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Kostiswaran, Prabha. "The laws of social reproduction: a lesson in appropriation". Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly 64, n. 3 (3 marzo 2020): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.53386/nilq.v64i3.353.
This article offers insights into the law’s appropriation of women’s reproductive labour, namely, the intimate labours that they typically carry out in the context of marriage to biologically, socially, emotionally and culturally reproduce members of the household by offering a range of goods and services. Feminist legal scholars have long demonstrated the law’s failure to recognise, much less value, such reproductive labour. Where the law does recognise such labour, feminists argue that it is largely within the parameters of the institution of heterosexual marriage to the exclusion of other organisational forms. The article extends this line of feminist legal critique to reveal feminists’ own reluctance within the debates on social reproduction to recognise the reproductive labour performed by women outside the family and explicitly for the market. Through a cross-sectoral comparison of the law’s regulation of three such sectors of women’s abject labour, namely, sex work, bar-dancing and commercial surrogacy, the article demonstrates how, despite their regulation through criminal law, licensing law and contract law, there are several structural similarities in the political economies of these sectors. Consequently, any change in the rule network pertaining to any one sector of women’s reproductive labour affects women in that sector but also in other sectors. The article argues that it is only through an examination of the deep interconnectedness between sectors of women’s reproductive labour that feminists can assess whether an alternative regulatory matrix would further women’s claims to economic justice.
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Vennila, Soorya, e K. Ramesh. "Women’s Labour and Sustainable Agriculture". Indian Journal of Gender Studies 26, n. 3 (ottobre 2019): 385–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971521519861190.
This article looks at the participation of women in irrigated agriculture in 32 districts of Tamil Nadu and found exceptional involvement in these three districts, which are topographically different from each other, namely Kanyakumari, Nilgiris and South Arcot. The study asked—how does contemporary agriculture support female participation and in turn how does this keep agricultural labour supply and food security sustainable? A range of research methods were used to explore the rationale for exceptional female participation in irrigated agriculture. It concluded that such participation arises because of the existing pattern of labour supply primarily by landowning farm women and labourers. This as a result of male preference for widespread skilled jobs, subsequent changing labour pattern due to male migration, matrilineal property ownership, cropping intensity, multi-tasking of women and the coordinated effort of women’s groups (SHGs) in accessing micro-credits. Finally, subsidies and incentives have further altered and effected greater labour supply of women in agriculture.
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Howell, Jude. "Organising around women and labour in China: uneasy shadows, uncomfortable alliances". Communist and Post-Communist Studies 33, n. 3 (1 settembre 2000): 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0967-067x(00)00011-8.
This article explores the changes in organisation around labour and women’s issues in China. It is argued that whilst the two fields of organisation share common features, they have also evolved in distinct ways, reflecting the relative salience of gender and labour issues and the approach of non-governmental women’s and labour groups towards the Party-state. This focus on women’s and labour groups provides more general insights into the emergence of civil societies, public spheres and corporatism in China. In particular, the contradictory implications of the divergent evolutionary paths of labour and women’s groups underline the need to think in terms of increasingly complex and fluid processes of interest intermediation.
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Mose, Naftaly. "Economic Growth and Female Participation in the Labour Market: Gender Disaggregated Data". Business and Economic Research 14, n. 2 (12 maggio 2024): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/ber.v14i2.21796.
The study aims to examine the impact of economic growth on female labour market participation in Kenya with data spanning between 1991 and 2022. Labour-force data disaggregated by gender are important to monitor the dynamic of gender inequalities in the labour market. The secondary data used to construct the time series was obtained from the World Bank and the International Labour Organization sources. The research was informed by the Feminisation U hypothesis, which describes the tendency of female labour force participation to first decline and then rise in the process of economic growth. The study used a fully modified ordinary least square (FMOLS) and Granger causality test to analyse the long-run effect of economic growth on women's participation in the labour market. The study results indicate that economic growth positively and significantly contributes to women’s participation in the labour market in the long run. Furthermore, the results of the control variables suggest that education has a beneficial effect on women's workforce, while women’s access to the workforce is hampered by male labour market participation, fertility rate, female self-employment and rate of urbanization. The study suggests to policymakers that the strategy to success is to facilitate education, vocational training, and social change that enable women to play the same role as men in the labour market. Finally, women must be in productive sectors and government should remove barriers to ownership of factors of production to encourage them to participate in economic activities and the labour market.
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Ali, Balhasan, Preeti Dhillon, Sivakami Muthusamy e Udaya Shankar Mishra. "Understanding Female Labour Force Participation and Domestic Work in India: The Role of Co-residence and Household Composition". Journal of Development Policy and Practice 8, n. 2 (luglio 2023): 162–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24551333231165355.
Despite a remarkable increase in girls’ educational enrolment and a significant decline in fertility over the last few decades, India witnessed a substantial decline in women’s labour force participation. This article investigates the nexus between family composition and women’s participation in domestic work and the labour force in India overtime. Domestic work participation of women with secondary and middle level of education has increased; however, it has declined among women with graduate degrees. This study finds evidences that the presence of the elderly women, not the elderly men, encourages other adult women’s engagement in labour force participation as against their domestic participation. This analysis also observes that the gender composition of elderly members within the household influence women’s labour force participation. It is also observed that higher educational level among women counters the adverse effect of family care burden and creates a supportive environment for women’s participation in the labour force.
