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Cortès-Franch, Imma, Vanessa Puig-Barrachina, Hernán Vargas-Leguás, M. Marta Arcas e Lucía Artazcoz. "Is Being Employed Always Better for Mental Wellbeing Than Being Unemployed? Exploring the Role of Gender and Welfare State Regimes during the Economic Crisis". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n. 23 (29 novembre 2019): 4799. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234799.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The growth of poor jobs related to economic crisis adds to its increase since the mid-1970s as a result of new forms of flexible employment. In Europe, there is no clear evidence on whether working in a poor-quality job is better for mental wellbeing than being unemployed. The objectives of this study were to compare mental wellbeing between the unemployed and those working in jobs with different quality levels and to examine gender and welfare state differences in Europe. We selected 8324 men and 7496 women from the European Social Survey, 2010. Hierarchical multiple logistic regression models were fitted, separated by sex and country group. No significant differences in mental wellbeing were shown between unemployed-non-active, unemployed-active, and those working in low-quality jobs in either sex. Only men from Conservative countries in low-quality jobs had better mental wellbeing than unemployed (non-active) men. Only having a good-quality job reduced the likelihood of poor mental wellbeing compared with being unemployed (non-active) among men in all countries (except Social-Democratic) and among women in Eastern and Southern European countries. No differences were observed among men or women in Social-Democratic countries, while strong gender differences were found in Conservative and Liberal countries. Our study indicates the need to take job quality into account, in addition to creating jobs during economic crises. The main mechanisms to explain the strong gender and welfare state differences identified could be social protection for unemployed, labor market regulations, and family models.
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Singh. "Gender, Intra-Household Discrimination and Cash Transfer Schemes: The Case of Indian Punjab". Economies 7, n. 3 (19 luglio 2019): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7030075.
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For many years, the Punjab province of India has had the dubious distinction of having the worst sex ratio among all other states of India. In recent years, both the child sex ratio and the overall sex ratio has shown a marked improvement in the state. This paper analyses whether the improvement in sex ratios has narrowed down gender discrimination against the girl child in Punjab. This paper examines the intra-household gender differences in indicators of nutrition and well-being by employing logistic regression analysis on the latest available data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) for the year 2015–2016. It also evaluates the cash transfer schemes currently being implemented in Punjab for the welfare of the girl child and analyses their relative efficacy. The key results from the study reveal that gender continues to have a significant impact on indicators of child well-being and nutrition such as the average duration of breastfeeding and intra-household food allocation. The paper also finds that cash transfer schemes do not have a statistically significant impact on indicators of child malnutrition in the state.
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Pederson, JoEllen, e K. Russell Shekha. "Attitudes toward public pensions in Chile, Uruguay, and Venezuela: Testing self-interest and political ideology theories in Latin American countries". International Social Work 61, n. 2 (29 gennaio 2016): 183–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872815617991.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The historical strength of Latin American public pension systems and the changes many countries are making in the contemporary period warrant understanding attitudes about public pensions in Latin America. Data were examined for three countries: Chile, Uruguay, and Venezuela, to see whether commonly tested welfare state theories explain individual differences in attitudes in these countries. Using basic multilevel modeling techniques, we find both individual- and country-level differences in attitudes toward government responsibility for and spending on public pensions. Understanding what predicts these attitudes in Latin America will help improve approaches to social welfare in this region.
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Rothstein, Henry, David Demeritt, Regine Paul, Anne-Laure Beaussier, Mara Wesseling, Michael Howard, Maarten de Haan, Olivier Borraz, Michael Huber e Frederic Bouder. "Varieties of risk regulation in Europe: coordination, complementarity and occupational safety in capitalist welfare states". Socio-Economic Review 17, n. 4 (8 settembre 2017): 993–1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ser/mwx029.
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Abstract This article tests the extent to which the organization and stringency of occupational health and safety regulation complements the dominant mode of coordination in the political economy. While the UK explicitly sanctions risk-cost-benefit trade-offs, other European countries mandate ambitious safety goals. That contrast appears to reflect cleavages identified in the Varieties of Capitalism literature, which suggests worker protection regimes are stronger in coordinated market economies than in liberal market economies. Our analysis of Germany, France, UK and the Netherlands, shows that the varied organization of their regulatory regimes is explained through a three-way complementarity with their welfare systems and modes of coordination. However, despite varied headline goals, we find no systematic differences in the stringency of those countries’ regulatory protections insofar as they all make trade-offs on safety. Instead, the explicitness, rationalizations and logics of trade-offs vary according to each country’s legal system, state tradition and coupling between regulation and welfare system.
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Goldsborough, Z., EHM Sterck, FBM de Waal e CE Webb. "Individual variation in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) repertoires of abnormal behaviour". Animal Welfare 31, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2022): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.31.1.011.
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Abnormal behaviour in captive animals is both pervasive and ambiguous. Although individual differences are central to the field of animal welfare, studies on abnormal behaviour predominantly employ quantitative, population-level approaches. For example, whereas previous studies on chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) abnormal behaviour have reported significant variation between groups or individuals in the quantity (eg frequency and duration) of abnormal behaviour, much less is known about qualitative differences. Individual abnormal behavioural repertoires may be highly idiosyncratic, where certain behaviours are over-represented (ie individually specific abnormal behavioural 'signatures'). The present study investigated qualitative individual variation in the abnormal behaviour of chimpanzees (n = 15) housed at Royal Burgers' Zoo in Arnhem, The Netherlands. Substantial variation was found between individuals in the diversity (size and evenness) and overall composition of their abnormal behavioural repertoires. Factors including age, sex, and rank did not significantly account for dissimilarity of individuals' abnormal behavioural repertoires, but kin dyads showed more similar abnormal behaviour than non-kin dyads. Further exploratory analyses examined whether individual variation in one abnormal behaviour (coprophagy) predicted variation in stress-related behaviour (self-scratching). This allowed us to tentatively conclude that there were also individual differences in the link between a given abnormal behaviour and the behavioural expression of stress. Qualitative individual variation in abnormal behaviour provides a novel angle to a literature traditionally focused on quantifying abnormal behaviour at the group- or species-level and may thus represent an important yet previously overlooked source of variation in the extent to which abnormal behaviour reflects the state of individual welfare.
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Jensen, Mette, Ingvill Kristiansen, Merete Sandbekk e Jane Kroger. "Ego Identity Status in Cross-Cultural Context: A Comparison of Norwegian and United States University Students". Psychological Reports 83, n. 2 (ottobre 1998): 455–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1998.83.2.455.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
To examine patterns of identity development for late adolescents raised in the Norwegian mixed liberal welfare-state economic system compared with late adolescents raised in the free-market economic system of the United States, ego identity status scores and distributions were examined for 56 (37 women, 19 men). Norwegian and 1498 (814 women, 684 men) United States undergraduate university students using the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status–2. The United States sample was drawn from four geographic regions and comprised of those who had participated in prior studies performed by Adams. Significant differences were found between the two nations on all identity status subscales in the ideological and interpersonal domains for each sex. The more moderate identity status scale scores evidenced by the Norwegian sample may reflect a cultural trend toward greater moderation in the exploration and commitment process.
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Silei, Gianni. "La Gerusalemme celeste in terra. Radici ed evoluzione del "welfare socialdemocratico"". SOCIOLOGIA E POLITICHE SOCIALI, n. 3 (gennaio 2013): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/sp2012-003008.
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The chapter aims to introduce some considerations with a historical approach related to the evolution of the cultural stances adopted by the leading forces of the worker and socialist movement - particularly those of reformist orientation - towards the policies of social protection. Moreover, it outlines a general scheme of a time period, which allows to view the evolution of social welfare systems into the welfare-state model. The first result of this research program is that the ongoing exchance of views that led to the Welfare State did not follow a straight line. Moreover, even the definition of socialism and social-democracy requires to be dealt with in a more pluralistic view, taking into account the variety and the differences in both doctrines and practices to be found in the European countries, even if inside a common political family. Examining the cultural ideas of the social-democracies which grow towards social protection policies it helps scholars to debunk several generalizations and see gaps and recurring features if a "path dependence" approach is followed. The idea that history of welfare state can be described as a sort of continuous and mechanical process of enlightened conceptions and reform projects which little by little become modern and advanced, is problematic. Since that it appears to be more as the result of a series, sometimes casual, of choices motivated by necessity and contingent situations.
