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1
Gunsolus, Jeffrey L. "Mechanical and cultural weed control in corn and soybeans". American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 5, n. 3 (settembre 1990): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003416.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractMany farmers and consumers are reevaluating chemical weed control because of the environmental risks of herbicides and their influence on farm size and diversity. This paper reviews research of the last 35 years on mechanical and cultural weed control in corn(Zea maysL.)and soybeans(Glycine maxL.).Soybeans can better use the weed control advantages of late planting and narrow row spacing and are less affected by early stand losses from mechanical weed control. In Minnesota, delaying planting to early June allows early germinating weeds to be controlled by preplant tillage but reduces the maximum yield potential of corn by approximately 25 percent and soybeans by approximately 10 percent. Narrow rows allow the crop canopy to close earlier, preventing emerging weeds from developing. However, in a nonchemical weed control system, the row spacing should allow for inter-row cultivation to control weeds that emerge with the crop. Up to a 10 percent reduction in crop stand may be expected in fields that have been rotary hoed. In Minnesota, a 10 percent stand loss results in a 2 percent loss of corn yield potential and no loss of soybean yield potential. Successful mechanical weed control is directly related to the timeliness of the operation. Rotary hoeing is effective on weeds that have germinated but not yet emerged but not on weeds that germinate from deeper than 5 cm, on no-till fields, or on fields with more than 20 to 30 percent crop residue. Inter-row cultivation is most effective on weeds up to 10 to 15 cm tall. Successful nonchemical weed control requires highly refined management skills and is as much an art as a science.
2
Nalewaja, John D. "Cultural Practices for Weed Resistance Management". Weed Technology 13, n. 3 (settembre 1999): 643–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00046339.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cultural practices, such as delayed crop seeding, tillage, black fallow, crop rotation, hand weeding, and competitive crops, when used to replace herbicides, provide an opportunity to reduce the selection pressure that causes weeds to become resistant to herbicides. Herbicides on the other hand reduce the selection pressure that causes weeds to resist cultural practices. Rotation of the two systems should then delay resistance to both systems. Growers consider many factors in addition to weed resistance in selecting herbicide or cultural weed control, from associated convenience to economic potential. Rotation of different types of weed control practices would delay resistance, compared to a continuous single practice. The extent of the delay depends upon genetics of resistance, weed reproduction characteristics, weed seed survival, and fitness of resistant weed plants. An understanding of the basic aspects of weeds and herbicides, as well as their interaction with the environment, would help in predicting the delay in resistance to an herbicide from use of cultural practices in the rotation. A grower's final choice of a weed control practice will involve available equipment, time, markets, and soil erosion in addition to potential weed resistance. Weeds that develop resistance to a control practice still allow for reversion to preresistance practices, an important component of a grower's decision. The rate of resistance development is dependent upon the removal of susceptible genes from the population and fitness of the resistant plants. Resistance might be delayed for many years or be manageable when the resistance is genetically recessive or resistant weeds are poorly fit. Growers may not want to accept alternative cultural practices as long as there is the potential for development of another herbicide or reversion to cultural control after resistance occurs.
3
Mohler, Charles L. "Ecological Bases for the Cultural Control of Annual Weeds". Journal of Production Agriculture 9, n. 4 (ottobre 1996): 468–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jpa1996.0468.