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Carroll, Lorraine, Sinead Thompson, Barbara Coughlan, Teresa McCreery, Aisling Murphy, Jean Doherty, Lucille Sheehy, Martina Cronin, Mary Brosnan e Denise O'Brien. "‘Labour Hopscotch’: Women’s evaluation of using the steps during labor". European Journal of Midwifery 6, September (9 settembre 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18332/ejm/152492.
Gisin, Martina, Angela Poat, Katharina Fierz e Irena Anna Frei. "Women’s experiences of acupuncture during labour". British Journal of Midwifery 21, n. 4 (aprile 2013): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjom.2013.21.4.254.
Malina, Anna. "Assessment of women’s situation on the labour market in EU countries". Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 65, n. 3 (17 aprile 2020): 9–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0458.
The aim of the article is to analyse and evaluate the changes in women’s situation on the labour market of European Union countries in the years 2005–2018. The analysis focused on the economic activity of women and men and the following selected aspects of the labour market: the employment and unemployment rates and the relation between women and men’s wages. A hypothesis that women’s situation on the labour market improved, and the pay discrimination against women shrank in EU countries, has been formulated. The study utilised statistical data from the Eurostat Data Base. The evaluation of women’s situation was performed by means of a synthetic measure whose values were determined using the non-standard formula. That measure served as the basis for the linear ordering of EU countries according to the situation of women on the labour market. The study demonstrated that overall, women’s situation on the labour market improved in most EU countries in the analysed period. In all EU countries, the employment rate of women remains lower than the employment rate of men, and additionally, the former strongly varies throughout EU countries. The indicator which differentiates between the women’s and men’s labour markets to a large extent is the percentage of persons employed part-time. Part time employment is more popular in Western European countries and concerns women to a much greater extent than men. The study indicates that the levelling of women’s and men’s wages is taking place; nevertheless, women’s wages in nearly half of EU countries still do not exceed 80% of men’s average wages.
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Kidane, Asmerom, Esther William Dungumaro, Anita Lee e Teh Wei Hu. "Women Tobacco Farmers in Tanzania: Comparing Actual and Potential Earnings". Utafiti 12, n. 1-2 (18 marzo 2017): 91–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26836408-0120102006.
This study attempts to measure women tobacco farmers’ labour input in Tanzania. A comparison is made with two other crops - maize and vegetables. For the coffee production cycle, women farmers’ output share was estimated to be 1.97 million Tanzanian shillings. Assuming alternative employment were available at a minimum wage, women tobacco farmers would earn 5.7 million Tanzanian shillings, almost a three fold increase if they did work other than farm tobacco. Besides this, 72.58% of total women’s labour for the period was earmarked for tobacco growing, while only 35.58% of total earnings are generated from tobacco production. 20.68% of women’s labour was earmarked for maize growing; on the other hand 39.20% of total revenue is generated from maize production. Only 6.74% of womens’ labour was earmarked for growing vegetables; whereas a substantial 25.22% of total revenue is generated from production of vegetables A Cobb Douglas type production was estimated, where output was regressed on labour input and acreage. While the returns from extra one-acre input were substantial and significant, returns from an extra one unit of labour yielded insignificant results. In other words, besides being hazardous to health, planting tobacco is not a worthwhile undertaking. Alternative employment should be sought.
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Barber, Pauline Gardiner. "Invisible Labour, Transnational Lives: Gendered Work and New Social Fields in Coastal Philippines". ANTHROPOLOGY OF WORK Guest editor: Greag Teal / ANTHROPOLOGIE DU TRAVAIL Sous la direction de Greg Teal 15, n. 2 (18 novembre 2021): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1083875ar.
Feminist research on gender relations in fishing communities has established that through a narrowing of focus upon maritime pursuits, the coast is masculinized and men’s lives are privileged over women’s. The invisibility of women’s labour in coastal communities becomes particularly acute in situations where the labour is performed somewhere else, as is the case here. This comparison of gendered work practices and ideologies in some Philippines coastal households reveals that women’s work is crucial to the reproduction of fisheries sectors. But more than this, most coastal households are not sustained primarily through the fishery, nor through the labour of a male breadwinner. Nonetheless, local gender ideologies overstate men’s contributions to livelihood and understate the economic and social significance of women’s work: productive and reproductive; local and extra-local. Increasingly, the exporting of women’s labour "in service" is both a means of household livelihood and ironically, a strategy for servicing the national debt. Gendered class and cultural affinities are now articulated through transnational social fields creating new forms of consciousness and possibilities for political expression.
Wang, Chen. "Highly Skilled Chinese Immigrant Women’s Labour Market Marginalization in Canada: An Institutional Ethnography of Discursively Constructed Barriers". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42505.
Canada has been active in attracting highly-skilled, foreign-trained workers to overcome its labour shortage, facilitate its economic growth, and enhance its global competency. While promoting gender equality in the workplace and advancing women’s labour market participation are ongoing focuses of Canada’s attention, the arrival of an increased number of skilled immigrant women and their marginalized experiences in the Canadian labour market reflects a critical problem that the underuse of highly skilled immigrant women’s professional skills might be a loss for both Canada and individual immigrants.
