.
The history of mining and the current taxation legislation applicable to the mining sector in South Africa was briefly discussed and analysed to provide an understanding of this industry. Australia recently introduced new taxation legislation and incentive scheme for the mining sector, namely the Exploration Development Incentive, effective from 1 July 2014. This was explained and analysed.
The comparison of the tax benefits between the two countries led to the conclusion that South Africa offers better income tax benefits in respect of corporate income tax rate, prospecting, research and development, tax incentives and interest. Australian mining companies are better off with regard to capital expenditure, capital gains tax and mining rehabilitation. The income tax benefits received by both countries in respect of depreciation, royalties and tax losses are very similar. From this comparison it seems evident that while both countries offer substantial tax benefits to the mining industry, the South African mining industry currently enjoys an advantageous situation.Mini Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2014.
Taxation
MCom
Unrestricted
12
Jordan, Matthew. "Procuring industrial pollution control : the South Australian case, 1836-1975". Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phj816.pdf.
Testo completo
13
Stevens, Deann Margaret. "Challenging the global-local dichotomy and the emergence of the neo local food system in South Australia /". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2004. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09arms8441.pdf.
Testo completo
14
Mvinjelwa, Sivuyile Alex. "Some performance characteristics of wooled sheep in the sweet and sourveld communal rangelands of Eastern Cape Province, South Africa". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015592.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The objective of the study was to determine sheep growth performance, fleece weights and wool quality characteristics in the sweet and sourveld communal rangelands of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Data were obtained in 80 ewes aged two to three years, selected in four ecologically different communities. Two communities (Roxeni and Tyabane) were in a sweetveld area and the other two communities (Luzi I and Luzi II) were in a sourveld area. The ewes from Tyabane were nondescript, whereas ewes from Roxeni, Luzi I and Luzi II were crossbred between Merinos and non-descript sheep. Selected ewes were monitored for live weight, body condition scoring and fleece weight during shearing. Wool samples were collected from each ewe and were analysed for fibre diameter, comfort factor, clean yield, wool crimps, staple length, staple strength and the Position of break. Sheep from Roxeni were heavier (P <0.05) (39.9 ± 1.1kg) than sheep from Tyabane (29.8 ± 1.1kg). Sheep from Tyabane had the lightest (P <0.05) fleece weight (1.0 ± 1.1kg) and sheep from Roxeni had the heaviest (3.1 ± 1.1kg). There were no significant differences (P ≥0.05) between body condition scores of sheep in Roxeni and the Luzi communities. The live weights of the two-year old ewes were similar (P ≥0.05) to the three-year old ewes’ live weight. However, the three year old ewes had higher (P <0.05) body condition scores than the two year old ewes. Two year old ewes also had lower (P <0.05) fleece weight than the three years old ewes. Wool from Roxeni, Luzi I and Luzi II had lower fibre diameter (P <0.05) than wool from Tyabane. Roxeni sheep had the highest clean yield (P <0.05) of wool, followed by Luzi I and Luzi II; Tyabane had lowest clean yield percentage of wool. Wool from sheep grazing on sweetveld had a higher (P <0.05) clean yield percentage (74.3 ± 0.7%) than those grazing on sourveld (71.7 ± 0.7%). There were higher staple mid-breaks (69.5 ± 5.2) and lower base-breaks (30.5 ± 5.2) in sweetveld (P <0.05) than in sourveld, 7.5 ± 5.2 and 92.5 ± 5.2 for mid-breaks and lower base-breaks, respectively. It was concluded that sheep raised in the sweetveld and bred with purebred Merino rams had higher performance than the ones reared in the sourveld. The young upgraded ewes had a higher wool quality than the older ewes raised on communal rangelands.
15
McIntyre, J. A. "A 'civilized' drink and a 'civilizing' industry wine growing and cultural imagining in colonial New South Wales /". Connect to full text, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5763.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Sydney, 2009.Title from title screen (viewed December 9, 2009) Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy to the Dept. of History, Faculty of Arts. Degree awarded 2009; thesis submitted 2008. Includes bibliographical references and appendices. Also available in print form.
16
Kurgan, Mariusz A. "High-tech South Australia : an examination of the locational preferences of high technology firms in the electronics industry /". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 1997. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09armk966.pdf.
