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Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 26 luglio 2024

Ultima modifica: 26 luglio 2024

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1

Pavlović, Nataša. "What Were They Thinking?! Students’ Decision Making in L1 and L2 Translation Processes". HERMES - Journal of Language and Communication in Business 23, n. 44 (23 ottobre 2017): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v23i44.97267.

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In spite of the ‘Golden Rule’ that translators should only work into their ﬁrst language, translation into the second language (L2 translation) is a fact of life in settings involving languages of ‘limited diffusion’. Even in countries that use one of the traditionally ‘major’ languages, research into L2 translation and its training is becoming increasingly topical with the emergence of global translation markets and the worldwide dominance of English. This paper examines novice translators’ decision-making in video- and audio-recorded collaborative (group) translation processes in two directions: into the students’ ﬁrst language (Croatian) and from that language into their second language (English). The study aims to identify and classify the different arguments the subjects use in deciding which of the tentative solutions to translation problems to use in the ﬁnal version of their translation. It is hypothesised that similar arguments are used in both directions but with a different distribution. Only the former hypothesis is fully corroborated by the evidence from the verbal protocols.

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Larsson, Lars J. "Who Were the Konomihu?" International Journal of American Linguistics 53, n. 2 (aprile 1987): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/466054.

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Lucio-Villegas, Emilio. "The way we were". European Journal of Language Policy 15, n. 2 (12 ottobre 2023): 153–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/ejlp.2023.9.

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One of the most significant accomplishments of the twentieth century – in Western societies – has been the achievement of basic literacy for almost the entire population. The past century also witnessed the development of some immensely powerful literacy methodologies, the well known of them drawn on by Paulo Freire. In this regard, I believe the need exists to reflect on the contributions to literacy development in the past century towards the new twenty-first-century scenario characterised by the great diversity in terms of language, digitalisation, migration, among other variables. What are those contributions? In this article, I wish to expand on the following aspects. Literacy, according to Freire, is about naming the world, not just words. It is also about how individuals organise their relationships and the processes involved in becoming a person, as emphasised by socio-cultural psychologists. Who are illiterate individuals? This question has gained prominence in recent times as the concept of literacy and the notion of being illiterate have undergone significant changes. Concepts such as the “culture of silence” and the ongoing need to live with others are important here. Finally, a further contribution is to consider that the teaching methodology needs to be consistent with people’s environment and should be meaningful to them.

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Kennedy, Chris. "’Wish you were here’: ‘little’ texts and language awareness1". Language Awareness 4, n. 3 (gennaio 1995): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09658416.1995.9959878.

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Sugiyanta. "PARENTS’ LANGUAGE ATTITUDES TOWARDS LANGUAGES AND MAINTENANCE OF HERITAGE LANGUAGE". Dialectical Literature and Educational Journal 5, n. 1 (4 luglio 2020): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51714/dlejpancasakti.v5i1.13.pp.43-52.

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This current research is to explore parents’ language attitudes towards languages and maintenance of heritage language and to find out the efforts of maintaining heritage language and its supporting and inhibiting factors. In this research, a questionnaire and semi-structured interview were employed to collect data. There were 62 respondents, consisting of 37 males and 25 females coming from eleven provinces in Indonesia. Questionnaires were distributed to the respondents by both electronic and direct systems. Respondents were asked to fill in the questionnaires. Interviews were conducted to some respondents. The findings of this current research reveal that most parents show positive attitudes towards languages and the maintenance of heritage language. The results also indicate that there were some factors supporting the maintenance of heritage language, including parents’ attitudes and roles, community, school, family, daily practices, and culture. In addition, there were a number of factors inhibiting to the maintenance of heritage language such as parents’ attitudes and roles, community, school, family, external culture, and technological advancements. In terms of the efforts to maintain the heritage language, the results show that the language should be taught in the families and at schools, and should be used for social interactions and in traditional and ceremonial events.

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DeKeyser, Robert, e Terry Piper. "And Then There Were Two". Language 70, n. 3 (settembre 1994): 615. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/416523.

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Henryani, Silvi, Lili Perpisa e Dian Noviani Syafar. "FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN SONGS ‘’IF I WERE A BOY’’ AND ‘’FIREWORK’’ AS LEARNING MATERIAL FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL". Teaching English as Foreign Language Literature and Linguistics 2, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2022): 76–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.33752/teflics.v2i2.3180.