This research reveals the lived experience of highly skilled Chinese immigrant women in the Canadian labour market, and analyzes how the barriers to their career restoration were constructed. It adopts Seyla Benhabib’s weak version of postmodern feminist theory and Dorothy Smith’s Institutional Ethnography methodology. Based on interview data with 46 highly skilled Chinese immigrant women, this research identifies these immigrant women’s standpoint within the institutional arrangements and understands the barriers to their career restoration as discursively constructed outcomes. This research contends that the settlement services for new immigrants funded by the federal government fall short of meeting the particular needs of highly skilled immigrants who intend to find highly skilled jobs that match their qualifications. This research also makes recommendations for improving existing language training and employment-related settlement services in order to better assist highly skilled immigrants in using their skills to a larger extent.
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Bazinet, Renée. "Language, Gender, and Work: Investigating Women’s Employment Outcomes in Ottawa-Gatineau’s Federal Public Service". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41627.
Women and men experience work differently owing to the gendered nature of work and workplaces, but there is limited insight into whether language and gender intersect to shape employment outcomes. This thesis project examines full-time employment in Ottawa-Gatineau to determine whether being French, English, or bilingual meaningfully influences employment status in the federal public service in terms of occupational attainment and employment income. A series of descriptive and inferential statistical analyses using the 2016 Canadian census are used to examine whether commuting patterns, occupational attainment, and annual employment income are significantly different across industrial sectors and between women and men, as well as between official language communities. The analysis reveals important differences in residential distribution between Anglophones and Francophones working in the federal public service as well as differences in commuting times, especially to suburban office locations. There are also important differences in occupational attainment and income attainment between women and men across official language communities, with women, especially francophone women, being more likely to occupy relatively low-pay administrative jobs in the federal public service compared to men or anglophone and bilingual women. In many ways, bilingualism in the federal public service is made real by the work of francophone women, although they are concentrated in some of the least-well paid occupations and stand to have ever more time consuming commutes as jobs are moved to suburban locations in Ottawa.
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Dunne, Carmel Lynne. "A mixed-method study to investigate the relationship between the number of social support people present during labour, women’s perceptions and birth outcomes". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2012. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/52681/1/Carmel_Dunne_Thesis.pdf.
The birth of a baby is a significant event for women and their families, with the event being influenced by the prevailing social and cultural context. Historically, women throughout the world have given birth at home assisted by other women who helped them cope with the stress of labour and birth. In the middle of the twentieth century, the togetherness, caring and support that were provided within the social and cultural context of childbirth began to change; women in most developed countries, and to some extent in developing countries, laboured and gave birth in institutions that isolated them from the support of family and friends. This practice is referred to as the medical model of childbirth and, over time, birthing within this model has come to be viewed by women as a dehumanising experience. In an attempt to secure a more supportive experience, women began to demand the presence of a supportive companion; namely their partner. This event became the catalyst for a number of studies focusing on different types of support providers and their contribution to the phenomenon of social support during labour. More recently, it has become a common practice for some women to be supported during labour by a number of people from their social network. However, research on the influence of such supportive people on women’s experience of labour and birth and on birth outcomes is scarce.
The aim of this study is to examine the influence of various support arrangements from a woman’s family and social network on her experience of labour and birth and on birth outcomes. The mixed-method study was conducted to answer three research questions:
1. Do women with more than one support person present during labour and birth have similar perceptions and experiences of support compared to women with one support person?
2. Do women with more than one support person present during labour and birth have similar birth outcomes compared to women with one support person?
3. Do women with different types of support providers during labour and birth have similar birth outcomes? Methods Phase one of this study developed, pilot tested and administered a newly developed instrument designed to measure women’s perceptions of supportive behaviours provided during labour. Specific birth outcome data were extracted from the medical records. Phase two consisted of in-depth interviews with a sample of women who had completed the survey.
Results:
The results identified a statistically significant relationship between women’s perceptions of social support and the number of support providers: women supported by one person only rated the supportive behaviours of that person more highly compared to women who were supported by a number of people. The results also identified that women supported by one person used less analgesia. An additional qualitative finding was that some women sacrificed the support of female relatives at the request of their partners.
Conclusion:
By using a mixed-method approach, this study found that women were selective in their choice of support providers, as they chose individuals with whom they had an enduring affectionate attachment. Women place more emphasis on a support person’s ability to fulfil their attachment needs of close proximity and a sense of security and safety, rather than their ability to provide the expected functional supportive behaviours.
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Kljajevic, Bobana. "Women’s work is never done: a sociological exploration of gender into the household division of labour and mothering roles and its contemporary implications for women in performing the “second shift”". Thesis, Kljajevic, Bobana (2011) Women’s work is never done: a sociological exploration of gender into the household division of labour and mothering roles and its contemporary implications for women in performing the “second shift”. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2011. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/6323/.
