Articoli di riviste: "Wombat"

1

Keast, Allen. "The Wombat: Common Wombats in Australia.Barbara Triggs". Quarterly Review of Biology 72, n. 3 (settembre 1997): 342. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/419910.

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2

Hogan, Lindsay A., Tina Janssen e Stephen D. Johnston. "Wombat reproduction (Marsupialia; Vombatidae): an update and future directions for the development of artificial breeding technology". REPRODUCTION 145, n. 6 (giugno 2013): R157—R173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-13-0012.

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This review provides an update on what is currently known about wombat reproductive biology and reports on attempts made to manipulate and/or enhance wombat reproduction as part of the development of artificial reproductive technology (ART) in this taxon. Over the last decade, the logistical difficulties associated with monitoring a nocturnal and semi-fossorial species have largely been overcome, enabling new features of wombat physiology and behaviour to be elucidated. Despite this progress, captive propagation rates are still poor and there are areas of wombat reproductive biology that still require attention, e.g. further characterisation of the oestrous cycle and oestrus. Numerous advances in the use of ART have also been recently developed in the Vombatidae but despite this research, practical methods of manipulating wombat reproduction for the purposes of obtaining research material or for artificial breeding are not yet available. Improvement of the propagation, genetic diversity and management of wombat populations requires a thorough understanding of Vombatidae reproduction. While semen collection and cryopreservation in wombats is fairly straightforward there is currently an inability to detect, induce or synchronise oestrus/ovulation and this is an impeding progress in the development of artificial insemination in this taxon.

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3

Driessen, Michael M., Rosemary Gales, Katharina Hehn, Elise Dewar e Guy Dobner. "Wombat gates effectively exclude browsing mammals from pasture and allow passage of common wombats". Australian Mammalogy 42, n. 3 (2020): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am19066.

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The effectiveness of wombat gates to allow passage of common wombats (Vombatus ursinus) while excluding other browsing mammals was investigated on a grazing property using camera-traps. During a two-week study period, wombats passed through 17 gates frequently (633 passes) compared with the commonly occurring Tasmanian pademelon (Thylogale billardierii, 33 passes) and red-necked wallaby (Notamacropus rufogriseus, 4 passes). Female wombats with young-at-foot passed through the gates together; however, occasionally they became separated on either side. Wombat gates were effective in providing passage for wombats and restricting passage by browsing macropods and in reducing damage to fences.

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4

Borchard, Philip, Ian A. Wright e Clare McArthur. "Do bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus) mounds influence terrestrial macroinvertebrate assemblages in agricultural riparian zones?" Australian Journal of Zoology 57, n. 5 (2009): 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09060.

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Riparian ecosystems contain a complex mosaic of habitat structure types that can support distinct macroinvertebrate communities. Bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) are often an integral component of agricultural riparian systems in south-eastern Australia. In these systems, wombats construct large burrow systems and mounds in the stream banks. Wombat mound structures vary markedly from the surrounding landscape and they may influence macroinvertebrate assemblages. We examined this ecosystem-engineering role of wombats as well as the ecological variability within our agricultural riparian study sites on the possible influence on macroinvertebrate assemblages. There were no detectable effects of wombat mounds on the richness or abundance of macroinvertebrates on the soil surface. At the site level, however, macroinvertebrate assemblages were most influenced by litter depth, upper canopy cover, cattle hoof prints and slope. The ecological variables within the study sites strongly affected macroinvertebrate assemblages. These findings reflect an influence of anthropogenic impact on communities of ground-dwelling invertebrates that have been found in other studies. It is possible that a finer resolution of taxa may highlight a unique pattern of macroinvertebrate use of wombat mounds.

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5

Borchard, Philip, Ian A. Wright e David J. Eldridge. "Wombats and domestic livestock as potential vectors of Cryptosporidium and Giardia in an agricultural riparian area". Australian Journal of Zoology 58, n. 3 (2010): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo10026.

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Emerging pathogenic diseases are a significant burden on global economies and public health administrators. In Australia, the pathogens Giardia and Cryptosporidium are widespread in riparian areas subject to urban or agricultural contamination. Bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) occur at relatively high densities alongside domestic cattle in agricultural riparian areas in south-eastern Australia and may transmit protozoan pathogens. We assessed the distribution of wombat scats and cattle pats on streambanks and screened them for the presence of Giardia and Cryptosporidium. The density of wombat scats declined with increasing distance from water while the cover of cattle pats increased with distance from water, but only at sites subjected to low cattle usage. We were unable to find any Cryptosporidium species or genotypes known to infect humans in either wombat or cattle faeces. One cattle sample contained Cryptosporidium bovis, a cattle-specific organism unlikely to be zoonotic. Giardia duodenalis (Assemblage E), a non-zoonotic pathogen, was detected in four cattle samples, but no wombat samples tested positive for Giardia. Our results suggest that while wombats represent a low-pathogen risk there is a need for consistent monitoring of potentially harmful waterborne and chlorine-resistant Giardia and Cryptosporidium pathogens in drinking-water catchments.

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6

Skelton, Candice J., Amelia S. Cook, Peter West, Ricky-John Spencer e Julie M. Old. "Building an army of wombat warriors: developing and sustaining a citizen science project". Australian Mammalogy 41, n. 2 (2019): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am18018.

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Citizen science websites and mobile applications are credited for their ability to engage members of the public in science and enhance scientific literacy, while operating as a cost-effective, geographically vast data-collection tool. Recruiting participants, tailoring online platforms to users’ needs and harnessing community values are key to creating a successful, sustainable citizen science project. However, few studies have conducted a detailed examination of the recruitment experience when trying to build an engaged and active citizen science audience to assess wildlife diseases in Australia. The present study aimed to determine the most effective methods to recruit and continue to engage citizens to use the tool called WomSAT (Wombat Survey and Analysis Tools). Various marketing techniques were employed to recruit participants. A survey was also disseminated to gain feedback on WomSAT and understand the driving factors behind participation. Participation in the WomSAT project was driven by a collective desire to help and learn about wombats. Preliminary distribution data collected by citizens suggest that WomSAT contains the necessary elements to enable it to be an important tool for monitoring wombats and the distribution of disease. Continuation of the WomSAT project will support scientific research while fostering conservation messages amongst the Australian community.