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Figurative language is language which employs various figures of speech. This research discusses about figurative language in songs ‘’If I were a Boy’’ and ‘’Firework’’ as learning material for Senior High School. The purpose of this research is to find the contextual meaning and the types of figurative language used in Beyoncé and Katy Perry found in learning material for grade XI. The source of data was taken from the lyrics of Beyoncé and Katy Perry song. The research design used in this research is qualitative research with a document or content analysis as the research type. The research described types of figurative language and contextual meaning from Beyoncé and Katy Perry song. From the analysis, there were seven types of figurative languages: they were Simile, Personification, Hyperbole, Metaphor, Imagery, Onomatopoeia, and Alliteration. To supports the analysis, some types of figurative language and other related references were used. There were also some related theories about figurative language used to support the analysis. Based on the results of data analysis it was found that, there were 2 Metaphor, 2 Imagery, 6 Hyperbole, 5 Simile, 4 Alliteration,1 onomatopoeia, and 1 Personification. Then the type of figurative language were classified and analyzed. This research is highly expected to give contribution for the reader to know about figurative language clearly. It can help the reader know contextual meaning and speak English fluently. And it can also be expected to enrich new English vocabulary used in the daily conversation.

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Paradise, Ranjani K., Yoon Susan Choi, Linda Cundiff, Mursal Khaliif, Laura Nevill, Robert P. Marlin, Ffyona Patel e Elisa Friedman. "The Language Services Documentation Tool: Documenting How Patient Language Needs Were Met During Clinical Encounters". Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Patient Safety 40, n. 11 (novembre 2014): 522—AP3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1553-7250(14)40067-9.

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SCURR, RUTH. "WHO WERE THE SANS-CULOTTES?" Modern Intellectual History 8, n. 2 (28 luglio 2011): 447–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244311000266.

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Who were the sans-culottes? What were their concerns and purposes? And what role did they play in the unfolding of events collectively known as the French Revolution? Michael Sonenscher first engaged directly with these questions in the 1980s (in an article for Social History 9 (1984), 303) when social historians were experimenting with the possibilities opened up by discourse analysis, and when the traditions of eighteenth-century civic, or republican, language seemed particularly exciting: The social history of the French Revolution owes much to the deepening insistence with which the discourse of the Revolution itself referred to, and postulated, necessary connections between everyday circumstances and public life. From Sieyes’ equation of aristocratic privilege with unproductive parasitism in 1788 to the Thermidorian caricature of the architects of the Terror as the dregs of society, the Revolution produced its own “social interpretation.” Sonenscher argued that while the identification of the figure of the sans-culotte with that of the artisan was “the achievement of the generation of historians—Richard Cobb, George Rudé and Albert Soboul—who reintroduced the popular movement into the historiography of the French Revolution”, there was always something problematic (or circular) in the underlying assumption that it was possible to equate the representation of artisan production found in the political language of the sans-culottes during the Revolution with what actually existed in the workshops of Paris or other towns of eighteenth-century France. Back in the 1980s what Sonenscher hoped was that a more accurate understanding of the actual dynamics of workshop production would produce “a better explanation of the meaning of the language of the sans-culottes”. His own expectation, as a social historian, was that the causality, in both explanatory and historical terms, would run from the social to the political sphere.

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Fesl, E. "Language Death and Language Maintenance: Action Needed to Save Aboriginal Languages". Australian Journal of Indigenous Education 13, n. 5 (novembre 1985): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0310582200014061.

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Language death can occur naturally, and in different ways, or it can be caused by deliberate policy. This is how deliberate practices and policies brought it about in Australia. •Diverse linguistic groups of Aborigines were forced into small missions or reserves to live together; consequently languages that were numerically stronger squeezed the others out of use.•Anxious to ‘Christianise’ the Aborigines, missionaries enforced harsh penalties on users of Aboriginal languages, even to the point of snatching babies from their mothers and institutionalising them, so they would not hear their parental languages.•Aboriginal religious ceremonies were banned; initiations did not take place, and so liturgical, ceremonial and secret languages were unable to be passed on. As old people died, their languages died with them.•Assimilationist/integrationist policies were enforced which required Aborigines to attend schools where English-only was the medium of instruction.•Finally, denigration of the Aboriginal languages set the seal on their fate in Victoria (within forty years of white settlement, all Gippsland languages had become extinct), most of New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland. Labelling the languages “rubbish”, “heathen jargon”, “primitive jibberish”, and so on, made Aboriginal people reluctant to use their normal means of communication.

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Hoover, Elizabeth. "“Fires were lit inside them”". Review of International American Studies 12, n. 1 (8 settembre 2019): 11–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.31261/rias.7391.

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The language of fire has sometimes been used in illustrative ways to describe how social movements spark, flare, and sometimes sputter out. Building on recent scholarship about protest camps, as well as borrowing language from environmental historians about fire behavior, this article draws from ethnographic research to describe the pyropolitics of the Indigenous-led anti-pipeline movement at Standing Rock—examining how fire was used as analogy and in material ways to support and drive the movement to protect water from industrial capitalism. Describing ceremonial fires, social fires, home fires, cooking fires, and fires lit in protest on the front line, this article details how fire was put to work in myriad ways in order to support the movement against the Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), and ensure social order and physical survival at the camps built to house supporters of the movement. This article concludes with descriptions of how these sparks ignited at Standing Rock followed activists home to their own communities, to other struggles that have been taken up to resist pipelines, the contamination of water, and the appropriation of Indigenous land.