Testo completo
17
Kwon, Peter Banseok. "The Anatomy of Chaju Kukpang: Military-Civilian Convergence in the Development of the South Korean Defense Industry under Park Chung Hee, 1968-1979". Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493338.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Based on empirical study of newly declassified sources from South Korea, the dissertation examines the Park Chung Hee regime’s (1961-1979) policies related to chaju kukpang, or “self-reliant national defense,” from the late-1960s through the 1970s. In response to North Korea’s provocations in 1968 and the US reduction of troops stationed in South Korea in 1971, the Park regime masterminded an independent military modernization program in which citizens and civilian industries, functioning as the de facto engine of domestic arms production, propelled the emergence of a military-industrial complex. The study examines how regime policies mobilized Korean citizens for the effort and how civilian actors eventually responded by personally investing to fulfill this national project. The author observes that the state transformed civilians through both super-structural and infrastructural processes, as Park’s policies steered both the industrial capacities and the consciousness of the Korean populace along a path toward security independence. The total mobilization effort proceeded through complex mergers, tensions, and negotiations of state goals with civilian ideological and material interests, ultimately forging chaju kukpang as a bona fide national movement. The story of ROK defense industry development offers a prism through which the interplay of polity and society in the course of Korea’s modernization can be reexamined, with an eye to refining prevalent theories and suggesting implications for future research on the Park era.East Asian Languages and Civilizations
18
Putra, Andreas Wahyu Gunawan, University of Western Sydney e Sydney Graduate School of Management. "Evaluating training programs : evaluating training programs for front line associates in the hotel sector in Sydney : demonstrating Kirkpatrick's model". THESIS_SGSM_XXX_Putra_A.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/723.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Research for this project was undertaken by means of a broad and comprehensive literature search, a field study and the development of four working papers. It has been quoted,The hospitality industry appears to be facing increasing competitive pressures to improve the quality of its delivery of products and services. For many hotels, success depends largely on the availability of qualified line associates who are able to translate and consistently maintain their company's operational standards of service. Hotel companies, thus, must take training programs for front line associates seriously to accommodate the growing pressure to provide qualified associates. Consequently, many hotels now highlight training activities for front line associates as a means of providing an outstanding service for their customers. However, there is often scepticism about whether training actually pays off for organisations. Despite the importance of the topic, there appears to be little research on evaluating training for front line associates in the hospitality industry, particularly in the hotel sector. Therefore, this project is arguably pioneering in its analysis of applying the model chosen. It has demonstrated through empirical evidence the usefulness of the model to the four hotels in Sydney. This project has investigated evaluating training programs by analysing the reaction of the trainees, learning gained by the trainees, transfer of learning to the workplace by the trainees and training outcomes. The research is expected to be useful to other training practitioners and/or scholars who are interested in taking further research in the hospitality industry, particularly in the hotel sector.Doctor of Business Administration
19
Visconti, Kevin Michael. "Going Green Down Under: Environmental Communication and Green Product Marketing in the South Eastern Australian Wine Industry". Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/490.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The consumption of wine has served as an international communication expedient for thousands of years. From classical symposiums of ancient times to religious ceremonies practiced for centuries, wine has played a significant part in countless social gatherings across the ages and continents. Recent growth in international wine trade, however, has impacted an increasingly disrupted natural environment through amplified carbon output, overuse of synthetic chemicals, topsoil erosion, and water mismanagement. Vintners, or winemakers, have been tasked by the implementation of new legal standards, as well as the urging of ecologically aware prospective consumers, to instill a winemaking process that is green, or environmentally friendly, in order to demonstrate the employment of proactive measures for the long-term sustainability of an unstable Earth. As New World wine producers, Australia commands specific attention as many vineyards in this particular geographic area are actively advancing green wine production standards. Fueled by the emergent field of environmental communication, this dissertation investigates the sustainable practices being implemented by South Eastern Australian vintners during their winemaking process to offset environmental degradation and examines the new marketing discourse communicated via wine bottle labels to construct an environmentally friendly image. Ultimately, this research compares the green product marketing strategies between organic and non-organic wineries to determine the extent to which ecological messages are being promoted on wine bottle labels as a form of environmental communication.