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7

Swinbourne, Michael, David Taggart e Bertram Ostendorf. "A Comparison between Video and Still Imagery as a Methodology to Determine Southern Hairy-Nosed Wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) Burrow Occupancy Rates". Animals 8, n. 11 (23 ottobre 2018): 186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8110186.

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Broad-scale abundance estimates of the southern hairy-nosed wombat population use a proxy measure based on counting the number of active burrows, which is multiplied by an index of ‘wombats/active burrow’. However, the extant indices were calculated in the 1980s, prior to the use of calicivirus to control rabbits, and used invasive monitoring methods which may have affected the results. We hypothesise that the use of video might provide a logistically simple, non-invasive means of calculating updated indices. To this end, motion-activated, infra-red still and video cameras were placed at various distances outside active wombat burrows in the South Australian Murraylands and Eyre Peninsula regions. The captured imagery was inspected to determine how often the burrow was occupied by one or more wombats, and how effective the cameras were at detecting wombat activity. Video data was clearly superior to the still imagery, with more than twice as many burrow occupancies being positively identified (still: 43%). The indices of wombats/active burrow calculated based on video imagery were: Murraylands: 0.43, Eyre Peninsula: 0.42. 1948 false positive videos were recorded, of which 1674 (86%) occurred between noon and sunset.

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8

Borchard, Philip, John McIlroy e Clare McArthur. "Links between riparian characteristics and the abundance of common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) burrows in an agricultural landscape". Wildlife Research 35, n. 8 (2008): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08071.

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Agricultural riparian zones are often vulnerable to weed invasion and degradation of the physical streambank character through the trampling of livestock. Riparian zone restoration seeks to improve habitat biodiversity, minimise streambank erosion and improve water quality. In order for this to be effective land managers need to broadly understand the connections between riparian systems and adjoining agricultural ecosystems and to understand the habitat requirements of wildlife species adapted to the evolving riparian landscape. Common wombats (Vombatus ursinus) are abundant in the riparian agricultural landscapes of south-eastern Australia, but there is concern about their persistence in other landscapes. To understand the importance of riparian characteristics for wombats, we examined five physical and five vegetative characteristics associated with abundance of wombat burrows in the riparian zone of an agricultural landscape in south-eastern New South Wales, using two independent datasets. The abundance of wombat burrows increased substantially with increasing shrub cover in both datasets. There was weaker but consistent support for an association between wombat burrows and stream order and vegetation width. There were more burrows per metre by high than low order streams and burrows were most abundant at an intermediate vegetation width. In one of the two datasets, burrow abundance declined as the proportion of native shrubs in the shrub layer increased. As wombats are generally limited to riparian buffers in agricultural landscapes, these results are important as a first step toward managing and restoring the riparian zone. Restoration strategies, for example, may need to consider retaining patches of shrubs, even if they are weeds, whereas native shrubs are established in interspersed patches along larger rivers, in order to maintain suitable wombat habitat.

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9

Scott, GG, KC Richardson e CP Groves. "Osteological Differences of the Skulls of Lasiorhinus-Latifrons Owen, 1845 and Vombatus-Ursinus Shaw, 1800 (Marsupialia, Vombatidae)". Australian Journal of Zoology 36, n. 5 (1988): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9880599.

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The two extant genera of wombats, the hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus latifrons and common wombat Vombatus ursinus, are distinguishable by their skull morphology. Significant size differences were found for skull length, nasal length binasal breadth, bitemporal breadth, bizygomatic breadth, parietal bone thickness and mandible length. The important different gross morphological features are summarised to allow rapid identification of these two species. A number of new diagnostic differences are described which distinguish the species from dorsal, lateral and ventral views and on the basis of mandibles and dentition. Some of these differences, and those listed in the results, also distinguish the Pleistocene fossil wombats V. mitchelli (Owen, 1838) and L. krefftii (Owen, 1871) from each other, and strongly suggest their generic status.

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10

Sparrow, Elisa E., Michael H. Parsons e Daniel T. Blumstein. "Novel use for a predator scent: preliminary data suggest that wombats avoid recolonising collapsed burrows following application of dingo scent". Australian Journal of Zoology 64, n. 3 (2016): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo15068.

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Southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons) are fossorial marsupials that live in large burrow systems where their digging behaviour brings them into conflict with agriculture. In the absence of any available control options, non-selective culling is the primary mode of wombat management. This approach is contentious and has unknown implications for long-term wombat conservation. Predator scents, however, have been effective in altering behaviours of some herbivores and may offer a non-lethal alternative to culling if they discourage wombats from burrowing in perceived problem areas. Therefore, we trialled two dingo scents (faeces, urine) over 75 days to determine whether these scents would deter wombats from repopulating collapsed burrows. Ten inhabited single-entrance burrows were excavated over three days (to allow time for inhabitants to exit), collapsed and then filled in. Five burrows, separated by at least 200 m, were used for dingo scent treatments (three urine; two faeces) and three burrows, separated by the same distance, served as negative controls (unscented), along with two ‘farmer-monitored’ active controls (dog urine and a dingo carcass). We used a rank-sum score to assess wombat activity: scratching was scored with a value of (1), digging (2), and recolonisation (5), with each value reflecting total energy and time spent in the vicinity of the treatment. We fitted Generalised Estimating Equations (repeated-measures, Fisher Method) to explain variation within, and across, treatment and control burrows. Within 20 days, all 10 sites had signs of wombat activity that ranged from fresh digging, to fully functional burrows. Among the five treatment sites, scratching and tracks identified wombats as being present, but they did not dig. After 75 days, the five sites treated with dingo scents had minimal activity and no new burrows, while wombats recolonised all control burrows. Though we used only 10 burrows for this preliminary study, our findings suggest the need for further testing of dingo scents as a tool for dissuading wombats from digging and recolonisation of collapsed burrows. This represents a novel use for a predator scent, in that prey may remain in the vicinity near the deterrent, but curb problematic behaviours of economic consequence.