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Case, L. T., H. M. Mathers e A. F. Senesac. "A Review of Weed Control Practices in Container Nurseries". HortTechnology 15, n. 3 (gennaio 2005): 535–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.15.3.0535.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Container production has increased rapidly in many parts of the U.S. over the past 15 years. Container production has been the fastest growing sector in the nursery industry and the growth is expected to continue. Weed growth in container-grown nursery stock is a particularly serious problem, because the nutrients, air, and water available are limited to the volume of the container. The extent of damage caused by weeds is often underestimated and effective control is essential. Various researchers have found that as little as one weed in a small (1 gal) pot affects the growth of a crop. However, even if weeds did not reduce growth, a container plant with weeds is a less marketable product than a weed-free product. Managing weeds in a container nursery involves eliminating weeds and preventing their spread in the nursery, and this usually requires chemical controls. However, chemical controls should never be the only management tools implemented. Maximizing cultural and mechanical controls through proper sanitation and hand weeding are two important means to prevent the spread and regeneration of troublesome weeds. Cultural controls include mulching, irrigation methods (subirrigation), and mix type. Nursery growers estimate that they spend $500 to $4000/acre of containers for manual removal of weeds, depending on weed species being removed. Economic losses due to weed infestations have been estimated at approximately $7000/acre. Reduction of this expense with improved weed control methodologies and understanding weed control would have a significant impact on the industry. Problems associated with herbicide use in container production include proper calibration, herbicide runoff concerns from plastic or gravel (especially when chemicals fall between containers) and the need for multiple applications. As with other crops, off-site movement of pesticides through herbicide leaching, runoff, spray drift, and non-uniformity of application are concerns facing nursery growers. This article reviews some current weed control methods, problems associated with these methods, and possible strategies that could be useful for container nursery growers.
5
Johnson, W. Carroll. "A Review of Weed Management Challenges in Organic Peanut Production". Peanut Science 46, n. 1 (1 gennaio 2019): 56–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps18-12.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Organic peanut production is a high-risk cropping system, largely due to difficulties in managing weeds using methods acceptable for certified-organic production. In contrast with conventional peanut production that relies heavily on synthetic herbicides, organic peanut production must use an integrated system to manage weeds. The foundation for an integrated weed management system is cultural weed control which is a system of production practices that promote uniform peanut growth to suppress weeds. Cultural weed control includes practices that promote vigorous early-season peanut growth and lessen chances for weed escapes. Mechanical weed control is based on repeated cultivation using a tine weeder and sweep cultivator to control weeds before they emerge. However, weed control consistency from cultivation is affected by rainfall that can delay scheduled cultivations and hinder implement function. Handweeding is also a form of mechanical weed control that is used to supplement other weed control efforts by controlling escapes. Herbicides derived from natural products and thermal weed control using propane flaming have limited value in organic peanut production due to limited weed control spectra, specifically poor control of annual grasses and perennial weeds. Successful weed management in certified organic peanut production will depend on an integrated system, not a single form of weed control.
6
Moody, Keith. "Weed Control in Wet-Seeded Rice". Experimental Agriculture 29, n. 4 (ottobre 1993): 393–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700021116.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
SummaryIncreasing transplanting costs in southeast Asia have encouraged farmers to adopt labour-saving crop establishment techniques for rice, such as wet seeding. This practice has been accompanied by an increase in weed problems and a shift in the dominant species to grassy weeds. Other problems are encountered with wet seeding but weeds are the most severe and most widespread constraint. It is impossible to produce rice economically without a well-planned weed control programme. The problems caused by weeds in wet-seeded rice and ways of controlling them by preventive, ecological, managerial, physical and chemical means are discussed in this paper. Herbicides are the most cost-effective weed control method in wet-seeded rice but there is a need to reduce the almost total reliance on them for weed control; cultural practices need to be integrated with judicious herbicide use. Worldwide concerns over environmental issues also need to be addressed.Control de malezas en el arroz de siembra húmeda
7
Anderson, Randy L. "A cultural system to reduce weed interference in organic soybean". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, n. 4 (25 aprile 2014): 392–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170514000167.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractOrganic producers are seeking alternative tactics for weed control, so that they can reduce their need for tillage. In this study, we examined cultural strategies for controlling weeds during the transition from a cool-season crop to soybean. The study was arranged as a two-way factorial, with factors being choice of cool-season crop and tillage treatments. The cool-season crops were either spring wheat harvested for grain or an oat–pea mixture harvested for forage. Five tillage treatments, ranging from intensive tillage to no-till, were established following each cool-season crop. Two tillage treatments included the cover crops, oat plus oilseed radish. Soybean was planted the following growing season. Each soybean plot was split into two subplots: weed-free and weed-infested. A cultural system comprising oat/pea as a preceding crop with no-till and cover crops reduced weed biomass in soybean 63% compared to intensive tillage. Reduced weed biomass resulted because of delayed weed emergence and lower weed community density. Consequently, soybean yielded 14% more in this treatment than with the intensive tillage treatment when weeds were present. Weed community composition also differed between the two systems; horseweed and field dandelion were prominent in no-till, whereas common lambsquarters, redroot pigweed and buffalobur were prevalent in the tillage control. Other treatments did not control weeds better than intensive tillage. A cultural system approach may minimize the need for tillage during the interval between cool-season crops and soybean.
