Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "White cane sensors"
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Articoli di riviste sul tema "White cane sensors"
1
Mohd Yusof, Zulkhairi, Md Masum Billah, Kushsairy Kadir, Muhamad Amirul Sunni Bin Rohim Rohim, Haidawati Nasir, M. Izani e A. Razak. "Design and Analysis of a Smart Blind Stick for Visual Impairment". Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 11, n. 3 (1 settembre 2018): 848. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i3.pp848-856.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
For a long time, visually impaired person uses a white cane to guide their way when travel outside. The white cane has been useful for the blinds in improving their mobility but unfortunately the white cane has its limitation. One of the shortcomings of the white cane is that, it could only detect the obstacles that are within the contact ranges of the white cane. This problem sometimes could cause the blind person to be in trouble because of insufficient time to detect and warn new obstacles in front of the blind person. This research proposes a walking stick system that has two functions; to classify an obstacles height whether it is low or high and to detect a front hole. The ability to detect the height of an obstacle will help the visually impaired to either step over or avoid the obstacle. The ability to detect a hole should help the visually impaired to avoid it in time. The walking stick will use two ultrasonic sensors for the detection of obstacle height, and a laser sensor for the detection of hole. A controller will be used to monitor and analyze the data from the sensors and feedback to the user through a vibration sensor and buzzer. The algorithm to differentiate the height of obstacles is working well and it is able to differentiate high or low obstacles. The laser ranging sensor has successfully been tested for hole detection. Therefore, the walking stick with ultrasonic and laser sensors will help more visually impaired to move around much faster and feeling more safer due to improved warning system for their movement.
2
Dernayka, Aya, Michel-Ange Amorim, Roger Leroux, Lucas Bogaert e René Farcy. "Tom Pouce III, an Electronic White Cane for Blind People: Ability to Detect Obstacles and Mobility Performances". Sensors 21, n. 20 (15 ottobre 2021): 6854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21206854.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
We present a protocol for evaluating the efficiency of an electronic white cane for improving the mobility of blind people. The electronic cane used during the test is the Tom Pouce III, made of LIDAR sensors (light detection and ranging) with tactile feedback. The protocol comprises two parts. The first part, the “detection test”, evaluates the efficiency of the sensors in the Tom Pouce III for detecting the obstacles found in everyday life (thin and large poles, apertures) under different environmental conditions (darkness, sun light, rain). The second part of the test, the “mobility test”, compares the ability of blind participants to cross a 25 m path by avoiding obstacles with the simple white cane and the electronic cane. The 12 blind participants had between 2 and 20 years of experience of everyday usage of Tom Pouce devices. The results show a significant improvement in the capacity to avoid obstacles with the electronic cane relative to the simple white cane, and there was no speed difference. There was no correlation between the results and the years of experience of the users.
3
A. Mousse, Mikaël. "Visually Impaired People Monitoring in a Smart Home using Electronic White Cane". International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology 14, n. 03 (30 giugno 2022): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/ijcsit.2022.14308.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The monitoring of visually impaired people is important in order to help them to travel safely. Then, many research works implement some travel aids. The proposed techniques are mostly based on the use of a white cane. This work introduces an electronic white cane based on sensors' technology. The proposed electronic cane helps its user to detect obstacles within two meters on the ground or in height. Once the obstacle is detected, the system sends vocal instructions via a Bluetooth headset to alert the person concerned. The ultrasonic and infrared sensors have been mounted on the white cane in order to provide it with the necessary intelligence. A raspberry pi performs the processing of the data. The proposed system also suggests using a mobile application to track the visually impaired in real-time. This application has a function that allows you to trace the visual patient's route. This is important to detect the possible cause of damage to patients during their travels. We use Python as programming language for electronic devices. The mobile application is Android. Though, the WEB application is a REST API developed using Python and NodeJs. The system is implemented and tested. The result shows the efficacity of the proposed system.
4
Agarwal, Pragati, Ankur Gupta, Shivank Garg e Nirbheek Banga. "An Assistive Mobility Device for the Blind: White Guide". International Journal of Advance Research and Innovation 5, n. 2 (2017): 65–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.51976/ijari.521712.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Presently, for making human life easier with innovative articles various approaches are being used. Blindness is a characteristic, not a disability or defect. Navigating in an unknown environment poses a great difficulty for the visually challenged people. They are dependent for any type of movement. To overcome this smart product is proposed that can be attached to white cane. White cane will help the user with obstacle detection, real time location tracking of the blind, support intimation in case of emergencies and some voice control features. It consists of various sensors to perceive the environment and give haptic feedbacks. The product connects with an Android application via Bluetooth. The main aim is to provide a reliable, safe, affordable and easy to use navigating tool to ease the lives of visually impaired people.
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Elsonbaty, Amira A. "Smart Blind Stick Design and Implementation". International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, n. 5 (30 giugno 2021): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.d2535.0610521.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Technologies are rapidly evolving, allowing people to live healthier and simpler lives. Sightless people are unable to carry out their everyday activities, such as walking down the street, visiting friends or relatives, or doing some other mundane tasks. As a result, the smart stick is a stick that can assist a person in walking safely without fear of colliding with another person or solid objects is proposed as a solution to this major issue. It is a development of the traditional blind stick as it acts as a companion for the blind when walking by sending audio alerts to the blind via a headphone connected to the phone with obstacles (water/walls/stairs / muddy ground) and also enables him to make a phone call to ask for help. EasyEdasoftware was used for designing and simulating electrical circuits, was used to model the electric circuit.This system functions similarly to a white cane in that it assists blind people in scanning their surroundings for obstacles or orientation marks. This system will be mounted on a white cane with an ultrasonic sensor, and a water sensor to detect changes in the environment. Ultrasonic sensors detect obstacles in front of it using ultrasonic wave reflection, water detection sensors detect whether there is a puddle.
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Kamarulbaharin, Z. A., e N. Rahmat. "Influence of Acoustical Absorbing Material on the Obstacle Detection Angle of an Ultrasonic Sensor". Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (settembre 2013): 988–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.988.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Navigation aid is important for the visually impaired person to travel safely. A white cane is normally used to detect obstacles in the persons path but it is limited in its detecting ability as it can only detect obstacles around the length of the cane and is unable to detect moving or overhanging objects. Many types of navigational aids are being developed using ultrasonic sensors to assist the visually impaired to detect obstacles and they are known as Electronic Travel Aids. This paper is focused on studying the influence of acoustical absorbing material on the obstacle detection angle of an ultrasonic sensor. Results showed that a tube lined with acoustical absorbing material attached to the sensor is able to narrow the detection angle for more precise obstacle detection.
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M, Sharmila. "DESIGN OF AN INTELLIGENT ELECTRIC VEHICLE VISUALLY CHALLENGED PERSON". INTERANTIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH IN ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT 08, n. 05 (6 maggio 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/ijsrem33221.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Blind individuals now utilise a conventional cane to guide them as they go from one location to another. Even though the standard cane is the most widely used aid for the blind today, it is unable to assist them in identifying hazards from various degrees of obstruction. Within this framework, we suggest a novel intelligent system to assist those who are blind or partially sighted. Through the usage of this device, blind persons may walk around with the same confidence and ease as sighted people. The system is connected to a GSM- GPS module in order to pinpoint the blind person's position and create a wireless two-way communication channel. Additionally, it uses ultrasonic sensors to offer direction information and obstacle avoidance information. The system is further enhanced with a vibrator, an accelerometer sensor, and a beeper. The white cane is utilised in conjunction with the compact and lightweight system. The outcomes demonstrated that the blinds utilising this method could move securely and autonomously. Key Words: AT commands, Microcontroller, Short Message Service (SMS), Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM), and Assistive Technology.
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Sudhakar, Dr R., Dr S. Elango, Arya Surendran e Gopika Venu. "Reading Assistant for Visually Challenged Peoples with Advance Image Capturing Technique Using Machine Learning". Migration Letters 20, S13 (20 dicembre 2023): 361–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.59670/ml.v20is13.6467.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Since blindness prevents a person from learning about their surroundings, it is difficult for them to independently navigate, recognise items, avoid hazards, and read. In this essay, we provide a ground-breaking system for visually impaired people who use assistive technology. The concept incorporates a camera, sensors, and effective image processing algorithms that use Raspberry Pi for object detection and obstacle avoidance. Ultrasonic sensors and the camera both measure the user's distance from the obstruction. The system consists of integrated reading help that first generates an audio response before converting images to text. The complete apparatus is small and light, and it can be easily and inexpensively mounted on a regular pair of eyeglasses. The entire system is affordable, easy to use, and can be attached to a regular pair of eyeglasses. It is also portable and lightweight. Ten people who are completely blind will be used to compare the performance of the suggested device to the traditional white cane. The evaluations are conducted in controlled environments intended to mimic day-to-day activities for blind persons. The findings show that the proposed device provides more accessibility, comfort, and simplicity of navigation for the blind when compared to the white cane.