This thesis will examine why women are still expected to perform the “second shift” of both housework and childcare within contemporary society. To discuss this, an exploration of gender and feminist literature will explain the way men and women become associated with different gender traits and roles which occur through the socialisation process. In addition, a contemporary perspective will examine the changes that have occurred for women within the public areas of work and the implications for women in combining both their work and family obligations. This thesis will demonstrate that while feminine roles have been analysed by gender theory, further work needs to be done to challenge men’s roles within the home which has reinforced women’s continued association with their familial responsibilities.
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Gordon, Margaret. "Women's labour lost - mothers' labour's cost : workforce participation when children have disabilities /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18561.pdf.
Raymond, Melanie. "Labour pains : working class women in employment, unions and the Labor party in Victoria, 1888-1914 /". Connect to thesis, 1987. http://eprints.unimelb.edu.au/archive/00000326.
Russell, Helen. "Women's experience of unemployment : a study of British women in the 1980s". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339032.
Morton, Bess. "Making diamonds from dust : a working class history of British Labour Party women, 1906-1956 /". Title page, contents and abstract only, 1991. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09ARM/09armm889.pdf.
Bibliography: pages 233-248. This dissertation seeks to examine an area of South African historiography which has largely been ignored, that is, domestic labour. It posits a relationship between working class women, domestic labour paid and unpaid. The material has been arranged around the primary objective of examining the silence around domestic labour and highlighting the gender content of domestic work. It is divided into two parts. The first part examines the conceptualization of class and gender struggles, while the second part examines aspects of working class women's experience of this. Chapter One deals with why women have been ignored in recorded history; Chapter Two examines Marxist approaches to the Woman Question. Chapter Three examines the silence arourid women's experience in South African historiography, while Chapter Four is a critical examination of the recorded history of domestic workers. Chapter Five examines aspects of black working class women's experience of domestic labour in their own families, while Chapter Six documents the experience of a group of organized workers in Cape Town. The study concludes that the way forward is to develop a gender sensitive class analysis as outlined in the work of Lise Vogel. This will open up new areas for research, for example, the rise of the public and private dichotomy, the separation of productive and reproductive labour, the ideology of motherhood and sexuality as well as the changing nature of the social construction of gender identity.
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Case, Bridgette Dawn. "The Women's Protective Union: union women activists in a union town, 1890-1929". Thesis, Montana State University, 2004. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/case/CaseB1204.pdf.
League, Women's Labour, e Labour Party (Great Britain). Women's Organisation., a cura di. Women and the labour movement: Conference reports and journals of the Women's Labour League and the Labour Party Women's Organisation, 1906-1977. Sussex, England: Harvester Microform, 1985.
Billingsley, Brenda. Non-white women's place: Visible minority women in a metropolitan labour force: final report, submitted to Women's Bureau, Labour Canada. [Toronto]: Social Planning Council of Metropolitan Toronto, 1985.
Kealey, Linda. Factor's affecting women's labour force participation. [St. John's, Nfld.]: Royal Commission on Employment and Unemployment, Newfoundland and Labrador, 1986.
Kovacs, Gab, e Paula Briggs. "The Labour". In Lectures in Obstetrics, Gynaecology and Women’s Health, 105–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14863-2_21.
Mehta, Balwant Singh, e Ishwar Chandra Awasthi. "Measurement of Women’s Work". In Women and Labour Market Dynamics, 33–54. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9057-9_2.
Hatt, Sue. "Men’s Jobs, Women’s Jobs". In Gender, Work and Labour Markets, 65–82. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230372306_5.
Chattopadhyay, Paresh. "Women’s Labour and Capital Accumulation". In Marx's Associated Mode of Production, 75–95. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-57535-7_6.
Collette, Christine. "Representation: The Women’s Labour League". In The Newer Eve, 10–55. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230236981_2.
Kabeer, Naila. "Gender Equality, Inclusive Growth, and Labour Markets". In Women’s Economic Empowerment, 13–48. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge ; Ottawa : International Development Research Centre, 2021. |: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003141938-3.
Gallo, Ester, e Francesca Scrinzi. "Moving Out of ‘Women’s Work’". In Migration, Masculinities and Reproductive Labour, 245–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-37978-8_7.
Zimmermann, Susan. "Framing Working Women’s Rights Internationally: Contributions of the IFTU Women’s International". In The Internationalisation of the Labour Question, 95–117. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-28235-6_5.
Gunatilaka, Ramani, e Ranmini Vithanagama. "Women’s Labour Force Participation in Sri Lanka’s North". In Women’s Economic Empowerment, 207–32. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge ; Ottawa : International Development Research Centre, 2021. |: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003141938-13.
Nikore, Mitali, Manvika Gupta, Poorva Prabhu e Vidhi Narang. "India’s Missing Working Women: How COVID-19 Pushed Women out of Formal Labour Markets". In 12th Women's Leadership and Empowerment Conference. Tomorrow People Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/wlec.2021.004.