8
Knezevic, Stevan Z., e Avishek Datta. "The Critical Period for Weed Control: Revisiting Data Analysis". Weed Science 63, SP1 (febbraio 2015): 188–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-14-00035.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
There is an ever-larger need for designing an integrated weed management (IWM) program largely because of the increase in glyphosate-resistant weeds, not only in the United States but also worldwide. An IWM program involves a combination of various methods (cultural, mechanical, biological, genetic, and chemical) for effective and economical weed control (Swanton and Weise 1991). One of the first steps in designing an IWM program is to identify thecritical period for weed control(CPWC), defined as a period in the crop growth cycle during which weeds must be controlled to prevent crop yield losses (Zimdahl 1988).
9
Abernathy, John R., e David C. Bridges. "Research Priority Dynamics in Weed Science". Weed Technology 8, n. 2 (giugno 1994): 396–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00038999.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
For this presentation we would like to discuss some history of weeds and their control, the evolution of weed science, the development of herbicides and the changing dynamics of weed science research. As mentioned by previous speakers, weeds cause great loss to almost every crop production enterprise in the United States and around the world. Man has sought to control weeds by various methods including cultural practices, cultivation, hoeing, and with herbicides. Pioneer weed scientists were individuals trained in the areas of physiology, botany, and agronomy. They applied their knowledge and training to the understanding of growth, development, and control of weeds in the late 1800's and early 1900's.
10
Propsom, Faye, e Emily Hoover. "Weed Seed Banks in Established Strawberry Fields". HortScience 33, n. 3 (giugno 1998): 459f—460. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.459f.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Weed control in strawberries, either in a new planting or one that is established, is a major source of problems for growers in Minnesota. To control weeds, growers need to know which weeds are a problem, which weeds are deleterious, and which weeds have the potential to become a problem. Weeds present, soil type, and weed seed bank information are needed in order to predict potential weed problems. With different weed control practices applied between and within the rows, we assumed weed seed bank populations would vary. In addition, we were interested in seeing if the seed banks differed between soil types and individual farmer's cultural practices. Soil samples were collected from 13 commercial strawberry fields located around the Twin Cities metro area. In 1996, samples were taken after renovation and before mulch was applied. In 1997, they were taken after mulch was removed and prior to renovation. The soil samples for each date, treatment, and farm were dried, and organic matter was separated from inorganic. The weed seeds were removed from the remaining organic matter, identified and counted. Soil types and cultural practices were used to compare the differences among the farms.
11
Menegat, Alexander, e Anders T. S. Nilsson. "Interaction of Preventive, Cultural, and Direct Methods for Integrated Weed Management in Winter Wheat". Agronomy 9, n. 9 (19 settembre 2019): 564. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9090564.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Crop rotations dominated by winter annual crops and relying on the use of herbicides to control weeds have resulted in weed communities dominated by a few highly specialized species such as Alopecurus myosuroides. Integrated weed management (IWM) represents a sensible strategy to target such difficult weeds, through a combination of preventive, cultural, and direct means. In six field trials over three years, we tested the effect of stale seedbed preparation, winter wheat seed rate, and chemical weed control strategy on Alopecurus myosuroides control efficacy and variability in efficacy. The field experiments were carried out under reduced tillage practice and without pre-sowing use of glyphosate. Stale seedbed preparation alone reduced A. myosuroides infestation level by 25% on average. No clear effect was found of increasing winter wheat seed rate from 300 to 400 seeds m−2. A combination of stale seedbed preparation and herbicide treatment in autumn and spring was found to be synergistic, improving weed control efficacy significantly and moreover reducing the variability in control efficacy and hence the risk for weed control failure.
