Bibliografie tematiche / Women – Crimes against – Iraq

Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Women – Crimes against – Iraq"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 25 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Women – Crimes against – Iraq"

Alfatlawi, Ahmed Aubais. "Accountability of ISIS For Mass Violations Against Iraqi Women: Study In The Iraqi Criminal Framework". Akkad Journal Of Law And Public Policy 1, n. 4 (18 marzo 2022): 156–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.55202/ajlpp.v1i4.83.

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Several questions remain unanswered in light of the heinous crimes against women committed by ISIS in Iraq. This article will examine Iraq's current criminal framework to see if prosecutions for these violations were appropriate in light of international criminal law principles and the security council measures taken after ISIS took control of Mosul and other areas in Iraq in 2014. As an illustration of the kinds of topics we will cover in this paper: Is the Iraqi criminal justice system capable of investigating and holding ISIS accountable? Why did the Iraqi government make a request to the Security Council for help in 2017 if the reaction is positive? In light of what Iraqi women have been subjected to for three years now? While Iraq's criminal framework may have a legislative vacuum or contradiction, why did the Council of Representatives of Iraq not address these issues in its legislative policy, either by amending current legislation or drafting a new law to prosecute crimes like genocide or crimes? Against humanity, in the first place?.

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Ochab, Ewelina U. "Daesh’ Atrocities Against Women and Girls and The Necessary Response". Chrześcijaństwo-Świat-Polityka, n. 24 (27 maggio 2020): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/csp.2020.24.1.24.

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Since 2014, Daesh has been perpetrating mass atrocities against the population of Syria and Iraq, and beyond, and especially, crimes targeting religious minorities in Syria and Iraq. These included atrocities specifically targeting women and girls, including, rape, sexual abuse, and sexual slavery, and many more. Nonetheless, Daesh fighters are not being prosecuted for such crimes against women and girls and their (few) prosecutions are being conducted for terror-related offences only. The paper explores the use by Daesh of rape and sexual violence against minority women and girls. It considers some of the evidence of the use of rape and sexual violence in conflict, and most specifically, in the case study regarding the genocide committed by Daesh. It further examines the necessary changes that need to happen to address the issue. This includes an analysis of what legal measures have been taken to date to bring the Daesh perpetrators to justice, and specifically, for their atrocities perpetrated against women and girls.

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Castellano San José, Paula. "The Rapes Committed against the Yazidi Women: a Genocide?" Comillas Journal of International Relations, n. 18 (19 luglio 2020): 50–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14422/cir.i18.y2020.003.

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Rape has been used as a tool of war throughout the history of mankind. With the establishment of the International Criminal Court, rape was included in the Rome Statute, being internationally recognized as a war crime, a crime against humanity and a means to commit genocide. The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, in its war to establish the caliphate, has carried out a campaign of sexual violence against women of religious minorities such as the Yazidi. This article examines the evolution of the definition of rape in International Criminal Law and applies the current definition to the crimes committed by ISIS against the Yazidi. The study assesses the elements of the actus reus of genocide and considers that the actions carried out by the Islamic State towards the Yazidi could qualify as a genocide by means of rape.

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AL OBAIDI, Bushra Salman Hussain. "HONOR CRIMES AND ITS LEGAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS، MURDER IS A WASH OF SHAME AS A MODEL". International Journal of Humanities and Educational Research 03, n. 04 (1 agosto 2021): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2757-5403.4-3.15.

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The importance of research: The heavenly canons and all laws affirm the guarantee of everyone's right to life, but a look at daily practices reveals that a large number of women are killed daily under the background of honor killings. His race and his religion, is considered today a necessity and a priority heavily placed on the collective conscience. The exacerbation of the phenomenon of honor murders, or the liquidation of women who has rebel against family laws, and the pretext that she is an adulterer, is a dangerous indication of underestimating the right of women to life and is a sign of social discrimination practiced on the basis of gender. The phenomenon of the exacerbation of honor murders indicates a crisis of relationships within the family and society, a crisis of relations within the community of women, the continued dominance of some customs over laws in contemporary societies, and the institutionalization of violence against women and their sacrifice. Iraq society is a tribal society and accepts the idea of killing of women as a means of dishonor. However, killings under this concept have increased as a result of the tyranny of tribal values, and they increased even more after the occupation of Iraq on 9/ 4 / 2003 Research objectives: abolishing the legal articles that encourage the killing of women under any pretext, and making the crime of murder under the pretext of washing shame a premeditated murder, like all murders, and subject to its provisions without wearing the garment of a mitigating excuse and allowing the perpetrators to escape from punishment and activating the implementation of international conventions and respecting them. Part of the national legislation for ratification by Iraq. As well as respect for the constitutional texts being the highest in the application. When talking about treating this crime and setting up a solution for it, the law must be the other side, without a law that protects women, clarifies the limits and provisions of this crime, and establishes appropriate punishment for its images in a way that does not allow the perpetrators to escape from punishment, then there will be no benefit from all that was said It is said about violence against women.

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Kolotukha, I. O. "Violence against women during armed conflict - a war crime or genocide?" Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, n. 76 (14 giugno 2023): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.76.2.38.