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Khairani, Fadhilah, Mohamad Solahudin e Slamet Widodo. "Rapid Analysis of ICUMSA Value of Cane Sugar Using Multi-Channel Spectra Sensor Based-Portable Device". Jurnal Keteknikan Pertanian 12, n. 3 (30 dicembre 2024): 409–23. https://doi.org/10.19028/jtep.012.3.409-423.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
One of important quality parameters of white crystal cane sugar is its color measured as ICUMSA (International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis) color value. It is usually measured in laboratory through a complex and lengthy chemical analysis method. To overcome this challenge, this research tries to explore the potential use of multi-channel spectra sensors in UV-VIS-NIR regions as an alternative method to predict the ICUMSA value. The proposed portable device uses a AS7265X sensor as its main component. After that, measurements were made in the laboratory using standard methods as reference data. The result of the prediction with partial least squares (PLS) is R2 = 0,896, RMSEC = 0,072%, RMSEP = 0,103%, CV=26,09% and PRD = 3,10. Multiple linear regression (MLR) predictions are R2= 0,935, RMSEC=0,057%, RMSEP=0,090%, CV=20,64% and RPD = 3,92. The prediction of ICUMSA with an artificial neural network model (ANN) is R2=0,9996, RMSEC=0,004%, RMSEP=0,037%, CV=1,43% and the RPD value is 9,54. This shows that developed PLS, MLR and ANN are able to predict the ICUMA value, with ANN as the best model.
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Nowshin, Nadia, Sakib Shadman, Sakib Shadman, Saha Joy, Saha Joy, Sarker Aninda, Sarker Aninda, Islam Md Minhajul e Islam Md Minhajul. "An Intelligent Walking Stick for the Visually-Impaired People". International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 13, n. 11 (22 novembre 2017): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v13i11.7565.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Blind stick or white cane is introduced to blind people after the First World War as a mobility tool to detect the obstacles in the path of the user. This paper proposes an Arduino Nano based obstacle finding stick for visually-impaired people, which helps a blind person by detecting the obstacles using Ultrasonic sensors and android mobile application. It is able to inform the blind person about the circumstances & present condition of the path where he/she is walking. The main objective of this paper is to help a blind people to move more freely by using a reliable stick. The device consists of arduino nano, HC SR-04 ultrasonic sensor, HC-05 Bluetooth module, push buttons, 100nF ceramic capacitors and a 9V battery as the power source. And the android app is developed using MIT App Inventor 2.
Tesi sul tema "White cane sensors"
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Keryakos, Youssef. "Detection and management of stressful situations to help the blind persons in their daily lives". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UBFCD043.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Le stress, une expérience commune à diverses activités humaines, affecte de manière significative la vie quotidienne des individus, en particulier ceux ayant des déficiences visuelles. Défini comme un état de tension physique ou mentale, le stress provient de situations qui induisent frustration, nervosité ou colère. Le Syndrome d'Adaptation Générale (SAG) décrit la réponse du corps au stress, englobant les phases d'Alarme, de Résistance et d''Epuisement, et implique la libération d'hormones de stress comme le cortisol et l'adrénaline. Identifier et gérer le stress chez les personnes aveugles est particulièrement difficile en raison de leur dépendance aux indices sensoriels non visuels pour la navigation.Les personnes aveugles éprouvent un stress accru lors de la navigation en raison de l'incapacité à voir les obstacles et les changements dans leur environnement. Ce stress est exacerbé dans les environnements extérieurs et intérieurs inconnus ou complexes, où les aides traditionnelles à la navigation, telles que les GPS et les images satellites, sont inefficaces. Les résultats de notre travail ont établi que la présence d'obstacles et la complexité des itinéraires de navigation sont directement corrélées à des niveaux de stress accrus. Malgré le développement de divers outils d'assistance, tels que les compas en braille et les cannes blanches, ces solutions sont souvent insuffisantes pour fournir un soutien complet.En réponse à ces défis, nous proposons un nouveau système de navigation hybride conçu pour aider les personnes aveugles en intégrant la détection du stress en temps réel et une aide à l'orientation lors de la navigation. Notre système utilise une canne blanche intelligente équipée d'un réseau de capteurs biologiques pour surveiller les indicateurs physiologiques du stress, notamment la fréquence cardiaque, la conductance de la peau et l'activité musculaire. En analysant ces biosignaux, le système vise à identifier les situations induisant du stress et à recommander des itinéraires de navigation moins stressants.Le système proposé répond aux défis de la navigation en extérieur et en intérieur. Pour les environnements extérieurs, le système génère des indices de difficulté et de stress des itinéraires, permettant aux utilisateurs de choisir et de suivre le chemin le moins stressant. La détection en temps réel des obstacles est réalisée grâce à des techniques avancées de traitement d'images, et les utilisateurs reçoivent des indications vocales pour naviguer efficacement. Pour les environnements intérieurs, où les données GPS et satellites sont indisponibles, le système utilise la réalité augmentée (RA) et un système de gestion de contenu (SGC) pour créer des cartes virtuelles basées sur des images de plans d'étage. Des codes QR dans l'espace intérieur permettent aux utilisateurs de charger et d'interagir avec ces cartes virtuelles via une application mobile.L'intégration de la détection du stress en temps réel et du soutien à la navigation représente un avancement significatif dans la technologie d'assistance. En réduisant le stress et en améliorant l'efficacité de la navigation, le système vise à améliorer la qualité de vie des personnes malvoyantes. Les recherches futures se concentreront sur l'évaluation des performances du système, l'analyse des retours des utilisateurs et le raffinement de la technologie pour garantir une fonctionnalité optimale et la satisfaction des utilisateurs. Cette approche améliore non seulement l'indépendance, mais fournit également une expérience de navigation plus gérable et moins stressante pour les utilisateurs aveuglesStress is a universal human experience that has a substantial impact on people's day-to-day functioning, particularly for those who are visually impaired. Stress is characterized as a condition of tension, either bodily or mental, that results from events that cause anxiety, agitation, or frustration. The alarm, resistance, and exhaustion phases of the body's reaction to stress are outlined by the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), which also includes the release of stress hormones like cortisol and adrenaline. Blindness makes it especially difficult to recognize and manage stress, as blind people rely on non-visual sensory signals to navigate.Being unable to notice barriers and changes in their surroundings causes blind persons to experience more stress when navigating. In unfamiliar or complicated outdoor and indoor environments, when conventional navigational aids like GPS and satellite images are useless, this stress is increased. Our research's findings have demonstrated a clear relationship between higher stress levels and the difficulty of navigation routes and the existence of barriers. Even with the invention of numerous assistive devices, such as white canes and braille compasses, these solutions frequently fail to offer complete assistance.We address these issues by putting forth a novel hybrid navigation system that combines real-time stress detection with navigation assistance to help blind people. Our method makes use of a smart white cane that is outfitted with a network of biosensors to keep an eye on physiological stress markers including heart rate, muscular activity, and skin conductance. The system's goal is to identify stressful conditions and suggest less stressful navigation routes by evaluating these biosignals.The suggested solution tackles navigational issues in both indoor and outdoor environments. The system creates stress and route difficulty indices for outdoor surroundings, enabling users to select and follow the least stressful path. Advanced image processing techniques are used to detect obstacles in real-time, and verbal commentary is provided to users to help them navigate safely. The technology uses augmented reality (AR) and a content management system (CMS) to build virtual maps based on floor plan photos for indoor environments where GPS and satellite data are not available. Thanks to a mobile application, users can load and interact with these virtual maps by scanning QR codes located within the indoor space.Real-time stress detection and navigation support are integrated into the system, which is a major leap in assistive technology. The system's goal is to make navigation more efficient and less stressful for people who are blind or visually impaired. Subsequent studies will concentrate on assessing the system's effectiveness, examining user input, and improving the technology to guarantee peak performance and user contentment. For blind individuals, this method not only increases independence but also makes navigation easier and less stressful
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Lin, Tzu-min, e 林子閔. "Integration of Ultrasonic and MEMS sensors in White Cane for blind navigation applications". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41020995077482993807.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
碩士國立臺灣科技大學
機械工程系
97
The purpose of this study is to design a device that can help vision impaired people know the location where they are. The device uses Inertial-sensor and Dead-Reckoning technologies in white cane to realize this objective. In order to avoid the accumulation of error on Inertial-sensors, Ultrasonic range sensor are used on the white cane to correct this kind of error. This designed cane detects the environment and helps the user to locate himself. In addition, Simultaneous Location And Mapping, ( SLAM ) technology is studies to be used in the design . In order to reach the goal of continual locating while receiving the accurate data, this study investigates the motion characteristic of white cane and propose solutions that can calibrate the sensors at some specific instances during the motion. This measure can control the bias of sensor effectively and avoid the accumulation of error. Moreover, Accelerometer and Gyroscope sensors are used to design a proper way of locating. Based on the result of this study, the designed cane can not only detect the route exactly, but also reduce the error into identified error margin as well. This result will let those vision impaired people walk much more safely and build a mental map for them. This study both extends the application of the white cane successfully and provides an example to those who want to investigate the Ultrasonic range sensor or MEMS sensor applications further in this field .
