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Kara, Michał, e Maciej Przybył. "Wczesnośredniowieczne grodzisko wklęsłe w Bninie koło Poznania w świetle dotychczasowych ustaleń dendrochronologicznych". Folia Praehistorica Posnaniensia 10 (1 novembre 2018): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/fpp.2003.10.10.
Abstract (sommario):
The article presents results of dendrochronological investigations of wooden constructions of the rampart of early medieval stronghold in Bnin (current location Kómik-Bnin), of which a well preserved stone-wooden-earthen fortifications are among the best recognized in Wielkopolska. The site was excavated in the years 1961-1969. The relicts of two phases of the rampart construction discovered in so-called northern trench were dated to the end of the 12,h - beginning of the 13lh century. Based on results of dendrochronological dates of 25 samples taken in 1994, a discovered part of the rampart was constructed in two phases with a break in the year 939. The older construction was finished in 938, while the younger one in 940.
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Barrera, Natalia, Daniel M. Ruiz, Juan C. Reyes, Yezid A. Alvarado e Daniela Carrasco-Beltrán. "Seismic Performance of a 1:4 Scale Two-Story Rammed Earth Model Reinforced with Steel Plates Tested on a Bi-Axial Shaking Table". Buildings 13, n. 12 (27 novembre 2023): 2950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13122950.
Abstract (sommario):
During the 16th and 17th centuries, Latin American cities adopted earthen construction techniques from European colonizers. As a result, rammed earth (RE) buildings now occupy an important place in Latin America’s cultural heritage. However, earthquakes around the world have shown that unreinforced earthen constructions are highly vulnerable. For several years, researchers in northern South America have been proposing a technique that consists of installing confining steel plates (or wooden elements) on both sides of the RE walls to form a grid. This system has shown excellent performance in controlling seismic damage and increasing strength and ductility capacity. Although researchers have tested full-scale one- and two-story earthen walls under pseudo-static loading in the laboratory, and one- and two-story earthen walls at 1:1 and 1:2 scales on uniaxial and biaxial shaking tables, the behavior of a complete reinforced module (one- or two-story) on a shaking table has never been assessed. The present study presents the results of shaking table tests performed on two-story RE modules at 1:4 scale. The experimental data indicate that the retrofit system with confining steel plates was effective in reducing the seismic damage of earthen constructions. In addition, the comparison of the results of the 1:4 scale tests with the 1:2 and 1:1 scale tests previously conducted by the researchers shows that the acceleration levels of the equivalent prototypes are in the same order of magnitude for the three scales.
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Kim, Hyun-Bong. "A Study on the Earthen Fortress of Gayari, Haman: Focused on the Construction Techniques and Structures". Central Institute of Cultural Heritage 43 (28 febbraio 2024): 165–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.20292/jcich.2024.43.165.
Abstract (sommario):
The Earthen Fortress of Haman Gayari are the remains of Earthen Fortress representative of Aragaya along with the Malisan Ancient Tombs, which were recently designated as a UNESCO World Heritage sites. The sites are located in the hills of Gayari, which offers an excellent view of most of the Hamancheon Stream basin. Although references to the sites have been confirmed since the Joseon Dynasty, the archaeological investigation began in 2018 and continues until 2022. As a result of the investigation, Earthen Fortress, which was built using formworked earth techniques, was confirmed for the first time in the Gaya area, and the interior space of a Earthen Fortress, one building with an elevated floor, seven buildings with pit-dwelling, four pits, and the pillar hole groups, archaeologically proving it was a living space for the Aragaya ruling class. In particular, Earthen Fortress, which has a total circumference of about 2.4 kilometers, is the largest among the Earthen Fortress of Gaya culture, and is on par with the royal fortresss of the Three Kingdoms, such as Buso Fortress in Buyeo and Wolseong Fortress in Gyeongju. The construction technique of the Fortress shows a difference between the first wall and the repaired, and the expanded wall. The first wall was built using the formworked earth techniques and the construction method, which is different from the formworked earth techniques of Hanseong Baekje. The repaired and expanded wall, embankment techique was used and the defense power was reinforced by installing a wooden fence. The structure of the Earthen Fortress consists of inner fortress and outer fortress, and shows a unique pattern connecting the Gayari Embankment from the northeast of the outer fortress. Also in the south of inner fortressthere is a presumptive embankment sites, which is also observed in Japanese colonial era photographs and intellectual maps. And the structure of the wall changes with time, and it changes from earthen fortress to a wooden fortress. Wooden Fortress is again divided into the slope barrier stage and the top barrier stage, and in the latter case, there is a possibility that the wall was raised once more. The construction techniques and structures of this sites do not simply show Aragaya's civil engineering technology, but it is a clue to understanding exchanges with neighboring countries and an important evidence to gauge Aragaya's national power. And around the Gayari sites, there are many major sites of Aragaya, including Bongsan Fortress, West ridge of the Malisan Ancient Tombs, Seonwang Ancient Tombs, Deokjeon Ancient Tombs, Pildong Ancient Tombs, and Gayari Embankment sites, so it is highly likely that Gayari Earthen Fortress was the royal fortress of Aragaya.
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Jeon, Seh Won, e Young Jae Lim. "Comparative Study on the Foundation Engineering Technology of Pungnap Fortress —Focusing on Chinese cases". Korean Archaeological Society 130 (31 marzo 2024): 57–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.47439/jkras.2024.1.057.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper analyzes the foundational construction techniques of Pungnap Earthen Fortress in Seoul and compares them with examples of Chinese earthen fortresses, exploring their respective characteristics. Elements such as the position and structure of the fortresses, which had previously been overlooked, were examined, and commonalities were derived from components such as foundational planning, stone or gravel bedding, wooden pilings, use of the earthen mound method, and the use of stone facings on walls. Through this, we inferred the process of the introduction of Pungnap Earthen Fortress's foundational techniques and inspected the progression of foundational engineering. A significant number of foundational construction techniques used in the construction of Pungnap Earthen Fortress were identified as techniques commonly used in China at the time for the construction of earthen fortresses, bridges, and harbor facilities. Especially, the discovery of these techniques in the regions of Liaodong and Xuantu provides clues about the origin and transmission routes of the foundational techniques of Pungnap Earthen Fortress. Furthermore, the construction method using the earth mound method is not found frequently in China as a comparable case, leading to the assessment that it evolved as a unique foundational technique within Baekje. In essence, Baekje adopted foreign techniques and combined them with indigenous methods to complete the large-scale structure known as Pungnap Earthen Fortress. The foundational techniques utilized in the construction of Pungnap Earthen Fortress continued to be applied and developed in the outer city wall, Buyeo and the mountain fortresses of the later periods of Baekje, and were eventually transmitted to Japan.
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Wasik, Bogusz. "The Castle in Sztum in the Light of archaeological research in 2019". Castellologica bohemica 20, n. 1 (2023): 48–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.24132/cb.2023.20.48-72.
Abstract (sommario):
The article presents the results of research of the Teutonic castle in Sztum that was carried out in 2019. This was the first large-scale study of this stronghold. It yielded much information, verified past views and supplemented existing knowledge significantly. The presence of a wooden-earthen stronghold in the place of a brick stone castle was not confirmed, and a new chronology of the beginning of its construction was indicated at the end of the 14th century. Elements of the castle’s buildings were discovered and identified, such as the residential building of the Grand Master and the second castle gate. The state of knowledge about the castle construction technique has also been significantly expanded.
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MYKHAYLOVSKY, Denis, e Mykola KOMAR. "REINFORCEMENT OF COMPOSITE WOODEN STRUCTURES MATERIALS, CONDITION AND PROSPECTS". Building constructions. Theory and Practice, n. 9 (28 dicembre 2021): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2522-4182.9.2021.72-80.
Abstract (sommario):
Today, there is a growing need in the construction industry for the introduction of ecological urban space and the use of materials from renewable natural resources, one of such building materials from ancient times was wood.Temples, castles, houses, bridges and other structures have been erected all over the world sinceancient times with the help of wooden structures.A large number of buildings and structures made of wood have been operating successfully for 300-400 years and are vivid examples of the durability of these structures. Nowadays, wooden construction is developing rapidly with the development of new technologies. After all, new woodworking technologies allow obtaining a spliced array ofwood, which solves many different issues of wood as a structural material. Recently, the constructionof glued timber (GT), which is often used to cover large spans (more than 100 m) and the constructionof cross-laminated timber (CLT) or CLT (cross laminated timber), which are often from an oddnumber of layers of boards with their mutually perpendicular arrangement in adjacent layers. Panels used in panel and panel-frame construction of buildings of various complexity of architectural form and number of storeys are made of CLT. Inworks [1-3] studies of efficiency and CLT and methods of their calculation are described in moredetail. However, some building requirements, such as the conditions for limiting the building height,when the use of relatively large cross-sections of plywood constructions, calculated in compliance with the requirements of the boundary conditions, is not possible. Therefore, the search and study of modified efficiencies, including reinforced ones, to increase the bearing capacity while reducing their cross section is becoming increasingly important.This publication is devoted to the review of the conducted researches reinforced and reinforcedwith composite materials of various efficiencies.