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Loeb, Diane Frome, Caitlin M. Imgrund, Jaehoon Lee e Steven M. Barlow. "Language, Motor, and Cognitive Outcomes of Toddlers Who Were Born Preterm". American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 29, n. 2 (8 maggio 2020): 625–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_ajslp-19-00049.

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the language, motor, and cognitive abilities of children born preterm in four categories: (a) healthy preterm infants, (b) infants of diabetic mothers, (c) infants with respiratory distress syndrome, and (d) infants with chronic lung disease when the children were 30 months, uncorrected age. Comorbidity of language, motor, and cognitive skills was examined, along with predictor variables. Method A total of 148 children who were born preterm participated and were assessed using bivariate tests and logistic regression on standardized assessment scores. Results Controlling for the children's gestational age (GA), overall language ability was significantly lower in the infants of diabetic mothers group compared to the healthy preterm infant group, and expressive language skills were significantly lower for the chronic lung disease group than the respiratory distress syndrome group. The children with language delays on at least one measure were significantly more likely to have cognitive, motor, or both delays. Lower maternal education was a significant predictor for language and cognitive delays, and younger GA was a significant predictor for language, motor, and cognitive delays. Conclusion Assessment of the preterm infant from a biosystems approach allows the speech-language pathologist to take into consideration maternal education, diagnosis at preterm birth, and GA, which were found to impact the language, motor, and cognitive outcomes of children born preterm. Our findings further reinforce the concept of the whole child in that children born preterm who display language delays should be screened for co-occurring motor and/or cognitive delays.

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Chovanec, Jan. "“…but there were no broken legs”". Journal of Historical Pragmatics 15, n. 2 (21 luglio 2014): 228–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhp.15.2.05cho.

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The appearance of sports reporting was among the major developments of nineteenth-century journalism. While sports were only very exceptionally covered in the newspapers during the first half of the century, by the end of the Victorian era a diverse array of sports stories provided staple content for the pages of both broadsheet and popular papers. Dealing with the phenomenon of football match reports in The Times, this article documents the early specimens of the novel genre from the 1860s and the 1870s, tracing some of the linguistic forms and structural features that characterise the early search for the discursive conventions of the new genre. By focusing on a popular topic in a serious newspaper, the analysis illustrates that the emergence of the popular topic of football in a serious daily newspaper was not only very gradual and tentative, but was also marked with substantial uncertainty about the macrostructural and microstructural composition of the reports.

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Aldabergenov, K. "Books were published in the Kazakh language between 1917-1933". Bulletin of L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. Journalism Series 125, n. 4 (2018): 8–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-7174-2018-125-4-8-18.

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A., Abo-Hasseba, e El-Shenawi M. S. "Language Abilities in Egyptian Children Who Were Low Birth Weight". International Journal of Child Neuropsychiatry 11, n. 1-2 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.12816/0028739.

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HAUSSER, ROLAND. "What if Chomsky were right?" Journal of Child Language 31, n. 4 (novembre 2004): 919–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s030500090400635x.

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The outcome of scientific research depends on how a phenomenon is viewed and how the questions are phrased. This applies also to the nativist view of language acquisition. As a complement to MacWhinney's discussion of nativism from the viewpoint of cognitive psychology, I would like to devote this commentary to the question of the title from the viewpoint of computational linguistics.

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Wilkinson, Robert. "If all Business Education Were in English, Would it Matter?" Languages in Business Education: Introduction 161 (1 gennaio 2011): 111–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/itl.161.07wil.

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Abstract Increasingly, English is becoming the dominant language of business education. The reasons are well known: internationalization, globalization, and the desire to prepare students for the business environment in the coming decades. This paper speculates about the impact of English-medium instruction in business education on the nature of English proficiency, the nature of the content learned, and the perspective for business practice. Firstly, students can learn content effectively through a foreign language, and have been doing so for centuries. However, with English-medium instruction in a non-English-speaking environment, the growth in language competences in English may rather lie in specific skills, with the acceptance of ‘fossilized’ language use, reduced accuracy and less nuanced communication, even if CLIL approaches are adopted. Secondly, regarding the impact on content learning, it is possible that the learning itself may be relatively unaffected, but if both students and staff have a less accurate and less nuanced competence in English, the expressive competences may be affected. Thirdly, a language imposes its own perspectives on the world. Business education through the medium of English may engender an English filter on students’ perspectives on business practices and communication. This paper suggests that this matters.

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Alonso, Carlos J. "Editor's Column: Where Were We?" PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 117, n. 5 (ottobre 2002): 1137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/003081202x60224.

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Cox Miller, Patricia. ""All the Words Were Frightful"". Vigiliae Christianae 42, n. 4 (1988): 327–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157007288x00138.

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Beaugrande, Robert de. "'If I were you...': language standards and corpus data in EFL". Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada 1, n. 1 (2001): 117–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-63982001000100007.