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11

Swinbourne, Michael, David Taggart, Alyce Swinbourne e Bertram Ostendorf. "Southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons) in the Gawler Ranges region of South Australia: population growth from 1988 to 2016". Australian Mammalogy 41, n. 1 (2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am17051.

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The southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) is the faunal emblem of South Australia. It is also considered to be an agricultural pest, as its burrowing activities can cause significant damage to agricultural land and infrastructure. Unfortunately, much of our knowledge of this species’ population dynamics is limited and/or out of date. The aim of this study was to estimate the distribution and abundance of southern hairy-nosed wombats in the Gawler Ranges region of South Australia, and to identify any changes since the last survey in 1988. Using a combination of satellite imagery and a ground survey conducted in May 2016, we mapped the distribution of wombat warrens in the region and counted and measured all warrens within 1000 randomly selected 1-km2 cells. We estimate the current wombat population in the Gawler Ranges to be 240095 (149051–311595), an increase from 14373 in 1988. This population growth is most likely linked to a long-term decline in the European rabbit population following the release of RHVD in the 1990s. In 2016 the IUCN upgraded the conservation status of southern hairy-nosed wombats from ‘Least Concern’ to ‘Near Threatened’. Our findings suggest that this may not have been warranted.

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12

Crook, Natasha, Stuart C. Cairns e Karl Vernes. "Bare-nosed wombats (Vombatus ursinus) use drainage culverts to cross roads". Australian Mammalogy 35, n. 1 (2013): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am11042.

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Despite drainage culverts being numerous along highways, there is a scarcity of data evaluating their use as roadway underpasses by wildlife, including the bare-nosed wombat (Vombatus ursinus), a large marsupial that is involved in substantial numbers of vehicle collisions in New South Wales. Culvert use was measured with camera traps positioned at 19 drainage culverts along an 8-km stretch of ‘Thunderbolt’s Way’ near Nowendoc on the Northern Tableland, north-eastern New South Wales. The estimated probability of the occupancy/use of a culvert by a wombat was 0.46 ± 0.10. Culvert use was related to structural variables (e.g. diameter and length) and both the distance to the next adjacent culvert and to forest cover. This suggests that wombats readily use drainage culverts to cross under roads and that these structures could be modified (e.g. by maintaining proximate forest cover) to increase the likelihood that wombats would use them, thus reducing vehicle collisions and road mortality of wombats.

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13

Hartley, Matt, e Anthony English. "Sarcoptes scabei var. wombati infection in the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus)". European Journal of Wildlife Research 51, n. 2 (9 marzo 2005): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10344-005-0080-5.

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14

Borchard, Philip, e David J. Eldridge. "Does artificial light influence the activity of vertebrates beneath rural buildings?" Australian Journal of Zoology 61, n. 6 (2013): 424. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo13063.

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Interactions between humans and wildlife have increased dramatically over the past century as human populations increase and occupy areas formerly dominated by native animals. In Australia, increases in land clearing and farming close to riparian areas has brought humans into contact with the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), a relatively large-bodied, semifossorial marsupial. The common wombat is regarded as a pest in some agricultural areas due to its habit of burrowing beneath buildings, destroying fences and destabilising stream banks. We examined the effectiveness of artificial lighting to deter wombats from using the subfloor cavity under an historic cottage at ‘Bundanon’ in southern New South Wales, Australia. The response of wombats to artificial light (10 weeks on followed by 10 weeks off) was assessed using heat- and motion-sensing cameras continuously over a period of 58 weeks. While the main focus was on light effects on wombats, the study also allowed us to record non-nuisance animals using the subfloor cavity. Of the total of 1086 animal detections over the 58-week period (2.67 detections day–1), 965 (89%) were of mammals, 106 birds and 15 reptiles. Wombats (622; 57%) and kangaroos (228; 22%) made up 79% of all detections. Nocturnal activity of wombats remained unchanged in response to lighting (on: 266; off: 268), but there were significantly more diurnal detections when the lights were on (58) than off (30). For kangaroos, there were more nocturnal detections when lights were off, but more diurnal detections when lights were on. More antechinus were detected at night (night: 107; day: 8), and with the lights off (99 cf. 8), and insectivorous birds were detected almost entirely during the day, mostly with the lights on (66 cf. 39). Our study showed that, overall, the lighting regime we used was ineffective at reducing wombat activity under the building.

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15

Banks, S. C., M. P. Piggott, B. D. Hansen, N. A. Robinson e A. C. Taylor. "Wombat coprogenetics: enumerating a common wombat population by microsatellite analysis of faecal DNA". Australian Journal of Zoology 50, n. 2 (2002): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01072.

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Genetic identification of individual animals from remotely collected DNA samples provides an alternative approach for the collection of data on populations of elusive or rare species. In this study we used DNA isolated from field-collected faecal samples to estimate the size of a population of common wombats (Vombatus ursinus) surviving in suburban Melbourne parkland. A pilot study revealed that microsatellite genotypes obtained from DNA in faeces were often incorrect, but that by carrying out three replicate polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) for each sample, we were able to reliably identify individuals. We conducted a mark-recapture study using the Mh-jackknife model to estimate the size of the wombat population at Mt Lofty Reserve, and identified 17 individuals - 10 males and seven females. The interpolated population size estimate was 19 with a 95% confidence interval of 18-32. The distribution of individual wombats' scats provided information on ranging behaviour. The genotypic database obtained was used to identify five of the individuals as putative immigrants, suggesting that the population is not isolated from others in a series of reserves along the Yarra River. However, the lack of a detectable female bias in immigration differs from our previous findings in continuous populations of this species. The level of genetic variation at the five loci analysed was also inconsistent with long-term isolation of the population.

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16

Cleary, M., M. West, J. Shaw, G. Jenkin e A. Trounson. "In vitro maturation of oocytes from non-stimulated common wombats". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 15, n. 5 (2003): 303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd03042.