Abstract India’s women were disproportionately impacted by COVID-19 induced lockdowns and economic disruptions. Recent high frequency data demonstrates that that women suffered massive job and income losses. In December 2020, nine months into the lockdown, there were still 11.5 million fewer persons in the labour force vs. December 2019, 4 million men and 7.5 million women. The overall size of the labour force shrunk by 2.6% between December 2019 to December 2020, yet the size of the female labour force shrunk by 14%, vs. 1% for men. Women faced stricter mobility restrictions, limiting their access to workplaces. Across income strata, women’s unpaid domestic responsibilities increased, with some estimates showing a 30% increase in carework, leaving them little time for seeking renumerated employment. Gender digital divides worsened, leaving women without access to digital business and online education, increasingly important in a post-COVID-19 economy. Most importantly, women faced the scourge of the shadow pandemic of domestic violence, rendering them insecure and unable to work. Despite being one of the world’s fastest growing emerging economies, only a quarter of Indian women were in the labour force even pre- COVID-19. Analysis of time series data over the last five decades (1970-2018), shows that women’s labour force and workforce participation rates have secularly declined to their lowest levels since Independence. Given this disparate impact of COVID-19, in the absence of targeted policy interventions designed to support retention and promote women’s workforce participation, women are likely to continue being excluded from India’s spectacular growth story. Keywords: Women, labour force, wage gaps, India, post-COVID-19 recovery
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Kráľová, Katarína. "Analysis of the Representation of Women in the Business Environment of the Slovak Republic". In Eighth International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2022.223.
In Slovakia, the share of women in the total population of the Slovak Republic is slightly above 50%. Women entrepreneurs in Slovakia are still somewhat the exception rather than the rule. Their approach to entrepreneurship is not the same as that of men and women’s entrepreneurial story is often linked to their personal lives. Women’s entrepreneurship is a hot topic at the moment and by analysing it, it is possible to find out what are the characteristics, qualities, motives and factors influencing women’s entrepreneurial activity in the Slovak Republic. The aim of our paper is to evaluate, through the analysis and development of statistical indicators, the position of women in the labour market in the Slovak Republic not only in terms of numbers but also in relation to the labour market (number of economically active women, employment, unemployment of women in the Slovak Republic) and also the degree of women’s involvement in entrepreneurial activities in order to obtain a comprehensive view of the representation of women in the entrepreneurial environment in the Slovak Republic.
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B., Shatakshy. "‘Rent a Womb Tourism’: Narratives of Unheard Surrogate Mothers in Delhi, India". In 2nd International Conference on Women. iConferences (Pvt) Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32789/women.2023.1006.
Abstract: Commercial Surrogacy is typically understood simplistically, in that a woman carries someone else’s baby in exchange for monetary compensation, a myriad of complexities exists among the intended parents, doctors and the surrogate mothers who invest in the process; emotionally, mentally and financially. Potentially, surrogacy offers one of the most promising opportunities not only for couples to become parents but also for surrogate mothers to earn a living. However, a woman bearing someone else’s child for money is at odds with the patriarchal conception of motherhood that is often viewed emotionally. Surrogacy involves marketisation of the reproductive capacity of women. There is an emotional outburst when it comes to commodifying reproductive labour while other forms of labour (productive) have been historically commodified. This ulterior outburst has often been expressed through vocal debates rooted in women’s reproductive labour being exploited through commercial surrogacy, which eventually led the Government of India to pass the Surrogacy (Regulation) Bill, 2019. With this context, the paper brings out the lived experiences of surrogate mothers through a phenomenological method of interviewing. The paper identifies that women should have the right over their reproductive labour and the ban on commercial surrogacy takes away women’s autonomy over their bodies. Keywords: Autonomy, commercial surrogacy, patriarchy, reproduction
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Naik, Sagarika. "Gender and Migration: (Re)Conceptualizing The Inter-Asian Labour Mobility in The Age of Global Migration 1846-1940". In Global Conference on Women’s Studies. Acavent, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/womensconf.2020.12.128.
Antanoviča, Agnija. "Sabiedrības viedokļa ietekme uz sieviešu politisko pārstāvniecību: Latvijas gadījums pasaules situācijas kontekstā". In LU Studentu zinātniskā konference "Mundus et". LU Akadēmiskais apgāds, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/lu.szk.2.rk.01.
Women’s political representation is influenced by a number of different factors, including those belonging to political, socio-economic and cultural realms. The study analyses one of these factors – public opinion, which researchers classify into a group of cultural factors. While almost half of the world’s population believes that men are better political leaders than women, the median proportion of women in national parliaments in August 2020 on average is 25%. This suggests that women’s political representation may be related to low public support for women in politics. At the same time, although Latvian society in long-term prefers men in politics, there has been a rapid increase in the proportion of women in Latvian Parliament since elections of the 13th Saeima. The aim of the study is to establish whether the situation in Latvia resembles the general global and European Union tendencies, and if not, to identify the factors influencing the increase in the proportion of women in the Saeima. The study concludes that in the context of the world and the European Union, there is a correlation between public opinion on women in politics and the proportion of women in national parliaments. The case of Latvia could be considered a deviation from the norm. The rapid increase in the proportion of women in the 13th Saeima can be attributed to factors like the election of new political forces and a party representing the leftist values, as well as the increase in women’s activity in the labour market.