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Preti, Marco, Malek Neffati e Valentino Bolis. "Earthen masonry infill walls: Use of wooden boards as sliding joints for seismic resistance". Construction and Building Materials 184 (settembre 2018): 100–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.06.184.
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Rybchynskyi, Nestor-Mykolai. "GRAPHIC RECONSTRUCTION OF DEFENSE BULWARK OF THE THIRD FORTIFIED SETTLEMENT OF IX - X CENTURIES. IN THE KOROSTEN CITY (ON BASIS OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL DATA)". Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 14, n. 2021 (2021): 132–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2020.14.132.
Abstract (sommario):
From ancient times, mankind has tried to protect their settlement from predators and enemies. This promoted to creation of comfortable living conditions. This contributed to the emergence of fortified settlements. On the territory that archaeologists associate with the Slavs tribe Drevlyany, settlements began to appear in the IX century. when the Great Migration of the Slavs was finally completed. Bohdan Zvizdetsky, researcher of drevlyan՚s antiquity, provided information about 20 fortified settlements between the Horyn and Teteriv rivers. Such settlements are called in Ukrainian «horodyshche». Unfortunately, researchers rarely turned to archaeological research of the fortifications of drevlyan՚s fortified settlements. They primarily paid attention to the filling of cultural layer and archaeological excavation of ancient cemeteries. Therefore, few fortifications have been studied: Rayky, Secont fortified settlement in Korosten, Malyn and Third fortified settlement in Korosten. In general, it is worth mentioning the researchers who studied and analyzed the fortifications of the settlements of Kyiveian Rus՚ in the IX - XIII centuries. P. Rappaport was one of the first to pay attention to the construction of defensive bulwarks in his opinion, main types of wooden structures were palisade and the pillar structure, when horizontal logs are clamped between two verticals, or in the grooves of one vertical. Another archaeologist who paid attention to the study of fortifications was M. Kuchera. In his opinion, the most used was a framework structure. As a basis of a design, he put three-, or four-walled framework. They could be separate segments of the defense wall, or be structurally combined into a single line. Another option for fortifications, the researcher considered the walls of the pillar structure. Archaeologist Yuri Morgunov is also tried to study of fortifications of Kyievian Rus՚. He singled out separate elements: Escarpments; ditches; wooden-earthen defense constructions. In the middle of XX century. military engineer B. Sperk considered various types of defensive walls of fortified settlements of Ancient Rus՚. He wrote that, the main types of walls were three- or four-walled framework. They could be separate segments of the defense wall, or be structurally combined into a single line. Also, architect Vadym Lukyanchenko was engaged in architectural analysis. He turned his attention to the construction of wooden and earth defense construction. According to him, the earliest type of fortifications was a palisade, and later there were several types of fortifications: three, or four-walled frameworks. Based on the work of other researchers, as well as on analogies from the monuments of Poland (Motych; Naszacowice; Zawada Lanckorońska), Czech Republic (Uherské Hradiště- Rybárny; Breclav-Pohansko; Vlastislav) , Slovakia (Spišske Tomášovce; Pobedim), Germany (Behren-Lübchin; Lenzen; Oldenburg; Berlin-Spandau) and Austria (Gars-Thunau), was created a graphic reconstruction of the south-eastern section of the defensive wall of fortified settlement №3 in Korosten. The main structure was a 4-walled framework. We assume that the diameter of the deck could be 250 mm. In addition, frameworks, as the main structure of the defensive wall, were also found on the early medieval fortified settlement near Olevsk, which is also considered as drevlyan՚s fortress. Hypothetical size of each framework could reach 2x2 m in plan and up to 3 m in height. On the top of framework could be a palisade. It was protection for the defenders of the fortress. It was system of fences. The diameter of the deck of a single pile could be 200 mm and a height of 1.8 m. The difference in the height of individual piles formed loopholes. The piles were located on the inside, near the outer wall of the framework. A similar construction can be traced on the already mentioned settlement of Motych and Gars-Thunau. For construction of wooden and earthen construction was required a wide range of tools. It was partially represented by archaeological finds: wooden shovels with metal shells, axes of various types, saws, etc. Despite the fact that other segments of the defensive line of third fortified settlement in Korosten have not been studied. Based on the plan published by I. Samoilovsky, it is possible to draw a conclusion that such a construction of the defensive wall was not found along the entire defensive perimeter. So, the section on the eastern side adjacent to the steep cliffs on the Uzh river does not have clear protective fortifications. Therefore, Therefore, it was possible that this area was fortified only with a palisade. Also, according to I. Samoilovsky's plan, the western and northern parts of the defensive perimeter are surrounded by a powerful bulwark, which most likely had a more complex structure with larger parameters of fortifications. Unfortunately, the worst studied element of the lines of defense of the settlements of the IX - X centuries is the entrance remains. Therefore, were used analogies from well-researched monuments in Poland, Germany, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In all cases, it had pillar structure withn the gate tower. It has an exclusively observation function, because they do not have loopholes. That is why in visualization gate structures is also only as observation and guard points. The outer wall of such a gatehouse could be made of boards. The volume of the watchtower could be covered with a gabled roof. This design required the installation of a roof ridge and the placement of wooden brackets for the stability of the structure. A wooden bridge over the defensive moat could be located in front of the entrance, which would facilitate access to the settlement in peacetime.
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Lukyanchenko, Vadym. "GORODNYA – KYIV DEFENSIVE WALLS IN IX–XIII CENTURIES. PART ONE. RAMPARTS". City History, Culture, Society, n. 1 (14 giugno 2017): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mics2016.01.087.
Abstract (sommario):
The article examines the issues of structural and functional features of ground shafts as a component of defensive structures of the city of Kyiv IX – XIII centuries. Based on a detailed analysis of the scientific literature on the problem and the available written sources, materials of archaeological research, scientific and hypothetical reconstruction of urban defensive fortifications of the Slavs of a certain time, as well as the experience of reproduction of the fortifications of medieval Europe in the territory of modern Ukraine, Poland and Denmark, it is suggested to own the evolution of the earthen fortifications of.The author denies the widespread idea about the widespread development in the Ancient Rus in the ninth and thirteenth centuries defence structures, which were a complex timber structure that consisted of a reinforced earth shaft and wooden fortifications of various kinds above it. It is argued that the division of earth shaft structures into "complex" (tree-reinforced) and "simple" (non-reinforced) types are erroneous. According to the author, the reinforcement of earth shafts at the beginning of their erection was never performed. It has been concluded that, first, virtually all earthen shafts and their wooden structures, which functioned for a long time, were not preserved in their original form; second, the fortification builders of that time did not have the proper education to design and construct such structures. In the course of construction, they were guided by their own experience and circumstances; therefore, "complex shaft type structures" are not the product of a single design; they are the result of multiple repairs and remodelling of initially low timber fortifications; thirdly, the complexity of the fortifications was influenced solely by the duration of the active functioning of the monument.The article is accompanied by numerous illustrative material, including the author's reconstructions of the evolution of tree-walled defensive walls and methods of their strengthening at various stages of construction.
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Mainicheva, A. Y., S. G. Skobelev e D. Y. Berezhenko. "Reconstruction of Wooden and Earthen Buildings in 17th to 18th-Century Russian Forts in Siberia: The Case of the Sayansky Ostrog". Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 46, n. 4 (23 dicembre 2018): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0102.2018.46.4.100-108.
Abstract (sommario):
On the basis of the materials of the Sayansky Ostrog (fort), built in the Northern Sayan in 1718, we reconstruct the type of building that was common during the initial stage of the Russian colonization (1600s and 1700s). This is one of the few well preserved Russian forts. While its buildings, their function, and location are known from written sources and from the findings of a complete archaeological excavation, their construction has been hitherto unknown. To reconstruct their size and appearance, we collated archaeological and ethnographic findings, museum materials, and written evidence about the layout of buildings and construction techniques. Judging from the totality of data, we suggest the reconstructions of buildings, such as powder magazine, supply depot, barn with cellar, forge, and commandant’s house. We describe traditions and innovations in construction techniques, choice of building materials, details and blocks, layout of floors, ceilings, and roofs. The commandant’s house reproduces the architectural standards of that time, set by Domenico Trezzini, who designed buildings in the capital and in provincial Russian towns.