Libri sul tema "White cane sensors"
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Giannetti, Laura. Food Culture and Literary Imagination in Early Modern Italy. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463728034.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
As the long sixteenth century came to a close, new positive ideas of gusto/taste opened a rich counter vision of food and taste where material practice, sensory perceptions and imagination contended with traditional social values, morality, and dietetic/medical discourse. Exploring the complex and evocative ways the early modern Italian culture of food was imagined in the literature of the time, Food Culture and the Literary Imagination in Early Modern Italy reveals that while a moral and disciplinary vision tried to control the discourse on food and eating in medical and dietetic treatises of the sixteenth century and prescriptive literature, a wide range of literary works contributed to a revolution in eating and taste. In the process long held visions of food and eating, as related to social order and hierarchy, medicine, sexuality and gender, religion and morality, pleasure and the senses, were questioned, tested and overturned, and eating and its pleasures would never be the same.
2
Stoneley, Sarah, e Simon Rinald. Sensory loss. A cura di Patrick Davey e David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0047.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Sensory disturbance can either be a complete loss (anaesthesia) or a reduction (hypoaesthesia) in the ability to perceive the sensory input. Dysaesthesia is an abnormal increase in the perception of normal sensory stimuli. Hyperalgesia is an increased sensitivity to normally painful stimuli, and allodynia is the perception of usually innocuous stimuli as painful. A complete loss of sensation is likely to be due to a central nervous system problem, while a tingling/paraesthesia (large fibre) or burning/temperature (small fibre) sensation is likely due to an acquired peripheral nervous system problem. Shooting, electric-shock-like pains suggest radicular pathology, a tight-band spinal cord dysfunction. Positive sensory symptoms are usually absent in inherited neuropathies, even in the context of significant deficits on examination. This chapter describes the clinical approach to patients with sensory symptoms. Common patterns of sensory loss and their causes are described.
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Merabet, Lotfi, e Alvaro Pascual-Leone. Studies of Crossmodal Functions with TMS. A cura di Charles M. Epstein, Eric M. Wassermann e Ulf Ziemann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0029.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the brain, information from all the senses interacts and is integrated in order to create a unified sensory percept. Some percepts appear unimodal, and some, cross modal. Unimodal percepts can be modified by crossmodal interactions given that our brains process multiple streams of sensory information in parallel and promote extensive interactions. TMS can provide valuable insights on the neural substrates associated with multisensory processing in humans. TMS is commonly described as a ‘relatively painless’ method of stimulating the brain noninvasively. However, TMS itself is strong multisensory and this should be considered while interpreting the results. With regard to the crossmodal sensory changes that follow sensory deprivation, these changes can be revealed using a variety of methods including the combination of TMS with neuroimaging.
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Macpherson, Fiona, a cura di. Sensory Substitution and Augmentation. British Academy, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266441.001.0001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Sensory substitution and augmentation devices are built to try to replace or enhance one sense by using another sense. For example, in tactile–vision, stimulation of the skin driven by input to a camera is used to replace the ordinary sense of vision that uses our eyes. The feelSpace belt aims to give people a magnetic sense of direction using vibrotactile stimulation driven by a digital compass. This volume brings together researchers—neuroscientists, psychologists and philosophers—who are developing these technologies, studying the minds and behaviour of subjects who use them. There is a particular focus on the nature of the perceptual experiences, the sensory interactions, and the changes that take place in the mind and brain over time that occur while using and training to use these technologies. Essays address the nature, limits and possibilities of sensory substitution and augmentation, how they might be used to help those with sensory impairments, and what they can tell us about perception and perceptual experience in general.
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Papineau, David. The Metaphysics of Sensory Experience. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198862390.001.0001.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
What are the materials of conscious perceptual experience? What is going on when we are consciously aware of a visual scene, or hear sounds, or otherwise enjoy sensory experience? In The Metaphysics of Sensory Experience David Papineau exposes the flaws in contemporary answers to this central philosophical question and defends a new alternative. Contemporary theories of perceptual experience all hold that conscious experiences reach out into the world beyond the mind. According to naïve realism, experiences literally incorporate perceived facts, while representationalism holds that experiences contain ordinary properties of the kind possessed by physical objects. These ideas might seem attractive at first sight, but Papineau shows that they do not stand up to examination. Instead Papineau argues for a purely qualitative account of sensory experience. Conscious sensory experiences are intrinsic states of people with no essential connection to external circumstances or represented properties. This might run counter to initial intuition, but Papineau shows that it is the only view that fits the facts. He develops this qualitative theory in detail, showing how it can accommodate the rich structure of sensory experience. Papineau’s qualitative account has respectable antecedents in the history of philosophy, and is also probably the view adopted by most non-specialists, be they reflective high school students, practising neuroscientists, or philosophers working outside the philosophy of perception. By placing the qualitative theory on a firm footing, Papineau shows all those curious about experience that they need not be restricted to the options on the contemporary philosophical menu.
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Hume, Lynne L., e Nevill Drury. The Varieties of Magical Experience. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216031772.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A rare combination of personal and academic, this book showcases the myriad avenues for transcending the boundaries of reality through direct sensory experience. The Varieties of Magical Experience: Indigenous, Medieval, and Modern Magic provides a comprehensive volume that examines magic in all its aspects. Through detailed case studies, verbatim accounts of personal experiences, and first-hand experience from the authors’ own active participation in many alternative religious rituals and ceremonies, this unique book reveals how magic can be a universal phenomenon that crosses cultural, historical, and spatial boundaries. The work is organized in five sections that embrace several broad themes: indigenous magical and shamanic practices; medieval witchcraft; sorcery and hermetic magic; and contemporary Western magical practices, including the role of sexuality, trance, and meditation. The introductory section explores the idea of magic, other realities, and the employment of all the senses, while the final section discusses contemporary issues of ecology and cybermagic. The authors give voice to the powerful emotions and feelings that result from a magical encounter, providing engaging and accessible information to general readers, while those well versed in the opaque world of magic and occultism, consciousness studies, and imaginal and disembodied realms will appreciate the book’s content at a deeper level.
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Giannetti, Laura. Food Culture and Literary Imagination in Early Modern Italy. Amsterdam University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9789048557547.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
As the long sixteenth century came to a close, new positive ideas of gusto/ taste opened a rich counter vision of food and taste where material practice, sensory perceptions and imagination contended with traditional social values, morality, and dietetic/medical discourse. Exploring the complex and evocative ways the early modern Italian culture of food was imagined in the literature of the time, Food Culture and the Literary Imagination in Early Modern Italy reveals that while a moral and disciplinary vision tried to control the discourse on food and eating in medical and dietetic treatises of the sixteenth century and prescriptive literature, a wide range of literary works contributed to a revolution in eating and taste. In the process long held visions of food and eating, as related to social order and hierarchy, medicine, sexuality and gender, religion and morality, pleasure and the senses, were questioned, tested and overturned, and eating and its pleasures would never be the same.
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Nason, Bill. The Autism Discussion Page on Stress, Anxiety, Shutdowns and Meltdowns. Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781805014690.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Anxiety, meltdowns and emotional regulation can be hugely challenging for autistic people. This book is full of proactive strategies for understanding, accepting and respecting the processing differences in autism. It contains tools for reducing sensory, social and mental drain, and offers strategies to protect from ongoing stress and anxiety. These help minimize shutdowns and burnout, while maximizing self-esteem, autistic identity and mental health. Learn strategies for matching environmental demands to the person's processing needs, how to support vulnerabilities, and how to prevent and manage meltdowns while protecting the identify and self-esteem of the individual with autism.
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Shaibani, Aziz. Facial Weakness. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190661304.003.0005.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Unilateral or bilateral facial weakness is an important manifestation of many neuromuscular disorders; some of them are as simple as Bell’s palsy, while others are as serious as Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). Facial weakness can be easily mimicked, and therefore, psychogenic etiology should always be kept in mind. Peripheral facial weakness affects all functions and parts, while central weakness may save the upper face and may affect emotional and voluntary functions differentially. Botulinum toxin injection has become a common cause of facial palsy, therefore detailed history is crucial. Examination of the sensory and motor systems is important to define the type and cause. Imaging and electrodiagnostic testing are often needed in the diagnostic process.