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Brownlow, Sheila, Makenna Pate, Abigail Alger e Natalie Naturile. "What Were They Thinking? Analytic and Cognitive Language in Instagram Captions". Social Behavior Research and Practice – Open Journal 4, n. 1 (18 luglio 2019): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17140/sbrpoj-4-117.

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Engelbrecht, Wilken. "The Genesis of the Idea ‘Dutch Written Literature’ in Bohemia". Werkwinkel 11, n. 1 (1 giugno 2016): 73–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/werk-2016-0004.

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Abstract Since mid-19th century Dutch and Flemish literature has often been translated into Central European languages. We find authors like Conscience, Multatuli or Heijermans almost everywhere, often with the same works. Until the late 19th century translations were often made via German. Czech had a special position. Though there is not that much translated into this language as into German, until World War II Czech was the language into which was translated more than into other Central European languages. Until the 20s many translators were writers themselves. This gives rise to questions such as how the choice was made, what is the position of a particular author or his work within translated literature? How was Dutch literature defined? In this paper, we give a look how the choice was made, at the position of translators of Dutch literature in the late 19th and early 20th century in the Czech literary field, the position of Dutch in their work and how this literature was received in translation.

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Lambert, Iain B. M. "Representing Maori speech in Alan Duff's Once Were Warriors". Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 17, n. 2 (maggio 2008): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0963947007088225.

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Much of the reaction, both positive and negative, to the publication of Alan Duff's novel Once Were Warriors centred on its language. This article analyses the ways in which characteristic linguistic features of New Zealand English are represented in the novel, in particular by its Maori protagonists. It also draws stylistic comparisons with other writers, such as Scotland's James Kelman, who have attempted to give their characters a particular local voice outside of, or in opposition to, Standard English by having them speak in their own language or variety of English.

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Emerton, J. A., e G. W. Ahlstrom. "Who Were the Israelites?" Vetus Testamentum 38, n. 3 (luglio 1988): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1518077.

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Eneremadu, Queen Easther Chioma, Ndubuaku Rosita e Chuwuezi Eziku. "Language Planning in Nigeria: Clash Between English Language and Indigenous Languages". Indonesian Journal of Applied and Industrial Sciences (ESA) 3, n. 2 (16 marzo 2024): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.55927/esa.v3i2.8363.

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In Nigeria almost 500 indigenous language that has assumed the status of a global linguistic code. The contact in different domains between English language an contact languages in the country continues to effect the performance in English and contact languages thereby making communication in either English or any other indigenous languages unattainable. This research work studied the gap between the use of English language and the indigenous languages in multilingual country, Nigeria which exists as a result of the non-implementation of language policies as stipulated by the Government. The sampling research method was adopted and questionnaires were employed to test the research hypothesis which proved positive. The major conclusion deduced from the findings reflect that if there must exist a linguistic balance between the use of English language in the country, the Government must endeavour through the Ministries of Education that both public owned and private owned schools adhere to a new language policy as the research work suggests. Offering indigenous languages in schools must be made compulsory and not optional as well as a compulsory subject to gain admission into Nigerian Universities like the English language.

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Spencer, M. "How Accurate Were Scribes? A Mathematical Model". Literary and Linguistic Computing 17, n. 3 (1 settembre 2002): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/17.3.311.

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Dušek, Jan. "Who Were the Gods of Panamuwa I?" Aramaic Studies 21, n. 1 (12 aprile 2023): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455227-bja10036.

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Abstract Panamuwa I, king of Samʾal/Yʾdy, commissioned a statue of Hadad in approximately the second quarter of the eighth century BCE. The inscription on the statue, written in the Samʾalian language, contains four lists of gods. In lines 2–3 and 18–19, these gods are Hadad, El, Rešef, Rākib-El, and Šamaš. The list in line 11, however, contains a theonym that is not attested in the other three lists; it is usually read Arqû-Rešef. A collation of the inscription yields a new reading and interpretation of the text in line 11 that sheds light not only on the identity of the enigmatic Arqû-Rešef, but also on the whole list of gods in line 11.

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Merritt, Haily. "Language Mode Influences Language-Specific Categorization". IU Journal of Undergraduate Research 4, n. 1 (16 dicembre 2018): 118–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/iujur.v4i1.24536.

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The present study aims to fill a gap at the intersection of the phenomena of language mode—the state of activation of the bilingual’s languages and language processing mechanisms—and the subset problem—issues learners face when the second language has fewer of some kind of contrast than the first language. When the subset problem is present in second language acquisition, learners may struggle to acquire specific contrasts of a language and may map them incorrectly to their first language. By studying advanced learners of Spanish and considering language mode, we are able to investigate whether learners create separate categories for Spanish vowels—as opposed to simply adapting their English categories—and whether the use of such categories depends on the language being perceived. Spanish and English serve as convenient languages for study of these phenomena because Spanish has fewer vowels than English. With this, we ask: “Does language mode influence language-specific categorization?” To investigate this question, we had native English-speaking, proficient Spanish learners perform an AX task in both English and Spanish, where they identified whether two aurally presented vowel stimuli were the same or different. There was no strong effect of language mode across conditions, but we found that reaction times were significantly slower and that error rates were higher in tasks that included stimuli from more than one language. Thus, we conclude that when multiple languages are activated it is more difficult to process a given language.