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Maistrello, Lara, Josephine D’Ilario, Gautier Bicheron e Christophe Bouleau. "Damage by insect pests to the Djingarey Ber Mosque in Timbuktu: detection and control". Journal of Entomological and Acarological Research 43, n. 2 (20 agosto 2011): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/jear.2011.99.
Abstract (sommario):
The Djingarey Ber Mosque in Timbuktu (Mali) is one of the most significant earthen construction in West Africa. Originally constructed in 1327, it was included in 1988 on the World Heritage UNESCO List for its unique architecture and historical importance. During its restoration, recently undertaken by the Aga Khan Trust for Culture, the wooden parts of the roof and architraves showed clear signs of threatening insect presence. In order to identify the pests responsible of the damage, evaluate its extent and suggest a proper control strategy, a detailed survey was performed inside the Mosque complex and in its immediate surroundings. The entomological inspection, performed in the dry-cold season, allowed to detect signs of insect damage in most of the wooden elements, even in the recently replaced beams, but also in walls, pillars and the precious decorated panels. Damages in the wood elements could be attributed to <em>Amitermes evuncifer</em> Silvestri (Termitidae), <em>Bostrychoplites zycheli </em>Marseuli (Bostrichidae) and <em>Lyctus africanus </em>Lesne (Lyctidae), which were collected alive on site. Injures in the walls and decorated panels appeared to be performed by hymenopterans such as “plasterer bees” (Colletidae) and Sphecidae. From the evaluation of the type and extent of damage in relation to the architecture and materials used in its construction and decoration, the most serious pest and the worse threat for the mosque is represented by termites. Control and preventive measures, in the view of a sustainable, long-lasting integrated management are suggested.
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Bogdanov, E. S., A. A. Timoshchenko e A. S. Ivanova. "Archaeological Excavations at the “Skalnaya” burial grounds in 2021 (The Republic of Khakassia)". Problems of Archaeology, Ethnography, Anthropology of Siberia and Neighboring Territories 27 (2021): 878–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/2658-6193.2021.27.0878-0887.
Abstract (sommario):
In 2021, an excavation team from the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnography SB RAS carried out rescue archaeological works at the “Skalnaya” burial complex (Askiz district of the Republic of Khakassia) as a part of the Preservation project of the archaeological heritage objects during the construction of the second railway line at the Kamyshta - Uytag section of the Krasnoyarsk railway. According to the project requirements, 3 burial mounds were examined; 4296 sq. m. were excavated to terrestrial deposits; 7 burials (grave pits) yielded more than 100 individual finds (items made of bronze, iron, clay, gypsum and organic materials). All collective human burials in earthen grave pits with wooden log cabins were constructed inside stone fences under overhead stone and wooden coverings. Objects from the crypts and the diagnostic features of the funeral rite allow these burials to be dated to the Podgornovskiy (Skalnaya 7) Saragashenskiy (Skalnaya 6) and “Tesinskiy” stages (Skalnaya 5). Single kurgan Skalnaya 5 is an elite complex. This is evidenced by a massive aboveground and intra-grave structures, clay-plaster death masks, and preserved grave goods. Despite the serious robbery, the burial is very valuable because of all the details of two-levelled burial bed (boards, posts, support beams and traces of their attachment) preserved in the crypt. Burnt wood from the burial structures of the mound was analyzed in 2021. Comparison with the other materials obtained enabled us to establish clear chronological frame for mentioned in this article sites. Fence slabs of the Tagar kurgans with various embossed decorations (humanoidfigures, animals, hunting scenes, etc.) are very important objects of study.
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Bibikov, Dmytro. "«Pseudo-chambers» from the excavations of Kateryna Melnyk as a transitional link in development of the burial rite of Volyn population in the Early Middle ages". Materials and studies on archaeology of Sub-Carpathian and Volhynian area 24 (24 dicembre 2020): 345–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33402/mdapv.2020-24-345-360.
Abstract (sommario):
The article is devoted to a specific category of ancient Rus burial monuments of X–XI centuries. They combine the features of both elite chamber tombs of the Viking Age and ordinary Christian burials of the beginning of the II millennium AD. The author considered to combine such burials under the term «pseudo-chambers» or «imitation chambers». There are four types of them: 1) chambers with coffins; 2) ground chambers; 3) «earthen» chambers with wooden flooring, but without wall coverings; 4) «large burial pits» without wooden structures. In the article there is first analysis of the structural and ceremonial features of each of these chamber types. Moreover, the author identifies their peculiarities. The basis of the sample is taken from the materials of excavations headed by K. Melnyk in 1897–1898, which was the source of the greatest number of such monuments. Obviously, the erection of classical chamber tombs in the southern Rus territories ceased with the beginning of Christianization. However, the ancient Rus elite could not abandon this tradition completely, which was reflected in the appearance of imitation cameras. The vast majority of them inside permanent wooden structures contain a movablecoffin. This fact contradicts the basic idea of the classical chamber tombs as «houses of the dead» and indicates at least a significant influence of the Christian doctrine. The spread of pseudo-chambers in the territory of Volyn should undoubtedly be linked to the governmental activity of Volodymyr Sviatoslavych that may have been accompanied by an influx of people («greater men») from the Middle Dnieper. According to the composition of the funerary inventory and analogies from the adjacent territories, they can be dated from the end of X – the first half of XI centuries. Comprehensive analysis of construction features and funerary inventory of imitation chambers from the territory of Volyn does not allow us uniquely associate them with representatives of the ancient Rus elite. Within the region, mentioned monuments are not a direct line of development of classical chamber tombs, but merely imitate socially prestigious ceremonial elements of the latter. Key words: Ancient Rus, Volyn, funeral rite, imitation cameras, Christianization.
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Jha, Vidyanath. "An Indigenous Method of Cremation in Earthen Containers as a Sequel to Disaster Resilience: A Case Study of Kusheshwarsthan Wetland Area in Darbhanga District of North Bihar". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT AND ENVIRONMENT 8, n. 02 (7 novembre 2022): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18811/ijpen.v8i02.10.
Abstract (sommario):
The paper takes into account an indigenous adaptation for cremation in the extreme flood situations in the Kusheshwarsthan East C.D. block of Darbhanga district in north Bihar. With no dry land all around in the vicinity, people have no option other than raising a bamboo platform on which 6 to 8 fit high mud container (Kothi) is placed inside. The dead body is put in a squatting position. The fuels includedegrained maize cobwebs, dung cakes, wood splits of mango and desi ghee (clarified butter). Sugar crystals are added to invigorate the flames of the pyre. Wooden boats are hired to ferry the dead body as well as the mourners to the cremation place. Almost a decade-long practice of using degrained maize cobwebs as cremation fuel is an example of resilience during extreme flood disasters. At the same time insistence on using mango wood also for burning a dead body speaks of people's adherence to this plant, even during extremities.
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Choi, Jung-Bum. "A look into of Beida Ancient Tombs Balhae in Helong City, Jilin Province". Central Institute of Cultural Heritage 42 (31 ottobre 2023): 67–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.20292/jcich.2023.42.67.
Abstract (sommario):
The Beida Ancient Tombs, situated in Baijazi, Helong, Jilin Province, is on the northern bank of the Hailan River, approximately 5 km southwest of Xigucheng. The tombs primarily exhibit a lateral crypt (vaulted) burial style with stone chambers and enclosures. However, some instances of stone-walled earthen mounds have been identified.
The interred individuals were either buried in wooden coffins or directly into a platform. While there is evidence of structures for placing a coffin, commonly, the natural ground surface was utilized without alteration. Meanwhile, within individual tombs, additional burials took place over a long period. It is noteworthy that individuals were laid to rest in different ways. While artifact excavation was not abundant due to simple funerals, the central chronological period has been ascertained to span from the pre-8th century to the mid of that century through cross-dating methods involving Chinese ceramics, bronze mirrors, and Tang-style metal belts.
The Beida Ancient Tombs are predominantly stone-built and the prevalence of excavated foreign artifacts is the highest among the Balhae tombs. In particular, given its symmetrical alignment with the Longtoushan graveyard, particularly centered around Xigucheng, the construction of the Beida Ancient Tombs was influenced by the funerary grounds of officials closely connected to the central capital of Balhae Jungkyung hyundeokbu.