20
Schreuder, F. A. "An investigation into global distribution systems in the crop protection industry and the development of distribution system managment model for particular application in South Africa and Australia". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/21185.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The traditional ways in which manufacturers of crop protection products exercised control over distribution systems have diminished in their impact. Control was based on quality products, the power of the brand, an installed customer base and a broad portfolio of mostly patented products. Manufacturers of crop protection products need to review the manner in which these products are marketed, which distribution system management models are to be used, and the importance that is placed on distribution system management in the marketing mix. The primary aim of this study was defined as: "The development of appropriate distribution system management models for application in South Africa and Australia~. The secondary aim was defined as: "Establishing the key factors which determine the relationship between manufacturers and distributorsn . The dominant economic characteristics of the global crop protection industry are deemed to consist of a global market valued at US $28,090 mio, a mature market in a decline phase, the rapid consolidation of industry players, increased generic product manufacturer activity and an overall decline in manufacturer profitability. In South Africa crop protection product manufacturers use approximately 46 independent distributors to market products on farms through 600 affiliated commissioned sales agents. In Australia the distribution of crop protection products is much more concentrated. Distribution is essentially controlled by five national distributors and their coupled salaried representatives. Manufacturers therefore rely on third parties for the marketing of their products to farmers in both countries. The applicable problem statement has been formulated to select a distribution system management model that will: (i) optimally balance direct distribution related cost and subsequent levels of control over distributors; (ii) maximise the probability that a distributor will buy and actively promote the complete product portfolio of a for high levels of interpersonal relationship maintenance; and (vi) manufacturers have to instill the philosophy that distribution system management is part of a manufacturer's strategic business and marketing focus and not simply a task to be performed by a third party.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die tradisionele maniare waarop die vervaardigers van oesbeskermingsprodukte beheer kan uitoefen oor verspreidingsisteme is nie meer so suksesvol nie. Beheer was gebaseer op kwaliteil produkte, die mag van die handelsmerk:n gevestigde klientebasis en 'n wye produktereeks,bestaande uit gepatenteerde produkte, Vervaardigers van oesbeskermingsprodulcte moet die wyse waarop hierdie produkte bemark word, watter verspreidingsisteem bestuursmodelle gebruik word en die belangrikheid wat geplaas word op die bestuur van die verspreidingsisteme in die totala bemarkingspoging in heroorweging neern. Die primere doelstelling van hierdie studie is: "Die ontwikkeling van toepaslike verspreidingsisteem bestuursmodelle vir toe passing in Suid-Afrika en Australia. "Die sekondere doelstelling is: "Die vas stelling van die sleutelfaktore wat die verhouding tussen velVaardigers (verskaffers) en verspreiders bepaar. Die dominante ekonomiese kenmerke van die globale oesbeskermingsindustrie is 'n markwaarde in VSA $ 28,090 miljoen, 'n stagnante mark in 'n agteruitgang lase, die drastiese konsolidasie van die industrie spelers, 'n toename in die aktiwiteite van die generiese produkvervaardigers en 'n algemene daling in die winsgewindheid van die vervaardigers. In Suid-Afrika gebruik die vervaardigers van die oesbeskermingsprodukte ongeveer 46 onafhanklike verspreiders om die produkte op plaasvlak te bemark met behulp van 600 geaffilieerde kommissie agente. Die verspreiding van oesbeskermingsprodukte is baie meer gekonsentreerd in Australie. Verspreiding word in wese beheer deur vyf nasionale verspreiders en hulle spanne van verkoopsteenwoordigers wat 'n salaris verdien. In beide lande moet velVaardigers van oesbeskermingsprodukte staatmaak op onafhanklike instansies vir die bemarking van hul produkte op plaasvlak. Die probleemsteiling is dus die uitdaging om 'n verspreidingsisteem bestuursmodel t9 ontwikkel wat: (i) . n optima Ie balans sal gee tussen direkte verspreidingskoste en gekoppelde vlakke van beheer oor verspreiders; (ii) die waarskynlikheid dat . n verspreider die betrokke produkreeks van die vervaardiger sal aankoop en aktief sal promoveer; (iii) dit kan bereik in . n mark waar verspreiders talle bronne het van soortgelyke produkte teen kompeterende pryse. Gebaseer op die sekondere navorsing wat gedoen is wit dit blyk dat daar 'n algemene konsensus is dat daar n nei9in9 weg is van transaksie spesifieke besigheidsverhoudings na besigheidsverhoudings gebaseer op vennootskap gebaseerde benaderings in die interaksie tussen vervaardigers (verskaffers) en verspreiders. Hierdie tipe besigheidsverhouding word gekenmerk deur hoe vlakke van onderlinge vertroue, wedersydse verbintenis, konflik hanteringsmeganismes en goeie wedersydse kommunikasie. Primere navorsing is in Suid-Afrika (253 respondente) en Australia (180 respondente) gedoen. Implikasies vir die konstruksie van verspreidingsisteem bestuursmodelle wat voortvloei uit hierdie navorsing sluit in die belangrikheid dat on vervaardiger on wye en gesogte produkreeks het, die vereiste dat produkte beproefde effektiwiteit het, produkte kompeterend geprys is, die vereiste vir hoe vlakke van verskaffer opvolgdiens en die vereiste vir goeie interpersoonlike verhouding tussen werknemers van beide die vervaardigers en die verspreiders. Hierdie elemente moet ondermeer gerugsteun word deur goeie kommunikasiesisteme. Die "idea Ie" verspreidingsisteem bestuursmodelle is vervolgens voorgestel vir beide Suid-Afrika en Australie, gebaseer op die bevindinge van ondermeer die sekondere- en primere navorsing. Hierdie mode lie het ten doel om toepaslike strukture en besigheidsbenaderings vir vervaardigers daar te stel om hulle behulpsaam te wees om die geidentifiseerde behoeftes van die verspreiders aan te spreek.
21
Hill, Stuart John. "Pollination of almond (Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb)". Title page, contents and summary only, 1987. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09A/09ah648.pdf.