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Parolin, Zachary, e Linus Siöland. "Support for a universal basic income: A demand–capacity paradox?" Journal of European Social Policy 30, n. 1 (26 novembre 2019): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0958928719886525.
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Debate around a universal basic income (UBI) tends to focus on the economic and social implications of the policy proposal. Less clear, however, are the factors influencing support for a UBI. Using the 2016 European Social Survey, we investigate how trade union membership and left political ideology (central to power resources theory) and attitudes towards immigrants’ access to welfare benefits (central to welfare state chauvinism) affect individual support for a UBI. We also investigate how country-level differences in levels of social spending moderate individual-level UBI support. Results from multi-level models suggest that a broader coalition of UBI supporters can generally be found in countries where social spending is low. Specifically, we find that welfare state chauvinism is more likely to be associated with negative attitudes towards a UBI in countries with high levels of spending, but has only a weak association with UBI support in low-spending countries. Similarly, political ideology is more consequential in explaining UBI support in countries with higher levels of spending. These tensions form a demand–capacity paradox: the countries which are presumably least equipped to implement a UBI see the most broad-based support for the policy.
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Isaev, Artyom. "Social Efficiency Indicators of Public Investment: The Case of the Far Eastern Regions". Spatial Economics 16, n. 4 (2020): 23–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14530/se.2020.4.023-043.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article provides estimates of the social discount rate and regional welfare weights for the Russian Far East territories. The key parameter for their calculations is the elasticity of the marginal utility of consumption, estimated for the Russian Federation as a whole on the basis of the consumer demand function for food products. It’s revealed that for different territories should be applied different social discount rates for to assess the social effects of projects with state participation. The reason is that territories differ in the quality of life, which can be traced through interregional differences in the level and dynamic of the domestic consumer market as well as the size and structure of household income and expenditure. The social discount rate is sensitive to the future annual growth rate of household consumption in the region. If we take the actual average annual rates for 2000–2018 as forecast values, the Sakhalin Oblast has the highest social discount rate (12 per cent), and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug has the lowest rate (7.6 per cent). Regional welfare weights show how the regions of the Far East are ranked according to the degree of impact of public investment on marginal changes in the welfare of their households. Thus, the lowest marginal increase in welfare in the Far Eastern Federal District will be observed in the Sakhalin Region, followed by the Khabarovsk Territory. From the social efficiency point this casts doubt on the choice of these regions as priority locations for large-scale public projects. On the other hand the largest effect of public projects for the improving of welfare will be observed in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast and the Zabaikalsky Krai. These regions are characterized by the highest values of regional welfare weights in the Far East for 2018, and consequently the highest marginal welfare growth for households due to public investment. It is worth noting that in 2010 the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and Kamchatsky Krai were characterized by the highest values of the regional welfare weights in the Far East. By 2018 these two regions significantly improved their positions. Despite the fact that the regional welfare weights for most of the Far Eastern regions decreased significantly, for the Jewish Autonomous Oblast and the Zabaikalsky Krai this decrease was minimal (2 per cent and 5 per cent respectively)
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Kılınç, Ramazan, e Carolyn M. Warner. "Micro-Foundations of Religion and Public Goods Provision: Belief, Belonging, and Giving in Catholicism and Islam". Politics and Religion 8, n. 4 (25 novembre 2015): 718–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1755048315000747.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractWhile debates continue about the relationship between state-provided social welfare and religious charities, and whether organized religions are more capable of providing social welfare than is the public sector, less attention has focused on the question of what motivates religious adherents to contribute to the charitable work of their religions. In this article, we examine how adherents of Catholicism and Islam understand their generosity and its relationship to their faith. Through 218 semi-structured interviews with Catholics and Muslims in four cities in France, Ireland, Italy, and Turkey, we find systematic differences between the two religions. Catholics emphasize love of others and Muslims emphasize duty to God. We also find, contrary to expectations of the literature that emphasizes monitoring and sanctioning within groups to obtain cooperation, that Catholics and Muslims see their generosity as also motivated by the positive affect they feel towards their respective communities.
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PRICOP, Ionuț-Andrei. "EXPLORING FINANCIAL STABILITY: THE DICHOTOMY BETWEEN THE GREEK AND THE CZECH MODEL". Journal of Public Administration, Finance and Law 30 (2024): 185–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.47743/jopafl-2023-30-17.
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The European Union, as a whole construct, inevitably has some notable structural differences in its various geographical areas. In this respect, we cannot overlook the fact that the financial stability of European citizens differs from one European country to another, with some European citizens having greater financial stability in their own households and others being more exposed to financial risks. Whatever our view of financial stability is, we must consider that it must be quantified, and in this way, we will see two completely opposite models in the European area: the Czech model and the Greek model, or rather one based on the minimal state and the other based on a welfare state. Our aim is, therefore, first to establish an aggregate indicator to quantify financial stability in the various countries of the European Union, and then to understand why there are such differences at European level, especially between Greece and the Czech Republic.
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Hansen, C. D. "Comparing fatal occupational accidents in Denmark and Sweden 1993–2012". Occupational Medicine 69, n. 4 (30 aprile 2019): 283–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqz064.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Background Denmark and Sweden are in many respects two very similar countries with similar welfare state systems and work environment authorities. Nevertheless, marked differences in the incidence of fatal occupational accidents have been found in earlier comparisons of the two countries. Aims To investigate differences in the incidence of fatal occupational accidents in the period from 1993 to 2012 to establish to what extent characteristics of the deceased can explain some of the difference between the two countries. Methods Analyses of the accident registers of the two countries’ national work environment authorities with supplemental linkages to official registers on employment status are used to determine the incidence of fatal occupational accidents for different groups. The analysis is based on 2375 accidents (1068 in Denmark and 1307 in Sweden) over the period of 20 years. Poisson regression is used to derive incidence rates over time for specific groups. Results In the study period, the incidence of fatal occupational accidents decreased in both countries (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 0.95), although the incidence was on average higher in Denmark (IRR: 1.20) and grew larger over time. This difference did not disappear after adjusting for age, sex and industry among the deceased (IRR: 1.12). Conclusions The incidence of fatal occupational accidents was slightly higher in Denmark in the entire period. The difference could not be explained completely by sociodemographic differences or differences related to the labour market structure in the two countries, i.e. other factors (e.g. cultural) may play a role in producing the difference.
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Rusmiyati, Rusmiyati, Mesy Faridah Hendiyani, Afni Nooraini e Alma'arif Alma'arif. "INTEGRATED BORDER MANAGEMENT TO ACHIEVE COMMUNITY WELFARE OF KEPULAUAN RIAU PROVINCE". Sosiohumaniora 24, n. 1 (7 marzo 2022): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/sosiohumaniora.v24i1.36790.
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ABSTRACT. Border area as a front line of a country needs special attention from the government of that country. Most of the domestic problems experienced by a country come from the border. Human and drugs trafficking, also illegal timber transactions are examples of problems that still occur in Indonesia nowadays especially located in Kepulauan Riau Province. This study aims to describe the Integrated Border Management based on European Commission carried out in Indonesia, especially at the country border in Kepulauan Riau Province, Indonesia. By using the post-positivistic paradigm, this study uses interviews and documentation as data collection techniques. Interviews were conducted to actors, both central and regional, such as the Deputy for Border Management (BNPP-RI), the Head of the BNPP Planning and Cooperation Bureau, the Head of the Riau Islands Province Government Bureau and his staff, the Head of Local Development Planning Agency of Batam City, Natuna Regency. The results showed that the state border managers at the central, provincial, and regency/city governments have different institutions which result in differences in personnel procedures, finances, and resource allocation. The concept of Integrated border management needs to be adjusted to the concept considering the geographical characteristics of Indonesia, which has sea and land borders.
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Hadi, Zena S., Eman A. Al-Kaseer e Munib A. Al-Zubaidi. "Growth of diabetic children in post conflict Baghdad, Iraq". Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad 60, n. 1 (1 aprile 2018): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.60155.