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Kim, Bonggeun. "The Transition of Rammed Earth Technology in Ancient China". Hoseo Archaeological Society 57 (28 febbraio 2024): 57–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34268/hskk.2024.57.57.
Abstract (sommario):
In this paper, we looked at the rammed earth technology used in the earthen ramparts in ancient China. So far, research related to the rammed earth in China has focused on the combination of pangoe(版塊) and individual traces such as woodboards, wooden pillars, horizontal woods, and strings, and there has been a lack of attempts to identify the rammed earth technology of the entire rampart of each remains. I examined the rammed earth pattern of the entire rampart through the examination of the rampart earth structures and rampart methods. As a result, China's ancient rammed earth technology appears when ramparts begin to be built on mid~downstream of the Yellow river in the late neolithic yangshao culture(仰韶文 化). In the literature records, it can be seen that in addition to rampart earth structures (corresponding to types A and C) that fix the wooden plates with wooden pillar called ‘jeong(楨)’and ‘gan(幹)’, Chinese ancient ramparts were built using various rampart earth structures. The rammed earth method also used various methods such as banggoe rammed earth(方塊 版築), bundan rammed earth(分段版築), yeonjeop rammed earth(連接版築), and if you look at the relationship with the rammed earth structure, you can see that each rammed earth method uses one or two types of rammed earth structures to build the rampart. In particular, the appearance of methods for connection of wood plates and supporting and fixing the wood plate by using horizontal wood has led to a change in the rammed earth structure as well as its methods too. In the meantime, archaeological investigations of ramparts in China have been conducted mainly in the midland areas, and the study of construction technology was not very detailed, so it is still difficult to specifically identify the transformation of rammed earth technology in other areas except mid~downstream of the Yellow river. In the future, if archaeological research and research continue to be accumulated and a lot of achievements, we hope that more advanced research will be conducted not only on the transformation of rammed earth technology in each region of China, but also on its relationship with Korea, and I hope that this paper will help us understand Korea's ancient rammed earth technology.
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Matveeva, N. P. "Defensive Buildings of the Bakalskaya Culture (The Staro-Lybaevskoe-1 Settlement in the Forest-Steppe Trans-Urals)". Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 22, n. 3 (5 marzo 2023): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2023-22-3-114-124.
Abstract (sommario):
Purpose. The purpose of this article is to evaluate defensive potentialities of the Middle Age population in the Trans-Urals. The main task is to reconstruct the exterior of the fortified areas and the necessary amount of work.Results. The defensive buildings of the Staro-Libayevskoye-1 fortified settlement were used. It has been established on the terrace of the Middle Tobol river and had the 5-angle form, size 65 × 75 m and a simple rampart-and-ditch line with two approach gates. This square was used for habitation twice in Middle age epoch. Apparently, large earthworks were not carried out due to the features of the relief, which had a height difference of 2 meters; considering the wooden wall and the ditch depth. Based on the analysis of the archaeological finds and the cultural layer, we established that in the early period of the Bakalskaya culture (4th – 5th centuries) the settlement was encircled with timber-framed wall and the terrace slope possibly played a role of a berm. The inhabitants created a defense line minimum of 5.5–6 meters in height. We assume that there was exacerbation of social and local conflicts, and the population sought to prevent these conflicts by strengthening defense. The Ustyug-1 synchronous cemetery testifies to the existence of a constant military threat, such as attacks by migrants and conflicts with the use of weapons. Later, in 8th – 10th centuries the settlers used traditional methods and created a new earthen wall. It was built two times wider, then earlier, using pre-existing land cultural layer. The settlers abandoned the laborious movement of soil from the ditch to the height of the wall. For greater protection, they equipped the earthen rampart with timber-frame structures and created a barrier 5.5 meters high.Conclusion. Concluding, we suggest that a dangerous military situation persisted during this period, as evidenced by samples of weapons and a cemetery in the settlement. The study also revealed a trend towards increasing labor costs for fortifications construction.
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Lukomski, Yuriy. "ARCHITECTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION AT THE STAROSTA CASTLE IN GALICIA". Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 2023, n. 19 (2023): 6–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2023.19.006.
Abstract (sommario):
The article introduces the materials of the architectural and archaeological cross-section of the defensive ditch of the Starostyn castle of the 14th - 18th centuries in the town of Halych, Ivano-Frankivsk region. The stratigraphy of the exploration trench is described in detail. Among the discovered immovable objects are a rampart embankment, a two-row palisade, the remains of an internal paving, the foundations of the defensive walls of a log-frame wooden and earthen structure, a stone wall with a drainage hole. The chronology of the archaeological complexes is based on relatively narrowly dated movable artefacts: sleeved crossbow arrowheads of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries; bowl- and pot-shaped tiles of the fifteenth century; fragments of household ceramics, box tiles, and Gothic block bricks of the sixteenth century. Architectural details, building ceramics, iron and glass products of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries; as well as materials of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Finds from the princely period of the eleventh and first half of the fourteenth century and the early Iron Age of the sixteenth century BC were found in a redeposited state. The study of Starostynskyi Castle in the historical aspect makes it possible to identify seven specific construction periods of late medieval and early modern fortifications in the stratigraphic column. On the basis of the results of architectural and archaeological research, a number of hypothetical reconstructions of the development of wooden, earthwork and stone fortifications of the southern spine of Starostyn castle were made. The analysis of stratigraphic sections and the general urban situation prompts the author to put forward a hypothesis about the possible location of the entrance to the castle in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. The archaeological reconnaissance crossing of the fortification line demonstrates a complex and still poorly understood history of the development of the Galician castle fortifications on the Dniester. It shows a promising prospect for both further thorough archaeological research and thoughtful preservation and use of the architectural and archaeological heritage of the unique complex in the future.
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Panyshko, S. D., A. V. Petrauskas e I. O. Chorny. "ARCHAEOLOGICAL EXPLORATION OF THE FORTIFICATION OF ANNALISTIC VOLODYMYR IN 2018". Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 43, n. 2 (30 giugno 2022): 199–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2022.02.14.
Abstract (sommario):
For the first time in the history of archeological research in Volodymyr the cross-section of the ramparts of «Valy» hill-fort were made. According to external morphological features the hill-fort belongs to the «Volyn type», and most researchers consider it to be remains of the citadel of annalistic city. There is no direct evidence of the latter but the available written sources directly indicate the location of the brick castle of Casimir the Great in the 14th century and the later wooden-earthen headman’s castle. Just the main task of the work was to ascertain the conformity of the ramparts to these objects.
The internal structure of the rampart was explored by laying a stepped trench measuring 2 × 11 m at the end of the rampart at the place of its gap (entrance to the territory of hill-fort). The cross-section made it possible to record the stratigraphic column of layers and backfills for more than 6 m long and to ascertain the general picture of the rampart construction.
It was learned that the embankment of the rampart was carried out above the level of the cultural layer which occured on a yellow homogeneous loess-like loam (possibly the virgin soil). The generalization of the layers traced above for 5.96 m allows us to identify three of their main groups which probably reflect the sequence of erecting of the rampart at this area.
The first large-scale backfill, which formed the basis of the embankment, was traced in the square 5. It consisted mainly of yellow loess-like loam with inclusions of limestone fragments.
The middle part of the embankment was explored in squares 2—4, where the complex stratigraphic sequence of various layers and strata have been traced, which, in addition to loess-like yellow loam with limestone fragments, included the larger backfills of dark gray sand with inclusions of yellow loam and the same soil with inclusions of debris.
Finally, the upper part of the embankment, explored in the square 1, consisted of dark gray humused sand with inclusions of clay and charcoal. Since this layer contained a lot of pottery of the Late Middle Ages, it is possible that this is a filling of the late medieval building inserted into the embankment.
The research revealed material from different times, dating from the Bronze Age to nowadays. The dating of the embankment of rampart is indicated by the findings of late medieval pottery in its middle part. They confirm the written reports about the construction of a wooden-earthen headman’s castle in the 15th century.
Some structural features of the rampart are in good agreement with historical data. In particular, the first backfill at the base of the embankment of yellow loess-like loam had significant inclusions of fragments of limestone, which may be the remains of the masonry of the walls of Casimir the Great castle, dismantled in 1370.
Dating the construction of rampart to the 15th century indicates that the explored hill-fort was not the citadel of Old Volodymyr. On the other hand, it allows us to re-date at least the part of hill-forts of «Volyn type», which are traditionally attributed to the 10th—11th centuries.