Testo completo
22
Mouat, Jeremy. "Mining in the settler dominions : a comparative study of the industry in three communities from the 1880s to the First World War". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29037.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This dissertation examines the evolution of the mining industry in three British dominions during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Adopting a case study approach, it describes the establishment and growth of mining in Rossland, British Columbia; Broken Hill, New South Wales; and Waihi, New Zealand.
Separate chapters trace developments in each area, focussing on the emergence of organised labour, the growth of mining companies and the sophistication of mining operations. These underline the need to consider diverse themes, maintaining that the mining industry's pattern of growth can be understood only by adopting such a broad approach. Following the three case studies, the final chapters of the dissertation offer a comparative analysis of Rossland, Waihi and Broken Hill. The study emphasises the similarities of these three communities, especially the cycle of growth, and identifies a crucial common denominator.
Despite differences in climate, in the type and nature of the ore deposit and in the scale of mining activity, all three areas experienced a common trajectory of initial boom followed by subsequent retrenchment. The changing character of the resource base forced this fundamental alteration of productive relations. In each region, the mineral content of the ore declined as the mines went deeper. In addition, with depth the ore tended to become more difficult to treat. Faced with a decline in the value of the product of their mines, companies had to adopt sweeping changes in order to maintain profitable operations. This re-structuring was accomplished in a variety of ways, but the most significant factors, common to Rossland, Broken Hill and Waihi, were the heightened importance of applied science and economies of scale. Both developments underlined the growing importance of the mining engineer and technological innovations, principally in milling and smelting operations. In addition, new non-selective extractive techniques reduced the significance of skilled underground labour.
The re-structuring of the industry not only had similar causes but also had a similar effect. The comparative chapter on labour relations, for example, argues that these managerial initiatives were closely associated with militant episodes in each community. While the leading companies in Rossland, Waihi and Broken Hill successfully reduced their working costs, they all faced the same ultimate end. Their long-term success or failure reflected the skill with which they coped with the inevitable depletion of their ore body.
The common experience of Rossland, Waihi and Broken Hill demonstrates the importance of placing colonial development within a larger context. Regional historians should make greater use of the comparative approach, rather than continuing to focus on the unique and the particular.Arts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate
23
Lea, Emma J. "Moving from meat : vegetarianism, beliefs and information sources". Connect to this title online, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phl4335.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 327-346). A random population survey and a survey of vegetarians were conducted to examine South Australians' beliefs about meat and vegetarianism. Meat beliefs, barriers and benefits of vegetarianism, meat consumption, personal values, use of and trust in sources of food/nutrition/health information and demographic variables were measured.
24
Páchová, Šárka. "The development of South African agriculture with an emphasis on the wool industry". Master's thesis, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-250965.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The diploma thesis focuses on the development of South African agriculture with a greater emphasis on the wool industry. This work is divided into two parts; the first part defines the general trends in the development of agribusiness, the current role, the specifics and the position of agriculture in the world with the influences of globalization. It also describes the historical development of the agricultural sector in South Africa and the general characteristics of the wool commodity. The second part of this work concentrates on the analysis of the agricultural sector in South Africa and its current position within the South African economy together with the international trade in agricultural commodities. Subsequently, the thesis identifies the development of the wool commodity in the world market with a detailed analysis of the South African market and the entire wool industry in South Africa.
25
Gibbs, Susan Elizabeth. "Perceptions in the South Australian commercial fishing industry with regard to seals". 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ENV/09envg4443.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bibliography: leaves 102-106. "The study investigates South Australian (SA) commercial fisheries and aquaculture operations and seal interactions by exploring perceptions in the commercial fishing industry and comparing them to 2nd Century fishers experiences. The results confirm that SA commercial fishers do interact with seals and that interactins with Australian Sea Lions may be disproportionately more than with New Zealand Fur Seals. While some commercial fishers experience is similar to 2nd Century fishers and consider interference by seals to be major hindrance and suggest culling for management of seals, in general, SA commercial fishers are open to mitigation initiatives including gear modifications, to address seal interactions. The dissertation also examines some management mitigation options to minimizing fisheries-seal interactions and offers recommendations." -- ABSTRACT
26
Hill, Jane Adair. "Phenotypic and genetic parameters for the S.A. Strongwool merino strain with an emphasis on skin characters as early indicators of wool productivity". 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh6463.pdf.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bibliography: leaves 325-341. Skin and fleece measurements were recorded at different ages for both male and female sheep from the Turretfield Merino Resource Flock and used to estimate the heritability of each trait and the phenotypic and genetic correlations among and between the skin and fleece traits. Generally, the heritability of each trait was high, which indicates that both the fleece and skin traits should respond well to selection.