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Background: previously type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was listed among the causes of severing growth retardation. Iraq was exposed to wars and conflicts that affect health services which in turn affect the glycemic state of diabetic patients.Objective: To report on the growth of diabetic children in post-conflict Iraq.Methods: A total of 100 children with T1DM were included in the study. They were attending the consultancy clinic in Children Welfare Teaching Hospital for the period from 1st of Feb to 30th of May 2017. Weight and height were measured. The growth indices at diagnosis were taken from a case file.Results: A total of 100 children with T1DM included in this study. Their age was 9.3 ± 3.2 years with a male to female ratio of 1. The peak age of children at diagnosis was < 5 years. Of the total diabetic children in this study, (5%) was stunted, (2%) wasted, and (5%) was underweight. Duration of T1DM was a significant determinant of growth indices (height and weight). No significant differences in growth indices (weight, height, and BMI) between males and females with T1DM.Conclusion: the peak of age at diagnosis was < 5 years, the sex ratio was equal and weight and height were almost lower than that supposed to be healthy.
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Annisa Lutfia Frida Shafira. "Aktualisasi NDP dalam Mewujudkan Pelayanan Kesehatan yang Berkeadilan: Sebuah Literature Review". Ad-Dariyah: Jurnal Dialektika, Sosial dan Budaya 1, n. 1 (26 giugno 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55623/ad.v1i1.19.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Indonesia is a country that aspires to social justice, strives to form a state structure that can improve the welfare of society in accordance with the mandate of the 1945 Constitution. Healthcare and Social Security Agency (BPJS) is the organizer of social security to realize welfare in the health sector. The concept of the National Health Insurance (JKN) is here to ensure that all Indonesian citizens get comprehensive, fair and equitable health services. The purpose of this study was to see the effect of patient participation status on the quality of health services as seen from the level of patient satisfaction. The existing patient participation status is BPJS patients and non-BPJS patients. This research was conducted using the literature study method with a collection of a number of scientific journals that are relevant to the problem being studied. The collected data were analyzed by means of qualitative descriptive analysis using three variables, namely patient participation status, patient satisfaction level and quality of health services. The results showed that there were differences in the quality of health services for BPJS and non-BPJS patients seen from the level of patient satisfaction.
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Pak, Oleg A. "The welfare state as a factor in reducing contradictions in the ruling elite on the example of Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries". Izvestiya of Saratov University. Sociology. Politology 24, n. 2 (22 maggio 2024): 236–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1818-9601-2024-24-2-236-244.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article deals with the formation of the foundations of the social state in Russia at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries. At the same time, the emphasis is placed on the fact that representatives of political elite, differing in various ideological views and ideas about the ideal form of government, could agree on the need to expand social functions of the state. The aim of the article is to determine the influence of ideas about the need to build a social state in Russia and certain elements of this idea implemented in life on reducing contradictions in the ranks of the ruling elite. The most significant sources are the documentation of political parties in Russia, which were formed at the beginning of the XX century and took part in the work of the State Duma. These sources allow us to see that, despite sometimes significant differences in issues concerning the form of government, the state structure and political freedoms, most parties were inclined to recognize the need for the development of a social state in Russia. This was manifested in the introduction of relevant items in the party programs devoted to the working issue, development of the state insurance system, as well as the introduction of free education. The results of the study show that in Russia, as in most European countries, there was a gradual understanding of the need to build a social state. At the same time, consensus on this issue could help reduce the level of contradictions in the ruling elite. However, some discrepancies in specific programs of political parties regarding the elements of the welfare state could act as reasons for conflicts.
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van HOOFF, Jan A. R. A. M., Herman Dienske, Warner Jens e René P. Spijkerman. "Differences in Variability, Interactivity and Skills in Social Play of Young Chimpanzees Living in Peer Groups and in a Large Family Zoo Group". Behaviour 133, n. 9-10 (1996): 717–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853996x00440.
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AbstractThis paper provides a detailed comparison of play characteristics of chimpanzees raised in peer-only groups and in a socially complex semi-natural zoo situation. We expected play in peer groups to be of a lesser quality, that is less variable, interactive and skillful. To test this we quantified details such as the diversity of social play types, the bout length, the way social play is started, maintained and stopped and the use of play signals. The differences in play-type frequencies between the groups are most likely caused by differences in housing conditions and demographics; the smaller sex difference in peer group adolescents is most likely due to a limited partner choice. We found no indication that chimpanzees raised in peer groups played less diversely than those in the zoo. The social play characteristics of peer group and zoo chimpanzees are similar, except for the frequency of gnaws before wrestle and the frequency of play-faces within wrestle. Overall, there are no results from which we can conclude directly that chimpanzees isolated from their mother at an early stage and placed in a peer group are less capable in social play, although possibly it is more clear to the zoo individuals that a next interaction will be 'play'; zoo individuals may need less regular removal of ambiguity about the intention of the behaviour. The few differences between peer group and zoo in their social play characteristics that can be related to peer group rearing conditions indicate that the social development in those chimpanzees raised in peer groups is similar to that of chimpanzees in the semi-natural zoo. This is not to say that providing more natural conditions than is usually done in laboratories is unnecessary. These may still add considerably to the animals' well-being and in terms of animal welfare, it can be concluded that a variety of partners in the housing condition is beneficial to speed of sex-role development in young chimpanzees.
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Probert, Rachel, Anna Bastian, Simon H. Elwen, Bridget S. James e Tess Gridley. "Vocal correlates of arousal in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) in human care". PLOS ONE 16, n. 9 (1 settembre 2021): e0250913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250913.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Human-controlled regimes can entrain behavioural responses and may impact animal welfare. Therefore, understanding the influence of schedules on animal behaviour can be a valuable tool to improve welfare, however information on behaviour overnight and in the absence of husbandry staff remains rare. Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops spp.) are highly social marine mammals and the most common cetacean found in captivity. They communicate using frequency modulated signature whistles, a whistle type that is individually distinctive and used as a contact call. We investigated the vocalisations of ten dolphins housed in three social groups at uShaka Sea World dolphinarium to determine how patterns in acoustic behaviour link to dolphinarium routines. Investigation focused on overnight behaviour, housing decisions, weekly patterns, and transitional periods between the presence and absence of husbandry staff. Recordings were made from 17h00 – 07h00 over 24 nights, spanning May to August 2018. Whistle (including signature whistle) presence and production rate decreased soon after husbandry staff left the facility, was low over night, and increased upon staff arrival. Results indicated elevated arousal states particularly associated with the morning feeding regime. Housing in the pool configuration that allowed observation of staff activities from all social groups was characterised by an increase in whistle presence and rates. Heightened arousal associated with staff presence was reflected in the structural characteristics of signature whistles, particularly maximum frequency, frequency range and number of whistle loops. We identified individual differences in both production rate and the structural modification of signature whistles under different contexts. Overall, these results revealed a link between scheduled activity and associated behavioural responses, which can be used as a baseline for future welfare monitoring where changes from normal behaviour may reflect shifts in welfare state.
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Talagaeva, D. A., e A. A. Trashchenko. "THE ROLE OF THE NORTH SEA OIL RESOURCES IN NORWAY’S ECONOMY". MGIMO Review of International Relations, n. 4(43) (28 agosto 2015): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-4-43-263-270.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Today Norway is a highly developed country with a predominantly service sector in the economic structure. However, oil continues to play a major role in the life of the state and society as one third of state revenues is based on oil resources, while export of raw materials totals more than a half of the country's overall export. However, it is not quite possible to cover the entire oil sector in Norway within the scope of one piece of work due to the differences in the characteristics of each of the three sources of the country's oil. In this context, the resources of the Norwegian and Barents Seas are associated with the problems of the Arctic and the Arctic law. At the same time, the North Sea is the most regulated area, besides it is the so called "homeland" of the oil production in Norway. Thus, this paper analyzes the role of the North Sea oil in the economy of Norway, which is the basis of its economic prosperity. Due to its oil revenues, Norway was once able to build a welfare state. Also the unique system of accumulation of oil revenues, which is reflected in the functioning of the Government Pension Fund of Norway, is a relevant issue as well. The article deals with the emergence of the oil industry in the country from a historical perspective, and analyzes its current state, including a detailed analysis of the existing fields and pipelines. Furthermore, the authors propose the estimation of state revenues from the oil production in the North Sea.