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Assisted reproductive techniques, such as in vitro oocyte maturation in conjunction with in vitro fertilisation, may be used as a tool to manipulate reproduction. Using the common wombat as a model for the critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat, the present study examined whether oocyte maturation could be achieved under field conditions. At the time of collection, no oocytes were at the metaphase II (MII) stage (0/42). After 60 h culture using the submarine incubation system, 34% of oocytes (24/70) matured to telophase/MII, as indicated by the presence of a polar body. The proportion of oocytes that reached MII was higher for oocytes collected from follicles >2 mm in diameter compared with follicles <2 mm (40% v. 22%, respectively). The presence of cumulus cells alone did not influence the maturation potential. Oocytes without cumulus cells collected from follicles >2 mm in diameter had the highest maturation rate (58%). Maturation was not affected by the reproductive status of the common wombat or a delay of up to 5 h before oocyte collection. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that oocytes collected from non-stimulated common wombats can mature to MII in culture.

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17

F Skerratt, Lee. "Sarcoptes scabiei: an important exotic pathogen of wombats". Microbiology Australia 26, n. 2 (2005): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma05079.

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Sarcoptes scabiei is a parasitic astigmatid mite, which causes scabies in people and sarcoptic mange in mammals. Importantly, it is an emerging disease in wildlife throughout the world. The mite originates from a human ancestor and is thought to have spread to domestic and then free-living animals. Based on the recent emergence of sarcoptic mange in Australian wildlife and Aboriginal communities, it is thought that Sarcoptes scabiei was probably introduced to Australia by the Europeans and their animals. The mitochondrial genetic similarity of mites from Australian wildlife and domestic animals supports this. In Australian wildlife, sarcoptic mange has been reported in the common wombat Vombatus ursinus, southern hairy-nosed wombat Lasiorhinus latifrons, koala Phascolarctos cinereus, common ringtail possum Pseudocheirus peregrinus and in 2003 in the agile wallaby Macropus agilis. Compared with other native species, sarcoptic mange has by far its greatest impact on wombats, particularly common wombats, and is capable of causing high morbidity and mortality rates.

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Johnston, S. D., C. López-Fernández, F. Arroyo, R. Roy, W. V. Holt e J. Gosálvez. "Protamine composition of koala and wombat spermatozoa provides new insights into DNA stability following cryopreservation". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, n. 10 (2019): 1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd18512.

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To investigate differences in the post-thaw DNA stability of koala and wombat spermatozoa, protamine amino acid sequences were compared and it was found that there were three more arginine residues for the wombat. Koala and wombat spermatozoa, cryopreserved using identical protocols, were examined for changes in sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) dynamics over 24h of post-thaw incubation. Following validation of a wombat sperm chromatin dispersion test, wombat DNA showed a rate of SDF that was 6-fold higher than for koala spermatozoa (P=0.038). Finally, we examined whether expected differences in chromatin compactness, associated with protamine sequence, had an effect on restriction site accessibility of sperm DNA. Thawed spermatozoa were exposed to Alu I and EcoR1 endonuclease restriction enzymes and the SDF dynamics were observed. Koala spermatozoa exposed to Alu I showed a greater rate of SDF (P=0.01), whereas wombat spermatozoa exposed to EcoR1 showed a greater rate of SDF (P=0.032). We conclude that restriction sites in these species are differentially present or exposed and potentially account for differences in SDF dynamics. Although differences in the arginine composition of protamine may explain relative differences in SDF following cryopreservation, they do not support the hypothesis that increased arginine composition increases DNA stability; rather, increased arginine composition in the wombat may reduce post-thaw chromatin swelling.

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19

SKERRATT, LF, e I. BEVERIDGE. "Human scabies of wombat origin". Australian Veterinary Journal 77, n. 9 (settembre 1999): 607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1999.tb13202.x.

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HUM, S., e F. G. BEST. "Tyzzer's disease in a wombat". Australian Veterinary Journal 65, n. 3 (marzo 1988): 89–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1988.tb07370.x.

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21

Hulick, Jeannette. "Christmas Wombat (review)". Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 66, n. 4 (2012): 193–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.2012.1007.

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22

Mcallan, BM, JR Roberts e PS Barboza. "The Kidney Structure of the Common Wombat (Vombatus-Ursinus) and the Hairy-Nosed Wombat (Lasiorhinus-Latifrons)". Australian Journal of Zoology 43, n. 2 (1995): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9950181.

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The common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) lives in a mesic habitat whereas the hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) inhabits a xeric habitat. The kidney structure of these two wombats was studied and it was found that kidney size, kidney weight, and kidney weight as a percentage of body weight, were larger in V. ursinus. However, relative medullary thickness, percentage medullary volume, and medullary thickness as a percentage of total thickness, were significantly greater in L. latifrons, suggesting that L. latifrons has a greater capacity to conserve water than does V. ursinus. The number of glomeruli and mean glomerular area were the same in both species whereas the mean diameter of the proximal and distal tubules was larger in V. ursinus. There were more proximal tubules per square millimetre in L. latifrons. The larger number of collecting ducts per square millimetre in the medullary region in L. latifrons indicates that the nephrons join the collecting ducts deep in the medulla, a feature that has been associated with increased urinary concentrating ability. Urinary pH was significantly lower, and urinary ammonia, creatinine and sodium levels were higher, in L. latifrons, as were plasma sodium and chloride levels. These data suggest that L. latifrons has a greater capacity to conserve water.

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MacCallum, C., e S. D. Johnston. "Studies on the cryopreservation of common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) spermatozoa". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, n. 7 (2005): 727. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd05082.

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In an attempt to develop a gamete-recovery protocol for the northern hairy nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii), spermatozoa were removed from the cauda epididymides of four common wombats (Vombatus ursinus) and cryopreserved following a variety of prefreeze storage conditions. Spermatozoa stored for 72 h at 4°C within the testicle before cryopreservation tolerated the freeze–thaw procedure remarkably well, resulting in a higher post-thaw viability (% motile P < 0.01; rate of movement P < 0.01; % live P < 0.01) than sperm recovered on the day of post-mortem, stored in a test tube for 72 h at 4°C and then frozen. The effect of post-thaw dilution with Tris citrate fructose (TCF) diluent on the survival of epididymal common wombat spermatozoa was also investigated. Motility (P < 0.05), rate of sperm movement (P < 0.01) and the percentage of live spermatozoa (P < 0.05) were all significantly greater when spermatozoa were thawed and diluted immediately in TCF than when thawed without dilution. The present study also reports, for the first time, a successful pellet method of freezing wombat spermatozoa on dry ice; volumes of 0.25 and 0.5 mL resulted in higher post-thaw survival compared with 0.1-mL pellets.