27
"The investment potential for a South African mining house in the Australian coal mining industry". Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/13194.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
M.Phil. (Mineral Economics)The energy crises in the seventies and eighties had led to an awareness in the world's business community about the profit potential in the energy mineral supply market. All the sectors in this industry came under scrutiny, also the coal export sector. This awareness and rising interest in the world's coal export market caused amongst others, two major developments : a) a significant rise in investments in coal exporting ventures b) a higher expectation by shareholders with respect to capital returns and future growth Most companies participated in this expansion campaign, and committed resources to achieving the higher objectives. The downturn in'the world's economy , and the resultant diminished demand for energy minerals, caused the coal export market to come under pressure. The long lead time existing in the establishment of mining projects, and the fact that mines under construction cannot be mothballed until times improve, also contributed to the over-capacity situation that eventuated in the coal export industry worldwide. Many companies faced a battle for survival, and participants in the industry had to re-appraise their long term strategies. Established coal producing companies had to determine which strategies would best answer their requirements : a) whether it be to divest from coal production b) whether they should diversify their operational base and many others...
28
Wilson, Julianne Elizabeth. "A changing rural economy and its implications for the Overberg, 1838-1872". Thesis, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23135.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Overberg, incorporating the present-day districts of
Swellendam, Caledon and Bredasdorp, forms a geographic microcosm
in the south-western Cape. The area, with its Mediterranean
climate and undulating hills of Bokkeveld shales and weathered
Table Mountain Sandstone, is well adapted for arable and pastoral
agriculture.
Original settlement was by the Khoi who by 1710 had succumbed to
cumulative disintegrative forces. They presented little
resistance to the vanguard of white settlers who by 1710 were
receiving land grants in the area. By 1838 the area was
optimally settled for the extensive ranching of that time and
pressure on the land was becoming acute. There was little scope
for British immigrants to obtain land among the Dutch settlers.
Grain farming offered little reward as the area was isolated from
the Cape Town market by hazardous mountain ranges.
The conversion of the indigenous hairy sheep to wool-bearing
Merinos which occurred during the 1830s provided the area with
an added income. Wool provided a product which modified Overberg
agriculture from its quasi-subsistence form to commercial
farming. The wool produced in the area was generally of a high
quality and it commanded a consistent price on the world market,
a factor which contributed to the financial stability of the
area.
The increased income from wool provided scope for unprecedented
commercial activity. The new found wealth which was diffused
among the white farmers raised their standard of living. Predial
labour did not, however, experience commensurate material gains.
The social and cultural milieu was not profoundly affected but
material prosperity fostered greater political awareness among
wool farmers, a factor which was to bolster Afrikaner national
movements after 1870.History
D. Litt. et Phil. (History)
29
Benyahia, Sefiane. "A comparative study of the resilience of coal logistics chains in Australia, South Africa and Canada". Thèse, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/8680.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Au cours des dernières années l'industrie du charbon a connu un essor important. L'importance du charbon dans l'économie mondiale provient d'une demande mondiale soutenue et de niveaux de production en hausse constante. De ce fait, le nombre élevé d'importateurs et d'exportateurs est à l'origine d'un système d'échange complexe où la compétition est féroce. En effet, un nombre grandissant de pays importateurs se partagent les sources d'approvisionnement tandis qu'un nombre limité de pays exportateurs s'efforcent de répondre à la demande tout en essayant de s'accaparer le plus de parts du marché mondial.
L'objectif de cette recherche s'inscrit dans ce contexte en démontrant les bénéfices associés aux chaînes logistiques résilientes pour tout acteur de l'industrie soucieux de devancer la compétition. Une analyse de la logistique de l'industrie du charbon permet entre autres de se pencher sur les questions suivantes: Comment les infrastructures influencent-elles la résilience d'une chaîne logistique? Quels risques est-ce que les catastrophes naturelles présentent pour une chaîne logistique? Comment la gouvernance influence-t-elle la résilience d'une chaîne logistique?