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Cavaillé, Charlotte, e Karine Van der Straeten. "Immigration and Support for Redistribution: Lessons from Europe". Journal of Economic Literature 61, n. 3 (1 settembre 2023): 958–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.20221708.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Research shows that opposition to policies that redistribute across racial divides has affected the development of the American welfare state. Are similar dynamics at play in Western Europe? For many scholars, the answer is yes. In contrast, we argue that researchers’ understanding of the political economy of redistribution in diversifying European countries is too incomplete to reach a conclusion on this issue. First, existing evidence is inconsistent with the assumption—ubiquitous in this line of research—of a universal distaste for sharing resources with people who are culturally, ethnically, and racially different. Second, important historical and institutional differences between the United States and Europe preclude any straightforward transposition of the American experience to the European case. We discuss what we see as the most promising lines of inquiry going forward. (JEL D64, H23, J15, J68, K37, Z13)
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Taghipoor, Keyvan Davatgaran, Roya Habibi Arejan, Mohammad Reza Rasouli, Soheil Saadat, Mojgan Moghadam, Alexander R. Vaccaro e Vafa Rahimi-Movaghar. "Factors associated with pressure ulcers in patients with complete or sensory-only preserved spinal cord injury: is there any difference between traumatic and nontraumatic causes?" Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine 11, n. 4 (ottobre 2009): 438–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2009.5.spine08896.
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Object Pressure ulcers (PUs) are common complications in patients with complete spinal cord injury (SCI) or incomplete SCI in which sensory function is spared. Most studies analyzing associated factors of PU and SCI have been performed in cases of traumatic SCI and in just a few cases of nontraumatic SCI. This study was designed to look specifically at the differences in causative factors of PU in cases of traumatic and nontraumatic SCIs. Methods The authors performed a retrospective, cross-sectional study evaluating patients with complete and incomplete SCIs (American Spinal Injury Association Grades A and B) under the coverage of the financial, medicosocial, and rehabilitative support provided by the State Welfare Organization of Iran (SWOI). There were 3791 cases of traumatic SCI (63.2%) and 2110 cases of nontraumatic SCI (35.2%). For 94 patients (1.6%), sufficient data were not available. Results A PU was detected in 39.2% of all patients with an SCI (71.8% of those with traumatic SCI vs 28.2% of those with nontraumatic SCI). A univariate analysis showed a significant association between occupation, education, and the presence of PU in patients with a traumatic SCI (p < 0.05). This contrasted with nontraumatic SCI in which an association between PU and age was noted (p < 0.05). Using logistic regression, traumatic cause, older age, an interval less than 1 year since the onset of SCI, male sex, and single status were found to significantly increase the risk of PU in all patients with an SCI. However, a higher education level had a preventive effect on PU. Conclusions This study revealed some risk factors for PU in the authors' setting. The authors' findings suggest a possible difference between the risk factors for PU in patients with both types of SCI. Further study on the pathoetiology of these differences is paramount in the future.
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Heras Sevilla, Davinia. "DESARROLLO EMOCIONAL EN LA INFANCIA. UN ESTUDIO SOBRE LAS COMPETENCIAS EMOCIONALES DE NIÑOS Y NIÑAS." International Journal of Developmental and Educational Psychology. Revista INFAD de Psicología. 1, n. 1 (2 luglio 2016): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17060/ijodaep.2016.n1.v1.217.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Este estudio tiene como objetivo la evaluación del desarrollo emocional de alumnado de Educación Infantil escolarizado en 2º Curso del Segundo Ciclo de esta etapa (N=123). Para este fin, se han analizado las competencias emocionales de los menores. Concretamente, la conciencia emocional, la regulación emocional, la competencia social y las habilidades de vida para el bienestar. Además, se han comparado los resultados obtenidos por los niños y por las niñas en cada dimensión, a fin de conocer la influencia del sexo del menor en su desarrollo emocional.Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas en función de la variable sexo en el nivel global de competencia emocional y en tres de las cuatro dimensiones que lo componen. El estudio evidencia además, la necesidad de evaluar los procesos emocionales en la infancia para favorecer una mejora en las competencias socio-emocionales del alumnado de Educación Infantil e incrementarlas a lo largo de su formación académica para su desarrollo integral. This research has the purpose of evaluating emotional development in the student body during pre-school education in the second course of the second cycle of this stage (N = 123).To this end, children emotional competences have been analyzed. Specifically, emotional awareness, emotional regulation, social competence and life skills for welfare. Furthermore, the results obtained by little girls and boys have been compared in each dimension, with the aim of recognizing the influence of the sex of the infant during his emotional management.The results show significant differences depending on the sex of the children in the global level of emotional competence and in three of the four dimensions which it is composed. Moreover, the study evidences the necessity of evaluating emotional processes during the infancy with the objective of improving social and emotional competences of the student body of Pre-school education and increasing them throughout their academic training for their development.
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Sonn, Jung Won, e Yang Zhao. "The diverse colours of money: the country-of-origin effects of foreign direct investment within East Asia". International Development Planning Review 46, n. 1 (23 gennaio 2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/idpr.2024.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the existing literature on foreign direct investment, it is often assumed that multinational corporations and their direct investments reduce institutional differences among economies. Building upon this assumption, those influenced by management studies and mainstream economics see multinational corporations as an agent that upgrades local business conventions to global standards. Geographers do not usually accept this convergence theory and claim differences among host economies prevents convergence in business practices. The difference between these groups of scholars is that the non-convergence camp acknowledges the resilience of local business practices while the convergence camp does not. The papers comprising this special issue question this shared assumption of foreign direct investment as a cause of convergence. As outlined in this introductory paper, and explored in detail in the following papers, we pay attention to the simple fact that the foreign direct investment is from a company or individual whose business practices are inherently influenced by their experiences of business in the nation or region of origin, and these experiences indelibly influence, to varying degrees, their local operations in investment destination. Once we accept such an obvious fact, recent debates on variety of capitalism and related literatures on the developmental state, welfare regime and other concepts all become relevant to understanding of the local operation of foreign-owned businesses.
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MESTESANU, ELISABETA-RAFILA. "Evolution of humoral immunity effectors in four flocks of sheep with symptoms of contagious ecthyma, from Santău village, Romania". Romanian Biotechnological Letters 26, n. 2 (2 febbraio 2021): 2361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25083/rbl/26.2/2361.2369.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Contagious ecthyma or contagious pustular dermatitis is a debilitating condition located on the skin of sheep and goats, with a zoonotic character. Contagious ecthyma is a disease with economic and animal welfare implications, rarely being fatal if the host organism suffers from immunosuppression or if secondary infections occur. Similar to other members of the Poxviridae family, immunity to contagious ecthyma is mediated by both innate and adaptive immune responses. Following the invasion of the contagious ecthyma virus, immunoglobulins are mobilized that specifically bind to the contagious ecthyma virus to form immune complexes, which are then eliminated by defense system to protect tissues from damage. The level of circulating immune complexes and immunoglobulins can be quantified and can be an indicator of the stage of infection. In the present study we aimed to investigate whether there is a link between the individual characteristics (sex, age, severity of clinical signs) of sheep with orf symptoms and the evolution of circulating immune complexes and total immunoglobulins. In addition to these investigations, we aimed to follow the evolution of these immunological parameters compared to the evolution in clinically healthy animals. Investigations of the serum revealed that levels of these two parameters (total Ig and CIC), can be influenced by the individual characteristics of sheep affected by the contagious ectima and shows differences compared to clinically healthy animals.
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Żmudzińska, Urszula, Aneta Bac e Justyna Szulc. "The Evaluation of Occupational Needs in Psychiatric Patients – Pilot Study". Health Promotion & Physical Activity 1, n. 1 (28 dicembre 2017): 105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.7597.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
<b>Introduction:</b> Contemporary European understanding of occupational therapy is based on an individual approach to the person, so it is more apt in defining the purpose of therapeutic intervention. Due to the fact that each person has different occupational problems, it is important to identify them well by conducting interviews, establishing relationships, allowing the person to present their point of view, and to use appropriately tailored therapeutic tools and techniques to achieve the designated goal. The purpose of this paper was to present intervention areas for occupational therapy in people with schizophrenia and to show differences in therapeutic needs of people of the same sex, age and medical condition. <br/><b>Materials and methods:</b> The study group consisted of 5 women aged 50-55 years, suffering from schizophrenia and living in the Social Welfare Home. The study was conducted using two questionnaires: EQ-5 and NHP, which illustrated the quality of life of participants in the study. In addition, each person has participated in therapeutic interview, thanks to which occupational problems were identified. <br/><b>Results:</b> Each of the women examined represented a variety of occupational needs, directly related to their needs and problems, which were most relevant to them at the time of the study. The presented occupational needs referred to several life spheres that has often coincided with their current state of health or well-being. <br/><b>Conclusions:</b> Despite similar age, gender, medical conditions and place of residence, each examined person showed different occupational needs. The therapeutic interview turned out to be the basis for identifying occupational needs.