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Thaisetthawatkul, Pariwat, e Eric Logigian. Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy in Pregnancy. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190667351.003.0026.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) are both immune-mediated diseases of the peripheral nervous system that typically present with symmetric, progressive muscle weakness, areflexia, and sensory symptoms or signs. GBS evolves rapidly with a nadir at 2–4 weeks usually with an antecedent viral illness, while CIDP progresses more slowly over months to years. GBS is sometimes complicated by life-threatening respiratory failure or dysautonomia. Onset of GBS and relapse of CIDP can occur during pregnancy or postpartum. But with appropriate supportive care and immunotherapy, maternal and fetal outcome in both conditions is typically excellent. The exception is fetal outcome in GBS triggered by maternal CMV or Zika infection transmitted to the fetus. Full-term vaginal delivery and regional anesthesia are preferred in maternal GBS and CIDP, but if C-section and general anesthesia are indicated, non-depolarizing agents such as succinylcholine should be avoided.
Capitoli di libri sul tema "White cane sensors"
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Druml, Norbert, Thomas Pietsch, Marcus Baumgart, Cristina Consani, Thomas Herndl e Gerald Holweg. "A Smartphone-Based Virtual White Cane Prototype Featuring Time-of-Flight 3D Imaging". In Sensor Systems Simulations, 179–99. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-16577-2_6.
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Li, Lili, Hao Luo, He Qi e Feiyu Wang. "Sensor Fault Diagnosis Method of Bridge Monitoring System Based on FS-LSTM". In Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures, 487–501. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8657-4_44.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractAn improved long-short-term memory neural network (FS-LSTM) fault diagnosis method is proposed based on the problems of damage false alarm, data of health monitoring system incorrect caused by sensor fault in bridge structure health monitoring system. The method is verified by simulating three-span continuous beams to install several sensors and considering the five failures of one sensor, the faults such as: constant, gain, bias, gain linearity bias, and noise. At first, several pieces of white noise data are randomly generated, and each piece of white noise data is applied as a ground pulsation excitation to the structure support, and the acceleration response of the structure at the sensor location is calculated. Simultaneously, each structural response record of each sensor adds white noise with the same signal-to-noise ratio to obtain the test value of each sensor; Secondly, in order to study the generality, except for the five types of faulty sensors in sequence, one sensor is randomly selected from each of the remaining spans, to verify whether there will be a situation where an intact sensor is misdiagnosed as a faulty sensor; Finally, the FS-LSTM network is constructed through the training set to predict the acceleration data, determine the sensor fault threshold, and compare the residual sequence with the fault threshold to diagnose whether the sensor is faulty. The case research of a three-span continuous beam shows that when the above-mentioned five types of faults occur in the sensor, the proposed method can correctly determine whether the sensor is faulty, and it will not be misdiagnosed, which can be used for daily bridge health monitoring. Furthermore, it provides a new method for the maintenance of the bridge health monitoring system.
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Pozo, Nicolás, Fernando Yupa e Edy Ayala. "Intelligent White Cane for Visually Impaired People Based on an Ultrasonic Sensor". In Communication, Smart Technologies and Innovation for Society, 645–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4126-8_58.
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Jain, Ankit, e Abhishek Srivastava. "A Comprehensive Framework for Detecting Behavioural Anomalies in the Elderly". In AI, Data, and Digitalization, 136–50. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53770-7_9.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe world is seeing a rapid increase in the population of the aged. This, combined with a shortage of affordable care-giving manpower, leads to a dependence on automated systems for monitoring the well-being of the elderly and detecting abnormalities. There exist techniques based on sensors of various types to detect and recognize the daily activities of the elderly and detect anomalies. While such sensor-based techniques are effective at detecting immediate exigencies, they are unable to comprehend gradual deterioration in the behavior of the elderly indicating conditions like dementia and Alzheimer’s, for example. This aspect is also not properly addressed in the literature. This paper introduces an approach for the comprehensive detection of anomalies in the activities of the elderly using a graph-based approach. The approach employs dynamic activity graphs where anomalies are detected using a dissimilarity score. It is capable of detecting both short-term and long-term anomalies in the daily activities of the elderly.
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Sullivan, Elaine A. "The Senses & the Sacred: A Multisensory and Digital Approach to Examining an Ancient Egyptian Funerary Landscape". In Capturing the Senses, 37–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23133-9_3.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractWhat makes a space feel sacred? How did ancient people create a physical and emotional ‘sense’ of specialness or distinction in their ritual places? The ancient Egyptians created at least two major zones of ritualised space (demarcated from the secular parts of their cities and towns), the temple and the cemetery. While scholars have addressed the multisensory techniques utilised by kings and priests to craft the temple precinct into a sacred landscape, the sensory experience of the necropolis remains undertheorized. This gap results from the challenge of comprehending the vast funerary landscapes that have experienced dramatic change since ancient times, changes which have obscured ancient ground level and pathways as well as dramatically altered the appearance of monumental tomb architecture. In this chapter, I combine textual, art historical, and archaeological evidence for the sounds, smells, and visual experiences of ancient people at an Egyptian necropolis with 3D GIS technologies that attempt to virtually represent ancient ritual spaces in their form during the Pharaonic Period. The necropolis of Saqqara, bordering the administrative centre Memphis and one of Egypt’s oldest elite burial grounds, is used as a case study to explore the ancient Egyptian funerary landscape from a multisensory perspective.
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Mainini, Andrea Giovanni, Martina Signorini, Jaroslaw Drozdziel, Aleksander Bartoszewski, Sonia Lupica Spagnolo, Teemu Vesanen, Davide Madeddu et al. "Demonstration in Relevant Environments". In Innovative Tools and Methods Using BIM for an Efficient Renovation in Buildings, 95–119. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-04670-4_7.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThree building case studies were chosen with the purpose of demonstrating the BIM4EEB BIM-based toolkit. The selected buildings are both social houses and residential apartments respecting the needs of vulnerable inhabitants. To increase the representativeness of the test case the buildings are located in three different locations with different climatic conditions, specifically Italy, Poland, Finland. For all the case studies analysed, BIM models were created with different levels of detail (LOD), which, thanks to the interaction with the BIMMS, make it possible to create a common environment for the representation and use of the data collected and subsequently shared between the different tools. Among the three demonstration sites, the Italian site is undergoing building envelope renovation interventions such as the realization of the thermal insulation with ETICS technologies and the replacement of external windows. In order to test the different tools, a demonstration procedure has been defined for them, constituted mainly by workshop activities and quantitative and qualitative evaluations. To assess the level of accomplishment with respect to stated objectives and project success a validation methodology based on Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) was delineated. Precisely, two categories of KPIs have been identified: “mandatory” and “secondary” addressing project objectives and in connection with the literature review and project use cases and tools. To calculate the KPIs standard baselines were estimated, such as are currently in an ongoing process to assess the traditional process that can be compared with the actual value associated with the BIM-based process. The chapter will present the methods and the first intermediate results of a demonstration process that is currently not yet completed and will later see a further application of the tools in dedicated demo sites. Environmental monitoring sensors were installed in selected apartments in Polish and Italian demo site, while were installed in common spaces for the Finnish building. Specific sensors set up have been analysed and chosen to fulfil the different needs related to the specific project outcomes. Inhabitants’ availability, technical condition and flat exposition were criteria followed for the choice of apartments. Sensors allowed to improve the occupancy monitoring and to have a historical record of environmental values such as temperature, humidity and light strictly connected to users’ preferences. The mobile application about renovation activities performed and residents’ indoor home conditions—BIM4Occupants—has been installed by the users and specific workshops with inhabitants were carried out for registration purposes. The BIM Management System is currently collecting sensors’ data stream and data stream between tools such as BIM4Occupants and BIMPlanner. Project monitoring and better communication among users were tested in a different workshop by applying the BIMPlanner tool in the plans and progress site operations. The functionalities of the refurbishment scenario simulation tool—BIMeaser—were tested in qualitative and quantitative design workshops respectively with the construction professionals using the two pilot sites in Italy and in Finland and with the aim of assessing the achieved time savings of using this tool compared to the manual data input process of the scenario simulation.
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Torrents, Enric Garcia, e Anna Björkdahl. "Alternatives to Coercion". In Coercion and Violence in Mental Health Settings, 373–403. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-61224-4_17.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractIn this chapter, the authors critically examine the historical and contemporary use of restraint in mental health care and advocate for more humane, patient-centred alternatives. The authors consider the detrimental effects of coercive practices on patients’ autonomy, dignity, and recovery process, highlighting the intrinsic link between coercion and violence. The chapter examines a range of alternative approaches in both inpatient and community settings, including sensory rooms, open door policies, advance directives, patient-controlled admissions, recovery colleges, and peer support services. Each alternative is assessed in terms of its advantages, disadvantages, and the current evidence for its effectiveness. The authors emphasise the need for a paradigm shift towards practices that respect patient autonomy and promote shared decision-making, while acknowledging the need for further research and the challenges of implementing these alternatives. The chapter highlights the importance of transforming mental health care to be more compassionate, patient-centred, and respectful of human rights.