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O'Hare, David. "Cognitive Ability Determinants of Elite Pilot Performance". Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39, n. 4 (dicembre 1997): 540–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1518/001872097778668004.

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The role of the modem pilot requires a high degree of situational awareness. This involves the ability to search for relevant information, assess opportunities and priorities, and maintain performance under stress. The PC-based WOMBATTM test has been designed to measure individual aptitude to cope with such demands. In the first experiment performance on the WOMBAT test was compared with performance on a battery of tests of specific underlying abilities. In the second experiment the performance of elite soaring pilots was compared with that of matched pilot and control groups. The results support the theory that the WOMBAT test measures individual ability to maintain situational awareness and that this ability is found in high levels in elite pilots.

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O'Brien, Casey, Elisa Sparrow, Ron Dibben, Bertram Ostendorf e David Taggart. "Evaluation of olfactory and visual cues to deter southern hairy-nosed wombats (Lasiorhinus latifrons) from their burrows". Australian Mammalogy 43, n. 1 (2021): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am20007.

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Human–wildlife conflicts threaten a huge diversity of species and affect the livelihoods of millions of people. There is an increasing need to develop management strategies that meet the needs of humans and wildlife. A variety of conflict mitigation measures are available, but for many species like the southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) their effectiveness has not been scientifically tested. Deterrents could provide a cost effective and efficient means of reducing wombat damage to agriculture. Anecdotal accounts suggest that ‘Blood & Bone’ (a plant fertiliser) and compact discs may deter wombats. This study aimed to assess their effectiveness in deterring free-living wombats from burrows on agricultural land using remote cameras to monitor changes in activity and behaviour before and after treatment application. Mixed-effects models revealed a significant decrease in the number of visits to burrows following the application of compact discs (P<0.01). ‘Blood & Bone’ did not deter wombats from burrows (P=0.81), but increased exploratory behaviour (P=0.01) and decreased travelling behaviour (P=0.05) were observed. This suggests that visual cues may be more effective in deterring wombats from burrows than olfactory cues, possibly because they are more easily detected from further away.

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MacCallum, C. A., e S. D. Johnston. "293QUANTITATIVE TESTICULAR HISTOLOGY IN THE COMMON WOMBAT (VOMBATUS URSINUS)". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 16, n. 2 (2004): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv16n1ab293.

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The seminiferous epithelium cycle of the male Common Wombat ( Vombatus ursinus) is documented here for the first time. Testicular material was obtained from 10 common wombats from the Southern Highlands of NSW in June (n=5) and November (n=5), fixed in Bouins solution and prepared for standard histological processing. Eight stages of the seminiferous cycle where identified based upon relative cellular associations and development of the spermatid during spermiogenesis. Stage 1 was further subdivided into 1A and 1B based on changes in shape of the spermatid nucleus. The relative frequency of each stage was also calculated using observations from 500 seminiferous tubule cross-sections as was the proportion of the various testicular tissue types. The relative proportions of the various stages of the seminiferous epithelial cycle in the common wombat testis were: Stage 1A, 4.0±0.5; Stage 1B, 4.2±0.4; Stage 2, 21.3±1.9; Stage 3, 15.4±1.2; Stage 4, 16.8±1.2; Stage 5, 11.1±1.5; Stage 6, 13.7±1.5; Stage 7, 7.3±0.6; Stage 8, 6.1±0.6. Relative proportions of the various tissue types observed in testis included: seminiferous tubules (41.5%±4.1); seminiferous tubule lumen (33.3±3.4%); leydig cells (14.6±1.1%); connective tissue (10.4±0.9%) and blood vessels (0.2±0.03%). Table 1 Cell types and cellular associations of the eight stages of the wombat seminiferous epithelial cycle

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Old, Julie M., Nicole E. Hunter e Jack Wolfenden. "Who utilises bare-nosed wombat burrows?" Australian Zoologist 39, n. 3 (settembre 2018): 409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.7882/az.2018.006.

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28

Avdeev, M., J. R. Hester, V. K. Peterson e A. J. Studer. "Wombat and Echidna: The Powder Diffractometers". Neutron News 20, n. 4 (23 ottobre 2009): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10448630903241100.

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29

Nourollah, Hadi, e Javad Aliemrani. "Improved imaging of the Strzelecki Formation by the reprocessing of 3D seismic reflection data: onshore Gippsland Basin, Australia". APPEA Journal 55, n. 2 (2015): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj14100.

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The Wombat 3D seismic survey was recorded by Lakes Oil in 2008 following the drilling of the Wombat–3 well. The survey was aimed at identifying the structures better inside the Strzelecki Formation and the underlying Rintoul Creek Sandstone, and to give a better understanding of the provenance of the gas encountered in the first three Wombat wells and the oil encountered at depth in the Wombat–3 well. Seismic acquisition design and processing in this area are challenged by the presence of coal measures in the Latrobe Group, which overlies the zone of interest, absorbs most of the incident seismic energy and complicates seismic imaging through the generation of multiple reflection events. A novel approach, described as multi-line decomposition, modelling and synthesis, was developed to model critical imaging parameters and in particular the velocity model for midpoint stacking and migration. This approach is demonstrated through the reprocessing of the Wombat 3D seismic survey and is compared with a conventional 3D processing approach and original survey processing examples. The reprocessed seismic section provides a significantly improved image of the deeper structures, delineating a number of continuous reflectors in the Early Cretaceous formations. It also provides the opportunity to build a more accurate model of the basement.

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Jørgensen, Kristina Sand, Alistair Melzer, Dave Harper e Owen T. Nevin. "Observations on the behaviour of the northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii) in a translocated population". Australian Mammalogy 43, n. 1 (2021): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am20010.