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Hendricks, Winston, e Babawande Olawale. "Bridging the Gender-Based Digital Divide: Empowerment of Women Through ICT". In Tenth Pan-Commonwealth Forum on Open Learning. Commonwealth of Learning, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56059/pcf10.9136.
This paper explores how digital transformation can bridge the gender-based digital divide and empower women for civic engagement in a digital world. This is because, in recent times, women in developing countries such as South Africa have been marginalized due to the patriarchal sentiment prevalent in society. While gender equality is not only a universal human right, recognizing the importance of gender equality in ensuring the advancement of society will go a long way to reducing the existing gender gaps in digital inclusion. While it has been argued that digital transformation perpetuates gender-related inequality, empowering women has the potential to generate a new source of global economic growth that is more inclusive. In addition, the incorporation of computer-based technologies into an organization's products, processes, and strategies, often referred to as 'digital transformation' is capable of providing an avenue for more equal women participation in labour markets and entrepreneurship. However, despite the advantages of digital transformation for women’s empowerment, women’s marginalisation in digital technologies continues to be evident in South Africa and its education system. The present study, therefore, investigates how digital transformation can bridge the gender-based digital divide and empower women for civic engagement in a digital world by promoting gender equality in the digital communities. Underpinned by an Interpretivist paradigm, the study employs a qualitative research approach and a case study design. Thus, to investigate how digital transformation can bridge the gender-based digital divide and empower women for civic engagement in a digital world, data for the study was collected through interviews from ten female university students in a rural university in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. The findings from the study revealed that while there are several opportunities that the digital technologies present in the quest for women empowerment, the lack of skills and expertise, literacy gaps, traditional and social norms, and a lack of confidence in experimenting with technology, among many others are the key factors that widen the digital gender gap. Based on the findings, recommendations were made that universities and higher education institutions partners should promote women's empowerment by supporting women's meaningful and equal participation in decision making where digital technologies are concerned.
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Nguyen Phung, Hang Thu, e Nahashon Nzioka Nthenya. "Women’s Education and Empowerment: Evidence from a Reform in Kenya". In 13th Women's Leadership and Empowerment Conference. Tomorrow People Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52987/wlec.2022.005.
ABSTRACT This article examines the causal effects of education on women empowerment, focusing on women born between 1950 and 1980 in six waves of Kenya Demographic Health Survey (KDHS) data, who were likely exposed to 1985 education policy change in Kenya. The study employs this new structuring educational system as an instrument and reported the results using reduced-form due to high repetition rate and late enrolment at that time. The findings indicate that being exposed to the new education system yields positive impact on women empowerment. Specifically, being exposed to the 8-4-4 regime, women delayed their age at first birth by approximately 0.564 years, the female genital mutilation (FGM) practice on their eldest daughters declined by 3.51%, sexual domestic violence reduced by 6.47% and their decision-making index was enhanced by 0.067 point. We also conduct some robustness checks and placebo test, and the findings are robust. We provide some potential mechanisms that experiencing the new 8-4-4 system empowers women:1) exposure to information, 2) husbands/partners’ characteristics, and 3) labour market outcome. KEYWORDS: KDHS, education, women empowerment, Kenya, gende
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Muja, Desantila. "Empirical Evidence of the Relationship Between the SDGs and Economic Growth in Albania: The Role of Education". In 7th FEB International Scientific Conference. University of Maribor, University Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.epf.3.2023.25.
Education is considered as a catalyst for change and sustainable development. While, the Sustainable Development Goals are a universal call to action to face global challenges, especially in developing economies. In this regard, the research intends to empirically investigate the relationship between selected UN SDGs and GDP per capita growth rate as a proxy for economic well-being in Albania, focusing more on the role of education, which places emphasis on the knowledge economy. This study employed the Ordinary Least Square regression model as a statistical technique where GDP per capita growth rate is taken as the dependent variable. The data for the period 2007-2020 were sourced from the World Bank, International Labour Organization, Food and Agriculture Organization and INSTAT. The results show that total government expenditure on education (% of GDP), decent employment and hunger are positively related to the GDP per capita growth. However, decent employment appears to be insignificantly related, while gender equity/women’s empowerment appears to be negatively insignificantly related to the GDP per capita growth rate. The research indicates that education can promote economic and socioeconomic goals, consequently, the Albanian government should invest more in education and training.
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Raval, Dr Neha. "The Labour Market Behaviour of Working-Age Women in Surat City". In 2nd International Conference on Women. iConferences (Pvt) Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32789/women.2023.1004.