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C. G, Mallamma, Varalakshmi B. D, Nagapushpa K. P e Anuradha U. "SMART NAVIGATION ASSISTANCE SYSTEM FOR THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED". In Futuristic Trends in IOT Volume 3 Book 5, 209–26. Iterative International Publisher, Selfypage Developers Pvt Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.58532/v3bgio5p2ch4.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
There are several hassles in daily life for visually challenged people. In light of this, it is very important to focus on the needs of those who are visually impaired. To help people who are vision impaired to enjoy normal lives, researchers approach the issue from a variety of angles. The white cane is the support system and it enables a sense of being free, independent and self-assured. They can easily take care of their daily tasks thanks to the proposed smart cane's design, which includes an obstacle detection module, heat detection, water detection, light detection, pit and staircase detection using Infrared (IR) sensors, Global Positioning System (GPS), and Global System for Mobile (GSM). The obstacle detection module detects obstacles using ultrasonic range and a camera, intimating the user of the obstacle's detection as well as details about the obstacle. The Raspberry Pi is used to send a voice message through the headset to the visually impaired user regarding the information about what the object is. The person's current location is determined using the GPS and provided as a text message as well as a voice message using a headset. Raspberry Pi is made use of to identify traffic lights, and it notifies the user via a headset whether to wait for the signal or move. If the blind person loses the cane, none of the above mentioned conveniences are available. To accomplish this, an alarm is fixed inside the smart cane which is coupled to their mobile phones. This alarm is used for finding the smart cane if it is missing or placed elsewhere.
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Ji, Qinglei, Shuo Fu, Lei Feng, Georgios Andrikopoulos, Xi Vincent Wang e Lihui Wang. "Development of a 3D Printed Multi-Axial Force Sensor". In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220178.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Sensors play a vital role in the industry transformation. Commercial sensors such as force sensors have limited options in shapes, stiffness, measuring ranges, etc. Customized force sensors optimized for the production environment can greatly increase the integration workflow and avoid the trade-off in design freedom of using commercial sensors. 3D printing, as a rapid prototyping technology, offers great potential in fabricating force sensors customized to a specific application. However, most of the existing 3D printed force sensors are limited to one-directional sensing, while most of them use materials developed in-house. In this study, a fully 3D printed force sensor using commercial conductive 3D printing materials is presented. By utilizing the resistance change when under load, the sensor can estimate the applied force in multiple directions. The resistive performance of the prototype 3D printed force sensor is first characterized and then validated in a case study.
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Kakkar, Deepti, Gurjot Kaur, Parveen Kakkar e Urvashi Sangwan. "Effect of Channel Modeling on Intercept Behavior of a Wireless BAN With Optimal Sensor Scheduling". In Security and Privacy Issues in Sensor Networks and IoT, 94–124. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0373-7.ch004.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Body area networks (BANs), a type of Personal Area Networks (PANs), form a significant part of health care applications. This chapter analyzes the effect of channel modeling on the intercept behavior of a wireless BAN while taking optimal sensor scheduling into account. A comparison is drawn between Lognormal and Weibull models for this case. Wireless BANs represent wireless networks of sensors allocated on, in, and around the human body. BANs are basically meant for health care applications where long-lasting and reliable operation is a must. Some healthcare applications carry sensitive information, therefore security is an important issue. A BAN with a sink node and various sensors is considered here along with an eavesdropper. Due to the radio wave propagation's broadcast nature, the wireless communication can be overheard by the eavesdropper. To safeguard the BAN, the propagation channels need to be characterized and modeled for designing reliable communication systems.
Atti di convegni sul tema "White cane sensors"
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Matalanis, Claude, Paul Brewer, Andrzej Kuczek, Ulf Jonsson, Brian Wake, Seung Kim e Zaffir Chaudhry. "Seeded-Fault Spin-Testing of an Active Rotor Electromechanical Actuator and Mechanism". In Vertical Flight Society 70th Annual Forum & Technology Display, 1–8. The Vertical Flight Society, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0070-2014-9532.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Seeded-fault spin-test results are presented on a representative active rotor system equipped with a prognostics and health management (PHM) sensor suite. Backlash in the mechanism and faults associated with the high-authority electromechanical actuator used to drive the system are investigated. The sensor arrangement used shows the ability to detect and potentially estimate the extent of mechanical backlash at nearly any point in the mechanism. The actuator sensor suite showed the ability to detect multiple independent faults associated with loss of oil, the presence of metallic debris, and oil contamination/ discoloration. The PHM strategy employed on this test article involved a fairly large number of sensors. The results from this study suggest a more optimal strategy whereby the number of sensors can be reduced while maintaining the ability to detect the faults mentioned above.
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Grocholsky, Benjamin, Patrick DeFranco, Hugh Cover, Ayman Singh e Sanjiv Singh. "Robust Autonomous Ship Deck Landing for Rotorcraft". In Vertical Flight Society 72nd Annual Forum & Technology Display, 1–4. The Vertical Flight Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0072-2016-11576.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Landing rotorcraft on a ship deck is a difficult and dangerous task. The US Navy is interested in expanding landing capabilities in degraded visual environments, with impaired or no GPS signal, and in autonomous operations, while at the same time reducing the cost of guidance infrastructure on the ship deck. This paper describes how a suite of multi-modal sensors can provide relative pose estimate from an aircraft to a ship deck in a wide range of conditions. The sensor suite enables robust performance while requiring minimal deck side infrastructure. We describe a three-phase trajectory planner that allow for safe, autonomous landing on a ship deck based on the relative pose estimate from the sensor suite and knowledge of the aircraft dynamics. At the aircraft approaches the ship, the trajectory planner uses a ship deck motion model to time the landing for minimal touchdown impact.
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Wong, C., D. Wee, I. Murray e T. Dias. "A novel design of integrated proximity sensors for the white cane". In ANZIIS 2001. Proceedings of the Seventh Australian and New Zealand Intelligent Information Systems Conference. IEEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/anziis.2001.974075.
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Uemura, Wataru, e Takato Hayama. "A white cane mounted with infrared sensors to detect automatic doors". In 2015 IEEE 5th International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Berlin (ICCE-Berlin). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icce-berlin.2015.7391330.
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Zantou, Pamely, Mikael A. Mousse e Béthel C. A. R. K Atohoun. "An Intelligent based System for Blind People Monitoring in a Smart Home". In 9th International Conference on Signal, Image Processing and Pattern Recognition (SPPR 2020). AIRCC Publishing Corporation, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2020.101910.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Visually impaired people need help to travel safely. To make this possible, many travel aids have been designed. Among them, the cane which is considered as a symbol of visual deficiency in the whole world. In this work, we build an electronic white cane using sensors' technology. This intelligent cane detects obstacles within 2m on the ground or in height, and sends vocal instructions via a Bluetooth headset. We have also built a mobile application to track in real time the visually impaired and a WEB application to control the access to the mobile one. We use ultrasound, IR sensors and a raspberry pi to process data. We use Python as programming language for electronic devices. The mobile application is Android. Though, the WEB application is a REST API developed using Python and Java Script.
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Smith, Emily J., Catherine Stauffer, Natalie Ramsy, Nina Chen, Benjamin Salzberg, Sander Sudrzynski e Holly Golecki. "Enhancing Your Everyday Sight: An Ultrasonic Visual Aid". In 2022 Design of Medical Devices Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dmd2022-1017.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract To help the growing visually impaired population navigate their surroundings, we propose a low-cost device for the detection of obstacles using ultrasound technology. Existing “smart-canes” are largely add-on devices used in conjunction with the white cane and are significantly more costly than the traditional white cane. Our device, Enhancing Your Everyday Sight (EYES), is a handheld visual assistive tool that allows users with visual impairment to scan their surroundings at different levels in order to sense physical barriers, including ground elevation changes. EYES offers a similar experience as using a white cane by giving real-time haptic feedback in the form of vibrations within the handle. Distinct vibration patterns from within the handle inform the user of both the distance and height of obstacles. Using ultrasonic sensors to provide scanned input allows users to detect obstacles at ground level and chest level, distinguishing our device from the traditional white cane. Following market and user research and iterative prototype testing, we assembled our initial prototype with off-the-shelf electronics components and 3D-printed housing, thus demonstrating the feasibility of a market-ready product at a more affordable cost compared to existing solutions. After further development, this device may serve as an important tool in enabling more confidence, greater independence, and less stigma to the visually impaired community.