12
Uddin, Kamal, Shukor Juraimi e Razi Ismail. "Weed management in tropical turfgrass areas: A review". Archives of Biological Sciences 64, n. 2 (2012): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1202597u.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cultural practices promoting vigorous, environmentally friendly dense turf are discussed. These are the most important and least recognized means of preventing weed establishment and encroachment which includes appropriate propagation material selection, sanitation and cultivation, adjustment of planting time, manual weed control (hand pulling, hoeing and rouging), turfgrass selection to better compete with weed populations, applying physiological stresses, fertilizer management, moisture management, mowing, and irrigation with salt water. Cultural management of weed is important because it reduces dependence on synthetic pesticides. A healthy turfgrass stand has been reported to be the best defense against weed colonization, and can be accomplished by proper mowing, watering, and fertilization. Mowing height is the clearest and best-documented cultural factor and a lower mowing height is always associated with more weeds in the turfgrass. Split application of fertilizer at intervals throughout the growing period is recommended for warm season turfgrasses. The application of fertilizer during dormant periods or periods of low growth may encourage weed growth. Hand pulling and hoeing effectively control annual and biennial seedling weeds for small areas. Irrigation by saltwater has been one method used recently to effectively control grassy broadleaved and sedge weeds in salt-tolerant turfgrass species. Cultural weed management practices in turf might provide a first defense: however, relying only on cultural control measures may not be a good idea. An integrated approach of combining cultural practices and chemicals can complement each other and give flexibility to decision making. Research is needed on optimizing the choices of herbicide and/or cultural practices as part of an integrated management system for turfgrass.
13
Kowalewski, Alexander R., Ronald N. Calhoun, Aaron D. Hathaway e John N. Rogers. "Using Cultural Practices and Leaf Mulch to Control Weeds in Established Turfgrass". Applied Turfgrass Science 7, n. 1 (2010): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/ats-2010-0416-01-rs.
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Kremer, Robert J., e Ann C. Kennedy. "Rhizobacteria as Biocontrol Agents of Weeds". Weed Technology 10, n. 3 (settembre 1996): 601–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00040525.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
There is a current need to develop alternative weed management techniques in response to demands for reduction in herbicide use due mainly to health and environmental concerns. Therefore, all possible nonchemical strategies for weed control should be considered, including biological control. Deleterious rhizobacteria (DRB), largely overlooked as potential biological control agents for weeds until recently, are able to colonize root surfaces of weed seedlings and suppress plant growth. Limited field studies indicate that DRB suppressed weed growth, and reduced weed density, biomass, and seed production. In this manner, crops out-compete the suppressed weeds for growth requirements, eliminating the necessity for eradication of weeds in the crop. Establishment of DRB as a viable biological control strategy initially will require integration with other weed control approaches including other biocontrol agents, agrichemicals, and cultural and residue management practices. To achieve success, more in-depth research is needed on ecology of bacteria-plant relationships, mechanisms of action (including characterization of phytotoxins), inocula formulations, and methods to enhance crop competition.
15
Adewale Osipitan, O. "Weed Interference and Control in Cowpea Production: A Review". Journal of Agricultural Science 9, n. 12 (15 novembre 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n12p11.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In spite of the great economic potential of cowpea as both domestic and commercial crop, a number of constraints, which include insect pests, diseases and weeds, limits its production in West and many parts of Africa. Weeds reduced cowpea yield and value by competing for light, water and nutrients. Cowpea suffers from weeds particularly when the crop is in the early growth stages before ground cover. Yield losses cause by weeds alone in cowpea production can be as high as 76% depending on the cowpea cultivar, environment and weed management practices. A timely weed removal at the critical period, which falls within the first 40 days of cowpea growth, would help to prevent an unacceptable yield. Weed management in cowpea has been with low technology. Hand weeding is the most widely used weed control method in cowpea but they are usually expensive and labour intensive. Cultural practices such as narrow row spacing and planting of early maturing varieties are also used for weed control in cowpea. Herbicides, which are relatively easy to use and less expensive, have not been widely adopted for weed control in cowpea. There are limited number of selective herbicides with wide spectrum for weed control in cowpea. However, an integrated practices that involved pre-emergence weed control using herbicides or physical weeding, and a supplementary weed removal that would ensure weed control up to 40 days after cowpea emergence could substantially prevent yield losses associated with weed interference.