20
Jang, Kimyeong. "Construction Process and Fortification Technology of Wolseong Wall in Silla". Korean Ancient Historical Society 120 (31 maggio 2023): 89–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.18040/sgs.2023.120.89.
Abstract (sommario):
In this article, the construction process was analyzed by dividing Wolseong, a royal castle of Silla, by construction section. By comparing Dodangsan Fortress and Namsan Fortress, it was intended to reveal the construction technology of Silla Wanggyeong. In addition, in order to see if the construction technology of the Wanggyeong Fortress was confirmed in other buildings, the exchange of fortification technology was reviewed by comparing tombs and embankments. Wolseong was analyzed by dividing it into a moat section, a west wall section, and a north wall section, and the preliminary survey of Japanese colonial era and the 2011 excavation survey were used as supplementary data. In view of the section of the west wall and the section of the north wall, it is believed that the built-up wall will be completed after the formation of the base → the central frame → three to four times of extending construction. The basic construction process was the same overall, but the three sections show the construction of the wall using different construction techniques and materials according to the base conditions. In addition, in the moat section and the west wall section, traces of repairs were found two to three times after the wall was built, and the outer wall or inner wall was partially supplemented according to the maintenance situation. As Dodangsan Fortress and Namsan Fortress were built in a way that made hills → built slopes, a different construction technology from Wolseong Fortress was identified. Both fortresses were constructed with a construction method suitable for small-scale earthen fortifications, and as it is estimated to be a political space and a government building, it can be seen that they were efficiently built according to the purpose of construction. On the other hand, although Silla’s stone-mounded wooden chamber was built at the same time, the similarity of fortification technology was captured only in the Hoseok structure, where the functional sector was emphasized, and various construction techniques were shared for each construction process in the embankment.
21
Chepiga, D., V. Levit, О. Kipko, V. Gogo e O. Kruzhylko. "JUSTIFICATION OF MEASURES REGARDING THE SAFE DEVELOPMENT OF SOLID COAL LAYERS". Naukovyi visnyk Donetskoho natsionalnoho tekhnichnoho universytetu, n. 1 (2023): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31474/2415-7902-2023-1-166-177.
Abstract (sommario):
Purpose. Justification of measures regarding the safe development of steep coal seams to ensure the safe efficiency of coal mining and increase the safety of miners in deep coal mines. Methodology. In order to achieve the goal, laboratory studies of the deformation properties of protective constructions were carried out on the models subjected to uniaxial compression, and field studies of the stability of preparatory mining products with various methods of protection. Results. It was found that for coal cinders within the limits of the established deformation resource (0,10,25)) at the same time as their stiffness increases, the potential energy of deformation reaches a critical level, on which the short-term stability of protective constructions is realized. At the same time, there is a relative change in volume in the range of 0,05V0,1. With the increase in static use and the transition of the critical level of deformations, when 0,25 і V0,1, the loss of cylinder stability remains. For protective constructions made of crushed rock when they are uniaxially compressed, the change in the behavior of the deformed body is separated from the compaction of the primary material. Within the limits of the deformation resource (0,40,7), a relative change in the volume of crushed rock of 0,2V0,35 has been recorded. According to the number of sizes of such protective constructions, when the work of compression increases, the value of V decreases. At the same time, the bearing capacity of protective constructions increases. Scientific novelty. The deformation resource of protective constructions of preparatory mine workings determines the effectiveness of the protection method used. Within the limits of the deformation resource, a stable state of protective constructions is ensured, which operates under conditions of single-height compression until the critical level of the specific potential energy of deformations is reached. Practical significance. To ensure the stability of the pits in the coal-bearing massif and the operational condition of the prepared products in the mining areas, it is advisable to use partial or full laying of crushed rock or wooden chock with sleepers in the mined space.
22
Voitiuk, O. P., e B. A. Pryshchepa. "RESEARCH OF THE SETTLEMENT OF PRAGUE-KORCHAK CULTURE IN RIVNE CITY". Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 40, n. 3 (3 novembre 2021): 122–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2021.03.06.
Abstract (sommario):
The paper introduces into scientific circulation the results of research of the objects of Early Slavs of the Prague-Korchak culture in a multi-layered settlement in the southern part of Rivne city. The settlement is located on the eastern shore of the Basiv Kut Reservoir, on the oval hill measuring 220 Ч 120 m. The first finds of the Early Middle Ages were discovered here by V. K. Piasetskyi in 1989. In 2019, the excavations were carried out on the area of 590 m2; the housing and storage pit of the Prague-Korchak culture have been discovered. The quadrangular foundation pit of 3.5 Ч 3.5 m square was sunk into the earth to the 0.3—0.4 m from detection level. The remains of stone stove made on the wooden frame were located in the northern corner of the dwelling. Such semi-dugout dwellings with the stove in one of corners was the main type of residential buildings in the population of the Prague-Korchak culture. The pillar holes found in the corners of the foundation pit and in the middle of the walls indicate the frame-pillar construction of the wooden walls. Among the stones from the destroyed stove and on the earthen floor in the central part of the foundation pit of the dwelling the remains of nine clay pots were found. We managed to reconstruct the full profiles of seven of them; two else vessels are represented by the profiles of the upper parts. The pots from the dwelling have a conical body, weakly marked shoulder, scarcely marked neck and short rim. The surface of the item is insufficiently smoothed and bumpy. The admixtures in the clay are mostly of small and medium size, with added fireclay, grus and sand. By their size the vessels are divided into small (1), medium (5) and large (3). All pots from the dwelling belong to variants 1—3 of the first type according to I. P. Rusanova’s classification. This combination is typical of the early monuments of the Prague-Korchak culture. The analysis allows attributing the ceramic complex from Rivne to phaze 1 according to I. O. Havritukhin and to date it as belonging to the second half of 5th — mid-6th centuries. The settlement was not large; two or three farmsteads could simultaneously exist there. They were located at a distance of 100—150 m from each other.
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Marjanović, Igor, Goran Vorotović, Miloš Vorkapić e Dragoljub Bekrić. "Technological conditions of flight instrument development". Tehnika 78, n. 5 (2023): 584–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/tehnika2305584m.
Abstract (sommario):
The development of aviation has set technological requirements that have conditioned the emergence and development of flight instrumentalization. The practical application of aviation for military and civilian purposes, the development of air traffic and technology in general, increase speeds, altitudes and flight lengths, while aircraft are becoming larger and more complex. From light wooden constructions and open cockpit, today planes fly long distances in all weather conditions, which brought the pilot and the construction of the aircraft to the endurance limit. At the beginning, during the pioneer period, flying was completely in the hands of the pilot and he made all the decisions based on his experience and psychophysical abilities. With the complexity of aircraft and flying, technological, ergonomic and safety conditions have an increasing influence on piloting technique. This paper describes the technological conditions and the development of instrumentation and flight automation systems. The application of the digital cockpit establishes many positive standards, but also raises questions about the further direction of aviation development. A special review describes the use and development of one of the basic instruments in the cockpit -the compass. This instrument is still, in an almost unchanged form, in the modern digital cockpit -glass cockpit.
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Gojda, Martin, Martin Trefný, Markus Schussmann e Radka Šumberová. "Air-Surveyed Cropmarks of Early Iron Age Heritage in Central Europe—Integrating Remotely Detected Data and Excavated Evidence". Heritage 5, n. 2 (24 marzo 2022): 610–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage5020034.
Abstract (sommario):
This paper aims to present the potential of observations of the Earth’s surface by means of remote sensing (survey), specifically via direct (active) visual prospection from low altitude to identify and map small components (such as postholes) of archaeological contexts, namely aboveground post-built structures dated to the Early Iron Age (appr. 800–380 B.C.). This work gives an example of archaeological data on buried settlement constructions identified by aerial reconnaissance (i.e., by a non-invasive method), the interpretation—and primarily dating—of which is based on information achieved by excavation practice (recently performed predominantly during rescue campaigns). This research points to the fact that nonetheless to the traditional idea on the limited potential of crop-marked archaeological heritage in terms of dating (the ability of cropmarks displayed over pits, ditches, graves, etc., to produce exact ground-plans of even small buried features, so that their original function and dating can be determined) the number of more or less precisely datable archaeological sites and features buried under the surface is growing, including wooden structures once constructed on the ground (i.e., not sunken under the ground) and leaving on cereal crops just tiny spots/dots regularly spaced into lines. These are features (constructions) with identical ground plans (postholes placed in 4 × 3 and/or 3 × 3 patterns) of which commonly just one in a group of them situated on one site is enclosed by a perimeter line—a foundation for a wall or a trench for a palisade. Consequently, a retrospective survey of air-photo analog archives and digital repositories now brings new evidence on the chronological setting of many crop-marked Early Iron Age sites that previously remained undated.