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The natural distribution of the critically endangered northern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii) is confined to Epping Forest National Park, Queensland; however, a small number of animals have been translocated to establish an insurance population at Richard Underwood Nature Refuge (RUNR), Queensland. Northern hairy-nosed wombat behaviour is poorly understood, mostly due to its cryptic behaviour. Thirty-two wildlife cameras set up at burrow mouths at RUNR were used to capture social and solitary behaviour. Over a six month period between December 2016 and May 2017, 0.3% (21 videos of 6607) of recordings captured social behaviour, suggesting that the northern hairy-nosed wombat actively avoids social interactions at the burrow mouth. Vocalisation was only observed during social interaction. The results were similar to data from Epping Forest National Park and studies on other wombat species. In this respect the translocated population appeared to behave in a manner typical of the wild population.

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Favreau, François-René, Peter J. Jarman, Anne W. Goldizen, Anne-Laure Dubot, Stéphane Sourice e Olivier Pays. "Vigilance in a solitary marsupial, the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus)". Australian Journal of Zoology 57, n. 6 (2009): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo09062.

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Abstract (sommario):

We studied vigilance activity in a wild population of the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), a large, solitary, burrow-using, marsupial prey species in which individuals tolerate the presence of conspecifics within their home range. For the first time, we report postures and rates of vigilance in common wombats; our results show a limited repertoire of vigilant postures and low overall rates of vigilance. Because few studies of birds and mammals that have reported the effect of distance to conspecifics on the vigilance of focal animals have considered solitary prey species, we tested this effect in wombats. Our results show that a model including distance to cover and distance to the nearest conspecific, but not time of day, best explained the variation in the proportion of time that focal individuals spent in vigilance. Individual vigilance decreased when distance to cover increased. Vigilance of wombats increased when there was a conspecific within a radius of 70 m of the focal individual. In addition, we tested whether pairs of nearby wombats scanned independently of one another, coordinated their activity in non-overlapping bouts of vigilance or synchronised their bouts of vigilance. Wombats in close proximity exhibited independent bouts of individual vigilant and foraging activity. Thus, in this solitary species, our results support the assumption that individuals scan independently of each other.

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32

Thornett, Elizabeth, Bertram Ostendorf e David A. Taggart. "Interspecies co-use of southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) burrows". Australian Mammalogy 39, n. 2 (2017): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am15052.

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Burrows can provide refuge for both burrowing and non-burrowing species within harsh environments through protection from climatic extremes, water loss and predation. In Australia, however, despite having a rich diversity of burrowing mammals, little is known about the use of burrows by non-burrowing species. This study aimed to identify the extent of co-use of southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) burrows on Wedge Island off the coast of South Australia. Burrow use was monitored using 34 motion-activated cameras placed outside wombat burrows between March and September 2015. Eleven species were found to use burrows, with six commensal species observed using burrows on numerous occasions. These included two mammal species (black-footed rock-wallaby, Petrogale lateralis pearsoni; brush-tailed bettong, Bettongia penicillata), three reptile species (peninsula dragon, Ctenophorus fionni; southern sand-skink, Liopholis multiscutata; White’s skink, Liopholis whitii), and one avian species (little penguin, Eudyptula minor). The most common species observed using burrows was the black-footed rock-wallaby, which was recorded using burrows 1795 times. Observations of wombats using burrows were made 1674 times. The prevalent use of burrows on Wedge Island by species other than wombats is an observation with potentially important and broad ecological, conservation, and management implications across Australia’s arid and semiarid zones.

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Pigott, Louis J., e Leslie Jessop. "The governor's wombat: early history of an Australian marsupial". Archives of Natural History 34, n. 2 (ottobre 2007): 207–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2007.34.2.207.

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This paper gives an account of the European discovery of an Australian marsupial, the common wombat Vombatus ursinus, with particular reference to the first complete wombat specimen to reach Europe, which survives in The Hancock Museum, Newcastle upon Tyne. The involvement of colonial officials, navigators, explorers, naturalists and artists is discussed.

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34

O'hare, David. "Cognitive Ability Determinants of Elite Pilot Performance". Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society 39, n. 4 (dicembre 1997): 540–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001872089703900402.

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The role of the modern pilot requires a high degree of situational awareness. This involves the ability to search for relevant information, assess opportunities and priorities, and maintain performance under stress. The PC-based WOMBAT™ test has been designed to measure individual aptitude to cope with such demands. In the first experiment performance on the WOMBAT test was compared with performance on a battery of tests of specific underlying abilities. In the second experiment the performance of elite soaring pilots was compared with that of matched pilot and control groups. The results support the theory that the WOMBAT test measures individual ability to maintain situational awareness and that this ability is found in high levels in elite pilots.

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Ostendorf, Bertram, Wayne S. J. Boardman e David A. Taggart. "Islands as refuges for threatened species: multispecies translocation and evidence of species interactions four decades on". Australian Mammalogy 38, n. 2 (2016): 204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am15018.

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Australia has one of the worst mammal extinction rates in the world, with translocations to refuge locations increasingly being advocated to help address problems of species decline. Offshore islands can function as these refuges, removing species from threatening processes and providing a source of animals for reintroduction. Historically, the focus of many island translocations in Australia has been the conservation of a single species, with data on long-term translocation success and population dynamics after release generally lacking. Here we examine the results of a multispecies translocation onto Wedge Island, off the South Australian coast 30–40 years ago. Fewer than a dozen individuals of three species – southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons), black-footed rock-wallaby (Petrogale lateralis pearsonii), and brush-tailed bettong (Bettongia penicillata) – were released. All three species have shown substantial population increase and wombat activity across the island has increased exponentially with >700 burrows detected. Substantial levels of co-use of wombat burrows by rock-wallabies and bettongs were observed, providing clear evidence for interspecies interactions. Rock-wallabies showed a significant preference for wombat-active burrows (45% co-used), whereas bettongs showed a significant preference for wombat-inactive burrows (10% used). This study suggests that islands have significant potential for long-term threatened species conservation and that translocation of an ecosystem engineer may increase habitat complexity and help improve habitat suitability for multiple species and thus increase the overall conservation benefit.