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Iglesias Victoria, Patricia, Gary Behm e Tae Oh. "Intelligent Mobility Cane for People Who are Blind and Deaf-Blind: A Multidisciplinary Design Project That Assists People With Disabilities". In ASME 2015 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2015-51926.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Vision loss knows no boundaries; it can affect anyone, of any age, income level, race, or ethnic background, at any time. Regardless of the level of visual impairment, vision loss can impact a person’s life and their ability to complete everyday tasks. One of the greatest challenges that a blind or deaf blind person faces is the ability to navigate safely and independently through the physical world. Traveling with little or no vision at all can be challenged and inaccessible, limiting the ability to work, go to school, take care of personal needs, or socialize with others. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss a multidisciplinary project to design and build a low cost, light weight “Intelligent Mobility Cane” prototype that will aid deaf-blind and blind persons in navigating surroundings via real-time tactile and directional force feedback and guidance. The system is designed for providing information about a physical surrounding environment to a user. The solution developed by the team is a handle that attaches to a white cane and provides directional feedback to the user using a roller assembly. The roller assembly uses four bearings that rotate in one direction or another to indicate the direction the user should move to avoid obstacles. A vibration motor with different patterns of vibration is also embedded in the handle to warn about objects at upfront. The ultra-sonic sensors are used to convey the information of the environment to the handle itself. The finished cane physically resembles a conventional cane therefore allowing the user to still be able to sweep the cane, tap and feel the ground. To evaluate the performance and usability of the designed handle, the authors visited Association of Blind and Visual Impaired Association, where they formed a group of blind and deaf-blind evaluators. The result of the evaluations was positive and several suggestions were shared by the group to improve the cane.
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Ghafouri, Amin, Yevgeniy Vorobeychik e Xenofon Koutsoukos. "Adversarial Regression for Detecting Attacks in Cyber-Physical Systems". In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/524.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Attacks in cyber-physical systems (CPS) which manipulate sensor readings can cause enormous physical damage if undetected. Detection of attacks on sensors is crucial to mitigate this issue. We study supervised regression as a means to detect anomalous sensor readings, where each sensor's measurement is predicted as a function of other sensors. We show that several common learning approaches in this context are still vulnerable to stealthy attacks, which carefully modify readings of compromised sensors to cause desired damage while remaining undetected. Next, we model the interaction between the CPS defender and attacker as a Stackelberg game in which the defender chooses detection thresholds, while the attacker deploys a stealthy attack in response. We present a heuristic algorithm for finding an approximately optimal threshold for the defender in this game, and show that it increases system resilience to attacks without significantly increasing the false alarm rate.
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Huang, Jiaxu, Rand Hidayah, Sunil Agrawal, Jorge A. Diez e Nicolas García-Aracil. "Application of a Customized Optical Force Sensor to a Cable-Driven Leg Exoskeleton". In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-69353.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract In this paper, a customized optical force sensor is developed for an application with a cable-driven leg exoskeleton. Sensors are vital components of cable-driven, exoskeletal robotic systems, which require real-time and accurate measurement of cable tensions. While these systems’ accuracy is a consideration, the added weight, volume, and complexity of the system must is an essential part of widespread adoption for wearable applications. These sensors can also be costly, which is undesirable. An optical force sensor has the advantages of being lightweight, lower in manufacturing cost, and easy to incorporate within the exoskeleton architecture. We designed a sensor to accommodate the expected force profiles and magnitudes during gait while wearing the Cable-Driven Active Leg Exoskeleton (C-ALEX) during a walking task. We carried out four different calibration tests with dynamic loading of the sensors from 10N to 40N. Once a sensor calibration was established, the optical sensor’s performance was compared to a traditional load cell in validation tests. Both components were used in an assist-as-needed force controller in a walking task with a user, with the optical force sensor incorporated into the C-ALEX exoskeleton arms. Comparing the sensor responses to the command tension forces, the results show a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.9595N ± 0.5360N.
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Lalau-Keraly, Christopher, George Daniel, Joseph Lee e David Schwartz. "Peel-and-Stick Sensors Powered by Directed RF Energy". In ASME 2017 International Technical Conference and Exhibition on Packaging and Integration of Electronic and Photonic Microsystems collocated with the ASME 2017 Conference on Information Storage and Processing Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipack2017-74150.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
PARC, a Xerox Company, is developing a low-cost system of peel-and-stick wireless sensors that will enable widespread building environment sensor deployment with the potential to deliver up to 30% energy savings. The system is embodied by a set of RF hubs that provide power to automatically located sensor nodes, and relay data wirelessly to the building management system (BMS). The sensor nodes are flexible electronic labels powered by rectified RF energy transmitted by an RF hub and can contain multiple printed and conventional sensors. The system design overcomes limitations in wireless sensors related to power delivery, lifetime, and cost by eliminating batteries and photovoltaic devices. Sensor localization is performed automatically by the inclusion of a programmable multidirectional antenna array in the RF hub. Comparison of signal strengths while the RF beam is swept allows for sensor localization, reducing installation effort and enabling automatic recommissioning of sensors that have been relocated, overcoming a significant challenge in building operations. PARC has already demonstrated wireless power and temperature data transmission up to a distance of 20m with less than one minute between measurements, using power levels well within the FCC regulation limits in the 902–928 MHz ISM band. The sensor’s RF energy harvesting antenna achieves high performance with dimensions below 5cm × 9cm.
Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "White cane sensors"
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Ratmanski, Kiril, e Sergey Vecherin. Resilience in distributed sensor networks. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), ottobre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45680.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
With the advent of cheap and available sensors, there is a need for intelligent sensor selection and placement for various purposes. While previous research was focused on the most efficient sensor networks, we present a new mathematical framework for efficient and resilient sensor network installation. Specifically, in this work we formulate and solve a sensor selection and placement problem when network resilience is also a factor in the optimization problem. Our approach is based on the binary linear programming problem. The generic formulation is probabilistic and applicable to any sensor types, line-of-site and non-line-of-site, and any sensor modality. It also incorporates several realistic constraints including finite sensor supply, cost, energy consumption, as well as specified redundancy in coverage areas that require resilience. While the exact solution is computationally prohibitive, we present a fast algorithm that produces a near-optimal solution that can be used in practice. We show how such formulation works on 2D examples, applied to infrared (IR) sensor networks designed to detect and track human presence and movements in a specified coverage area. Analysis of coverage and comparison of sensor placement with and without resilience considerations is also performed.
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Alers, Ron. DTPH56-06-T-0009 Enhancing Direct Assessment with Remote Inspection through Coatings and Buried Regions. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), maggio 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011809.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The objective of this program is to advance the state-of-the-art of electromagnetic induction transducer technology to demonstrate the ability to perform an ultrasonic inspection of steel pipes with sensors separated from the pipe wall by a large distance which may be filled with an irregular layer of tar or other corrosion preventing coating. Thus, a direct assessment of a pipeline's integrity can be achieved from a single ultrasonic sensor placed on top of a partially excavated pipeline while it is still covered with a thick tar coating.
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Engel, Bernard, Yael Edan, James Simon, Hanoch Pasternak e Shimon Edelman. Neural Networks for Quality Sorting of Agricultural Produce. United States Department of Agriculture, luglio 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1996.7613033.bard.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The objectives of this project were to develop procedures and models, based on neural networks, for quality sorting of agricultural produce. Two research teams, one in Purdue University and the other in Israel, coordinated their research efforts on different aspects of each objective utilizing both melons and tomatoes as case studies. At Purdue: An expert system was developed to measure variances in human grading. Data were acquired from eight sensors: vision, two firmness sensors (destructive and nondestructive), chlorophyll from fluorescence, color sensor, electronic sniffer for odor detection, refractometer and a scale (mass). Data were analyzed and provided input for five classification models. Chlorophyll from fluorescence was found to give the best estimation for ripeness stage while the combination of machine vision and firmness from impact performed best for quality sorting. A new algorithm was developed to estimate and minimize training size for supervised classification. A new criteria was established to choose a training set such that a recurrent auto-associative memory neural network is stabilized. Moreover, this method provides for rapid and accurate updating of the classifier over growing seasons, production environments and cultivars. Different classification approaches (parametric and non-parametric) for grading were examined. Statistical methods were found to be as accurate as neural networks in grading. Classification models by voting did not enhance the classification significantly. A hybrid model that incorporated heuristic rules and either a numerical classifier or neural network was found to be superior in classification accuracy with half the required processing of solely the numerical classifier or neural network. In Israel: A multi-sensing approach utilizing non-destructive sensors was developed. Shape, color, stem identification, surface defects and bruises were measured using a color image processing system. Flavor parameters (sugar, acidity, volatiles) and ripeness were measured using a near-infrared system and an electronic sniffer. Mechanical properties were measured using three sensors: drop impact, resonance frequency and cyclic deformation. Classification algorithms for quality sorting of fruit based on multi-sensory data were developed and implemented. The algorithms included a dynamic artificial neural network, a back propagation neural network and multiple linear regression. Results indicated that classification based on multiple sensors may be applied in real-time sorting and can improve overall classification. Advanced image processing algorithms were developed for shape determination, bruise and stem identification and general color and color homogeneity. An unsupervised method was developed to extract necessary vision features. The primary advantage of the algorithms developed is their ability to learn to determine the visual quality of almost any fruit or vegetable with no need for specific modification and no a-priori knowledge. Moreover, since there is no assumption as to the type of blemish to be characterized, the algorithm is capable of distinguishing between stems and bruises. This enables sorting of fruit without knowing the fruits' orientation. A new algorithm for on-line clustering of data was developed. The algorithm's adaptability is designed to overcome some of the difficulties encountered when incrementally clustering sparse data and preserves information even with memory constraints. Large quantities of data (many images) of high dimensionality (due to multiple sensors) and new information arriving incrementally (a function of the temporal dynamics of any natural process) can now be processed. Furhermore, since the learning is done on-line, it can be implemented in real-time. The methodology developed was tested to determine external quality of tomatoes based on visual information. An improved model for color sorting which is stable and does not require recalibration for each season was developed for color determination. Excellent classification results were obtained for both color and firmness classification. Results indicted that maturity classification can be obtained using a drop-impact and a vision sensor in order to predict the storability and marketing of harvested fruits. In conclusion: We have been able to define quantitatively the critical parameters in the quality sorting and grading of both fresh market cantaloupes and tomatoes. We have been able to accomplish this using nondestructive measurements and in a manner consistent with expert human grading and in accordance with market acceptance. This research constructed and used large databases of both commodities, for comparative evaluation and optimization of expert system, statistical and/or neural network models. The models developed in this research were successfully tested, and should be applicable to a wide range of other fruits and vegetables. These findings are valuable for the development of on-line grading and sorting of agricultural produce through the incorporation of multiple measurement inputs that rapidly define quality in an automated manner, and in a manner consistent with the human graders and inspectors.