25
Chizhova, M., J. Pan, T. Luhmann, A. Karami, F. Menna, F. Remondino, M. Hess e T. Eißing. "TOWARDS AUTOMATIC DEFECTS ANALYSES FOR 3D STRUCTURAL MONITORING OF HISTORIC TIMBER". International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-2/W4-2024 (14 febbraio 2024): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-2-w4-2024-103-2024.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract. Stability of historic wooden constructions is changing with time and should be inspected appropriately for risk assessment and prevention. The stability or strength values of built-in historic timber are difficult or even impossible to be derived without invasive investigation, but this is particularly problematic for the monitoring of heritage objects. Luckily there are some visible timber surface features, like knots and cracks, which can act as individual evidence to estimate the wood strength as well as to adjust its grade class indicator. In the final project, we aim to compare different approaches for 3D digital documentation of historic wood timbers and focus on automatic knot detection using AI techniques. A first feasibility study reported here provides a scientific baseline for the development of an automated method to analyse historic timber stability using 3D surveying and recognised surface features. First results about texture and resolution properties are discussed here.
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Mazurowski, Ryszard F., Danuta J. Michczyńska, Anna Pazdur e Natalia Piotrowska. "Chronology of the Early Pre-Pottery Neolithic Settlement Tell Qaramel, Northern Syria, in the Light of Radiocarbon Dating". Radiocarbon 51, n. 2 (2009): 771–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200056083.
Abstract (sommario):
Archaeological excavations at the Syrian settlement of Tell Qaramel have been conducted since 1999. They are concentrated on remnants of the Protoneolithic and early stages of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic period. The settlement has revealed an extremely rich collection of everyday use of flint, bone, and mostly stone objects, such as decorated chlorite or limestone vessels; shaft straighteners used to stretch wooden arrow shafts, richly decorated in geometrical, zoomorphic, and anthropomorphic patterns; as well as different kinds of stones, querns, mortars, pestles, grinders, polishing plates, celts, and adzes.Excavations brought the discovery of 5 circular towers. Some 57 charcoal samples were collected during the excavations and dated in the GADAM Centre in Gliwice, Poland. The stratigraphy of the settlement and results of radiocarbon dating testify that these are the oldest such constructions in the world, older than the famous and unique tower in Jericho. They confirm that the Neolithic culture was formed simultaneously in many regions of the Near East, creating a farming culture and establishing settlements with mud and stone architecture and creating the first stages of a proto-urban being.
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Polshikova, N. V. "DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND CONSTRUCTION TRADITIONS OF THE STEPPE AND FOREST-STEPPE ZONES OF EASTERN EUROPE FROM THE 5TH TO THE 7TH CENTURIES". Problems of theory and history of architecture of Ukraine, n. 20 (12 maggio 2020): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2519-4208-2020-20-188-195.
Abstract (sommario):
This article is the fourth of the general topics«Development and formation of architectural and construction traditions of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Ancient Russia. In the process of studying historical and archaeological facts, tere arefollowing:The main type of settlements of the early medieval period of the 5th-7th centuries in all territories of Slavs' residence –uninhibited villages along the banks of rivers and lakes on low floodplain terraces with an area of 0.25-1.0 ha, but in Moldova -up to 1.2 ha, in Podolia –up to 1.5 ha, inSmolensk –up to 7.0-8.0 ha. In the Upper Dniester and Upper Dnieper, the location of settlements is «nesting» with a distance between «nests» of 0.3-0.5 km. Layout –ordinary along the coast according to the terrain. Settlements of 3 types: tribal trade and craft centers, shelters and religious centers. Refuge settlements were built in the Upper Dnieper Left Bank, in the Upper reaches of the Western Dvina, in the borderland with Finno-Ugric and Germanic tribes, especially in the Upper Oka basin, where the main type of settlement settlements. They are trade and craft centers of permanent residence, asylum-fortifications were built separately.Placement of settlements -suburban protected areas, additional fortifications -ramparts and ditches, wooden walls with crates along the inner perimeter of the walls, their area is 0.2 -0.3 ha. Ancient settlements-cult centers inSmolensk region had similar fortifications.Dwellings –everywhere rectangular plans (or close to them, with gable roofs covered with a layer of clay or resin, rammed earthen floors.Space-planning decisions in all territories of Slavs' residence are of the same type, the differences are only in wall designs, which depended on climatic conditions, and in the placement of heating devices: among Slavs, stove-stoves and clay in the corner of dwellings, among neighbors of the Slavs (Balts and Finns) –foci in the middle of dwellings.So in the Southern region there are half-dugouts and ground pillars and log houses with a hearth in the center or a stove with a stove in the corner of the outbuilding.In the Northern region there are rectangular log cabins with astove in a corner. In the Western region, there are half-dugouts and terrestrial columnar and log-house constructions with centers in the center or a stove-heater in the corner.Definitely religious buildings –pagan luminaries. Found only in the Smolenskregion. They are round, rammed, a platform with a diameter of 6 m, along the edge of which is in the center of the site.The burial facilities of the early period of the Slovenian middle ages ubiquitous soil burial grounds and mounds are mainly accordingto the rite of incineration.Thus, the construction and architecture in all areas of the Slavs and their immediate neighbors to the VIII century –of the same type. This situation in the Steppe continued in the Middle Ages, when the Turkic-speaking Huns invaded the Steppe in the Middle of the 4th century wich is putting an end to the centuries-old domination of the Iranians and causing the grandiose movement of European peoples –«The Great Relocation».Development and formation of architectural and construction traditions of the steppe and forest-steppe zones of Eastern Europe from the 5th to the 7th centuries –The early stage of the early Slavic Middle Ages –is considered separately for the forest-steppe and steppe zones. The development of constructionin the steppe zone, through which the namada of the Hun circle moved west, is represented only by random mounds, often inlets, left in the Steppe from the previous time. All types of structures of the settled population of the forest-steppe zone that havedeveloped earlier were developed in this period. The early Slavs, the formation of whose ethnicity began in the III century. BC., to the V century. n. e. the main types of buildings have developed, which have had a special development since the 5th century. n. e.
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Şeitan, T., D. I. Andrieş e A. M. Grămescu. "Evaluation Methods for Traditional Houses in Dobrogea". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1304, n. 1 (1 marzo 2024): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1304/1/012013.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Assessing the technical condition of earthen constructions is an extremely difficult task due to the fact that the materials, methods and techniques used in construction have been replaced by new materials and installation procedures. Although they have a fairly large share in the existing housing stock, earthen constructions have not benefited from the same interest in the field of construction. This paper proposes a review of the current assessment possibilities applicable to earthen constructions in relation to the current level of knowledge on a local and international level.
29
Balaguer, Laura, Camilla Mileto, Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares e Lidia García-Soriano. "Bioclimatic strategies of traditional earthen architecture". Journal of Cultural Heritage Management and Sustainable Development 9, n. 2 (20 maggio 2019): 227–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchmsd-07-2018-0054.
Abstract (sommario):
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify and characterise bioclimatic strategies of traditional earthen architecture in a specific territory, the Valencian region of La Serranía. These constructions were built in relation to their surrounding geography or climate through several mechanisms facing the action of solar radiation, water, wind, etc. Design/methodology/approach The research methodology is based on a comparative analysis of selected case studies representing the constructions and typologies of traditional earthen heritage in a territory with similar geography and climate, albeit with certain zonal limitations. Findings The results show that these constructions built with earth offer a global solution to environmental conditioning factors of the region by a series of strategies formalised at urban, architectural and constructive level, either independently or jointly. Although climate variations affect its behaviour, traditional earthen architecture seeks compactness to reach indoor comfort. Originality/value Traditional earthen architecture is a valuable heritage in danger which has been devaluated until several years in this remote region. Therefore, prior knowledge of its bioclimatic strategies and formal constitution is essential to establishing heritage intervention criteria and proposals adapted to its geographical, socio-cultural and socio-economic context.
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Medvey, Boldizsár, e Gergely Dobszay. "Durability of Stabilized Earthen Constructions: A Review". Geotechnical and Geological Engineering 38, n. 3 (30 gennaio 2020): 2403–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10706-020-01208-6.
31
Serov, E. N., e S. I. Mironova. "Strengthening of glued wooden constructions". Вестник гражданских инженеров 15, n. 5 (2018): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.23968/1999-5571-2018-15-5-68-74.