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36

Sukee, Tanapan, Ian Beveridge e Abdul Jabbar. "Torquenema n. g., Wallabicola n. g., and Macropostrongyloides phascolomys n. sp.: New Genera and a New Species of Nematode (Strongylida: Phascolostrongylinae) Parasitic in Australian Macropodid and Vombatid Marsupials". Animals 11, n. 1 (13 gennaio 2021): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010175.

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Abstract (sommario):

The strongyloid nematodes belonging to the subfamily Phascolostrongylinae occur primarily in the large intestines of macropodid and vombatid marsupials. Current molecular evidence suggests that the two nematode species, Macropostrongyloides dissimilis and Paramacropostrongylus toraliformis, from macropodid marsupials are distant from their respective congeners. Furthermore, specimens of Macropostrongyloides lasiorhini from the large intestines of the southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) and the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus) are genetically distinct. This study aimed to describe the new genera Torquenema n. g. (with T. toraliforme n. comb. as the type species) from the eastern grey kangaroo, Wallabicola n. g. (with W. dissimilis n. comb. as the type species) from the swamp wallaby and a new species Macropostrongyloides phascolomys n. sp. from the common wombat, using light and scanning electron microscopy.

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37

Skerratt, Lee F., Jim Phelan, Roe McFarlane e Rick Speare. "Serodiagnosis of Toxoplasmosis in a Common Wombat". Journal of Wildlife Diseases 33, n. 2 (aprile 1997): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-33.2.346.

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38

Stannard, Hayley J., Marie B. Wynan, Ray J. Wynan, Brendan A. Dixon, Sujatha Mayadunnage e Julie M. Old. "Can virtual fences reduce wombat road mortalities?" Ecological Engineering 172 (dicembre 2021): 106414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2021.106414.

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39

Williamson, P. E., N. F. Exon, B. ul Haq e U. von Rad. "A NORTH WEST SHELF TRIASSIC REEF PLAY: RESULTS FROM ODP LEG 122". APPEA Journal 29, n. 1 (1989): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj88028.

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Abstract (sommario):

Site 764 of the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP), drilled during Leg 122 in the Exmouth Plateau region, cored 200 m of Upper Triassic (Rhaetian) reef complex. This site, on the northern Wombat Plateau (northernmost Exmouth Plateau) represents the first discovery of Triassic reefal material near the Australian North West Shelf. Seismic reflection data through Site 764 show that the reef itself corresponds predominantly to a seismically poorly reflective zone. A number of regional unconformities appear to correspond, however, to traceable seismic horizons which pass with reduced amplitude through the reef, indicating stages of reef growth separated by erosion or non- deposition. Seismic facies around the edges of the reef are consistent with the deposition of wedges of prograding reef- derived detritus.Application of the seismic criteria for reef recognition established at ODP Site 764, to other seismic reflection data on the Wombat Plateau, demonstrates that a major Upper Triassic reef complex fringes the margins of the Wombat Plateau. The Wombat Plateau lies at the western end of the North West Shelf, which was part of the southern margin of a warm Tethys Ocean in the Late Triassic, at a palaeolatitude of 25- 30°S. Upper Triassic reefs are known from southeast Indonesia and Papua New Guinea, and now the Wombat Plateau, and may be common elsewhere along the outer margin of the North West Shelf. Upper Triassic reef complexes, with their associated reservoir, source and seal facies, could represent an exciting new petroleum exploration play for the entire North West Shelf. Facies analysis suggests that they are likely only on the outer shelf and slope. Shallow Triassic reef complexes are clearly identifiable using high resolution seismic reflection data. Seismic reflection data of lower resolution may well reveal the associated detrital carbonate wedges, which are more laterally extensive than the reefal core, deeper in the section.

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40

Machida, N., M. Hirose, T. Nakamura e K. Kiryu. "Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a common wombat (Vombatus ursinus)". Journal of Comparative Pathology 117, n. 1 (luglio 1997): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9975(97)80069-2.

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41

Slon, V., D. Stein, H. Cohen, B. Medlej, N. Peled e I. Hershkovitz. "Hyperostotic bone disease in a wombat (Vombatus ursinus)". Research in Veterinary Science 97, n. 1 (agosto 2014): 88–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.05.004.

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42

Jeanette Hulick. "How to Scratch a Wombat (review)". Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books 62, n. 7 (2009): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bcc.0.0779.

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Maynard-Casely, Helen Elizabeth, Stanley Lee, Norman Booth, Andrew Studer, Vanessa Peterson, Samuel Duyker, Kazuki Komatsu, Ryo Yamane, Gabriel Murphy e Thomas Vogt. "Putting pressure on WOMBAT – outcomes and unique capabilities". Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 73, a2 (1 dicembre 2017): C868. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205327331708706x.

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Hogan, Lindsay, Clive Phillips, Allan Lisle, Alan Horsup, Tina Janssen e Stephen Johnston. "Reproductive behaviour of the southern-hairy nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons)". Australian Journal of Zoology 58, n. 6 (2010): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo10068.

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Abstract (sommario):

The southern hairy-nosed wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons) is under threat as its current distribution range and population size is declining. The low reproductive rates observed for this species, both in the wild and within captivity, are a cause for concern; as such this study was designed to provide a comprehensive account of reproductive behaviour in L. latifrons. The behaviour of four groups of captive animals (each 1♂ : 2♀) was remotely monitored for 14 months using a digital video-surveillance system. Using this technology, 13 distinctive reproductive-based behaviours were identified and recorded; each behaviour was allocated to one of two categories: courtship/guarding or mating. The courtship-to-mating ritual was made up of six consecutive phases: investigation, attraction, chase, restraint, coitus and recovery. In total, 423 courtship and 49 mating bouts were observed from five (2♂ : 3♀) wombats. Courtship behaviour was observed on 116 days, with a mean bout number of 3.6 ± 0.2 per day and a mean total daily time of 29.8 ± 1.8 min. Mating was observed on 24 days, with a mean bout number of 2.1 ± 0.3 per day and a mean total daily time of 100.1 ± 9.8 min. Courtship occurred over the entire enclosure area and three distinctive courtship locomotor patterns were identified: spiral-circles, straight-lines and random. Matings occurred only in closed spaces and were always accompanied by courtship behaviour. In contrast, only 68% of all courtship days were associated with a mating event. Receptivity in the female wombats lasted for 13 h and the behavioural signs of oestrus were so subtle that only the reaction/interest of the male could be used for its detection. The covert reproductive behaviours identified for female L. latifrons closely match those previously reported for captive common wombats and may relate to this species’ need to conserve energy.