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Katalinić, Kristina, e Eszter Tamaskó. "“We were that small, special group in that large school with »normal« classes” Education in a Minority Language in the Context of Hungarians From Zagreb". Hungarian Studies Yearbook 4, n. 1 (1 novembre 2022): 92–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hsy-2022-0005.

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Abstract The latest research conducted in the Hungarian community of the City of Zagreb has shown that the Hungarian language is slowly losing its communication functions in informal domains (family, friends, the sphere of intimacy) and is withdrawing before Croatian, i.e., that language shift is in progress. As one of the key factors affecting language shift, school is mentioned as support in families in intergenerational language transmission and language preservation in the community. Croatia has ensured an institutional framework for education in minority languages to its minorities through a series of regulatory acts. However, exercising this right is often followed by numerous difficulties. In case of the Hungarian minority, this is due to geographical dispersity. Nevertheless, during the 1990s, a Hungarian group in kindergarten, a bilingual class and nurturing language for primary- and secondary-school pupils were launched in Zagreb. In order to obtain a clearer image of how various class models in a minority language actually function and which problems their participants are faced with, we conducted a preliminary research among younger members of the community who attended classes in Hungarian at least at one point during their education. We completed the results with information obtained through informal conversations with preschool and school teachers as well as through immediate observations of the community.

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Williams, C. "'When they were Good they were Very, Very Good, but When they were Bad ...': Clarice Lispector's Naughty Little Girls". Forum for Modern Language Studies 49, n. 2 (29 gennaio 2013): 154–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fmls/cqs075.

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Mashitoh, Maret Arie, e Muhammad Suryadi. "Penggunaan Varian Kode Bermakna Permintaan Tolong dalam Tuturan Mahasiswa Rantau Bawean di Surabaya". Nusa: Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa dan Sastra 17, n. 4 (30 novembre 2022): 370–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/nusa.17.4.370-383.

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The use of several languages about asking for help in the form of communication, Bawean overseas students have a worrying phenomenon about the variation of the language they use. The occurrence of variations in the language they use has an influence on the use of language. This study has a problem formulation, What is the form of the variants of languange about asking for help on Bawean overseas students in Surabaya? and What factors which influence the variants of languange used by Bawean overseas students in Surabaya. The purpose of this study is to describe the variants of asking for help languages on bawean overseas student in surabaya and the factors that influence the existence the variants of language that Bawean overseas students in Surabaya use when communicating. The method that use in this study is a qualitative descriptive method with data collection by observing and taking notes. The theory used by the researcher is code mixing by (Muysken, 2000) and code switching by (Suwito, 1983). The results showed that there were 4 variations language used by Bawean overseas students in Surabaya for asking for help, namely, Bawean language, Javanese language with Surabaya's dialect, Indonesian, and English. Factors that influence the variants of languages of bawean overseas students in Surabaya in the communication asked for help are the origin area of the speech, environmental factors, and familiarity factors.

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Reynolds, Elinor, Paula West e John S. Coleman. "Proto-Indo-European ‘laryngeals’ were vocalic". Diachronica 17, n. 2 (31 dicembre 2000): 351–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.17.2.04rey.

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SUMMARY We have argued that the ‘laryngeals’ reconstructed for PIE were vocalic in nature. This is in line with Saussure’s original classification of the ‘laryngeals’ as vowels but runs counter to the prevalent modern view that they were fricatives. According to the ‘vocalic’ hypothesis that we propose, the ‘laryngeals’ formed a subsystem of the PIE vowel inventory, and were characterized by metrical weakness. This analysis draws upon contemporary phonological understanding of the interaction between a segment’s position within syllable structure and its phonetic realization. The hypothesis allows phonetically plausible accounts to be formulated for each of the observed developments in the daughter languages. Moreover, it is more credible from a typological perspective than any of the proposals involving fricatives. RÉSUMÉ Nous avons soutenu que les ‘laryngales’ reconstruites pour le proto-indo-européen étaient de forme vocalique. Ceci est en accord avec l’hypothèse de Saussure où les ‘laryngales’ étaient classées voyelles mais va à l’encontre de l’opinion moderne qu’elles étaient fricatives. Selon l’hypothèse ‘vocalique’ que nous proposons les ‘laryngales’ formaient un sous-système de l’inventaire vocalique proto-indo-européen characterisé par la faiblesse metrique. Cette analyse fait appel à la compréhension phonologique contemporaine de l’interaction entre la position d’un segment dans la syllabe et sa réalisation phonétique. Cette hypothèse permet des explications raisonnables pour chaque développement observé dans les langues filles. D’ailleurs, dans une perspective typologique cette hypothèse est plus croyable que les systèmes qui utilisent les fricatives. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Unserer Auffassung nach waren Laryngale, die für das Urindogermanische rekonstruiert worden sind, vokalischer Natur. Diese Auffassung stimmt mit Saussures ursprünglicher Klassifikation, nach der Laryngale Vokale sind, überein, widerspricht aber der gegenwärtig vorherrschenden Annahme, nach der es sich um Frikative handelt. Gemäß der hier vorgestellten Hypothese bildeten die Laryngale eine Unterklasse der urindogermanischen Vokale, und zeichneten sich durch metrische Schwäche aus. Dieser Analyse liegt ein gegenwärtig postuliertes phonologisches Verständnis der Wechselwirkung zwischen der Lage eines Segmentes innerhalb der Silbenstruktur und seiner phonetischen Realisierung zugrunde. Auf der Basis dieser Hypothese können phonetisch plausible Entwicklungen in den Tochtersprachen erklärt werden. Desweiteren erscheint der hier vorgestellte Ansatz auch von einem typologischen Ansatz überzeugender als andere, die für Frikative argumentieren.