16
Hill, JE, RJ Jr Smith e DE Bayer. "Rice weed control: current technology and emerging issues in temperate rice". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, n. 7 (1994): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9941021.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Among temperate rice areas, the United States and Australia are most similar in climate and in the mechanisation of rice culture. Many weed problems, even weed species invading rice, are common to both countries; and the present technology for weed control as well as concern for the impact of these technologies to environmental quality, herbicide resistance, and other weed-related issues bear many similarities. Application of current, and any new, technologies to emerging issues in US rice weed control will therefore be directly relevant to rice production in Australia and all other temperate areas struggling with the same challenges. Weeds are a significant problem in temperate rice culture. In the United States, rice is mechanically direct-seeded, allowing weeds to germinate and establish with the crop. In the last 15 years weed growth and competition has been increased by the adoption of semi-dwarf cultivars, high N fertilisation, and, in water-seeded rice, shallow flooding. High rates, and often multiple applications, of herbicides have been necessary to maximise the yield potential of these cultural systems. Advances in cultural practices and herbicide technology have maintained, if not improved, weed control; but nearly 30 years of propanil use in the southern USA resulted in propanil-resistant barnyard grass Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv., and after 4 years of continuous use, bensulfuron resistance to 4 aquatic weed species was discovered in California. Although herbicides with different mechanisms of action are needed for alternation in resistance management strategies, fewer are likely to be available. Social and environmental concerns have slowed the development and registration of rice herbicides and increased the cost of controlling weeds. Water quality deterioration from ricefield tailwaters, drift to sensitive crops, the cost of renewing registration in aquatic systems, and weed resistance all forecast reduced herbicide use in rice. Neither cultural practices nor herbicides alone can solve weed problems in direct-seeded, mechanised rice culture. With fewer herbicides and a cultural system highly vulnerable to weed losses, integrated management strategies with better information on which to base weed control decisions will be needed to solve weed problems in temperate rice.
17
Gazoulis, Ioannis, Panagiotis Kanatas, Panayiota Papastylianou, Alexandros Tataridas, Efthymia Alexopoulou e Ilias Travlos. "Weed Management Practices to Improve Establishment of Selected Lignocellulosic Crops". Energies 14, n. 9 (26 aprile 2021): 2478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14092478.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Lignocellulosic biomass is one of the dominant renewable energy resources suited for the production of sustainable biofuels and other energy purposes. This study was focused on weed management strategies that can improve the establishment of six lignocellulosic crops. The studied crops included: giant miscanthus, switchgrass, giant reed, cardoon, sweet sorghum, and kenaf. Delayed planting, increased planting densities, and mulching techniques can suppress weeds in giant miscanthus. Weed competition is detrimental for switchgrass establishment. Seedbed preparation and cultivar selection can determine its ability to compete with weeds. Giant reed is unlikely to get outcompeted by weeds, and any weed control operation is required only for the first growing season. Competitive cultivars and increased seeding rates maximize the competitiveness of cardoon against weeds. Several cultural practices can be used for non-chemical weed management in sweet sorghum and kenaf. For all crops, pre-emergence herbicides can be applied. The available safe post-emergence herbicides are limited. Mechanical weed control during crucial growth stages can provide solutions for sweet sorghum, kenaf, and perennial grasses. Further research is required to develop effective weed management strategies, with emphasis on cultural practices, that can improve the establishment of these prominent lignocellulosic crops.
18
Miller, Timothy W. "Integrated Strategies for Management of Perennial Weeds". Invasive Plant Science and Management 9, n. 2 (giugno 2016): 148–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-15-00037.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Multiple weed control strategies employed in combination can often aid the successful management of perennial weed species. This review article provides examples of integrated control programs that could aid in the management of several invasive perennial weed species that are problematic in the Pacific Northwest and elsewhere in North America. The development of an integrated management control program for wild chervil, a relatively recent invader to the Pacific Northwest of the United States and adjacent Canada, provides an example for this process. Through use of mechanical (mowing and tillage), cultural (establishment of competitive vegetation), and chemical (specific herbicides) strategies, control of this short-lived perennial species was greatly improved as compared to foliar herbicide applications alone. Such integrated strategies have been shown to enhance control of many perennial weed species, while potentially reducing the amount of herbicide applied, lessening the possibility of injury to adjacent desirable vegetation and increasing the stability of the ecological community at the site.