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Saran, K. A., G. Parker, R. Parker e C. R. Dickman. "Rehabilitation as a conservation tool: a case studyusing the common wombat". Pacific Conservation Biology 17, n. 4 (2011): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc110310.

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Wildlife rehabilitation seeks to return healthy animals back to their natural habitat with good survival prospects,and hence contribute to the persistence of their populations. However, the effectiveness of rehabilitation remains largelyundocumented, and its utility as a conservation tool is unclear. In this paper, we document the rehabilitation successof a large, herbivorous marsupial, the common wombat (Vombatus ursinus), and use the findings as a case study toevaluate the contribution that rehabilitation can make to wildlife conservation. Using a database of 54 orphaned wombatsmonitored for up to eight years, we found that 81.5% of young survived to release and, of those, 77.3% were alivein the wild by the end of the study. Survival during rehabilitation was greater for larger, older animals, but influencedalso by problems during care, reaction to human contact following weaning and, in particular, the responses ofindividuals to treatment. No factors associated with rescue condition, rehabilitation or release affected survival of animalsonce returned to the wild, suggesting that wombats were not disadvantaged by their progression through rehabilitation.We provide brief recommendations to improve rehabilitation success for wombats. We conclude that rehabilitation isan under-recognized but potentially valuable conservation tool, and suggest that it is timely to consider its contributionto wildlife management more generally.

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R. Finlayson, G., D. A. Taggart, G. A. Shimmin, C. R. White, V. Steele, M. C . J. Paris e P. D. Temple-Smith. "The application of intra-species fostering techniques to the southern hairy-nosed wombat, Lasiorhinus latifrons". Pacific Conservation Biology 13, n. 4 (2007): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc070259.

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Cross-fostering in marsupials refers to the transfer of pouch young from a target species into the pouch of a foster mother of the same species (intra-species) or a closely related species (inter-species). This technique together with short-term isolation of pouch young can be a valuable tool for increasing the reproductive output of endangered marsupials. In this study We investigate the use of cross-fostering and pouch isolation techniques to assist with hairy-nosed wombat recovery efforts. As an initial step towards achieving this end we report on the first successful intra-species pouch young isolation and fostering studies in a vombatid marsupial. Fifteen pouch young were fostered between female southern hairy-nosed wombats in 1997 and 1998, ranging in age from 16 to 146 days. Six of these females were recaptured between four and eleven months later and all were either still carrying the cross-fostered young or showed evidence of late lactation on the same teat. Pouch young isolation studies in the southern hairy-nosed wombat demonstrated that young as small as 0.43 g can be successfully isolated from the pouch for up to 8 hours at 23 degrees and 100% humidity; however, until more tests are available, we recommend a minimum age and size of 10 days and 100 g respectively. Results of this study provide baseline information to assist with the future development of cross-fostering and pouch young isolation techniques in hairy-nosed wombats to enhance breeding in wild and/or captive colonies.

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Johnston, Stephen. "Challenges associated with the development and transfer of assisted breeding technology in marsupials and monotremes: lessons from the koala, wombat and short-beaked echidna". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 31, n. 7 (2019): 1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd18113.

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This reflective review describes how a research model, which was originally established for the successful AI of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus), is currently being developed and extended to the wombat (Lasiorhinus latifrons and Vombatus ursinus) and short-beaked echidna (Tachyglossus aculeatus). The research model centres around the establishment of an AI program and involves: (1) semen collection, evaluation and preservation, requiring an understanding of male reproductive physiology and gamete biology; (2) timing of insemination, based on a knowledge of oestrous cycle and gestation physiology and oestrous behaviour; and (3) the appropriate placement of semen, which relies on an accurate description of female reproductive anatomy. Published and unpublished studies of assisted breeding technology (ABT) development in all three species of Australian mammals reported in this review (koala, wombat and short-beaked echidna) clearly demonstrate the importance of recognising species-specific variation in reproductive biology. Even in closely related species, such as the koala and wombat, subtle differences in reproductive physiology can hinder the transfer of ABT across species. Significant progress in marsupial and monotreme ABT will also require adequate access to captive wildlife colonies (zoos, university collections and private partners) in sufficient numbers in order to conduct quality science.

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Mendygral, P. J., N. Radcliffe, K. Kandalla, D. Porter, B. J. O’Neill, C. Nolting, P. Edmon, J. M. F. Donnert e T. W. Jones. "WOMBAT: A Scalable and High-performance Astrophysical Magnetohydrodynamics Code". Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 228, n. 2 (23 febbraio 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aa5b9c.

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49

Fagan, David A., e Duane E. Ullrey. "Dental Malocclusion in a Coarse-Haired Wombat (Vombatus Ursinus)". Journal of Veterinary Dentistry 25, n. 4 (dicembre 2008): 240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089875640802500404.

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Abstract (sommario):

A female coarse-haired wombat held in captivity at the San Diego Zoo from approximately 2 to 16 years-of-age developed a dental malocclusion as a consequence of tooth overgrowth. The incisor, premolar, and molar teeth in this species are classified as aradicular hypsodont and continue to grow throughout life, presumably to counter the abrasive character of the high fiber, high ash, and high silica natural diet. In this case, there was a developmental defect of the maxillary incisor teeth, preventing functional interaction of the maxillary and mandibular incisor teeth. In addition, the captive diet appeared to be insufficiently abrasive, resulting in overgrown and malaligned premolar and molar teeth that were progressively less effective in food mastication and impinged on the tongue and buccal mucosa resulting in soft tissue lesions. The wombat was humanely euthanized, and comparisons of skull appearance and tooth position were made with those features in a wild-caught zoological specimen from the Smithsonian Institution.

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50

Johnson. "Observations on the uninhibited bladder of the common wombat". BJU International 81, n. 4 (aprile 1998): 641–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1998.00666.x.

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