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DECAPUA, ANDREA, e LISA HUBER. "‘If I were you ...’: Advice in American English". Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 14, n. 2 (1995): 117–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mult.1995.14.2.117.

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Glennen, Sharon. "A Longitudinal Study of Language and Speech in Children Who Were Internationally Adopted at Different Ages". Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools 45, n. 3 (luglio 2014): 185–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_lshss-13-0035.

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Purpose The author followed 56 internationally adopted children during the first 3 years after adoption to determine how and when they reached age-expected language proficiency in Standard American English. The influence of age of adoption was measured, along with the relationship between early and later language and speech outcomes. Method Children adopted from Eastern Europe at ages 12 months to 4 years, 11 months, were assessed 5 times across 3 years. Norm-referenced measures of receptive and expressive language and articulation were compared over time. In addition, mean length of utterance (MLU) was measured. Results Across all children, receptive language reached age-expected levels more quickly than expressive language. Children adopted at ages 1 and 2 “caught up” more quickly than children adopted at ages 3 and 4. Three years after adoption, there was no difference in test scores across age of adoption groups, and the percentage of children with language or speech delays matched population estimates. MLU was within the average range 3 years after adoption but significantly lower than other language test scores. Conclusions Three years after adoption, age of adoption did not influence language or speech outcomes, and most children reached age-expected language levels. Expressive syntax as measured by MLU was an area of relative weakness.

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Anderwald, Lieselotte. "Was/Were-variation in non-standard British English today". English World-Wide 22, n. 1 (27 giugno 2001): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.22.1.02and.

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In this article, the past tense system of the verb to be in modern informal spoken British English is investigated. Variation is endemic, but an in-depth investigation across individual dialect areas shows that three generalization strategies can be distinguished. Of these, two lead to a straightforward simplification of the system (was-generalization and were-generalization respectively), whereas the dominant mixed type has remorphologized the Standard English (StE) number distinction and replaced it by a distinction according to polarity. A cognitive explanation is advanced for the pervasiveness of this at first glance rather complicated system.

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Safar, Josefina. "“When you were that little…”". Gesture 19, n. 1 (31 dicembre 2020): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/gest.19007.saf.

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Abstract In this article, I analyse how conventional height-specifier gestures used by speakers of Yucatec Maya become incorporated into Yucatec Maya Sign Languages (YMSLs). Combining video-data from elicitation, narratives, conversations and interviews collected from YMSL signers from four communities as well as from hearing nonsigners from another Yucatec Maya village, I compare form, meaning and distribution of height-specifiers in gesture and sign. Co-speech gestures that depict the height of upright entities – performed with a flat hand, palm facing downwards – come to serve various linguistic functions in YMSLs: a noun for human referents, a verb GROW, a spatial referential device, and an element of name signs. Special attention is paid to how height-specifier gestures fulfil a grammatical purpose as noun-classifiers for human referents in YMSLs. My study demonstrates processes of lexicalisation and grammaticalisation from gesture to sign and discusses the impact of gesture on the emergence of shared sign languages.

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Im-Bolter, Nancie, Nancy J. Cohen e Fataneh Farnia. "I thought we were good: social cognition, figurative language, and adolescent psychopathology". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 54, n. 7 (29 marzo 2013): 724–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12067.

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Lerner, Paul M., e Howard D. Lerner. "When We Were Comrades Together: A Note on the Language of Assessment". Journal of Personality Assessment 88, n. 3 (giugno 2007): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223890701293890.

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Muhammad, Sitti Rahmah, e Hendrokumoro Hendrokumoro. "Hubungan Kekerabatan Bahasa Aceh, Bahasa Devayan, Bahasa Sigulai, dan Bahasa Jamee". Diglosia: Jurnal Kajian Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 5, n. 4 (5 novembre 2022): 897–920. http://dx.doi.org/10.30872/diglosia.v5i4.511.