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Yoel, David, Tina Sicilia, Matthew Bogaart e Jeremy Fernandes. PR-417-203902-R01 Remote Sensing and Leak Detection Platform That Can Deploy Multiple Sensor Types. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), gennaio 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0000052.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The PRCI Project #417-203902 - ROW 3-1-A Final Report is attached for Member review and comment. The report includes a summary of all work completed in all Tasks which include: - Catalog, taxonomy, and sample data set for the threats detected. - Benchmarks of the sensitivity, accuracy, reliability, and robustness of an automated multi sensor, multi-threat detection and near real-time reporting comparing performance on conventional aircraft and UAS. - Technical synopsis for operators on integrating automated near real-time aerial threat reports into pipeline performance and safety improvement programs. - Report on status of integrating UAS into the National Airspace System in an application that contributes to improving the safety and integrity of the Nation's critical pipeline infrastructure. The project is complete. Full testing on the multi-spectral sensor is complete and Flight 4 of Phase 1 Flight Tests, scheduled for Oct/Nov 2021 was completed with approval of a no-cost extension in 2022. These delayed tasks are excusable due to delays caused in 2020 and 2021 by Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV), inclement weather and wildfires impacting several western states, and aviation delays (i.e., licenses from government authorities, misrepresentation of the specification and performance of the Sentera camera), which caused impacts to the contractor's capability to maintain a schedule under ROW 3-1-A and were completed under extension under ROW-3-1. The scope for this research project is to integrate PRCI Project ROW-3-1 multi-threat sensors, algorithms and communications systems onto the unmanned aircraft system (UAS); select Test Range(s) and complete Threat Staging Planning, while developing an Aviation Safety Case to the FAA for use of long endurance UAS on pipeline patrol. In addition, the project includes conducting UAS Test Program flights with automated multi-threat detection system on long endurance UAS flying hundreds of miles of pipeline corridor and perform analysis of data, benchmark automated threat detection system and UAS performance, report on advances in the integration of the remote sensing platform outputs with existing pipeline operator performance and safety programs. Lastly, it provided data of value to the FAA with respect to the integration of long-range Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) into the National Airspace System. The program objectives stated in the contract include: - Produce a data set that enables benchmarking the sensitivity, accuracy, reliability and robustness of an automated multi-sensor, multi-threat detection and near real-time reporting system operating on a long-range Unmanned Aircraft System (UAS) for damage prevention and other pipeline integrity applications. - Generate data to compare and benchmark the detection and reporting system operating on conventional aircraft and UAS and with standard patrol methods for evaluating the value of integrating generated threat reports into performance and safety improvement programs. - Provide data to the United States Department of Transportation (US DOT) Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), PHMSA, and the PRCI research team to assist with information for safe integration of UAS into the National Airspace System for pipeline infrastructure.
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Belkin, Shimshon, Sylvia Daunert e Mona Wells. Whole-Cell Biosensor Panel for Agricultural Endocrine Disruptors. United States Department of Agriculture, dicembre 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7696542.bard.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Objectives: The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Background: Chemical agents, such as pesticides applied at inappropriate levels, may compromise water quality or contaminate soils and hence threaten human populations. In recent years, two classes of compounds have been increasingly implicated as emerging risks in agriculturally-related pollution: endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and pharmaceuticals. The latter group may reach the environment by the use of wastewater effluents, whereas many pesticides have been implicated as EDCs. Both groups pose a threat in proportion to their bioavailability, since that which is biounavailable or can be rendered so is a priori not a threat; bioavailability, in turn, is mediated by complex matrices such as soils. Genetically engineered biosensor bacteria hold great promise for sensing bioavailability because the sensor is a live soil- and water-compatible organism with biological response dynamics, and because its response can be genetically “tailored” to report on general toxicity, on bioavailability, and on the presence of specific classes of toxicants. In the present project we have developed a bacterial-based sensor panel incorporating multiple strains of genetically engineered biosensors for the purpose of detecting different types of biological effects. The overall objective as defined in the approved proposal was the development of a whole-cell sensor panel for the detection of endocrine disruption activities of agriculturally relevant chemicals. To achieve this goal several specific objectives were outlined: (a) The development of new genetically engineered wholecell sensor strains; (b) the combination of multiple strains into a single sensor panel to effect multiple response modes; (c) development of a computerized algorithm to analyze the panel responses; (d) laboratory testing and calibration; (e) field testing. In the course of the project, mostly due to the change in the US partner, three modifications were introduced to the original objectives: (a) the scope of the project was expanded to include pharmaceuticals (with a focus on antibiotics) in addition to endocrine disrupting chemicals, (b) the computerized algorithm was not fully developed and (c) the field test was not carried out. Major achievements: (a) construction of innovative bacterial sensor strains for accurate and sensitive detection of agriculturally-relevant pollutants, with a focus on endocrine disrupting compounds (UK and HUJ) and antibiotics (HUJ); (b) optimization of methods for long-term preservation of the reporter bacteria, either by direct deposition on solid surfaces (HUJ) or by the construction of spore-forming Bacillus-based sensors (UK); (c) partial development of a computerized algorithm for the analysis of sensor panel responses. Implications: The sensor panel developed in the course of the project was shown to be applicable for the detection of a broad range of antibiotics and EDCs. Following a suitable development phase, the panel will be ready for testing in an agricultural environment, as an innovative tool for assessing the environmental impacts of EDCs and pharmaceuticals. Furthermore, while the current study relates directly to issues of water quality and soil health, its implications are much broader, with potential uses is risk-based assessment related to the clinical, pharmaceutical, and chemical industries as well as to homeland security.