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Mousourakis, Αpostolos, Maria Arakadaki, Sofoklis Kotsopoulos, Iordanis Sinamidis, Tina Mikrou, Evangelia Frangedaki e Nikos D. Lagaros. "Earthen Architecture in Greece: Traditional Techniques and Revaluation". Heritage 3, n. 4 (27 ottobre 2020): 1237–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3040068.
Abstract (sommario):
A big part of traditional architecture both in rural and urban areas in the Greek territory has been built with raw earth. The aim of this paper is to present earthen buildings’ constructions in Greece and show their important contribution to our heritage. The use of earth as a basic constructing material has given different earthen building cultures and techniques. Earthen construction encloses many varied uses and applications, as walls or as plasters. In different periods of time and historical contexts, from the indigenous inhabitants to the neighborhoods of the refugees of Asia Minor Catastrophe, the earth constructions had a primary role. The existence of earthen architecture was investigated in urban and rural sites in Greece. Building information, documentation, and records of buildings’ design, construction techniques, elements, and systems are presented. Today, there is still a rich architectural heritage throughout the country, which has lasted through the years and withstood seismic activities and poor conservation.
33
Pasek, Jan, e Jiri Frankl. "Impacts of Floods on Wooden Structures and Elements in the Buildings". Advanced Materials Research 1020 (ottobre 2014): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1020.49.
Abstract (sommario):
As the floods have become more and more common phenomenon extend of damage on buildings has been increasing too. The wooden parts and constructions of buildings or the construction elements based on wood suffer the most serious consequences. Besides the traditional wooden constructions the modern constructions are more and more common in which wood is often accompanied and modified with other materials. Their behaviour might significantly differ from traditional wooden elements when flooded. This contribution focuses on analyses of the links having an influence on the extend and character of disruption of wooden structures and elements based on wood in buildings by influence of floodwater and its contaminants.
34
Gabrėnas, Arnoldas, e Darius Linartas. "Wooden Objects in Architecture Competitions". Journal of Architectural Design and Urbanism 3, n. 1 (14 settembre 2020): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jadu.v3i1.8604.
Abstract (sommario):
The article deals with the role of wooden architecture constructions in competitions that took place in the recent decade. Architecture competitions for which designs from wood were offered are discussed. The properties of such constructions and their results in the competition, as well as the subsequent phases of the existence of a design, if any, are singled out. It should be noted that wooden constructions, owing to their properties, are increasingly noticeable and are acknowledged with awards. Given that this process takes place in architecture competitions, we can predict architectural trends in the near future.
35
V., Koval’. "The problems of reconstruction of the mediaeval Russian wooden fortifications". Archaeological news 30 (2020): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31600/1817-6976-2020-30-263-276.
Abstract (sommario):
In the attempts to reconstruct fortifications of mediaeval towns of Rus’, often examples of the wooden defences of the 17th century or earthen ramparts of the 18th–19th century (redoubts, schanzen) are used. However, during the mediaeval epoch, Russian towns had fortifications with wooden walls filled with earth. This was established owing to the application of modern archaeological methods. Therefore it seems inadmissible to use later examples for reconstruc- tion of earlier structures.
36
Švajlenka, Jozef, e Mária Kozlovská. "Constructions of buildings based on solid wooden elements". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, n. 2 (1 novembre 2021): 022073. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022073.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract Wood has excellent physical, technological, aesthetic and utility properties. Thanks to them, wooden buildings are very popular and allow to build economically advantageous and modern wooden buildings with long life and durability and thus a positive impact on the ecological and so-called. clean future. Knowledge of its basic properties is the first prerequisite for its proper use in various industries and in human life. In the world, but also in our country, the trend of wooden buildings is becoming more and more widespread, not only in the understanding of cottages, wooden houses and family houses using wooden elements. Massive prefabricated log buildings are a typical representative of wood-based buildings. Massive log buildings have undergone some development and currently in construction practice, this system for the construction of wooden buildings in various more modern modifications. The aim of this paper is to present selected aspects of traditional but also blue log constructions and their application at present.
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Balaguer, Laura, Fernando Vegas López-Manzanares, Camilla Mileto e Lidia García-Soriano. "Assessment of the Thermal Behaviour of Rammed Earth Walls in the Summer Period". Sustainability 11, n. 7 (1 aprile 2019): 1924. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071924.
Abstract (sommario):
The constructive solutions characteristic of vernacular architecture are the result of the convergence of geographical, cultural and climatic factors that bring about constructions characterised by adaptation to their surroundings. However, at present, Spanish regulations do not contemplate the properties of traditional materials, such as those found in earthen constructions, whose great thermal inertia is ignored despite their thermal gains and compensations. Given these limitations, the purpose of this study is to assess the thermal behaviour of traditional earthen architecture adjusting to its real performance and original surroundings. This work thus examines a methodology to assess the thermal behaviour of rammed earth walls based on on-site data specifically collected in the summer in a case study located in La Serranía, a region in the northwest of the province of Valencia (Spain). The results show the evolution of exterior and interior surface temperatures of the earthen wall, quantifying its variation frequency and thermal energy transmission. Based on these data, the thermal transmittance of the wall is calculated and compared to highlight the difference from the normalised value, showing that a review of the Spanish regulations applied to earthen architecture is needed.
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Vargas Neumann, Julio. "The Conservation of Earthen Architectural Heritage in Seismic Areas". Advanced Materials Research 133-134 (ottobre 2010): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.133-134.65.
Abstract (sommario):
The acceleration of climate change and the increasing frequency of natural disasters mean that there is an urgent need to adapt conservation strategies for architectural heritage to the world’s new demands and situations. This is particularly relevant for the most vulnerable constructions, such as earthen structures. Because of the dramatic effect that earthquakes can have on architecture, and especially on historical monuments, they have been studied for the past 50 years. Earthquakes divide the world in two very distinct geographic areas: seismic and non-seismic. The seismic vulnerability of earthen architectural heritage, such as earthen structures and mud mortar masonry, evidences in by how weak they are when compared to structures built using other construction materials (10 to 15 times weaker). Humanity’s past experience in the conservation of architectural heritage allows us to be aware of the need to improve and eventually perfect the existing conservation charters, which were discussed and signed in Europe in the last century. These charters do not make a distinction between heritage conservation in seismic and non-seismic areas. It is imperative to address this particular issue, as seismic forces can be too strong for earthen constructions to resist, which can lead to their irreparable collapse. Inspired by the Venice Charter and China´s principles as well as by more modern documents, such as the Burra, Mexico, Zimbabwe, Lausana Charters, researchers have tried to establish adequate and resistant conservation guidelines, based on achieving the best structural performance using a minimum permanent and reversible reinforcement. Although this involves causing some impact on the architectural heritage, it also means that human lives and buildings can be protected. The paper will provide real examples to illustrate these cases and will attempt to outline the conservation principles required to protect vulnerable structures, such as those earthen constructions or mud mortar brick or stone masonry built in seismic areas.
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Kazantseva, Olga A., e Nadezhda Yu Suntsova. "To the Question about Burial Constructions of the Kudash I Burial Ground". Povolzhskaya Arkheologiya (The Volga River Region Archaeology) 1, n. 39 (25 marzo 2022): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.24852/pa2022.1.39.221.231.
Abstract (sommario):
The paper presents the results of a study of wooden constructions, an important component of the burial rite of the ancient population of the Kudash I burial ground. The monument is located in the Bardymsky district of the Perm region of Russia. The burial ground dates back to the 3rd–5th centuries, it is associated with the age of the Great Migration period of peoples in the Middle Kama region. To compare the wood species of the burial constructions of the burial grounds, the authors used the results of a study of the constructions of the Krasny Yar burial ground (1st–5th centuries AD). When studying timber from constructions, the method of microscopic analysis was used. As a result, it was found that mostly conifers were used for burial constructions in male and female burials: pine, rarely spruce, and deciduous – linden. The constructions in the form of a bier in a status male burial (grave 160) and a complex flooring in the form of blocks (grave 26) were made of linden, while pine was used for other types of constructions. In the men graves, wooden constructions have morphological variety, which indicates the specificity of their occupations (professional and ordinary warrior). Burial constructions in female graves are more standard in form, but made not only of pine and spruce, but also of birch and linden. Some wooden constructions at the burial ground show signs of fire.