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This study investigates the percentage of kinship level, separation time, and phonemic correspondence among Acehnese, Devayan, Sigulai, and Jamee languages by applying theories from Keraf (1996) and Crowley & Bowern (2010). Data was collected using interviewing, recording, listening, and note-taking techniques. Data analysis applied lexicostatistics and glottochronology techniques. The study's results indicated that Acehnese, Devayan, Sigulai, and Jamee languages were related. Based on the results of lexicostatistical calculations, it is known that the Acehnese-Devayan language, Acehnese-Jamee language, Devayan-Sigulai language, Devayan-Jamee language, and Sigulai-Jamee language can be grouped into (family) while Acehnese-Sigulai language is at the (stock) level. Acehnese and Devayan languages were a single language estimated between 2,054-2,458 years ago. Acehnese and Sigulai languages were a single language around 3,169-3,420 years ago, Acehnese and Jamee languages were a single language in 1,836 -2,206 years ago, Devayan and Sigulai languages were a single language in 1945 -2283 years ago, Devayan and Jamee were a single language in 2114-2,316 years ago, Sigulai and Jamee were a single language between 2,010-2.404 years ago. In addition, phonemic correspondences were also found within the four languages.

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HOLTER, JULIA, e VALENTINA P. Chepiga. "CODE-SWITCHING AND CREATIVE PROCESS: PUSHKIN’S PLANS “THE GUESTS WERE ARRIVING AT THE DACHA”, “THE RUSSIAN PELHAM” AND “IN THE WATERS OF THE CAUCASUS”". Tyumen State University Herald. Humanities Research. Humanitates 8, n. 1 (2022): 38–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2411-197x-2022-8-1-38-61.

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Alexander Pushkin’s code-switching is a particularly interesting, anachronic or historic example from the early modern period. It is established that he used French language (analytical and well-established) for planning, and the Russian language (expressive but in need for renewal and normalization) as language of textualization. The genetic exercise proposed here will nuance the above division, pointing at the limitations of functional separations. Today, we know that bilingual writers are guided parallelly by both languages in their creative process, though their functions may be different. They are also inspired by other “voices” that constitute other creative vectors (other languages, music, images…). But can this be demonstrated for Pushkin if the majority of his survived plans were formalized in French? The plans for three texts, “The Guests Were Arriving at the Dacha” (1828), “The Russian Pelham” and “In the Waters of the Caucasus” (1831), display abundant cases of code-switching between Russian and French, as well as between writing and drawing. We will endorse Youri Lotman’s vision of code-switching as “auto-communication” on different channels (linguistic or not) to show how the ideas bouncing off the linguistic units, but also sparking thanks to the mnemonic function of drawings, establish a current, and a creative tension between different channels of auto-communication.

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Fernández-Coello, Alejandro, Viktória Havas, Montserrat Juncadella, Joanna Sierpowska, Antoni Rodríguez-Fornells e Andreu Gabarrós. "Age of language acquisition and cortical language organization in multilingual patients undergoing awake brain mapping". Journal of Neurosurgery 126, n. 6 (agosto 2016): 1912–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.5.jns152791.

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OBJECTIVEMost knowledge regarding the anatomical organization of multilingualism is based on aphasiology and functional imaging studies. However, the results have still to be validated by the gold standard approach, namely electrical stimulation mapping (ESM) during awake neurosurgical procedures. In this ESM study the authors describe language representation in a highly specific group of 13 multilingual individuals, focusing on how age of acquisition may influence the cortical organization of language.METHODSThirteen patients who had a high degree of proficiency in multiple languages and were harboring lesions within the dominant, left hemisphere underwent ESM while being operated on under awake conditions. Demographic and language data were recorded in relation to age of language acquisition (for native languages and early- and late-acquired languages), neuropsychological pre- and postoperative language testing, the number and location of language sites, and overlapping distribution in terms of language acquisition time. Lesion growth patterns and histopathological characteristics, location, and size were also recorded. The distribution of language sites was analyzed with respect to age of acquisition and overlap.RESULTSThe functional language-related sites were distributed in the frontal (55%), temporal (29%), and parietal lobes (16%). The total number of native language sites was 47. Early-acquired languages (including native languages) were represented in 97 sites (55 overlapped) and late-acquired languages in 70 sites (45 overlapped). The overlapping distribution was 20% for early-early, 71% for early-late, and 9% for late-late. The average lesion size (maximum diameter) was 3.3 cm. There were 5 fast-growing and 7 slow-growing lesions.CONCLUSIONSCortical language distribution in multilingual patients is not homogeneous, and it is influenced by age of acquisition. Early-acquired languages have a greater cortical representation than languages acquired later. The prevalent native and early-acquired languages are largely represented within the perisylvian left hemisphere frontoparietotemporal areas, and the less prevalent late-acquired languages are mostly overlapped with them.