19
Kitiş, Yasin Emre, Onur Kolören e Feyzullah Nezihi Uygur. "Yeni Tesis Mandalina Bahçesinde Malç Tekstili Uygulamasının Yabancı Ot Kontrolü ve Mandalina Gelişimine Etkileri". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 5, n. 6 (12 luglio 2017): 568. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v5i6.568-580.729.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In this study, material that we call mulch textile was investigated as compared with conventional polyethylene mulch nylon and mechanical and chemical control that are widely used in farmer’s conditions to weed control in newly established citrus orchards. Two different thickness of polyethylene mulch, three different thickness of mulch textiles, mowing and herbicide (glyphosate) applications were made in newly established mandarin orchard in a three-year-period (2004-2005-2006). Effects of the applications on density and coverage of weeds and height, stem thickness and leaf area of cultural plants were investigated. According to general evaluation of results of the study, mowing 23.4%, chemical control 88.4%, polyethylene mulch 99.6%, mulch textiles 100% controlled weeds than weedy control. At the most increase of height, stem thickness and leaf area of mandarin was obtained from herbicide and mulch treatments. It was determined that soil temperature and moisture are preserved by mulch applications.
20
Byrne, R., J. Spink, R. Freckleton, P. Neve e S. Barth. "A critical review of integrated grass weed management in Ireland". Irish Journal of Agricultural and Food Research 57, n. 1 (10 aprile 2018): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijafr-2018-0003.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractGrass weeds affect arable crops throughout the world, inflicting yield penalties, reducing crop quality and taking available nutrients away from the growing crop. Recently in Ireland, the presence of herbicide resistance in grass weeds has been noted. In order to preserve the sustainability of crop production in Ireland, an integrated pest management approach must be implemented. How this applies to control grass weeds was the focus of this review. Here we examined the state of current research into grass weed biology and the nature of herbicide resistance, identifying gaps in research in the Irish context. We identified a number of cultural grass weed control techniques, as being relevant to the Irish mode of crop production. Crop rotation, cultivation techniques, manipulation of sowing dates and increased crop competition were recognised as useful strategies. Combining these strategies to provide effective grass weed control may be key to reduce dependence on herbicides.
21
Castro, Y. O., S. D. Cavalieri, M. P. Santos, A. Golynski e A. R. Nascimento. "Integrated weed management on the processing tomato crop and tomato for consumption in natura". Scientific Electronic Archives 9, n. 5 (17 novembre 2016): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.36560/952016285.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Weeds cause direct and indirect damage to processing tomato and tomato for consumption in natura. The coexistence period is decisive for the intensity of damage, although the economic cost is also considered for decision making when to control the weeds. There are similarities between processing tomato and tomato for consumption in natura cropping system and peculiarities. This causes the management has adopted its common applications and its variables within each system. As control alternative, the farmer has basically the preventive control, mechanical, cultural, biological and chemical. The application of a single method is not recommended. Ideally, the methods needs to be integrated in order to combat weeds, highly evolved populations and resistant to unfavorable conditions. Consider weed management taking only one control measure is to underestimate the evolutionary ability of such species. Therefore, it is necessary to integrate the various methods available to the weed interference not impede the tomato production.