Une chaîne logistique représente le trajet effectué par un bien ou produit au cours de son cycle de vie, du point d'origine au point de consommation. Ceci étant dit, le meilleur moyen de régler les problèmes inhérents aux chaînes logistiques est de maintenir de hauts niveaux de résilience. Cette recherche évaluera donc la résilience de chaînes logistiques du charbon des industries australienne, sud-africaine et canadienne. Pour ce faire, trois variables seront étudiées: les infrastructures, les catastrophes naturelles et la gouvernance. La comparaison des trois cas à l'étude se fera par un nombre défini d'indicateurs (12 au total) pour chacune des variables étudiées. Les résultats de cette recherche démontrent que la résilience des trois cas à l'étude se ressemble. Cependant, certaines chaînes logistiques détiennent des avantages comparatifs qui améliorent grandement leur résilience et leur compétitivité. Plusieurs sujets de recherche pourraient être utilisés pour compléter cette recherche. L'analyse comparative pourrait être appliquée à d'autres chaînes logistiques pour vérifier la viabilité des résultats. Une analyse semblable pourrait également être entreprise pour le secteur en aval de la chaîne logistique. Finalement, une méthodologie basée sur des interviews pourrait ajouter un regard différent sur les questions abordées.In recent years, the importance of coal in the world economy has been put to the forefront by a strong demand and consequently, increasing levels of production. The increasing number of buyers and the limited number of sellers has created a system where competition is fiercer than ever. On one hand, importing countries are trying to secure sources of supply while on the other hand, exporting countries are striving to meet demand and secure as many export markets as possible. In this context, the objective of this research paper is to demonstrate how resilient logistics chains can help decision makers of the industry to stay ahead of the competition. To do this, an analysis of the logistics chain of the industry is the best way to verify whether or not the industry is operating as well as it should be. Such an analysis allows us to tackle the following issues: How do infrastructure issues impact the resilience of the logistics chain? What risks do environmental hazards pose to the logistics chain? Does governance have a positive or negative influence on the resilience of the logistics chain? “Logistics chain” designates the journey of any kind of product or commodity through the various steps of its life from its creation or point of origin to its point of consumption. This being said, the best way to solve problems in the logistics chain is to find ways to maintain high levels of resilience. This research paper will evaluate the resilience of logistics chains within the Australian, South African and Canadian coal industries. This evaluation will be based on three variables: infrastructures, environment and governance. The methodology necessary to accomplish this task is based on twelve indicators. As the main evaluation tool, these indicators are used to compare the case studies in the context of each variable. The results of this research paper show that the three case studies have similar levels of resilience. However, some case studies have areas in which they outperform their counterparts. While this research provides an in-depth look at the coal industry, several research avenues could still be explored. First of all, expanding the comparative analysis to different coal exporters could add nuance. This task could be undertaken in a different research paper providing decision makers with even more examples of how to improve resilience. A similar comparative approach could also be applied to the downstream section of the logistics chain. Furthermore, a methodology based on interviews with stakeholders could bring in a new perspective on the issue at hand.
30
Harris, Sally. "Going organic, staying organic : how organic producers in the Mid North of South Australia survive in the marketplace, a multiple-case study". 2008. http://arrow.unisa.edu.au/vital/access/manager/Repository/unisa:36674.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The phenomenon of organic agriculture in the Mid North of South Australia is explored in seven case studies of local organic producers. The research issue asks how these organic producers organise to survive in a marketplace where they remain marginal players. The research is framed around Sonnino and Marsden's (2006) two-dimensional model of alternative agriculture, which structures the case study analysis at two levels: a horizontal dimension concerning farmer agency and grassroots innovations, and a vertical dimension focusing on farmer interaction with regulatory and governance frameworks in organic agriculture. To enrich understanding of farmer practices at the grassroots level, two additions are made to the horizontal dimension: the role that beliefs play in determining agency and innovation in motivating farmers to 'go organic' and 'stay organic' and how alternative beliefs, particularly about nature and localism, influence the construction by organic farmers of 'new platforms of action' (Sonnino and Marsden 2006), essential for survival in the marketplace.PhD Doctorate
31
Sinngu, Takalani. "Competitiveness of the South African citrus fruit industry relative to its southern hemisphere competitors". Diss., 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18703.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The South African citrus fruit industry faces enormous challenges in the global markets, such as an increasing demand for higher quality citrus fruits, as well as increasing fierce competition from the southern hemisphere citrus producing countries. Its long history of global integration makes it highly sensitive to international developments, as well as domestic ones.
The purpose of the study is to investigate the competitiveness of the South African citrus fruit industry relative to its southern hemisphere competitors – namely, Argentina, Australia, Uruguay, Chile and Peru. Both local and international literature on the citrus fruit industries was used as part of the analysis. In addition to this, a variety of methods and techniques were applied. These included the three well-recognised indices which were used to calculate the competitive indices of various citrus fruit product categories – namely, the Balassa Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA#) index, the Net Export index (NXi) and the Relative Revealed Comparative Trade Advantage (RTA) index. Time series data on South African and southern hemisphere major producing countries’ citrus fruit imports and exports were used to calculate the competitiveness indices using Excel spreadsheets. A structured questionnaire was also used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data of expert views from key industry stakeholders. Data collected were analysed using Excel spreadsheets and the Porter methodology.
The competitiveness analysis of this study clearly pointed out that the South African citrus fruit industry reveals more competitive advantage in some citrus fruit products than its southern hemisphere counterparts. The results of the RCA#, NXi and RTA indices analyses clearly showed that the domestic industry has a stronger and relatively higher revealed competitive advantage in three citrus fruit product categories – namely, oranges, grapefruit and grapefruit juice than its southern hemisphere competitors. However, its orange competitiveness decreases when moving from primary orange to orange juice. This means that the value-adding opportunities are still lacking in the orange sub-sector. One possible reason for this could be the high rates of return recorded for farm-level applications of technology for most primary orange commodities.