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González-Sánchez, B., K. Sandoval-Castro, A. Navarro-Ezquerra, J. Ramírez-Casas, A. Sanchez-Calvillo, E. M. Alonso-Guzmán e E. G. Navarro-Mendoza. "Development and Intervention Proposal with Earthen Refurbishments with Vegetal Origin Gel (VOG) for the Preservation of Traditional Adobe Buildings". Heritage 6, n. 3 (12 marzo 2023): 3025–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage6030161.
Abstract (sommario):
This research focuses on the addition of an ecological, sustainable material to improve the durability of earthen constructions and for use in rehabilitation and restoration processes. Specifically, it studies the mechanical and waterproof performance of an earthen mixture with the addition of a vegetal origin gel (VOG) obtained by extracting the starch contained in rice. This solution increases the durability of the mixture and the behavior against water and improves the mechanical resistance of the system. This study is divided into two parts. First, an experimental phase was carried out in the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya laboratory to design and develop the earthen mixtures stabilized with VOG to obtain an ecological, economical and easily replicable technology that can be transferred to any population group. The second stage consisted of the application of these mixtures and a real intervention in adobe dwellings in the community of Santa Ana Chapitiro, in the State of Michoacan, Mexico. The rehabilitation solutions and dosages were transferred to the residents of the community and applied to local adobe constructions by means of participatory design through an international development cooperation project. Good behavior of the material was found in the early stage.
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Svora, P., P. Kuklík, M. Šrámová Slušn, S. Svorová Pawelkowicz e P. Ecorchard. "External Wooden Constructions – Protection by Titanium Dioxide". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 290 (21 giugno 2019): 012033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/290/1/012033.
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Chernyh, A. G., e M. B. Moskalev. "Features of preliminary stresses in wooden constructions". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 775 (18 aprile 2020): 012143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/775/1/012143.
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Bolmsvik, Åsa, e Andreas Linderholt. "Damping elastomers for wooden constructions – Dynamic properties". Wood Material Science & Engineering 10, n. 3 (3 luglio 2015): 245–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2015.1046920.
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Carrobé, Ariadna, Lídia Rincón e Ingrid Martorell. "Thermal Monitoring and Simulation of Earthen Buildings. A Review". Energies 14, n. 8 (8 aprile 2021): 2080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14082080.
Abstract (sommario):
Since ancient times, raw earth has been used worldwide as a construction material. Today, it is well known for its good environmental properties of recyclability and low embodied energy along the production process. Earthen walls regulate the interior temperature of the buildings, providing comfortable temperatures with a very low carbon footprint. As a result of those advantages, earthen building techniques have been revived and used for contemporary architecture. The aim of this paper is to review the state of the art about the thermal behaviour of earthen building, including all the monitoring and simulation analysis of real earthen constructions up to now. The paper presents the different earthen techniques known nowadays, analysing the most important thermal parameters and the thermal comfort achieved with each technique. Regardless the wide differences among the analyzed cases, the authors conclude that earth building is a suitable solution in hot and arid climates, since it preserves the indoor temperature within the thermal comfort limits most part of the time without any active system.
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Eremina, Tatiana, e Dmitry Korolchenko. "Fire resistance limit for wood constructions in high-rise buildings". E3S Web of Conferences 389 (2023): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338906005.
Abstract (sommario):
A significant problem in the construction area in the Russian Federation is a ban on high-rise wooden buildings. To solve this problem, it is necessary to study the state of the issue in the world and in the Russian Federation, and analyze the development prospects of this area. The necessity to optimize the existing methods for testing wooden building structures is shown. Examples of various documents regulating the production and use of wooden and composite building structures are given. The work reflects in detail the international experience in the implementation of the main provisions of regulatory documents and European tests for fire resistance, which shows the possibility of implementing such an experience in the Russian Federation. To develop a regulatory framework for wood structures in high-rise construction, it is necessary to conduct large-scale experiments on wooden structures to study their fire resistance. In this case, it is necessary to take into account the features of combustible building materials.
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Theocharis, Christoforos, Ernst Kainmüller, Josef Lechleitner, Ulrich Pont e Ardeshir Mahdavi. "Improving the Impact Sound Insulation of an Existing and Refurbished Wooden Beam Floor Construction". Applied Mechanics and Materials 861 (dicembre 2016): 527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.861.527.
Abstract (sommario):
A common source of dissatisfaction in buildings pertains to acoustical issues. Specifically, in existing buildings, exposure to impact noise represents a frequent problem. In Central Europe generally, and in Vienna (Austria) specifically, there is a significant number of existing buildings with floor constructions involving wooden beams as structural elements. Given the steady rise in inhabitants' expectations regarding buildings' acoustical quality, such existing floor constructions do not sufficiently provide the sufficient impact noise insulation. In many instances, the replacement of these floor constructions with concrete slabs is not an option, given a number of structural, financial, and legal (conservation related) obstacles and constraints. The present contribution thus explores the acoustical improvement potential of floor constructions with wooden beams by using modern materials and techniques. Toward this end, a typical 19th century building in Vienna downtown was selected. Multiple improvement options were realized. These involved the deployment of a honey-comb acoustic system, installation of stiffeners bolted to the original wooden beams, as well as an additional structurally decoupled ceiling layer. The impact sound was measured at different stages of retrofit and compared with the performance of the original construction.
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Lens, Jan-Pleun, Lance Reed e Ray Peebles. "The use of geomembranes in the storage of potable water". E3S Web of Conferences 368 (2023): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202336802010.
Abstract (sommario):
In the USA and Australia in particular, water authorities prefer geomembrane lined and covered earthen constructions over concrete and steel constructions because of a myriad of benefits across installation, environmental, and project cost criteria. Floating covers for water reservoirs obstruct sunlight, which prevents algae and reactive by-products from interfering with water taste and odor, prevent the evaporation of water and disinfectants, and prevent dilution from precipitation. In addition to technical background on geomembranes used for liners and covers, this paper compares the installation costs and carbon footprint for geomembrane lined and covered water reservoirs with concrete constructions.
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Kováč, Miloslav. "Comparison of Vertical Light Wooden Constructions Insulated by Straw Bales". Selected Scientific Papers - Journal of Civil Engineering 10, n. 2 (1 novembre 2015): 155–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sspjce-2015-0027.
Abstract (sommario):
Abstract The main task of configuring engineer by designing enclosure construction is to setup performances of the wall to the best options for existing conditions of the structure. Selecting and adjusting bearing elements of perimeter wall is the first step, however appropriateness and position of chosen materials has major influence on technical properties and architectural expression of structure. Besides light vertical constructions (LVC) there are light wooden constructions from glued elements (LPVC), heavy vertical constructions (HVC) and prefabricated vertical constructions (PVC). All types have specifications allowing alternatives in terms of layer structure and bearing elements position. Each type is considered in terms of: structure – 2D drawing and 3D model, thermal insulation, overall heat transfer coefficient, architectural examination.
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Perebynos, Alona, e Tetiana Kryvomaz. "Impact of the biodestruction on wooden buildings of the Bialystok open air museum." USEFUL online journal 2, n. 1 (30 marzo 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.32557/useful-2-1-2018-0001.
Abstract (sommario):
The article describes the state of the buildings of the Bialystok open air museum (Poland). The preliminary survey of biodestruction in the Bialystok open air museum shows that wooden buildings are in good condition and 92% of historical and architectural constructions were estimated to the second category of technical state. Buildings were examined to identify kinds of biological agents by using an algorithm of the monitoring of historical monuments. The main biodestructions of wooden constructions was made by insects, lichens, algae films and colonies of microfungi. In the article a comparison of biodestruction impact was made for Bialystok and skansen «Pyrogovo» (Ukraine). Entomological damage prevails among biodestructions of wooden elements of historical and architectural structures both in the Bialystok skansen and in the «Pyrogovo».
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Li, Zhefeng, e Huijuan Zhong. "Weathering Characterization and Degradation Analysis of Landscape Wooden Buildings in Semi-Arid and Sandy Area". Journal of Architectural Research and Development 8, n. 1 (18 febbraio 2024): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jard.v8i1.5919.
Abstract (sommario):
Wooden buildings play a very important role in China’s construction and landscape architecture industry. In order to explore the weathering characteristics of the surface layer of landscape wooden buildings, the main causes of weathering were analyzed on the basis of summarizing the common types of weathering characterization. The results showed that the weathering characterization was mainly reflected in the surface defects of wood structures, such as cracking, discoloration, peeling, wind erosion wear, and so on. The coating technology on the surface of constructions was the main artificial factor affecting the surface defects of constructions. In the case of similar surface decoration conditions, sunlight and moisture were the main natural factors affecting the weathering of wooden buildings, which will promote the process of weathering.