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KANATAS, Panagiotis, Ilias TRAVLOS, Panayiota PAPASTYLIANOU, Ioannis GAZOULIS, Ioanna KAKABOUKI e Anastasia TSEKOURA. "Yield, quality and weed control in soybean crop as affected by several cultural and weed management practices". Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 48, n. 1 (31 marzo 2020): 329–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha48111823.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the field of Agricultural University of Athens, the effects of false seedbed technique, stale seedbed, chemical and ecologically based control on weed growth and soybean yield were evaluated (2019). The experimental treatments were: normal seedbed, normal seedbed along with pre-emergence chemical control, false seedbed, stale seedbed with glyphosate and stale seedbed with pelargonic acid. In the plots of normal seedbed along with pre-emergence chemical control, pendimethalin was applied at rate of 1560 g a.i. ha-1. In the plots of stale seedbed with glyphosate, glyphosate was applied at a rate of 2160 g a.e. ha-1 and in the plots of stale seedbed with pelargonic acid, pelargonic acid was applied at a rate of 31020 g a.i. ha-1. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The results revealed that stale seedbed combined either with glyphosate or pelargonic acid application reduced annual weeds’ density by 94 and 95% as compared to normal seedbed. Stale seedbed along with pelargonic acid reduced the density of perennial weeds by 36, 38 and 41% as compared to the combination of normal seedbed and pre-emergence chemical control, normal seedbed and false seedbed, respectively. The application of glyphosate in stale seedbed plots was also effective against perennial weeds. It was also observed that stale seedbed along with glyphosate increased soybean seed yield by 17, 19 and 35% as compared to the combination of normal seedbed and pendimethalin application, false seedbed and normal seedbed, respectively. Beneficial were also the effects of the combination of stale seedbed and pelargonic acid not only on soybean seed yield but also on soybean protein content. Further research is needed in order to investigate the role of false and stale seedbeds as integrated weed management practices in various crops and under different soil and climatic conditions. Research is also needed to evaluate pelargonic acid for weed control in stale seedbeds since it is an eco-friendly herbicide with no restrictions for organic farming.
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Mai, Tarun R., Jon Lovett-Doust, Lesley Lovett-Doust e G. A. Mulligan. "The biology of Canadian weeds. 100. Lythrum salicaria". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, n. 4 (1 ottobre 1992): 1305–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-164.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Lythrum salicaria is a serious weed of wetlands in Canada, particularly in Ontario and Quebec. Indeed some assessments suggest that this exotic is now responsible for the conversion of more wetland habitat than is current human development pressure¡ Lythrum is a heterostylous species and clones by means of root buds. Despite its tristylous breeding system, Lythrum is a successful colonizer, and can produce prodigious numbers of seeds. It is likely that control can be achieved by hand-pulling in low-density populations, but once the species is established it generally becomes abundant and often approaches a monoculture. This species is particularly difficult to control because of its strong competitive ability, the extreme sensitivity of wetland habitats, and the likelihood of serious repercussions for wetland wildlife and fisheries if herbicides are used to control it. We see better possibilities for control through cultural techniques (e.g., manipulation of water levels to favour native species), enhancement of North American herbivores, and, possibly, the introduction of biological control agents from Europe and Asia.Key words: Purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria, wetlands, introduced weed
24
Harker, K. Neil, John T. O'Donovan, T. Kelly Turkington, Robert E. Blackshaw, Newton Z. Lupwayi, Elwin G. Smith, Eric N. Johnson et al. "Diverse Rotations and Optimal Cultural Practices Control Wild Oat (Avena fatua)". Weed Science 64, n. 1 (marzo 2016): 170–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-15-00133.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In western Canada, more money is spent on wild oat herbicides than on any other weed species, and wild oat resistance to herbicides is the most widespread resistance issue. A direct-seeded field experiment was conducted from 2010 to 2014 at eight Canadian sites to determine crop life cycle, crop species, crop seeding rate, crop usage, and herbicide rate combination effects on wild oat management and canola yield. Combining 2× seeding rates of early-cut barley silage with 2× seeding rates of winter cereals and excluding wild oat herbicides for 3 of 5 yr (2011 to 2013) often led to similar wild oat density, aboveground wild oat biomass, wild oat seed density in the soil, and canola yield as a repeated canola–wheat rotation under a full wild oat herbicide rate regime. Wild oat was similarly well managed after 3 yr of perennial alfalfa without wild oat herbicides. Forgoing wild oat herbicides in only 2 of 5 yr from exclusively summer annual crop rotations resulted in higher wild oat density, biomass, and seed banks. Management systems that effectively combine diverse and optimal cultural practices against weeds, and limit herbicide use, reduce selection pressure for weed resistance to herbicides and prolong the utility of threatened herbicide tools.