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Alchanatis, Victor, Stephen W. Searcy, Moshe Meron, W. Lee, G. Y. Li e A. Ben Porath. Prediction of Nitrogen Stress Using Reflectance Techniques. United States Department of Agriculture, novembre 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2001.7580664.bard.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Commercial agriculture has come under increasing pressure to reduce nitrogen fertilizer inputs in order to minimize potential nonpoint source pollution of ground and surface waters. This has resulted in increased interest in site specific fertilizer management. One way to solve pollution problems would be to determine crop nutrient needs in real time, using remote detection, and regulating fertilizer dispensed by an applicator. By detecting actual plant needs, only the additional nitrogen necessary to optimize production would be supplied. This research aimed to develop techniques for real time assessment of nitrogen status of corn using a mobile sensor with the potential to regulate nitrogen application based on data from that sensor. Specifically, the research first attempted to determine the system parameters necessary to optimize reflectance spectra of corn plants as a function of growth stage, chlorophyll and nitrogen status. In addition to that, an adaptable, multispectral sensor and the signal processing algorithm to provide real time, in-field assessment of corn nitrogen status was developed. Spectral characteristics of corn leaves reflectance were investigated in order to estimate the nitrogen status of the plants, using a commercial laboratory spectrometer. Statistical models relating leaf N and reflectance spectra were developed for both greenhouse and field plots. A basis was established for assessing nitrogen status using spectral reflectance from plant canopies. The combined effect of variety and N treatment was studied by measuring the reflectance of three varieties of different leaf characteristic color and five different N treatments. The variety effect on the reflectance at 552 nm was not significant (a = 0.01), while canonical discriminant analysis showed promising results for distinguishing different variety and N treatment, using spectral reflectance. Ambient illumination was found inappropriate for reliable, one-beam spectral reflectance measurement of the plants canopy due to the strong spectral lines of sunlight. Therefore, artificial light was consequently used. For in-field N status measurement, a dark chamber was constructed, to include the sensor, along with artificial illumination. Two different approaches were tested (i) use of spatially scattered artificial light, and (ii) use of collimated artificial light beam. It was found that the collimated beam along with a proper design of the sensor-beam geometry yielded the best results in terms of reducing the noise due to variable background, and maintaining the same distance from the sensor to the sample point of the canopy. A multispectral sensor assembly, based on a linear variable filter was designed, constructed and tested. The sensor assembly combined two sensors to cover the range of 400 to 1100 nm, a mounting frame, and a field data acquisition system. Using the mobile dark chamber and the developed sensor, as well as an off-the-shelf sensor, in- field nitrogen status of the plants canopy was measured. Statistical analysis of the acquired in-field data showed that the nitrogen status of the com leaves can be predicted with a SEP (Standard Error of Prediction) of 0.27%. The stage of maturity of the crop affected the relationship between the reflectance spectrum and the nitrogen status of the leaves. Specifically, the best prediction results were obtained when a separate model was used for each maturity stage. In-field assessment of the nitrogen status of corn leaves was successfully carried out by non contact measurement of the reflectance spectrum. This technology is now mature to be incorporated in field implements for on-line control of fertilizer application.
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Beavers, Calvin, Chad Day, Austin Krietemeyer, Scott Peterson, Yushin Ahn e Xiaojun Li. Mapping of Pavement Conditions Using Smartphone/Tablet LiDAR Case Study: Sensor Performance Comparison. Mineta Transportation Institute, luglio 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2024.2224.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Poor road conditions affect millions of drivers, and assessing the condition of paved surfaces is a critical step towards repairing them. This project explores the feasibility of using the Apple iPad Pro LiDAR sensor as a cost-effective tool for assessing the damage and condition of paved surfaces. Our research aims to provide accurate and precise measurements using readily available consumer devices and compare the results to state-of-the-art equipment. This investigation involved visual inspection, identification, and classification of pavement distresses, followed by a comparison of the iPad and iPhone LiDAR data with a survey-grade terrestrial laser scanner. The project revealed several limitations of the iPad Pro-based LiDAR approach. The level of detail captured in the scans was relatively low, with a best-case resolution of 1 cm and an inability to detect smaller cracks and shallow potholes. Longer scans (in terms of both time and distance) led to geometric anomalies in the surface models. Colorized scans provided some visual contrast, aiding in the identification of damage, particularly on moderately damaged concrete surfaces. The potential sources of error were identified, including the performance of the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), the limitations of the LiDAR sensor itself, and the opaque nature of onboard data processing within the 3D Scanner App. Suggestions for improvement included the use of gimbal stabilizers to enhance scan quality and the exploration of more intensive PC-based processing for raw data analysis. Hardware advancements by Apple and software enhancements by app developers were also highlighted as potential areas for future improvement. While the project revealed limitations and challenges, the authors acknowledge the possibility of future hardware upgrades, augmented reality advancements, and improvements in sensor accuracy and processing. However, based on this project’s findings, the iPad Pro LiDAR approach currently falls short of providing the necessary resolution and accuracy required for comprehensive roadway damage assessment. Results indicate that additional developments are necessary to address the identified limitations and make this method a viable and cost-effective solution for roadway surface evaluation.
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Marshall, Amber, Krystle Turner, Carol Richards, Marcus Foth, Michael Dezuanni e Tim Neale. A case study of human factors of digital AgTech adoption: Condamine Plains, Darling Downs. Queensland University of Technology, dicembre 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/rep.eprints.227177.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
As global agricultural production methods and supply chains have become more digitised, farmers around the world are adopting digital AgTech such as drones, Internet of Things (IoT), remote sensors, blockchain, and satellite imagery to inform their on-farm decision-making. While early adopters and technology advocates globally are spruiking and realising the benefits of digital AgTech, many Australian farmers are reluctant or unable to participate fully in the digital economy. This is an important issue, as the Australian Government has said that digital farming is essential to meeting its target of agriculture being a $100billion industry by 2030. Most studies of AgTech adoption focus on individual-level barriers, yielding well-documented issues such as access to digital connectivity, availability of AgTech suppliers, non-use of ICTs, and cost-benefit for farmers. In contrast, our project took an ‘ecosystems’ approach to study cotton farmers in the Darling Downs region in Queensland, Australia who are installing water sensors, satellite imagery, and IoT plant probes to generate data to be aggregated on a dashboard to inform decision-making. We asked our farmers to map their local ecosystem, and then set up interviewing different stakeholders (such technology providers, agronomists, and suppliers) to understand how community-level orientations to digital agriculture enabled and constrained on-farm adoption. We identified human factors of digital AgTech adoption at the macro, regional and farm levels, with a pronounced ‘data divide’ between farm and community level stakeholders within the ecosystem. This ‘data divide’ is characterised by a capability gap between the provision of the devices and software that generate data by technology companies, and the ability of farmers to manage, implement, use, and maintain them effectively and independently. In the Condamine Plains project, farmers were willing and determined to learn new, advanced digital and data literacy skills. Other farmers in different circumstances may not see value in such an undertaking or have the necessary support to take full advantage of the technologies once they are implemented. Moreover, there did not seem to be a willingness or capacity in the rest of the ecosystem to fill this gap. The work raises questions about the type and level of new, digital expertise farmers need to attain in the transition to digital farming, and what interventions are necessary to address the significant barriers to adoption and effective use that remain in rural communities. By holistically considering how macro- and micro-level factors may be combined with community-level influences, this study provides a more complete and holistic account of the contextualised factors that drive or undermine digital AgTech adoption on farms in rural communities. This report provides insights and evidence to inform strategies for rural ecosystems to transition farms to meet the requirements and opportunities of Agriculture 4.0 in Australia and abroad.
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Beshouri, Huschenbett e Bothwell. PR-360-08207-R01 Cylinder Level Sensing and Control on Typical Pipeline Engines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), febbraio 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010693.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Further reductions in NOx emissions while maintaining optimum engine performance can only be obtained by improving engine combustion control at the cylinder level. This requires cylinder level sensors capable of continuously monitoring combustion performance in both the main combustion chamber (MCC) and the pre-combustion chamber (PCC) and electronically actuated valves that can respond to those measurements. Until recently, in-PCC combustion measurements on spark ignited engines were only possible in the laboratory using very expensive pressure sensors with extremely short lives. Ion Sense offers a non-intrusive, robust and cost effective method to monitor in-PCC combustion in the field on a continuous basis. Derived from automotive technology, ion sense utilizes post ignition ionization measurements from a standard spark plug. When measured from a spark plug mounted in a PCC Ion Sense provides a wealth of previously unavailable information on misfire, instability, flame initiation, early flame propagation, in PCC air/fuel ratio, etc. This work investigated the use of ion sense data collected in the PCC to monitor and control in PCC air/fuel ratio, main chamber air/fuel ratio and the timing of combustion events in both. This paper reports on the results of this testing as well as describing the optimization strategy developed which is applicable to the full range of pipeline engines.
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Beshouri, Greg. PR-309-14212-R01 Field Demonstration of Fully Integrated NSCR System. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), gennaio 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011545.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Local, state and federal regulations in the United Sates tend to favor NSCR as the emissions control technology of choice for lower output internal combustion (IC) engines. The technology can achieve extremely low emissions levels for NOx, CO and total hydrocarbons (THC). Theoretically an end user can add it on to any rich burn engine at relatively low cost and the technology scales down to the smallest IC engines. While superficially a "simple and proven" technology, NSCR control is in fact extremely complex, far more complex than the control of lean burn engines. The underlying problems with NSCR control are well documented. Using a systems approach an AETC/HOERBIGER team analyzed each component of the system and identified the core problems and possible solutions. Ultimately the team identified the need for a fully integrated system utilizing linear sensors and actuators. The team then theorized such a system could be controlled by an off the shelf PLC with typical PI control loops. Based on this conclusion HOERBIGER developed an integrated NSCR system utilizing linear sensors and actuators and controlled by an off the shelf PLC. Called the Advanced Richburn Control (ARC), HOERBIGER installed the system on six KVG-410 engines operating in pipeline compression and recorded performance for a year. Those results confirmed the system satisfied the performance requirements and validated the design concept. This report has a related webinar.