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The issue is considered, which aims to establish the connection between violence against women and armed conflict and to determine the different degrees of severity of this crime in international law and in national criminal legislation.The analysis of modern international relations shows that humanity has not yet managed to get rid of wars and other armed conflicts, which are mostly armed conflicts of a non-international nature. This is evidenced by the events in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Afghanistan, Iraq, Liberia, and the Caucasus, and since 2014 Ukraine has not been an exception, the international armed conflict on whose territory since February 24, 2022 has grown into a full-scale war waged by the Russian Federation on the scale of which Europe has not knew since the Second World War.Modern international relations are characterized by a change in the nature of the conflict, the emergence of a number of new categories and situations, an increase in the number of victims among the civilian population, and the increasing internationalization of armed conflicts of a non-international nature. In this regard, the question of the qualification of various manifestations of genocide is extremely relevant, especially in the conditions of the ongoing full-scale war unleashed by Russia.Special attention is paid by the author to the provisions of the statute of the International Criminal Court and the statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, which essentially form the modern doctrine of criminal responsibility for war crimes and the crime of genocide.It is worth noting that violence against a woman appears as a war crime in most cases when participants in a military conflict commit acts that constitute the crime of rape for personal purposes, but as soon as these acts appear within the policy or plan of the leadership, they are committed by order of the command and for the purpose of intimidation, in the context of ethnic cleansing, inflicting severe psychological trauma, extermination of a certain group of people united by any features that are common to such a group and identify it, we can clearly speak about the presence of a crime against humanity in the actions of criminals and genocide. We must also state that violence against women was and remains an integral element of armed conflict, and unlike the precedent of the terrible rampant violence witnessed by the world community in the former Yugoslavia, which became known mainly thanks to the work of the Tribunal, other armed conflicts do not give us such the completeness of consideration of the scale of violence against women, since these crimes are ignored, and due to the lack of an effective mechanism for bringing criminals to justice, we do not have the ability to assess the full scale of crimes committed against women during the conflict. There is hope that this situation will change, since the IСС is functioning, which should effectively resolve such situations.This article actually confirms the relevance of the application of international humanitarian law in national legislation and points to significant gaps that cannot be filled without the help of international law as a whole.With his work, the author tries to draw the attention of domestic legislators to the problems of implementing international humanitarian law into the national law of Ukraine, and to single out the most important directions in this area.

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Mousavi, Seyedmohammad, Yousef Jafarzadi, Shamsollah Khatami e Arash Babaei. "Sadistic Sexual Offenses in Criminal Cases of Iran and France". Asian Social Science 12, n. 3 (23 febbraio 2016): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n3p130.

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<p>Crimes, especially crimes of sexual violence is a problem in every society, in the midst of violent crimes, especially rape, beatings and even death for sex by the psychological impact on creating a sense of insecurity in society the dignity and respect most influential crime is. Sadistic crimes, including cases of sexual violence in the country's laws, particularly the law of France and Iran have been severely. Sexual harassment and sexual violence in France has a mild to severe penalties that depend on the type of crime and its dissemination. So that kind of punishment in relation to crimes of sexual violence are synthetic and financial penalties and even imprisonment is involved. The laws of the country also showed that sexual violence to it that French law has the details of the punishment, has not been raised, but sexual violence in the form of psychological violence by criminal penalties and imprisonment are required. The laws of the country, violence against women and children in two after payment of blood money or the lives of members and in case of immoral nature of the punishment of flogging and death will follow.</p>

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Stempień, Marta. "The United States Approach to Prosecution of Women Terrorists Who Joined the Islamic State". De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności 9, n. 2 (13 aprile 2024): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/dsd.2023.02.08.

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In January 2012, the Secretary of State, in accordance with Section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), designated the Islamic State in Iraq Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO). Based on this, the United States could take administrative measures against foreign terrorist fighters (FTFs) associated with IS, including women. As of January 2023, the United States had formally repatriated 39 citizens. At least 11 more citizens returned of their own accord outside of formal processes, including two women. To date, 11 adults affiliated with the Islamic State, formally repatriated from Syria and Iraq to the United States, have faced charges for terrorism-related crimes. The aim of this research is to characterize the approach to female terrorist returnees in the United States. The following research problem is central to this article: How does the United States deal with the prosecution and conviction of women returnees involved in the activities of the Islamic State? The author focused research on case studies. Research methods include: analysis, synthe-sis, classification, generalization, and statistical data analysis. Women who are left on their own and remain in camps and prisons in Iraq and Syria can impose the ideology of the Islamic State on others, including their children. It is important not to treat the problem of repatriation, rehabilitation, and reintegration of camp residents shortsightedly and to take a long-term solution.

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Ilyas, Azeema. "PAKISTAN AND GENDER (IN) SECURITY A NEED ASSESSMENT FOR SECURITIZATION OF GENDER ISSUES". ISSRA Papers 13 (31 dicembre 2021): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54690/issrap.v13ixiii.92.

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The World Economic Forum in its report, The Global Gender Gap Index 2020, ranked Pakistan at 151th position out of 153 countries just above Iraq and Yemen. Women form almost 50% of Pakistan’s total population yet the laws generally lag in properly addressing crimes that violate or deprive the rights of women and girls in the country. Even the laws designed to address issues related to gender-based violence like the “The Protection Against Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2010” lacks in its purview by not granting protection to women who work in informal workplaces. Despite the Constitution of the country granting rights to each citizen irrespective of their gender and status, discrimination and violence against women and girls is pretty pertinent in Pakistan. This paper takes into account the harrowing situation of gender parity in Pakistan by discussing statistics from different reports and studies while illuminating the gap between rhetoric and implementation on state level. And in that context argues that the state should move to ‘securitize’ the issue of ‘Gender (In)security’, given that it concerns a large portion of its population. Gender Security is also an extremely important factor in achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The paper also puts forth recommendations for all three pillars of the state i.e., executive, parliament and judiciary for the addressal of these issues.

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Vale, Gina. "Case Note – Justice Served?: Ashwaq Haji Hamid Talo's Confrontation and Conviction of Her Islamic State Captor". Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence 1, n. 2 (30 novembre 2020): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/266644720x16061196655043.

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Over five years after the Islamic State (IS) terrorist group launched its genocidal attack against the Yazidi ethno-religious minority community in Sinjar, Northern Iraq, calls for 'justice' remain largely unanswered. While hundreds of IS members have been tried and convicted of their group affiliation, few have faced charges for crimes committed against the Yazidis. However, in March 2020, Ashwaq Haji Hamid Talo – a 20-year-old Yazidi woman – took the stand of a Baghdad courtroom and played a driving role in the prosecution and conviction of her attacker. Through examination of her case in the context of wider political and procedural concerns for trying IS members, this article highlights both the opportunities and challenges for individual victims and the wider Yazidi community to secure meaningful 'justice'.