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STOCKMAL, VERNA, DANNY R. MOATES e ZINNY S. BOND. "Same talker, different language". Applied Psycholinguistics 21, n. 3 (settembre 2000): 383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0142716400003052.

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When discriminating between unknown foreign languages, infants, young children, and adult listeners are able to make same-language/different-language discrimination judgments at better than chance levels. In these studies (Lorch & Meara, 1989; Mehler et al., 1988; Stockmal, 1995), foreign language samples have often been provided by different talkers, confounding voice characteristics and language characteristics. In Experiments 1 and 2, using the same talkers for different pairs of languages, we found that listeners were able to discriminate between languages they did not know, even when spoken by the same talker. That is, listeners were able to separate talker from language characteristics. Experiment 3 used multidimensional scaling to explore the bases of listener judgments. Listeners were attentive to prosodic properties and influenced by their familiarity with the test languages.

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DURHAM, MERCEDES. "Was/were alternation in Shetland English". World Englishes 32, n. 1 (21 febbraio 2013): 108–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/weng.12009.

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Gillmeister, Andrzej, e Danuta Musiał. "Why were the “oriental cults” invented?" Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 57, n. 4 (dicembre 2017): 503–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2017.57.4.9.

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Schirmer, Carolina Rizzotto, Mirna Wetters Portuguez e Magda Lahorgue Nunes. "Clinical assessment of language development in children at age 3 years that were born preterm". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 64, n. 4 (dicembre 2006): 926–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0004-282x2006000600007.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the influence of gestational age and birth weight on language development and neurodevelopmental outcome at age 3 years in children born preterm. METHOD: Cross sectional study including 69 children followed in our developmental outpatient clinic. Patients were consecutively included at the time of the 3 years of age appointment and stratified for birth weight (<1500 grams and between 1500-2500 grams). All patients were assessed for receptive and expressive language , Denver II and Bayley II tests and clinical neurological examination. For analysis patients were divided in two groups normal language acquisition (NLA) and delay in language acquisition (DLA). RESULTS: NLA children had higher scores on mental and psychomotor (p=<0.01, p=0.012) indexes of Bayley II. Newborns with less than 1500 grams had lower scores on all Bayley scale at age 36 months (p=0.002, p=0.007 and p<0.001). Multivariate analysis suggests an association between gestational age (p=0.032), abnormal behavior (p<0.001) and delay in language acquisition. Denver test at 12 and 24 months of age was a good predictor of delayed receptive and expressive language at three years of age (p=<0.01 and p=<0.01). CONCLUSION: Children born prematurely with low birth weight had an increased risk of language acquisition delay, and those had also lower cognitive and behavior scores when compared to NLA.

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Cenni, Irene, e Camilla Vásquez. "“Jerry was a terrific host!” “You were a brilliant guest!”". Pragmatics and Society 14, n. 1 (14 marzo 2023): 117–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ps.20059.cen.

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Abstract Expanding the research investigating compliments in CMC genres, this study explores reciprocal compliments from consumers and service-providers on Airbnb, a major tourism platform. Specifically, the study examines distribution of compliments in both guest reviews of Online Experiences (a virtual tourism service) and hosts’ responses to those reviews, focusing on compliment topics, their syntactic realizations, and their associated intensification strategies. Despite some similarities with prior research on CMC compliments with respect to the overall frequency and general expression of compliments, we also identified several differences related to compliment reciprocity as well as a greater tendency toward more formal language use in this professional digital context. These differences are likely related to the different relationships among participants, as well as different user goals when communicating on commercially-oriented sites versus social networking sites, demonstrating the need to expand the scope of CMC compliment research to include a broader range of platforms.

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Whiteford, Peter. "What Were Felix Randal's ‘Fatal Four Disorders’?" Review of English Studies 56, n. 225 (1 giugno 2005): 438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/res/hgi060.

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Peter Mortensen. "“The grass was me . . . the distant invisible mountains were me, the tired oxen were me”: Greening Karen Blixen". Scandinavian Studies 88, n. 3 (2016): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/scanstud.88.3.0225.

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Mortensen, Peter. "“The grass was me … the distant invisible mountains were me, the tired oxen were me”: Greening Karen Blixen". Scandinavian Studies 88, n. 3 (2016): 225–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3368/sca.88.3.0225.

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Asif Mehdiyeva, Mehriban. "A look to the contemporary changes of lexical system of the Turkic languages". SCIENTIFIC WORK 61, n. 12 (25 dicembre 2020): 91–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/61/91-93.

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In this paper were given the changes met in the lexical system of a language, some information on international words, there also made necessary analyses on the contemporary processes taken place in lexic systems of Turkic languages. There met vivid examples of nationalizing vocabulary in the system of Turkic languagea as a result of qaining independence in these Republics. And in this view-point one can note that borrowings for now mainly come from Turkey. Contemporary researches prove that the process of borrowings in the meantime go rather apart from these languages. And this cannot serve forming one common Turkic language for all. Key words: language, contacts, close contacts, disjointed contacts, borrowing, lexics

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