This study identified the availability of skilled employees, quality of unskilled labour, cost of doing business in the industry, services from financial institution, electricity supply, land reform and some other government policies, such as trade policy, labour policy, BEE policy
iv
and tax system as the major factors impeding the competitiveness of the industry. The list also included the current climatic conditions, high incidences of HIV/AIDS and crime, economic instability and the cost of technology and infrastructure in the industry.
Despite the challenges mentioned above, quality of skilled labour; general level of development and quality of infrastructure and technology in the industry; quality of soils; the availability of scientific research institutions and the collaboration of the industry with these institutions; availability and quality of local suppliers of primary inputs; and market information flow were found to have a positive influence on the competitiveness of the industry. In order for the industry to enhance its competitiveness, a number of recommendations and strategies are suggested at the end of this study.Agriculture and Animal Health
M.Sc. (Agriculture)
32
Hooton, Fiona Art History & Art Education College of Fine Arts UNSW. "The impact of the counterculture on Australian cinema in the mid to late 20th century". 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41008.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This thesis discusses the impact of the counterculture on Australian cinema in the late 20thcentury through the work of the Sydney Underground Film group, Ubu. This group, active between 1965 -1970, was a significant part of an underground counter culture, to which many young Australians subscribed. As a group, Ubu was more than a rat bag assemblage of University students. It was an antipodean aspect of an ongoing artistic and political movement that began with the European avant-garde at the beginning of the 20th century and that radically transformed artistic conventions in theatre, painting, literature, photography and film. Three purposes underpin this thesis: firstly to track the art historical links between a European avant-garde heritage and Ubu. Experimental film is a genre that is informed by cross art form interrelations between theatre, painting, literature, photography and film and the major modernist aesthetic philosophies of the last century. Ubu's revolutionary aesthetic approaches included political resistance and the involvement of audiences in the production of art. Their creative wellspring drew from: Alfred Jarry, Dadaism, Surrealism, Futurism, Fluxus, Conceptual and Pop art. This cross fertilization between the arts is critical to understanding not only the Australian experimental movement but the history of contemporary image making. The second purpose is to fill a current void of research about early Australian Experimental film. This is a significant gap given it was a national movement with many international connections. The counterculture movement also contains many major figures in Australian art history. These individuals played their parts in the Sydney Push, Oz magazine and the activities of the Yellow House and have since become important multi arts practitioners and commentators. Thirdly, the thesis attempts to evaluate Ubu's political and social agenda for the democratization of film appreciation through their objectives of: production, exhibition, distribution and debate of experimental film both nationally and internationally. Ultimately the group would succeed in these objectives and in winning the war on repressive censorship laws. Their influence has informed the practice of many of Australia's current film heavy weights. Two key films have been selected for analysis, It Droppeth as the Gentle Rain (1963) and Newsfront (1978). The first looks forward to Ubu's contemporary practices and political agenda while the second demonstrates their longer term influences on mainstream cinema.
33
Aeuckens, Annely. "The people's university : a study of the relationship between the South Australian School of Mines and Industry/South Australian Institute of Technology and the University of Adelaide (with reference to the relationship between the School/Institute and the South Australian Department of Education) 1987-1977". 1989. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09arma255.pdf.
Testo completo
34
Karam, Beschara. "Putting a future into film : cultural policy studies, the Arts and Culture Task Group and Film Reference Group (1980-1997)". Thesis, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/6155.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cultural policy studies, or studies in the relations of government and culture (Mercer, 1994) were initiated in Australia in the 1980s, where cultural studies have been reinterpreted into a dialogue of policy-making and cooperation between the government and academia (Cunningham, 1994; Hunter, 1993/1994; Molloy, 1994; Santamaria, 1994). This Australian-pioneered "cultural policy moment" (Cunningham 1994; Hawkins, 1994) thus provides an epistemological starting point for an analysis of cultural policy developments in South Africa, especially after 1994. Early South
African cultural policy studies tend to draw from the Australian experience (Tomaselli and Shepperson, 1996). It must be noted that in terms of South African film policy analysis, there have been two cultural policy moments, one that addresses film post World War II to 1991, a period that is generally characterised as a "cinema of apartheid" (Tomaselli, 1989). This period is indebted to the seminal work of Keyan Tomaselli and Martin Botha. The second cultural policy moment begins in 1991 and continues to the present. It is this "moment" that informs the research and critical focus of the ways in which cultural studies in South Africa have modified the foundation of its critical position towards the state in response to developments since 1990. The aim of this thesis is to critically examine the ways in which South African cultural studies have responded to the Australian "cultural policy moment" in terms of academic-state relations, and the impact of discussions that were engaged in by various film organisations on film policy after 1990, and which resulted in the written proposals on film submitted to the Arts and Culture Task Group in 1994 and 1995. The Arts and Culture Task Group was the