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Munday, Camille, e Paul Rose. "Environmental and Social Influences on the Behaviour of Free-Living Mandarin Ducks in Richmond Park". Animals 12, n. 19 (24 settembre 2022): 2554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12192554.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Many species of birds are housed in zoos globally and are some of the most popular of animals kept under human care. Careful observations of how species live and behave in their natural habitats can provide us with important knowledge about their needs, adaptations, and internal states, allowing identification of those behaviours that are most important to the individual’s physical health and wellbeing. For this study, Mandarin Ducks (Aix galericulata) were chosen as a study species because, like many species of waterfowl, they are widely kept in both private institutions and zoos, yet little research has been conducted on their core needs in captivity. A free-living population of naturalised Mandarin Ducks living in Richmond Park was used for this research. Data on state behaviours (resting, swimming, foraging, perching, preening, and vigilance) were collected five days a week (08:00–18:00) from the 26 March to 26 May 2021. Secondly, temporal, seasonal, environmental, and animal-centric factors (e.g., Sex) were recorded to assess any impact on the Mandarin’s time-activity budget. Lastly, a comparison between free-living anmd captive activity was conducted (via the literature) to evaluate whether captive behaviours differ to how they are expressed in the wild. Results showed that free-living Mandarins predominantly rested (19.88% ± 28.97), swam (19.57% ± 19.43) and foraged (19.47% ± 25.82), with variations in activity related to factors such as vegetation cover and pond size. Results also showed differences between the time-budgets of free-living and captive Mandarins, suggesting that captive birds may not always have the opportunity to express species-typical behaviours. This research indicated that study of natural behaviours performed in the wild may help to evaluate “normal” behaviour patterns of zoo-housed individuals and provide evidence for environmental and husbandry alterations that can promote good welfare. However, any potential impact on the activity patterns of free-living species due to human interactions should be considered when assessing deviations between the behaviour of wild and captive individuals.
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Lee, Hyeongyeong, Eunbin Jo, Hyelim Yoo, Eunji Ko, Eunjin Jang, Jiwon Sim, Kirang Kim e Sohyun Park. "The Characteristics of Obesogenic Environment and Their Association With BMI Among the Elderly Population in Rural South Korea". Current Developments in Nutrition 6, Supplement_1 (giugno 2022): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzac051.045.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Objectives The purpose of this research is to analyze the environmental factors affecting obesity in the elderly in rural South Korea. Methods A survey and Geographical Information System(GIS) data analysis were conducted on 300 elderly people aged 65 and over living in four rural Counties in two Provinces. Formative research was conducted to develop the survey questionnaire. The perception of food environment was measured with five questions, mainly on availability, affordability, and accessibility. The perception of walking environment was measured with eleven questions on esthetics, safety, traffic and community. Social cohesion and the sense of community were asked for measuring social environment. T-test, chi-squared test and stepwise backward regression modeling were performed using Stata/SE 17.0 version. Results We found that the participants from Gangwon-do had higher obesity prevalence than the ones from Jeollanam-do. There was no significant difference in the physical environment between the two Provinces using GIS data analysis; however, there were differences in the perception of the physical environment and the social environment. It was confirmed that the perceptions of the physical environment and social environment were more positive among participants from Jeollanam-do, where obesity prevalence was lower. In stratified stepwise regression models, better perception of food environment was associated with lower BMI in both Provinces. Conclusions In this study, various obesity-related environmental factors were explored in rural South Korea. The differences in obesity prevalence in four rural Counties may be explained by different perception on food, walking, and social environments, despite of the similar background factors, such as age distribution, sex ratio, educational level, and financial environment. These findings confirmed that even areas with similar physical settings have different environmental characteristics, which should be considered in developing effective obesity prevention programs. Future research should focus on the development of environmental evaluation tools and the effective measures to enhance the perception of social environment in rural South Korea. Funding Sources Ministry of Health and Welfare, South Korea NRF of Korea (No. 2021R1A6A1A03044501, No. 2021R1I1A306024811).
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Octafia, Lula Asri. "Vaksin Covid-19: Perdebatan, Persepsi dan Pilihan". Emik 4, n. 2 (30 dicembre 2021): 160–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46918/emik.v4i2.1134.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The current Covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on the political, economic, social, cultural, defense and security aspects as well as the welfare of the Indonesian people. Therefore, effective fast steps are needed to break the chain of the spread of Covid-19. One way to prevent transmission of this virus is through vaccination efforts. While the existing literature focuses more on State policies, public responses related to the effectiveness and safety of vaccines, as well as hoax news related to vaccines, the related literature on vaccines and the choice of vaccine if any is still very limited, this article fills that gap.
This qualitative research was carried out in Makassar, considering that Makassar is one of the metropolitan cities and many of its people has been vaccinated through Covid-19 vaccination programs. Data was collected using in-depth interview. Informants who participated in this study were people who had and had not carried out the Covid-19 vaccination. With a total of twenty-five people, they vary on the basis of age (between 18 and 29 years), sex (18 women and 7 men), and employment status (ten of them are students, employees, online shop owners, editors, musicians, painters, work odd jobs, and labor).
The results show that the emergence of the Covid-19 vaccine has become the subject of public debate, many agreed and not a few refused to be vaccinated. This debate is due to differences in perceptions regarding the definition of the Covid-19 vaccine and the benefits of the vaccine itself. In terms of what type of vacciness they are used, there are three types of vaccines that are popularly used by our participants in this study, namely Sinovac, Astra Zeneca, and Moderna. Apart from the debate about the level of efficacy of each vaccine, the choice of vaccine is related to the level of efficacy, side effects and availability of the vaccine itself. It is argued in this article that whatever the effect of a particular vaccine, as long as the side effect is balanced by its efficacy, then the effect is not an issue.
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Kim, Seung Soo, Han Na Jang, Jin-Hwa Moon, Jin Yong Jeon e Dong Hyun Ahn. "0778 A Novel Endotype of Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Revealed Using K-Means Clustering". SLEEP 47, Supplement_1 (20 aprile 2024): A333—A334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsae067.0778.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Introduction With the recent emergence of precision medicine, endotype / phenotype research for sleep disorders has been increasing. However, there were still few related studies on pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). The authors conducted this study to cluster pediatric OSAS patients using polysomnography (PSG) parameters and find new endotypes. Methods We retrospectively investigated the medical records of children and adolescents who had been diagnosed with OSAS (apnea-hypopnea index, AHI > 1/h on PSG) at the single sleep disorders center. We used age, total sleep time (TST), sleep latency (SL), REM sleep latency (RL), sleep efficiency (SE), wake time after sleep onset (WASO), and the percentage of stage N1/N2/N3/R (%N1/%N2/%N3/%R) for clustering. Prior to clustering, the dimensions of variables were reduced through uniform manifold approximation projection (UMAP). And then K-means clustering (KM) were used for clustering. We used average silhouette index (ASI) as evaluation metrics. After clustering, the differences among clusters were compared using one-way ANOVA. Results Total 306 subjects were enrolled (mean age 8.2 ± 4.1 years old, boy : girl = 194:112). There were statistical significant differences in pediatric daytime sleepiness scale (PDSS), children's depression inventory (CDI), and age (p-value < 0.01, respectively) among clusters. Sleep architectures, such as TST, SL, RL, WASO, and %N1/%N2/%N3/%R also showed a significance difference among clusters. There was no statistical significance in total AHI, SE, and sex. KM showed ASI 0.42 and revealed 4 clusters. Cluster 3 (daytime sleepiness with depressive mood, n=72) showed the higher PDSS (mean 13.9 ± 7.2) and CDI (mean 12.0 ± 9.6) than other clusters. Cluster 3 also showed the older age (mean 12.3 ± 3.1) than other clusters. Conclusion The authors revealed the novel endotype of pediatric OSAS accompanied by excessive daytime sleepiness and depressive mood regardless of AHI and SE, which were previously used as indicators of sleep quality. Further research is needed to identify new endotypes of pediatric OSAS that cannot be identified by the classic indicators. Support (if any) A grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health &Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number : RS-2023-00267049)
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Snape, Ed, e Andy W. Chan. "Union commitment and participation in China: does enterprise type matter?" Journal of Chinese Human Resource Management 9, n. 1 (14 maggio 2018): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jchrm-05-2017-0009.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose This paper aims to evaluate the suggestion that the antecedents of union commitment and participation may differ between foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) and state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in China based on the view that SOE unions will focus more strongly on the traditional dual role, emphasising on managerial functions and employee welfare. Design/methodology/approach The paper is based on employee surveys in two enterprises in Shanghai, one FIE and one SOE. Employee attitudes towards the union and enterprise were measured using a self-completion questionnaire, and data were analysed using structural equation modelling. Findings Findings suggest that pro-union attitudes were more salient in the FIE context. In contrast, SOE workers’ allegiance to the union appeared to be a less reflection of pro-union attitudes and was more narrowly instrumental. Practical implications The findings suggest that FIEs workers’ union allegiances are more likely to reflect a pro-union orientation, with SOE workers more likely to see their union allegiances in narrowly instrumental terms. In FIEs, with a profit-oriented and privately managed enterprise, union allegiances may be closer to those of Western market economies, whilst in SOEs, the “dual role” model persists, with unions a service provider rather than an independent employee representative. Originality/value The findings in this paper provide an initial test of the potential differences in the antecedents of union commitment and participation across FIEs and SOEs. Future research is needed to build on these findings, in particular, adopting multi-enterprise study designs across different enterprise types.