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Ismail ZAIDAN, Athraa. "INDICATORS OF THE REALITY OF IRAQI WOMEN DURING THE CORONA CRISIS - AN ANALYTICAL COMPARATIVE STUDY". RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 05, n. 05 (1 settembre 2023): 722–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.25.38.

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that Iraqi women were disproportionately affected more than men; They faced increasing risks of violence, and their incomes and livelihood were affected by virus prevention measures to a greater extent compared to men. One of the objectives of the research is to identify the indicators of women’s reality during crises (such as Qid 19) and from the conclusions through the literature and the foregoing that violence is not determined by time, place or environment. Specific and recommendations, including providing comprehensive medical aid to women victims of violence and torture by non-governmental organizations and holding seminars, conferences and workshops dealing with confronting the phenomenon of violence against women. In March 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic began to spread rapidly throughout Iraq, and in response to the new epidemic, the government imposed a complete closure, and everyone, individuals, institutions, and government offices, began to take measures necessary to curb the spread of the Corona virus. The pandemic, as well as the closure itself, had serious repercussions that weighed heavily on all segments of society, and changed the economic and social reality of the Iraqi people. The pandemic has had an adverse effect on a variety of conditions, including individuals’ employment and financial status, psychological status, family and social relationships, domestic violence, education, and health

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Tesi sul tema "Women – Crimes against – Iraq"

Gaznai, Safaa Aldden. "La répression discriminatoire des infractions liées à la sexualité en droit pénal irakien". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011CERG0535/document.

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La sexualité et les infractions sexuelles restent parmi les questions les plus sensibles dans les sociétés en général et dans la société musulmane en particulier, notamment parce qu'ils touchent à la l'intimité profonde de la personne. Chez les peuples du Moyen-Orient, dont l'Irak, la question de l'honneur sexuel (‘ird) est une question de vie ou de mort liée étroitement à la tradition dominante.Au sein de la société irakienne, l'inégalité entre hommes et femmes est une évidence reflétée par plusieurs aspects de la vie courante, notamment dans la gestion de la sexualité, la tolérance que la société y accorde, et la polygamie, qui, toutes, semblent avantager l'homme aux dépens de la femme. Le traitement discriminatoire des libertés sexuelles masculine et féminine est renforcé et affirmé dans le droit irakien lui-même. L'importance de la discrimination sexuelle a des répercussions néfastes sur le statut et l'émancipation des femmes irakiennes, ainsi que sur l'évolution globale de la société
This Ph.D. dissertation examines how Iraqi criminal law with regard to sex and sex-related crimes severely discriminates women in Iraq. It looks at this issue in light of ancestral traditions of prejudice and violence against women that are deeply rooted in Iraqi society. Honor is an extremely important notion in the mentalities of Iraqi people. Women are supposed to maintain chastity and sexual purity in order to be considered "honorable". Anything that compromises their chastity, including crimes of which they are victims such as rape, destroys their honor and along with it, that of their entire family. Many women in this situation find themselves killed, injured, or forced to marry their attacker in order to allow their families to recover their honor. This study shows how Iraqi legislation, case law and legal doctrine all contribute to encourage and perpetuate this problem, and suggests some possible solutions

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Lee, Pik-kuen Anne, e 李碧娟. "Sexual violence against women in Hong Kong: socio-structural & cultural perspective". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1994. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31977716.

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Lee, Pik-kuen Anne. "Sexual violence against women in Hong Kong : socio-structural & cultural perspective /". [Hong Kong] : University of Hong Kong, 1994. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B14764003.

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Faleni, Mzukisi Welcome. "Hagar: case study of abuse of women". Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2008. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_1551_1254303991.

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According to modern standards, the narratives about Hagar in Genesis 16 and 21 are stories of abuse, as many feminist commentators have pointed out. Some of them, however, argue that the narrator condones what happened to Hagar, seeing it as perfectly normal. This thesis aims to investigate whether and how Hagar was abused according to the narrator of Genesis 16 and 21: 8-21.

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O'Shea, Sharon. "Female Sexual Victimization: Psychosocial Consequences". Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500451/.

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This archival and qualitative research adds insight into the psychosocial consequences females of sexual victimization incur. Sexual abuse is a pervasive, complex societal problem experienced by 30%-46% of American females. The psychosocial consequences are numerous, often severe, and can result in death. They include: anxiety, BPD, denial, dependence, despair, eating disorders, destructive relationships, fear, guilt, hallucinations, helplessness, hopelessness, hysteria, insecurity, isolation, MPD, nightmares, numbness, passivity, pessimism, phobias, PTSD, rage, self-loathing, sexual dysfunctions, shame, shock, sleeping disorders, stigmatization, stress-related disorders, substance abuse, and suicide. The severity of psychosocial consequences to female victims varies greatly depending upon the degree, duration, and emotion surrounding the abuse, the victim's health, and the health of the victim's social network. In conclusion, strategies suggested in the literature to combat female sexual victimization are outlined.

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Chiu, Yi-Ning. "Patterns in Unsolved Sexual Offences Against Women by Strangers". Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366582.

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Offending patterns in stranger sexual offences against women were analysed to identify crime scripts, and the predictive factors and contexts involved in unsolved cases. The aim of the study was to explore what patterns could be found in sexual offences against women for unsolved offences. Crime script analysis, hierarchical logistic regression and conjunctive analysis were used to analyse data from 542 cases from the Violent/ Sexual Crime Database (VSCD) based on police data. The sample was limited to sexual offences against women (16 years or above) by male stranger offenders, in a hands-on sexual offence in Queensland, Australia. An overall crime script was extracted, as well as script tracks for solved and unsolved cases. Differences were found in the location/ setting, offender approach method and offender-victim interaction stages. Several variables were found to be statistically significant in predicting whether a crime was solved or not: offender consumption of alcohol or drugs prior to the offence, vehicle used, bystander presence at any location, minimal offender force used, and if the victim was attacked while walking at the time of initial contact with the offender. After controlling for the presence of forensic evidence and case linkages within the sample, the two strongest predictors were offender use of minimal force and offender prior use of alcohol or drugs. Overall two themes emerged from the findings that impacted whether a case became solved or unsolved: criminal effectiveness and the level of personal engagement between the offender and victim. The concept of the travelling victim was also identified in relation to unsolved crimes. Prevention implications are discussed.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Criminology and Criminal Justice
Arts, Education and Law
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Makota, Gillian. "Narratives of women victims of GBV-POWA Johannesburg women's writing project, 2008-2013". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/6432.