case study within which the notion of cultural policy was studied, along with the White Paper on Film. This thesis draws on and applies a variety of methods: firstly, there is the participatory research: I was employed by ACTAG to undertake research into film policy. My own experience of the process in which I worked very closely with the film sub-committee provides an "insider" account of assumptions, conflicts, practices and how outcomes were reached. I was also designated, along with Professor Tomaselli and Dr Botha, as one of the co-authors of the White Paper, and was thus part of the
process of revising the ACTAG recommendations into draft legislation. Secondly, there is the method of comparative study: this thesis initially draws on the Australian cultural studies and film policy on the one hand, and South African cultural studies and film policy on the other. It then evolves into a critique of the "cultural policy moment" (Cunningham, 1994; Hawkins, 1994) as it related to the development of South African film policy between 1991 and 1997. Lastly, there was the empirical investigation: ACTAG, which was established to counsel Dr Ben Ngubane on the formulation of policy for the newly established government (see Chapter Four of this thesis, and see
Karam, 1996), served as a case study. The final ACTAG document resulted in a reformulated arts and culture dispensation consistent with the new Constitution. This process in turn led to the origination and publication of the Government of National Unity's White Paper on Film in May 1996. Incorporated into this analysis was an "information trawl" (Given, 1994; Mercer, 1994 and Santamaria, 1994) of prior and extant policy frameworks and assumptions of various film, cultural and media organizations formulated during the period under review. The link between film and culture, and hence film and cultural policy, emerges from the following two commonplace associations: firstly, that film as a form of visual creation is therefore a form of art; and secondly, that the concepts of art and culture are inextricably connected. What drives the present debate is the Australian appropriations of Raymond Williams's description of culture as "a whole way of life". This, while validly dissolving the early-twentieth century identification of culture with "high" or "canonical" forms of traditional literature, sculpture, or painting, none the less leaves theorists with a "distinct fuzziness" (Johnson, 1979) as to what the term "culture" actually denotes. Australian policy studies' approaches tend to focus on culture as personifying a
structure of "livability" under terms of employment, environmental concerns, and urban planning (Cunningham, 1994; Hawkins, 1994). In general, however, the focus has only attained any concrete outcomes when research has resuscitated precisely the link between culture and the arts, thereby drawing on the old polemics of "high" versus "low" and "popular" culture. The individual chapters cover the following topics: the Introductory Chapter provides a general historical overview of the South African film subsidization system, a crucial element of the analytical framework, from its inception in 1956 to it's dissolvement in the 1980s; Chapter Two, "Cultural Policy" deals with the origination and development of the concept of "cultural policy"; Chapter Three focuses on the Australian "cultural policy moment" and it's application to film; Chapters Four and Five deal with the ACTAG Film Sub-committee and the White Paper on Film respectively; and the last chapter, Chapter Six critiques these processes and their resulting documents, as case studies, from a cultural policy standpoint.Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1997.
35
Baas, Susan Catherine. "Protecting New Zealand construction subcontractors". Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/11976.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Non-residential construction projects typically involve a large number of parties and a
complicated "pyramid" of contractual relationships. At the top of the project an owner or
developer commonly employs a head contractor, who employs specialist contractors, who
employ subcontractors, who finally employ workers and material suppliers. Funds for the
project are fed in at the top and are intended to trickle down to those at the bottom.
However, evidence indicates that this often does not happen and that those at the bottom -
most significantly subcontractors - suffer substantial losses.
Many countries attempt to reduce subcontractors' losses through legislative intervention.
The Canadian common law provinces apply both a statutory "builder's lien", which allows
an unpaid subcontractor to register a charge against construction land, and supplementary
holdback and trust requirements. By contrast, New South Wales, Australia and the United
Kingdom apply a "quick and dirty" form of adjudication in an attempt to reduce the delays in
payment disputes. New Zealand is currently investigating the form of legislation that it
should enact and has modelled the Construction Contracts Bill on New South Wales
adjudication measures.
This thesis examines the Canadian, New South Wales and United Kingdom systems for
protecting subcontractors, as well as the New Zealand Construction Contracts Bill. It
describes these different systems, and applies Cooter and Ulen's perfect contract analysis in
an attempt to compare them. It concludes that the New South Wales approach is the most
favourable, particularly because of its attempts to reform areas of the construction industry
beyond just the problems that subcontractors face. However, it also notes that this approach
has very high transaction costs, to such an extent that some proposed reforms may never
come to fruition. It therefore recommends that New Zealand take a cautious approach in
copying these measures. In addition, the thesis recommends that New Zealand researchers
take more time to examine North American builder's lien systems. Protecting construction
subcontractors is a complicated issue and the best solution for New Zealand will result from
a careful consideration of the many different systems, both before any legislation is enacted
and afterwards.
36
Schneider, Gavriel. "The design and development of a best practice use-of-force training model for the private security industry". Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23548.
Testo completo