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Knyazeva, Irina V., Nikolay N. Zaikin e Irina V. Bondarenko. "The Price Discrimination on the Shortage Markets: Theoretical Analysis". Journal of Modern Competition 15, n. 3 (13 agosto 2021): 71–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.37791/2687-0657-2021-15-3-71-85.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Antitrust law includes a number of evaluation norms in system of commodity market analysis and proofs of anti-competitive behavior, which provide for using wide range of economics and marketing methods. The widest field of discussing embedded in definition “price discrimination”. Specific research interest presents the making recommendations of regulation of shortage markets with unfounded differences in prices. This question we propose to consider in two articles: in first article we make theoretical analysis of price discrimination in situation of shortage markets, in second article (will be published in no. 4) we analyze marketing aspects and system of sales stimulation, which the seller accomplish on the shortage markets. In the focus of this research is price discrimination as a market mechanism and shortage markets as a market anomaly. The shortage markets in contrast of shortage on the market occurs not for reason that price is below the equilibrium level. The main reason of genesis of shortage markets is speculative demand on the markets and/or difficulties in producing goods and services. These difficulties often set by outside shocks. Price discrimination undergoing of effect of long-run shortage on markets transforming in phenomenon, which damages of consumer wealth and entrepreneurs benefits. In addition, this type of price discrimination decrease the social welfare too. The risks of price discrimination in the case of shortage markets needed new decisions and methods of regulation by state. However now we do not see some consensus in the issue of principles and instruments of state regulation of shortage markets. In the article we try to approbate some scientific results. These results are the hybrid definition of price discrimination; the legislative definitions of price discrimination as a acts which limiting competition; the criteria of functioning of shortage markets; proofs of transforming markets through the impact of long-run shortage; the difference between the case of shortage markets and the case of shortage on the markets in the classical demand-supply model; costs of price discrimination on the shortage markets; perspective antitrust regulation of price discrimination on the shortage markets.
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Lessenich, Stephan. "Ökonomismus zum Wohlfühlen". PROKLA. Zeitschrift für kritische Sozialwissenschaft 34, n. 136 (1 settembre 2004): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32387/prokla.v34i136.626.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Gøsta Esping-Andersen is the top star not only of contemporary comparative welfare state research but of European social democrats struggling for welfare state reform as well. The article discusses Esping-Andersen’s vision of a „new welfare state“ and points out why finally even German social democracy discovered the sex appeal of his plea for „investing in women and children“.
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Fraser, Brodie, Elinor Chisholm e Nevil Pierse. "Takatāpui/LGBTIQ+ People’s Experiences of Homelessness and Sex Work in Aotearoa New Zealand". Anti-Trafficking Review, n. 20 (26 aprile 2023): 14–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14197/atr.201223202.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
At present, there is limited research on the intersection of sex work, takatāpui/LGBTIQ+ communities, and experiences of homelessness in Aotearoa New Zealand. This paper helps to bridge this gap, exploring how takatāpui/LGBTIQ+ people who had been failed by the welfare state engaged in sex work during periods of homelessness, and expressed agency in difficult circumstances. Specifically, we look at sex and sex work as a means to secure basic needs, and in the context of exploitative relationships; the emotional effects of sex work; and safety and policing. A stronger welfare state is needed to provide sufficient support for people to realise an adequate standard of living and treat them with dignity and respect.
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Hanif, Abu Abdullah Mohammad, Abu Ahmed Shamim, Md Mokbul Hossain, Mehedi Hasan, Moyazzam Hossaine, Mohammad Aman Ullah, Samir Kanti Sarker et al. "Elderly Women Are Disproportionately Vulnerable to Hypertension in Bangladesh: Evidence from the National Nutrition Surveillance Study". Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (29 maggio 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa040_030.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Objectives Bangladesh has a dearth of information on the prevalence and factors associated with hypertension among elderlies. We assessed the prevalence, sex differences in prevalence, and factors associated with hypertension in the most recent national nutrition surveillance round (2018–19). Methods We analyzed data of 4817 elderlies (≥60 years) from 82 clusters (57 rural, 15 urban and 10 slum) selected by multistage cluster sampling. Hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg and/or having a history of hypertension. We analyzed data using Stata 15.0. Results The weighted prevalence of hypertension was 42%, and 56% for elderly males, and females, respectively; and was higher among females for many socio-demographic, behavioural and anthropetric variables including age 70 + years (58% vs. 46%); high waist circumference (69% vs. 65%); diabetes (69% vs. 65%); living in rural (55% vs. 41%), urban (63% vs. 45%) and slum (50% vs. 30%) area; Muslim (56% vs. 42%); insufficient physical activity (60% vs 52%); and inadequate fruits/vegetables intake (56% vs. 43%). Among females, the factors associated with hypertension were age 70 + years (AOR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.15–1.71), waist circumference ≥80 cm (AOR: 2.20, 95% CI: 1.82–2.67), diabetes (AOR: 1.82, 95% CI: 1.35–2.45), and inadequate physical activity (AOR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.15–1.67). Among males, these factors were age 70 + years (AOR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.09–1.60), waist circumference ≥90 cm (AOR: 2.76, 95% CI: 2.22–3.43), diabetes (AOR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.02–1.82), slum-dwelling (AOR: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.52–0.96), > 10 years of education (AOR: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.38, 2.44), inadequate physical activity (AOR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.25–1.81), and current smoking (AOR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.61, 0.89). In both males and females, fruits and vegetables intake was not assicaited with hypertension. Conclusions In Bangladesh, the elderly female population is disproportionately affected by hypertension. They were found having a consistent pattern of higher prevalence of hypertension for many socio-demographic, behavioral, and anthropometric variables. The ministry of health of Bangladesh should consider this disproportionately high prevalence of hypertension among elderly females while designing and implementing health programs. Funding Sources Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bangladesh.
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Hadi, Zena S., Eman A. Al-Kaseer e Munib A. Al-Zubaidi. "Growth of diabetic children in post conflict Baghdad, Iraq". Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad 60, n. 1 (1 aprile 2018): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.v60i1.55.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: previously type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) was listed among the causes of severing growth retardation. Iraq was exposed to wars and conflicts that affect health services which in turn affect the glycemic state of diabetic patients.Objective: To report on the growth of diabetic children in post-conflict Iraq.Methods: A total of 100 children with T1DM were included in the study. They were attending the consultancy clinic in Children Welfare Teaching Hospital for the period from 1st of Feb to 30th of May 2017. Weight and height were measured. The growth indices at diagnosis were taken from a case file.Results: A total of 100 children with T1DM included in this study. Their age was 9.3 ± 3.2 years with a male to female ratio of 1. The peak age of children at diagnosis was < 5 years. Of the total diabetic children in this study, (5%) was stunted, (2%) wasted, and (5%) was underweight. Duration of T1DM was a significant determinant of growth indices (height and weight). No significant differences in growth indices (weight, height, and BMI) between males and females with T1DM.Conclusion: the peak of age at diagnosis was < 5 years, the sex ratio was equal and weight and height were almost lower than that supposed to be healthy.
نمو الاطفال المصابين بداء السكري في العراق بعد الازمة
د. زينة ستار هادي
د. ايمان عدنان القصير
د. منيب احمد كاظم
الخلاصة:
الخلفية: سابقا كان داء السكري من النوع الاول من بين اسباب تاخر النمو الشديد. العراق تعرض للحروب والصراعات التي اثرت على الخدمات الصحية والتي بدورها اثرت على حالة السكر في الدم لمرضى السكري.