Abstract: Female labour force participation has always been associated with the socioeconomic development of a country. India being one of the most progressive economies of recent times, it is important to understand gender parity in the workforce of the country and its implications, especially for the strata of highly educated individuals. Though many studies examine female labour force participation in India, the need for domestic study is recommended considering the unique socio-economic fabric of that place. Surat being one of the major economic hubs of western India, understanding labour market behaviour of highly educated working-age women in this city brings fresh prospective to the labour market potential for the future economic progress of the city. This study examines the labour market behaviour of highly educated working-age women from Surat city with reference to social, economic, academic, and infrastructural factors. The present study being descriptive in nature, data were collected from 796 female respondents, working-age women (16–59 years) from Surat city. Data were collected through a digital survey from women who have received a graduation, master, or more than a master degree from Surat city. Though the women respondents included in this study had a high education level, 34.6% of highly educated women are still not working. In social factors, gaining financial independence (55%) turned out to be one of the major driving forces for being a part of labour force; in financial factors, having financial independence (55%) and the responsibility to run a family (24.3%) turned out to be major reasons to work. 63.2% of respondents recommended the need for a more practical-oriented course structure for higher education degrees. 16.8% of respondents are not satisfied with the infrastructure facilities available at the workplace. Though it is difficult to alter the socio-economic fabric of the place, offering relatively equal pay, female-friendly HR policies, and appropriate infrastructural facilities can encourage highly educated females to be a part of the labour force. Keywords: Female Labor Force Participation (FLFP), working age, labour force, Indian labour force
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Demiral, Ezgi. "Comparative Analysis of Female Poverty in Turkey with OECD Countries". In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c13.02558.
The significant a reason of female poverty is that in general, women aren't considered to be in the labour market. Women that are in the labour market either in lower status from men or perform informal jobs or get paid less money even when they're employed in the same jobs. Female employment rate or women's education level are indicator of female poverty. The aim of this paper is to analyse female poverty in Turkey and selected OECD countries. This study obtained the female employment rate and women's education level data from the Economic Co-operation and Development database for the years between 2008-2019. Graphic by these data were analyzed comparative data analysis. In addition, specifically for the analysis of structure of women's employment in Turkey was to get data related to part-time employment, informal jobs and unpaid family workers from Turkish Statistical Institute. The results show that both women in labour market and women's education levels are extremely low level in Turkey compared to selected OECD countries. Part-time employment, informal jobs and unpaid family workers have place in women's employment. When women's employment increases it's expected to see that women poverty decreases. But women in Turkey mostly works in informal jobs or flexible working hours. This situation isn't enough effective enough to struggle fight female poverty and this resulted working women poverty. Firstly, policies should be developed to improve women will have increased participation in the qualified workforce and to length of stay in education by governments.
Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Women’s labour":
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Chinen, Marjorie, Thomas de Hoop, María Balarin, Lorena Alcázar, Josh Sennett e Julian Mezarina. Vocational and business training to improve women’s labour market outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), giugno 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23846/sr71094.
Chopra, Deepta, Devanik Saha, Luize Guimarães, Lucia Bernadete e Kerry Selvestre. The case of MUVA Assistentes: Moving Beyond Income Generation to a New Approach Towards Achieving Women’s Empowerment. Institute of Development Studies, marzo 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/muva.2023.002.
This paper highlights the case of MUVA Assistentes, a public works programme (PWP) that provided training and mentoring to young vulnerable women (YVW) in urban Mozambique. Our paper draws out the main learnings from the MUVA Assistentes project to inform the design of other PWPs that have women’s empowerment as their major aim. We show through our analysis that it is possible for PWPs to achieve women’s empowerment, but only if they go beyond a sole focus on income provision through paid work to women. Instead, we argue that if PWPs formulate their theory of change in line with Kabeer (1999)’s notion of empowerment, with its three interrelated dimensions (resources, agency and achievements), women’s empowerment through PWPs can be both realistic and long-lasting. PWPs have always been popular in low- and middle-income countries as tools for poverty alleviation and mitigating high unemployment rates among young people. Given the disproportionate impact of poverty on women and girls, many existing PWPs often include a ‘gender’ component in their theories of change. A common limitation of such PWPs and theories of change is their overarching focus on providing income opportunities, which they suggest leads to women’s empowerment. However, this has not been the case for most PWPs; hence, learnings from a project that has led to substantive empowerment of young women are highly valuable. The MUVA Assistentes project was a component of the broader MUVA Programme running in urban Mozambique. It provided training to YVW and gave them paid work as classroom assistants in primary schools for one academic year. The project addressed two major problems plaguing Mozambique today: (1) high unemployment among urban young people, especially women; and (2) poor educational outcomes among primary school students. Through a dedicated focus on mentoring the participants, the project supported these women to build soft assets and skills to enable them to realise their future goals and aspirations. This paper highlights that the MUVA Assistentes project led to three major outcomes: (1) building technical skills; (2) improving opportunities for women’s employability in the labour market (while improving public goods); and (3) building soft assets through training and mentoring. Through a close discussion of the experiences of four women participants, we find that the MUVA Assistentes led to an increase not only in income opportunities for YVW, but also in their sense of self‑worth and confidence to exercise their agency in achieving their goals. Further, the project also provided a critical public good by working towards improving the quality of classroom outcomes in government primary schools. We conclude that through building these skills and increasing women participants’ self-worth, PWPs can build women’s resources, agency and achievements, thereby moving closer to achieving a holistic view of empowerment, which encouragingly extends beyond the PWPs’ duration as well.
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Avis, William Robert. Women's Participation in Higher Education and Technical and Vocational Education and Training. Institute of Development Studies, aprile 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4dd.2024.002.