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Gender-based Violence (GBV) has emerged as a major issue on the international human rights agenda and a major public health challenge throughout the world. A large proportion of the violence committed against women is perpetrated by their intimate partners. According to the World Health Organization’s Multi-country Study on Women’s Health and Domestic Violence, it is estimated that approximately 10% to 60% of married women have experienced physical intimate-partner violence during their lifetimes (Garcia-Moreno, Jansen, Ellsberg, Heise and Watts, 2006). Once the extent of GBV in South Africa was realised interventions were put in place to address the issue and the Domestic Violence Act No 116 of 1998 (DVA) was instituted by the South African government, aimed at protecting and combating violence against women. The notion of ending GBV was also acknowledged by the late former South African president, Nelson Mandela (Nelson Mandela’s first State of the Nation Address in Parliament in Cape Town, South Africa, 24 May 1994) said: “Freedom cannot be achieved unless the women have been emancipated from all forms of oppression." (www.ehow.com, first accessed 9 August, 2013). People Opposing Woman Abuse (POWA), a Johannesburg-based non-governmental organization (NGO), initiated interventions to address GBV. POWA offers services to women in South Africa (SA) who have experienced domestic violence, sexual harassment or rape and other forms of violence, by aiming to creating a safe society where women are powerful, self –reliant and respected. Driven by the need to create a collective space through which women could share their stories of surviving GBV, POWA established the Women’s Writing Project (WPP) in 2005. The project publishes annual anthologies with specific themes for a particular year, giving women survivors a platform and opportunity to tell their stories as an important part of the healing process. Though the first anthology was published in 2005, this thesis only provides an analysis of the POWA WWP anthologies from 2008-2013. The notion that narratives can be used as therapeutic tools had prompted the researcher to use existing narratives as a basis to investigate GBV. The study is a qualitative, interpretive study, using content analysis as a method and working within the framework of the Ecological model (1999:18) which talks about the multi-faceted nature of GBV. A total of 65 English narratives, 13 per anthology, by survivors of GBV were used and common themes that emerged were identified to obtain accounts of these selected women’s perceptions, experiences and articulations on GBV. Informed by a theoretical framework consisting of Heise, Ellsberg and Gottemoeller’s Ecological model (1999:18), the USAID GBV Life cycle model (2009:15) and the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) GBV health effects document (2005:23), the researcher extracted the main overarching themes which emerged from the women’s narratives. Drawing on the study’s content analysis methodology and the subsequent emerging main narrative themes, the researcher could draw certain conclusions about general similarities in the experiences and perceptions about GBV of the women who participated in POWA’s Johannesburg-based five-year Women’s Writing Project (2008-2013). The most salient of these conclusions are that the following issues are major factors contributing to GBV in the specific sample group, and by assumption also among the larger population that it represents: alcohol abuse and the absence of mother figures. Conclusions about the effects of GBV include that most women suffer from psychological health effects due to GBV experiences. Based on the selected narratives in this study the researcher could conclude that self-narrative storytelling and the recounting of traumatic experiences had therapeutic potential in the treatment and recovery of survivors of GBV. Many of the narrators said that structured self-narration and the publication of their stories had helped to construct a recovery support system not only for themselves but also for those who are possibly still suffering from the consequences of violence. In this way survivors of GBV can therapeutically construct new identities for themselves, which transcend their abuse and thereby actively participate in the construction of meaning in their lives.

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Thatsaphone, Songbandith Penchan Pradubmook-Sherer. "Sexual violence against service women in Vientiane capital of Lao PDR /". Abstract, 2006. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2549/cd388/4737922.pdf.

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Aziz, Hanan Pehin. "Domestic and sexual violence against women from the Islamic perspective : focus on Brunei Darussalam". Thesis, University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.683019.

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Bento, Gustavo Leoplodo. "The difference between bystander normative judgments and intentions to intervene in male on female physical violence". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/3144.

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Libri sul tema "Women – Crimes against – Iraq"

Taqrīr ʻan Ightiṣāb, wa-qatl, wa-taʻdhīb, wa iʻtiqāl akthar min 4000 imraʼah fī balad al-maqābir al-jamāʻiyah (al-ʻIrāq): = Untold stories of more than 4000 women raped, killed, and tortured in Iraq, the country of mass graves. London: Mīruwj lil-Ṭibāʻah, 2003.

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Committee for Solidarity with the Iranian People. The enduring struggle: Women in Iran. [Toronto: The Committee, 1986.

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Gendered experiences of genocide: Anfal survivors in Kurdistan-Iraq. Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2010.

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(Organization), Human Rights Watch. Climate of fear: Sexual violence and abduction of women and girls in Baghdad. New York: Human Rights Watch, 2003.

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Allāh, Aḥmad Kaylān ʻAbd. al-Awṣāf al-jurmīyah lil-aʻrāf wa-al-mumārasāt allatī tushakkil ʻunfan ḍidda al-marʼah: Dirāsah muqāranah. al-Qāhirah: al-Markaz al-ʻArabī lil-Nashr wa-al-Tawzīʻ, 2022.

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Deadly untruths. Tallahassee, Fla: CyPress Publications, 2008.

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Kār, Mihrangīz. Pazhuhishi dar barah khushunat ʻalayh-i zanan dar Iran. Tehran: Intisharat Rushangaran va Mutāliʻat Zanan, 2000.

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Saberi, Roxana. Between two worlds: My life and captivity in Iran. New York: Harper, 2010.

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Saberi, Roxana. Between two worlds: My life and captivity in Iran. New York: Harper Perennial, 2011.

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Between two worlds: My life and captivity in Iran. New York: Harper, 2010.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Women – Crimes against – Iraq"

Collins, Victoria E. "Feminist perspectives on state crimes against women". In The Routledge International Handbook of Violence Studies, 179–89. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315270265-17.