الهدف: تقديم تقريرعن نمو الاطفال المصابين بالسكري في العراق بعد انتهاء الصراع.
طريقة البحث: شملت الدراسة 100طفل مصاب بداء السكري من النوع الاول والذين يراجعون العيادة الاستشارية لمرضى السكري في مستشفى حماية الاطفال للفترة من 1 شباط الى 30 ايار للعام 2017. تم قياس الوزن والطول. مؤشرات النمو عند التشخيص اخذت من ملف المريض.
النتائج: تمت دراسة 100 طفل مصاب بداء السكري من النوع الاول وكان عمرهم 9.3 ± 3.2 ونسبة الذكور للاناث تساوي 1. ذروة عمر الاطفال عند التشخيص كانت اقل من 5 سنوات. من مجموع الاطفال المصابين بالسكري في هذه الدراسة كانت نسبة المصابين بالتقزم 5%, النحافة 2 % ونقصان الوزن 5%. مدة الاصابة بداء السكري من النوع الاول كانت محددا هاما لمؤشرات النمو(الطول والوزن). لاتوجد اختلافات ذات دلالة احصائية في مؤشرات النمو(الوزن, الطول, ومؤشر كتلة الجسم) بين الذكور والاناث المصابين بداء السكري من النوع الاول.
الاستنتاج: كانت ذروة العمر عند التشخيص أقل من 5 سنوات، وكانت نسبة الجنس متساوية، والوزن والطول كانوا تقريبا اقل مما يفترض ان يكون صحي.
الكلمات الافتتاحية: داء السكري من النوع الاول, والاطفال, والنمو.
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Liu, Fang, e Qi Wu. "Development of Welfare State under Automation Control". Applied Mechanics and Materials 329 (giugno 2013): 467–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.329.467.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article has embedded welfare triangle paradigm in empirical research by social exclusion and social policy. Starting from the situation in Sweden and Finland, it has analyzed the convergence and the differences in paradigm content. At the same time, by using the social research to quantitative analysis the data, it has drawn the economic recession and recovery. Based on the above analysis, it is necessary to build a welfare system that in line with the national condition, to select a long-term welfare system mechanism, and to constantly improve the prototype of the welfare system that has begun to take shape.
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JENSEN, PER H., e HENRIK LOLLE. "The Fragmented Welfare State: Explaining Local Variations in Services for Older People". Journal of Social Policy 42, n. 2 (21 gennaio 2013): 349–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279412001006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractMuch research focusing on the welfare state is based on the assumption that welfare regimes are homogenous entities. This idea is supported by studies analysing cash benefits. In the area of welfare services, however, local governments in most countries have some autonomy regarding policy formation as well as the design and implementation of policies. In practice, substantial local differences exist with regard to the provision of welfare services, which in turn challenge our conception of nation-wide homogenous welfare state regimes. This paper examines the factors causing marked differences in local government spending in the provision of care for older people in Denmark. The conclusion is that the wealth of the municipality, local demographics and privatisation can explain about 48 per cent of the differences in local government spending. Political factors such as the ‘colour’ of local government have no explanatory power, while a high percentage of women in municipal councils appears to have a slightly negative effect on spending.
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Seeleib-Kaiser, Martin, Silke van Dyk e Martin Roggenkamp. "What Do Parties Want? An Analysis of Programmatic Social Policy AIMS in Austria, Germany and the Netherlands". European Journal of Social Security 7, n. 2 (giugno 2005): 115–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/138826270500700202.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Comparative welfare state research has argued for some time that whether Social Democrats or Christian Democrats are in government makes a difference with regard to specific welfare state design. The theory is based on the fact that, historically, the social policy aims of Social Democrats and Christian Democrats have differed. Can these policy differences still be assumed after almost three decades, which have been characterised by a discourse about ‘necessary’ welfare state retrenchment, adaptation, and modification? Based on an in-depth analysis of the social policy aims of the Social Democrats and Christian Democrats in Austria, Germany, and the Netherlands since 1975, we argue that, the differences between the two welfare state parties in formerly conservative welfare states have largely faded away.
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PFAU-EFFINGER, BIRGIT. "Culture and Welfare State Policies: Reflections on a Complex Interrelation". Journal of Social Policy 34, n. 1 (23 dicembre 2004): 3–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279404008232.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In comparative welfare state analyses, cross-national differences have often been explained both by the specific profiles of welfare state institutions and the constellations of social actors. However, the way in which cultural differences also contribute to the explanation is often ignored, or at least treated as a more marginal issue. The aim of this article is to reflect on the relationship between culture and welfare state policies, and consider how it might be analysed in a comparative perspective. A theoretical framework for analysis is introduced in which the relationship of culture and welfare state policies is conceptualised as a complex, multi-level relationship which is embedded in the specific context of a particular society and can develop in contradictory ways.
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Liu, Fang. "Social Security Research under Automation Control". Applied Mechanics and Materials 340 (luglio 2013): 621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.340.621.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The development of the modern welfare state is not isolated; their welfare policy implementation depends on the advanced economy, extensive coverage, the perfect system, the diversification and welfare system mandatory. Social network analysis is just take this dependence into account, and develop corresponding method to deal with the relationship between variables. This paper, based on the p* model analysis, takes Sweden and Finland, two typical Nordic welfare state, as the examples, and finds the differences in disease disability insurance, unemployment insurance and etc. To understand these differences is of great importance to think about whether to conduct the reform of the welfare state, and how to combine the concrete national conditions with the reform.
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Josifidis, Kosta, e Novica Supic. "Welfare state: Convergence: Downward versus upward". Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, n. 130 (2010): 21–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1030021j.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of this paper is to contribute, in the theoretical and empirical sense, to better understanding the challenges of the EU welfare regimes and how particular regimes react on them. Despite significant differences among the EU welfare regimes, it is real to expect that they will converge because of the common challenges confronting them. In this paper, using the model of sigma and beta convergence, we are trying to predict the possible direction of convergence in the sense that Europe will go toward to more or less generosity or in other words it will converge downward or upward. The downward convergence means the strengthen competition among existing welfare regimes, in order to maintain and/or attract capital, that could reduce the social spending generosity. On the other hand, the upward convergence above involves the strengthening of coordination among existing welfare regimes according to the values of solidarity and social justice, which characterise not only the most developed EU countries but also the supranational European social model. .
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Hook, Jennifer L. "Gender Inequality in the Welfare State: Sex Segregation in Housework, 1965–2003". American Journal of Sociology 115, n. 5 (marzo 2010): 1480–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/651384.
Testo completo
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Acharya, Rekha Sanjeev, e Vishakha Shreesh Kutumbale. "Good Governance and Social polarization amongst Indian States and its Implication". Journal of Global Economy 12, n. 3 (24 settembre 2016): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1956/jge.v12i3.436.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Economists agree that governance is one of the critical factors explaining the divergence in performance across regions / countries. Whenever any economy undergoes profound economic changes, it is implicitly presumed that the benefits of economic growth will automatically trickle down to poor and reduce income inequality across regions. As a result positive changes will be reflected in the form of increased employment opportunities, good standard of living and low rate of total economic crime and so on. As observed by the UNDP (1997) report that result of good governance is development that gives priority to poor, advances the cause of women, sustains the environment and creates needed opportunities for employment and other livelihoods. Therefore the phenomena of good governance are usually explained in the form of economic policies in decision making processes that must contribute to reduction in all types of inequalities across regions.On the contrary, studies on economic growth and development highlighted that the major problems of developing countries are unequal income distribution and low growth rate, which affects their welfare aspects. Early works done by Anderson (1964) and Aaron (1967) showed that there was an inverse relationship between growth and income distribution. However, Kaufmann, et al. (1999a, 1999b, 2002) indicated a strong causal relationship running from good governance to an increasing level of per capita income and other social outcomes. Thus we see the concept of good Governance is multifaceted and encompasses different element of the state and the society. Our study shows that throughout the country although there has been an increase in per capita income (measured in terms of net state domestic product NSDP, over the decade (2000-2011) but the differences emerged in terms of increase in total economic crime and employment opportunities. With the help of Lorenz Curve, we have depicted significant inequality between income and total economic crime rate. Similarly, inequality also observed for per capita employment opportunity generation for all Indian states. The coefficient of variation for per capita income and per capita employment opportunity has increased by more than 10 per cent over the decade. Whereas for total economic crime, there has been a fall in coefficient of variation for more than 13 per cent which indicate that there has been consistency in total economic crime. Our study strongly advocates that Indian economic policies fail to translate its impact in the form of good governance because it has increased inequalities across Indian states.Key Words: Polarization, good governance, Economic Crime, NSDP, Lorenz Curve, inequalities
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Graham, Laura. "Governing Sex Work Through Crime". Journal of Criminal Law 81, n. 3 (giugno 2017): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022018317702802.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article uses Jonathan Simon’s concept of ‘governing through crime’ as a framework to argue that the state has framed sex work, and its surrounding problems, as issues of crime. There has been a privileging and proliferation of criminal justice responses to sex work in England and Wales, at the expense of more social or welfare-based responses and at the expense of creating safer environments for sex workers to work. Criminal law is used to manage and control sex work, to reinforce other policies, such as immigration and border control, and to appear to be doing something about the ‘problem’ of sex work without providing rights to sex workers. By framing sex work as an issue of crime, with sex workers being both the perpetrators of crime and the potential victims of exploitative crime, the state is able to legitimise its actions against sex workers, while ignoring the harm done to sex workers by the state.