This rapid evidence review collates available evidence on women’s participation in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) (focused on Middle East North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia regions) and impact on social and economic development. The review notes that overall, the existing literature on vocational training programs in the global south has important gaps. The limited evidence and variation of impacts found in available studies across the global south may partly be explained by differences in social, economic, and labour market conditions, existing skill levels of targeted groups, and training program characteristics. Despite these challenges positive impacts have been identified in the following areas: impact on poverty; impact on inequality and impact on social exclusion.
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Walsh, Alex, e Ben Hassine. Mediation and Peacebuilding in Tunisia: Actors and Practice. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), aprile 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.061.
This Helpdesk Report is part mapping of the mediation and peacebuilding actors in Tunisia and part review of the available literature. There are a host of governmental and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) that are involved in the mediation of conflicts and peacebuilding, both in formal and informal ways. There is overlap in the principles and goals of peacebuilding and mediation; many organisations conduct both practices, intermingling them. Local, regional, national and international actors have applied mediation and peacebuilding to many different types of conflict in the past decade in Tunisia, involving varied parties. The case studies included in this rapid review cover conflicts relating to labour and the economy, the environment, basic services, constitutional/political disputes, and women’s rights. They involve local communities, the unemployed national and regional trade unions, civil society organisations (CSOs), national utility and mineral companies, and political parties.
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Mahé, Clotilde, Wladimir Zanoni e María Laura Oliveri. Women’s informal labor market participation in Ecuador. Inter-American Development Bank, dicembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004646.
This paper describes trends, correlates, and critical patterns driving women's labor force participation in Ecuador between 2015 and 2021. We aim to understand better what factors cause women to choose to work in the informal sector in that country. To do that, we process data from seven waves (2015 to 2021) of the Ecuadorian National Survey of Employment and Unemployment. We document changes through time in female employment trends, and isolate key patterns of the statistical associations between household characteristics and those trends. We found an increase in the share of 15-year-old or older women who were active and occupied, as well as an increase in their holding of informal jobs. In addition, OLS estimates point to working informally as a second-best strategy where women -economically constrained, low-skilled agents- substitute for formal employment, opting for informal jobs when facing obstacles in meeting basic needs.
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Kawar, Mary. Gender and generation in household labor supply in Jordan. Population Council, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy2000.1001.
This paper examines gender and age differences in the labor supply of households in Jordan, and the impact of young women’s employment on gender and generation relations. The objective of the study is to address the issues of gender and generation as factors influencing accessibility to labor markets, and to provide a broader understanding of female employment by exploring age-related factors. Empirically, the study looks at the disproportionate workforce participation of young urban single women in Amman, Jordan, and argues that this generation of working women is evidence of a new stage in the lives of Jordanian women: single employed adulthood. It looks at a specific “time” in the social and economic lives of households and individuals. Within this context, the paper constructs a profile of employment characteristics of adult household members to explore the intersecting influences of age and gender and the specific positions of young women. It then addresses how normative gender and generation hierarchies within households respond to these phenomena of young women’s work, their prolonged single status, and their expanding horizons.
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Otero-Cortés, Andrea, Ana María Tribín-Uribe e Tatiana Mojica-Urueña. The Heterogeneous Labor Market Effects of the Venezuelan Exodus on Female Workers: Evidence from Colombia. Banco de la República, luglio 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/dtseru.311.
We study the labor market effects of the Venezuelan migration shock on female labor market outcomes in Colombia using a Bartik-instrument approach.For our identification strategy we leverage regional variation from pull factors and time variation from push factors. Our findings show that in the labor market, female immigrants can act as substitutes or complements for native-born women depending on native women’s education level; immigrant workers are substitutes in the labor market for native-born low-educated women as they compete for similar jobs. Hence, the low-educated native women’s labor force participation decreases. At the same time, time spent doing unpaid care increases for low-educated native women, possibly further preventing the job search for this group. On the other hand, we find an increase in labor force participation of 1.6 p.p. for highly educated women with minors at home and a 1 p.p. higher likelihood of becoming entrepreneurs due to the migratory shock, which supports the complementary-skill hypothesis. Finally, we don’t find evidence that the migratory shock induced households to outsource more home-production as a means for high-educated women to spend more time at paid work.
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Kawar, Mary. Gender and generation in household labor supply in Jordan [Arabic]. Population Council, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy2000.1002.
This paper examines gender and age differences in the labor supply of households in Jordan, and the impact of young women’s employment on gender and generation relations. The objective of the study is to address the issues of gender and generation as factors influencing accessibility to labor markets, and to provide a broader understanding of female employment by exploring age-related factors. Empirically, the study looks at the disproportionate workforce participation of young urban single women in Amman, Jordan, and argues that this generation of working women is evidence of a new stage in the lives of Jordanian women: single employed adulthood. It looks at a specific “time” in the social and economic lives of households and individuals. Within this context, the paper constructs a profile of employment characteristics of adult household members to explore the intersecting influences of age and gender and the specific positions of young women. It then addresses how normative gender and generation hierarchies within households respond to these phenomena of young women’s work, their prolonged single status, and their expanding horizons.
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Vega, Rosalynn. Listening to women in labour. A cura di Sara Phillips. Monash University, dicembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/67f2-e744.
Stevenson, Betsey. Divorce Law and Women's Labor Supply. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, settembre 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w14346.