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Łoś, Maria. "Crimes of Women: Offences Against the New Ethics". In Communist Ideology, Law and Crime, 221–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-08855-3_10.

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Collins, Victoria E., e Anne M. Mahar. "What can be done about state crimes against women?" In The Routledge International Handbook of Violence Studies, 458–68. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2019. |: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315270265-43.

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Maiti, Nibedita, e Ramesh Chandra Das. "Crimes against Women during Pre- and Post-Nirbhaya Incident". In Social Sector Development and Governance, 93–110. London: Routledge India, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003251132-8.

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Sharma, Srishti, Arpita Mohanta, Mayank Janoti e Meeta Singh. "Criminological insights into crimes against women: An in-depth analysis". In Artificial Intelligence and Information Technologies, 50–54. London: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003510833-9.

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Ravi Teja, K., K. R. M. Ajay Kumar, G. S. S. Praveen e D. N. D. Harini. "Analysis of Crimes Against Women in India Using Machine Learning Techniques". In Communication Software and Networks, 499–510. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5397-4_51.

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Fontanelli, Filippo. "Sketches for a Reparation Scheme: How Could a German-Italian Fund for the IMIs Work?" In Remedies against Immunity?, 159–87. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-62304-6_8.

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AbstractGiven the deadlock in the current negotiations between Germany and Italy and the unavailability of judicial remedies for the victims, the two states could set up a reparation scheme. This chapter sketches some of the main features of such a hypothetical scheme, considering existing internal or international arrangements in the context of transitional justice (the Foundation ‘Remembrance, Responsibility and Future’ (Erinnerung, Verantwortung und Zukunft) scheme; the Australian DART scheme; the deal between Japan and South Korea on reparations to ‘comfort women’; the US/French schemes for reparations and restitution to holocaust victims; the Eritrea/Ethiopia reparations scheme; and the Iraq/Kuwait scheme). In particular, the emphasis is on the system of identification of the eligible victims, the question of financing and the fate of pending and future judicial claims. Assuming the states’ willingness to explore this project, the chapter outlines some of the ways the scheme could operate in practice, drawing from existing models.

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Watson, Danielle, Loene Howes, Sinclair Dinnen, Melissa Bull e Sara N. Amin. "Women and the Institution of Policing in the Pacific". In Palgrave's Critical Policing Studies, 151–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10635-4_6.

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AbstractGender equality has increasingly been a focus for governments of Pacific Islands countries (PICs) and the international, regional, and local organisations working with them. As the most visible arm of governance, police organisations have attracted significant attention in terms of the gender agenda due to their role in responding to issues affecting women. This shift can be attributed to increased recognition of gender inequality in PICs and its association with high rates of crimes against women. This chapter discusses the changing place of women in highly gendered policing organisations internationally and in the Pacific. It considers influences on gender in Pacific policing associated with international, regional, and national frameworks, policies, and agendas aimed at improving women’s circumstances. The chapter then explores how regional instability and gender-based violence have shaped female officers’ participation in policing and provides examples of the impacts of their involvement in regional initiatives.

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Brooks, Ann. "Contemporary women public intellectuals: the United States (1)". In Women, Politics and the Public Sphere, 79–104. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447330639.003.0006.

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This chapter assesses three high-profile women public intellectuals in the US: Condoleezza Rice, Samantha Power, and Susan Rice. All of these three women public intellectuals are significant role models for women wanting to move from academic positions into different administrations. While the contribution and legacy of Condoleezza Rice is a mixed one, no one can detract from her contribution and achievements as an African-American academic woman and public intellectual. Condoleezza Rice can take credit for a number of policy successes, including the restoration of full diplomatic relations with Libya and progress in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Meanwhile, one of the most interesting aspects of Power's career is the contrast between her ardour as an activist and her duties as an adviser. Finally, Susan Rice was highly effective in her role as national security adviser and oversaw the coordination of intelligence and military efforts during a period that was marked by an escalation of the battle against the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in the Middle East, the crisis in Syria, and increased aggression from Russia.

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"Crimes against Women". In A Gender Atlas of India: With Scorecard, 125–48. 1 Oliver's Yard, 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP: SAGE Publications, Inc., 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9789353287832.n7.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Women – Crimes against – Iraq"

Abdalhusein Almtlak, Asmar. "The genocide crimes of ISIS gangs in Iraq 2014-2017". In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/41.

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During the period confined between 2014-2017, the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) took control of a number of important cities in Iraq, and the organization led a wide campaign of violence and systematic violations of human rights and international law, which amounts to war crimes and crimes against humanity. 0 The Iraqi people were subjected to the largest brutal crime in the history of humanity when these terrorist elements targeted women, children, civilians and minorities, as well as religion and belief, and committed many crimes of genocide against them.

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Aziz Sadiq Kasnazany, Taib. "Prosecute and punish the perpetrators of sexual violence against Yazidis as a crime against humanity, even the possible genocide committed by ISIS". In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/61.

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"Abstract On the 3rd of August 2014, ISIS fighters attacked the Sinjar region in northern of Iraq, mostly populated by Yazidis, a religious minority. In almost 3 days, most of the villages in the region were vacated and their residents captured. These events mark the beginning of a campaign of extreme violence that has left men and women apart. Adult men were massacred while girls and women were held for sale as sex slaves. More than 7 years after these events, no prosecution has been brought by International Criminal Court. States are unwilling to try their nationals guilty of crimes of genocide against the Yazidis. This paper aims to analyze the genocide of the Yazidis from the perspective of sexual violence and in particular to determine whether it can be considered to the status of genocide. The origins and legal sources of the genocide are first analyzed. This violence is then examined in the light of certain elements constituting the crime of genocide. Finally, the challenges to be met in the fight against impunity in International Criminal Court are mentioned in the conclusion."

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Adikari, Nadeesha. "CYBER VIOLENCE (CRIMES) AGAINST WOMEN AND GIRLS". In World Conference on Women’s Studies. TIIKM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.17501/wcws.2016.1101.