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JOSIFIDIS, Kosta, John B. HALL, Novica SUPIC e Emilija BEKER PUCAR. "THE EUROPEAN WELFARE STATE REGIMES: QUESTIONING THE TYPOLOGY DURING THE CRISIS". Technological and Economic Development of Economy 21, n. 4 (26 novembre 2015): 577–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/20294913.2015.1055612.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper examines the nature of changes within the EU–15 welfare states affected by the 2008 crisis. We try to answer the question of whether the differences that exist among different welfare state regimes, according to prevailing welfare state typologies, lead to different responses to the consequences of the crisis. Welfare state regimes are the result of different institutional perceptions of social risks hence it is realistic to expect specific responses to the effects of crisis among different welfare state regimes, and similar responses among the countries that belong to the same welfare state regimes. In order to recognize convergent vs. divergent processes, we perform a comparative analysis of the dynamics of the key welfare state determinants of the EU–15 countries, grouping according to welfare state regimes, in the pre-crisis and crisis periods. The results indicate that institutional rigidity and inherent inertia has remained a key factor of convergent welfare state processes in countries that belong to the Social Democratic and Corporatist welfare state regimes. Deviations from such a course are the most evident in the Mediterranean welfare state regimes, especially in Greece and Portugal where austerity measures have been formulated under the strong influence of the Troika.
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Noël, Alain, e Jean-Philippe Thérien. "From domestic to international justice: the welfare state and foreign aid". International Organization 49, n. 3 (1995): 523–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300033373.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Foreign aid often is interpreted as an international projection of domestic income redistribution mechanisms, and many authors suggest that differences between welfare states account for variations in donor behavior. A new understanding of the welfare state can improve traditional explanations of this linkage. Existing studies of the welfare–aid relationship use two welfare state indicators: domestic spending and partisan politics. We propose a third type of indicator—the institutional attributes of the welfare state—and demonstrate its relevance. The level of foreign aid provided by a country varies with social spending, but even more so with the degree to which its welfare state embodies socialist attributes. This finding helps explain how domestic political institutions influence the evolution of international cooperation and, specifically, how welfare principles institutionalized at the domestic level shape the participation of developed countries in the international aid regime.
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Iversen, Torben, e Thomas R. Cusack. "The Causes of Welfare State Expansion: Deindustrialization or Globalization?" World Politics 52, n. 3 (aprile 2000): 313–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043887100016567.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
An influential line of argument holds that globalization causes economic uncertainty and spurs popular demands for compensatory welfare state spending. This article argues that the relationship between globalization and welfare state expansion is spurious and that the engine of welfare state expansion since the 1960s has been deindustrialization. Based on cross-sectional-time-series data for fifteen OECD countries, the authors show that there is no relationship between globalization and the level of labor-market risks (in terms of employment and wages), whereas the uncertainty and dislocations caused by deindustrialization have spurred electoral demands for welfare state compensation and risk sharing. Yet, while differential rates of deindustri-alization explain differences in the overall size of the welfare state, its particular character—in terms of the share of direct government provision and the equality of transfer payments—is shaped by government partisanship. The argument has implications for the study and the future of the welfare state that are very different from those suggested in the globalization literature.
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Berlinguer, Giovanni. "The Welfare State, Class, and Gender". International Journal of Health Services 22, n. 1 (gennaio 1992): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/09th-2q3b-e38l-q0x3.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
If we compare the welfare state countries with others, from the point of view of both health and health services, the crisis concerns primarily the second group of countries. Nevertheless, difficulties arise also for welfare state policies. The problem is how to respond to neoconservative attacks on social and health rights, and how to change the bureaucratic and medicalized bias of the welfare state. The “golden era” of social insurance and health services, conceived as free access to funds to cope with all the growing needs of the population, is over. Limitations, controls, and priorities have to be established. In Italy and similar countries, the tendency is toward restricting health care for those who have greater needs, cutting funds for prevention, and creating greater inequalities. It is clear that the state must intervene to reduce social inequalities, but at the same time some existing differences (sexual, cultural, ethnic) have an intrinsic value that must be recognized. A policy of free-choice welfare is useful, and has nothing to do with the selective measures that are being introduced. Moreover, a key point has become the relationship between class and gender. The working class continues to be exploited, but new phenomena arise, connected with production and social reproduction and not limited to this sphere. It is true that gender includes social classes, but no social class may represent both sexes, or different ethnic groups, or gender itself.
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Whitham, Jessica C., Katie Hall, Lisa K. Lauderdale, Jocelyn L. Bryant e Lance J. Miller. "Integrating Reference Intervals into Chimpanzee Welfare Research". Animals 13, n. 4 (12 febbraio 2023): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani13040639.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Animal welfare researchers are committed to developing novel approaches to enhance the quality of life of chimpanzees living in professional care. To systematically monitor physical, mental, and emotional states, welfare scientists highlight the importance of integrating non-invasive, animal-based welfare indicators. This study aimed to create species-specific reference intervals for behavioral measures and physiological biomarkers. Specifically, we analyzed data from 40 adult chimpanzees (22 females, 18 males) residing at 16 zoological facilities to generate reference intervals for behavioral states and events, behavioral diversity, fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (GCMs), and fecal immunoglobulin-A (IgA). Comparisons of sex and age using linear regression models revealed significant differences for several behaviors. The proportion of time spent engaged in mutual/multiple social grooming significantly decreased as individuals aged. Furthermore, males spent a higher proportion of time performing aggressive contact behaviors and displaying to other chimpanzees when compared to females. Males also performed sexual examination behaviors at a higher rate than females. Behavioral diversity, fecal GCM, and fecal IgA did not vary by sex or age. In the future, values for individual chimpanzees can be compared to the ranges reported here for particular age/sex classes. Ultimately, animal care professionals can utilize reference intervals to make evidence-based decisions regarding management practices and environmental conditions.
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Eggers, Thurid, Christopher Grages e Birgit Pfau-Effinger. "Self-Responsibility of the “Active Social Citizen”: Different Types of the Policy Concept of “Active Social Citizenship” in Different Types of Welfare States". American Behavioral Scientist 63, n. 1 (gennaio 2019): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764218816803.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The article aims to answer the following research questions: (a) How far do European welfare states differ in the use of the policy concept of the active social citizen? and (b) How far is it possible to explain the differences with welfare regime types and welfare culture? The article distinguishes between two different types of the policy concept of active social citizenship with regard to self-responsibility. It argues that the active social citizen’s self-responsibility could be underpinned either by a major role of the welfare state, which promotes the citizens’ self-determination, or by a minor role of the state, which forces citizens to be self-reliant for funding and for organizing their own social security and services. The article is based on a cross-national comparative study for two policy fields (unemployment and long-term care policies for older people) in three welfare states (Denmark, England, and Germany), and analyzes legal frameworks, data from MISSOC (Mutual Information System on Social Protection) and secondary literature. The comparative analysis shows that countries differ in the type of the policy concept of active social citizenship they use. Differences in the type of welfare regime and also differences in the welfare culture contribute to an explanation of these differences. The article is innovative in that it offers a systematic analysis of the differences in the ways in which welfare states of different regime types conceptualize “active social citizenship” with regard to the citizens’ self-responsibility.