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Julian, Anitha, e Varshini K. "Analysis and Prediction of Crimes Against Women". In 2024 3rd International Conference for Innovation in Technology (INOCON). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/inocon60754.2024.10512112.

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Jadhav, J. S., Dr K. M. Nalawade e Dr M. M. Bapat. "Rule-Based Expert System and Its Application with Special Reference to Crimes Against Women". In 2018 3rd International Conference and Workshops on Recent Advances and Innovations in Engineering (ICRAIE). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icraie.2018.8710441.

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Kumar, Sarthak, Om Parhad, Dhruv Pathak, Shivani Irlewad, Payel Parira e Rajendra Pawar. "Forecasting the Rate of Crimes Committed Against Women Using Machine Learning Approach and Data Mining Techniques". In 2023 7th International Conference On Computing, Communication, Control And Automation (ICCUBEA). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccubea58933.2023.10392097.

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Alencar, Eliene Vieira, Dennis Luciano Pereira Araújo e Daniel Bueno Amorim. "The role of the state of Tocantins in preventing and combating violence against women". In V Seven International Multidisciplinary Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevenvmulti2024-040.

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The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (United Nations, 1948) states that everyone has the right to life, liberty and personal security. However, these basic rights of every human being, when it comes to women, are constantly violated. For the World Health Organization (2021), one in every 3 women suffers some type of violence. In Brazil, the number of crimes against women grows every year, and this is a reality in the State of Tocantins (Brasil Popular, 2021). Faced with this alarming scenario, with the objective of verifying the institution and execution of programs/projects/actions related to the public policy of preventing and combating violence against women in the State of Tocantins, in the year 2021, an exploratory research was carried out, predominantly qualitative nature, supported mainly in public documents, obtained from official websites of the Government of the State of Tocantins.

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Fatima, SLIMANI. "Criminal Protection of Women from Violence in Algerian Legislation". In I.International Congress ofWoman's Studies. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/lady.con1-25.

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Criminal protection for women includes the protection of human life, health, bodily integrity and social and economic security through legislation that strives to reduce attacks on their life, health and security needs. In the interest of the Algerian legislator to protect women, he issued many laws to regulate this protection, in line with international and regional agreements aimed at protecting women from violence, which Algeria has ratified, especially the Convention "CEDAW", which prohibits all forms of discrimination against women, and this is evident through the Algerian legislator's amendment of the Algerian Penal Code under Order 19/15 of 30/12/2015, which includes new texts criminalizing various forms of violence against women, such as the crime of sexual harassment and crimes of domestic violence against women. It was physical or moral violence, with the tightening of its penalties up to custodial penalties and financial fines, and with the aim of the legislator to try to limit the spread of this phenomenon in Algerian society. Keywords: Custodial Penalties, Moral Violence, Tightening.

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Saeed Ghafoor Ahmad, Kosar, e Amanj nasih qadir omer. "Prosecuting the perpetrators of the Camp Speicher crime according to Iraqi laws or the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court". In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/45.

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"This work includes talking about the crime of Camp Speicher, in which 1,700 students of the Iraqi army of the Sheea creed were killed by the gangs of the terrorist organization ISIS, with the aim of eliminating the members of this sect because of the misleading ideology carried by those gangs. On 6-12-2014, Iraqi soldiers at Camp Speicher (Speicher Air Base) in Tikrit were subjected to murder and enforced disappearance by terrorist organizations because of their affiliation to the Sheea creed. This crime was among a series of brutal crimes for the genocide of Sheeas in Iraq. This is similar to what happened in the Badoush prison crime in the province of Mosul, which the Iraqi Parliament considered it as a crime of genocide, in which these gangs executed about (400) members of the prison inmates of the Sheea component. After ISIS took control of the city of Tikrit in Iraq, and one day after they took control of the city of Mosul, they captured (2000-2200) soldiers and led them to the presidential palaces in Tikrit, and they shot them there and in other areas and buried some of them alive. This disaster had a negative impact on the families of the victims of the Speicher where they went out in demonstrations demanded that the leaders who handed over the victims of Speicher to ISIS must be prosecuted, and in one of the demonstrations they managed to enter Parliament and demanded that the leaders who handed over Speicher to ISIS be held accountable. After that, many demonstrations took place by the families of the victims, some of which led to the closure of a bridge in Baghdad a few times Protesting the government's delay in clarifying the fate of their children or taking quick measures. The Iraqi parliament and government recently considered the Speicher incident “genocide” in reference to the premeditated murder of Badoush Prison inmates in Nineveh Governorate and the unarmed Speicher military base, the premeditated murder of members of the Albu Nimr, Jabour, al-Lahib, and al-Ubaid tribes, and the killing and displacement of civilians from Kurds, Christians, Yazidis and Shabaks in Sahel Nineveh, Sinjar, deliberate killing and displacement of Turkmens in Tal Afar and Bashir. This decision paves the way for obtaining international recognition from it as a ""genocide"" as stipulated in the Contract of the United Nations in 1948, and Iraq signed it in the fifties of the last century. This study attempts to explain the Al-Ikhnasas Court in looking into the crimes of genocide committed by ISIS against the bereaved students of the Air Force Base (Speicher) due to what this issue raised from the national and international public opinion, especially after the involvement of the Iraqi army leaders in this massacre, according to what witnesses reported in that area and what was reported by soldiers who survived the incident, in addition to the involvement of some members of the Sunni tribes in these crimes with the terrorist organization ISIS. The importance of this study lies in the following aspects: - That ISIS elements were tried according to Anti-Terrorism Law No. 13 of 2005, and from our point of view that the aforementioned law is vague and broader than it should be, and it applies to serious and simple crimes from murder to crimes of sabotage, and the list of crimes punishable by the death penalty according to the aforementioned law is a long list and spacious. - The Iraqi government has embarked on an attempt to develop a legal framework to prosecute ISIS elements, and its mission focused on understanding the procedures and results drawn from those judicial efforts, and its mission also focused on showing the efforts taken by the Iraqi government to address violations in the field of the right to life, including those committed by affiliated forces government as well as other international and domestic actors. The International Criminal Court is specialized in considering specific crimes under Article (5) of its Statute, which are war crimes, aggression and crimes against humanity, which necessitates the adaptation of Speicher's crime within any of the mentioned types of crimes. The assumption of the International Criminal Court in relation to the Speicher crime, includes several positive matters and results at the same time a set of negatives, which must be presented to those positives and negatives in order to give preference between them and the choice of authorizing the court to consider the crime or not. The terrorist organization ISIS has committed serious systematic violations, including war crimes and others, and perhaps those that are not under its control, and that none of these crimes can be addressed within the anti-terrorism law, which cannot address human rights violations. The international community has recognized the heinous violations committed by ISIS against the citizens of Iraq by adopting Resolution (2370) in September of 2017, issued by the Security Council, which authorizes the Security Council to appoint an investigation team to support local efforts to hold ISIS elements accountable by collecting and preserving evidence in Iraq, which can rise to a high level, and it was committed by the elements of the organization. It considers that the decision constitutes a burden and an obligation on Iraq to investigate all allegations of violations committed by government forces for the purpose of holding them accountable, as well as requiring the establishment of special courts and trained judges in relation to ISIS crimes to deal with them. Terrorism is a global curse that has recently spread horizontally to all countries of the world and its effects have been concentrated vertically in some countries, and no one denies that the parties to this phenomenon are increasing (perpetrators and victims) and the United Nations in particular and the international community in general has not succeeded in reducing it despite the fact that the resolutions of the UN Security Council It is increasing, but the proportionality is absent between these decisions and the practical reality. The phenomenon of terrorism is spreading rapidly, and the perpetrators of terrorist acts are on the rise, corresponding to an increase in the victims of terrorism. Also, the circumstances and events that Iraq is going through, especially after 2003, put it at the forefront of countries which suffers from terrorism that has killed the people, using methods and forms that were not previously known and brutal and bloody cruel. ) for the year 2005, and since terrorism was not limited to Iraq, but included many countries, and was not specific to a place or time, nor was it recent in terms of composition. In addition, the aforementioned law cannot be aware of all violations of international and humanitarian law, as we mentioned previously, which requires the necessity of referring the criminals to a competent court. The Court conducts its rule under Article (13) of its Statute when referred to it by a state party to the same system or by the Security Council or when the Public Prosecutor conducts the investigation on his own, and then how does the Court take its measures regarding the aforementioned crime if we take a look Considering that the State of Iraq is not a member of the Statute of the Court. The rule of the court is free from the death penalty, which makes the idea of authorizing the court to consider the crime rejected by most Iraqis, especially the families of the victims. What are the negative aspects of the Iraqi national judiciary’s view of the Speicher crime, and how can it be avoided if the International Criminal Court plays this role? What are the guarantees provided by the court in the event that it proceeds with its procedures regarding this crime? The research on this subject is according to the appropriate method, which is the analytical and comparative method, which works on studying and comparing topics by analyzing ideas and jurisprudential rulings, and the positions of the governments of countries and the United Nations, as well as the resolutions of the Security Council and the General Assembly, and comparing arbitration between Iraqi courts. And the international courts regarding the trial of the perpetrators of the Speicher base crime, and then come up with a set of conclusions and recommendations."

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Nabee Mohammed, Aram, Nishtiman Othman Mohammed e Atifa Kabir Ahmad. "" The International Legal Background for the Protection of Children in Armed Conflict ((Yezidies Case)) "". In Peacebuilding and Genocide Prevention. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicpgp/27.

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"Abstract: This research focus on the protection right of children in armed conflict. Some time, children recruited and used in hostilities as a fighter by armed forces or armed groups. For instance, Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS) has recruited thousands of children to commit international crimes like genocide, war crime and crime against humanity. In addition, the research explains the abusing and trafficking children for sexual purposes. For example, in Iraq ISIS forces raped Yezidy girls and then used in armed conflict. Furthermore, during armed conflict children face refugee and internal displacement. Moreover, the research analyse the effects of armed conflict on children especially when armed forces attack hospitals and schools and kill them. The research tries to answer the questions, why the children are the purpose? What is the responsibility of children when they participate in hostilities? What is the minimum age of children to participate in hostilities? Is it legal to involve children in armed conflict?"

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Women – Crimes against – Iraq"

Tadros, Mariz, Sofya Shabab e Amy Quinn-Graham. Violence and Discrimination Against Women of Religious Minority Backgrounds in Iraq. Institute of Development Studies, dicembre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2022.025.

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This volume is part of the Intersections series which explores how the intertwining of gender, religious marginality, socioeconomic exclusion and other factors shape the realities of women and men in contexts where religious inequalities are acute, and freedom of religion or belief is compromised. This volume looks at these intersections in the context of Iraq. Its aim is to amplify the voices of women (and men) whose experiences of religious otherisation have accentuated the impact of the intersections of gender, class, geography and ethnicity. At time of publication, in December 2022, the country is going through a particularly turbulent phase, prompting some to wonder why now? Isn’t it bad timing to focus on the experiences of minorities, let alone inter- and intra-gender dynamics? Iraq is caught in the middle of geo-strategic struggles of tectonic proportions but this is all the more reason to understand the dynamics of micro-politics through a gender-sensitive lens. Doing so sheds light on the interface between global, regional and local power struggles in tangible and concrete ways.

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Frisancho, Veronica, Evi Pappa e Chiara Santantonio. When Women Win: Can Female Representation Decrease Gender-Based Violence? Inter-American Development Bank, ottobre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004513.

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Every day, three women are murdered in the United States by a current or former partner. Yet policy action to prevent gender-based violence has been limited. Previous studies have highlighted the effect of female political representation on crimes against women in the developing world. This paper investigates whether the election of a female politician reduces the incidence of gender-based violence in the United States. Using a regression discontinuity design on mixed-gender races, we find that the election of a female House Representative leads to a short-lived decline in the prevalence of femicides in her electoral district. The drop in femicides is mainly driven by a deterrence effect that results from higher police responsiveness and effort in solving gender-related crimes.

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Ochab, Ewelina U. Addressing Religious Inequalities as a Means of Preventing Atrocity Crimes: The Case of the Uyghur Genocide. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), luglio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/creid.2021.009.

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There is a big distance between religious inequalities and atrocity crimes. Indeed, religious inequalities do not necessarily lead to atrocity crimes; however, in certain cases they can. Examples of cases that portray this progression are those of Yazidis and Christian minorities in Iraq, and the Rohingya community in Myanmar. In certain situations, analysing religious inequalities can help to identify risk factors of genocidal atrocities, so a question that naturally arises is: can addressing religious inequalities help to mitigate and prevent atrocity crimes based on religion or belief? This paper focuses on the situation of the Uyghur population in China, where they are being persecuted for their religion or belief. It considers the law on freedom of religion or belief and other laws affecting the enjoyment of rights by Uyghurs in China as the foundation of religious inequalities. The paper further considers the deterioration of the Uyghurs’ circumstances by analysing some of the recent reported treatment of them against frameworks relevant to atrocity crimes, namely the UN Framework of Analysis for Atrocity Crimes and the Jacob Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights Compilation of Risk Factors and Legal Norms for the Prevention of Genocide.

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Keefer, Philip, Dino Caprirolo, Heather Sutton, José Antonio Mejía-Guerra, Ted Leggett, Iván Torre, James Andrew Lewis, Laura Jaitman e Rogelio Granguillhome Ochoa. The Costs of Crime and Violence: New Evidence and Insights in Latin America and the Caribbean (Executive Summary). Inter-American Development Bank, febbraio 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006383.

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This publication is the first to provide a comprehensive, systematic and rigorous analysis of the costs of crime in Latin America and the Caribbean. The main challenges in the region are addressed: the social cost of homicides, private and public spending on security, the penitentiary crisis, violence against women, organized crime and cybercrime. The volume estimates that the direct cost of crime for 17 LAC countries in 2010-2014 is, on average, 3.5 percent of the region's GDP--twice as much as in the developed world. This volume also provides a detailed analysis of the costs of crime in Brazil by state, as well as an examination of the geographical distribution and drivers of crime in the most dangerous subregions: the Northern Triangle in Central America and the Caribbean. The situation in terms of violence against women and cybercrime is assessed: the region is lagging behind to confront these new and old crimes. The complete version of this publication is available at https://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/8133.

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Carter, Becky. Women’s and Girls’ Experiences of Security and Justice in Somaliland. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), febbraio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.077.

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This rapid review seeks to provide an overview of the publicly available literature from the academic, donor, and non-government organisation sources on women’s and girls’ experiences of statutory and customary security and justice in Somaliland. In Somaliland women and girls experience poor security, with high rates of sexual and gender-based violence (SGBV), and significant barriers to gender equality in the pluralistic legal system. The predominant clan-based customary justice system, along with conservative social norms and religious beliefs, discriminates against women and girls, while weak formal state institutions are not able to deliver accessible and effective justice for vulnerable and marginalised groups. Social stigma silences SGBV survivors and their families, with many rape crimes resolved through customary compensation or marriage. National and international organisations have undertaken various activities to promote gender equality in security and justice, with support provided to formal and informal security and justice institutions and actors at national and local levels, as well as initiatives to empower women and girls.

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Amanda, Haynes, e Schweppe Jennifer. Ireland and our LGBT Community. Call It Hate Partnership, settembre 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31880/10344/8065.

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Basic figures: – A large majority of respondents agreed or strongly agreed that gay men and lesbians (88%), bisexual people (87%) and transgender people (85%) “should be free to live their own life as they wish”. – Women were significantly more likely than men to agree with the above statement in respect to every identity group. People aged 25-34 years were significantly more likely than the general population to disagree with the statement. – On average, respondents were comfortable having people with a minority sexual orientation or gender identity as neighbours. Responses were significantly more positive towards having lesbians (M=8.51), bisexual people (M=8.40) and gay men (M=8.38) as neighbours compared to transgender people (M=7.98). – High levels of empathy were expressed with crime victims across all identity categories. Respondents were similarly empathetic towards heterosexual couples (M= 9.01), lesbian couples (M=9.05) and transgender persons (M=8.86) who are physically assaulted on the street. However, gay couples (M= 8.55) attracted significantly less empathy than a lesbian couple in similar circumstances. – Respondents were significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of a victim with a disability (M=7.86), than on behalf of an LGBT victim (M=6.96), but significantly more likely to intervene on behalf of an LGBT victim than an Irish Traveller (M= 5.82). – Respondents reported similar willingness to intervene on behalf of a lesbian pushed and slapped on the street by a stranger (M=7.38) and a transgender person (M= 7.03) in the same situation. Respondents were significantly more unlikely to intervene on behalf of a gay man (M=6.63) or bisexual person (M= 6.89) compared to a lesbian. – A third of respondents (33%) disagreed that violence against lesbians, gay men, bisexual and transgender people is a “serious problem in my country”, but more than half (58%) agreed that hate crimes hurt more than equivalent, non-bias, crimes.

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Community Perceptions of Sexual and Gender-Based Violence: A baseline report conducted in Anbar and Diyala Governorates, Iraq. Oxfam, luglio 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.7604.

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Over three months in 2020, Oxfam in Iraq collected data in Diyala and Anbar Governorates in Iraq to improve its understanding of the overall situation regarding sexual and gender-based violence and local communities' perceptions of the issue. The researchers' goal was to provide baseline information against which to monitor and measure the progress and effectiveness of the project “Naseej: Connecting Voices and Action to End Violence Against Women and Girls in the MENA Region." The project aims to address sexual and gender-based violence in fragile and conflict settings. This study found that sexual and gender-based violence is widespread in Diyala and Anbar Governorates, and that communities perceive it to be mostly perpetrated by men. However, it also found that different vulnerabilities can overlap and that not all women and girls are perceived to be at the same risk. Most study participants believed that ending sexual and gender-based violence is the shared responsibility of the government, women's rights organizations, men, women and girls, and extended families.

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