25
Vizantinopoulos, Spyros, e Nikos Katranis. "Integrated Weed Control Management in Soybeans (Glycine max) in Greece". Weed Technology 8, n. 3 (settembre 1994): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00039658.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Field experiments were conducted in 1988, 1989, and 1990 in Greece to investigate the combination of cultural and chemical methods for weed control in soybean. The selectivity of herbicides or the combination of herbicides used was dependent on application rate. Imazaquin applied PRE was selective on soybean even at 0.18 kg/ha, whereas imazethapyr was safer on soybean than imazaquin at 0.22 kg/ha. Metribuzin at 0.37 kg/ha tank-mixed with alachlor, metolachlor, imazaquin, and SAN 582H were not phytotoxic at their recommended rates. All herbicides satisfactorily controlled the weeds in the experiments. The early-season period threshold level for a mixed population ofAmaranthusspp. occurred 3.0 to 3.5 wk after weed emergence. Density ofAmaranthusspp. of about 270 to 470 plants/m2caused soybean yield reduction equal to 11 to 35%, respectively. The treatments did not influence the oil content of the soybean seed but in one experiment the protein content was influenced slightly by some of the treatments. The results emphasize the importance of using chemical, cultural, and competition threshold levels of cultural practices for an integrated approach for weed control in soybean.
26
Boyetchko, S. M. "Impact of soil microorganisms on weed biology and ecology". Comptes rendus 77, n. 1 (12 aprile 2005): 41–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/706099ar.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
While weed populations have traditionally been controlled by chemical and cultural methods, inundative biological control with microbial agents offers an additional strategy for managing weeds. Foliar pathogens have long been sought after as potential biocontrol agents, but rhizosphere microorganisms and their influence on weed growth and development have been ignored until recently. Rhizosphere soil is replete with a variety of microorganisms such as rhizobacteria, pathogenic soil-borne fungi, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, all of which have a direct or indirect impact on weeds and their competitive ability. In some cases, specific microbes have a detrimental effect on the weeds and can be exploited as biological control agents. The ubiquitous mycorrhizal fungi are beneficial symbionts that can impart a competitive ad vantage to their plant hosts, particularly if mycorrhizal dependency is exhibited in weeds as opposed to crops. It may be possible to exploit various soil microbes by directly or indirectly reducing weed competition and tipping the competitive advantage in favor of the crop. However, information available on microbial/weed/crop relationships is limited and research efforts are required to explore the use of soil microorganisms as another weed management tool.
27
Hossain, MM, M. Begum, MM Rahman e MM Akanda. "Weed management on direct-seeded rice system - a review". Progressive Agriculture 27, n. 1 (29 aprile 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/pa.v27i1.27526.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In direct seeded rice (DSR) cultivation systems, rice and weed seedlings emerge simultaneously and there is no standing water to suppress weed emergence and growth at crop emergence. For this reason, weeds are considered one of the major biological constraints in DSR and cause a substantial rice yield loss. Weeds are mainly controlled using herbicides or manually. However, manual weeding is becoming less effective because of labor crisis at critical times and increased labor costs. Herbicides are replacing manual weeding as they are easy to use but there are concerns about the sole use of herbicides, such as evolution of resistance in weeds, shifts in weed populations, cost of weed management to farmers and concerns about the environment. There is a need to integrate different weed management strategies to achieve effective and sustainable weed control in DSR systems. This paper describes different approaches, including preventive and cultural approaches, to manage weeds in DSR culture systems.Progressive Agriculture 27 (1): 1-8, 2016
28
Sønderskov, Mette, Gayle J. Somerville, Myrtille Lacoste, Jens Erik Jensen e Niels Holst. "DK-RIM: Assisting Integrated Management of Lolium multiflorum, Italian Ryegrass". Agronomy 10, n. 6 (16 giugno 2020): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060856.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Lolium multiflorum (annual Italian ryegrass) and other grass weeds are an increasing problem in cereal cropping systems in Denmark. Grass weeds are highly competitive and an increasing number of species develop resistance against the most commonly used herbicide modes of action. A diverse management strategy provides a better overall control of grass weeds and decreases the reliance on herbicides. The bio-economic decision support system, DK-RIM (Denmark-Ryegrass Integrated Management), was developed to assist integrated management of L. multiflorum in Danish cropping systems, based on the Australian RIM model. DK-RIM provides long-term estimations (10-year period) and visual outputs of L. multiflorum population development, depending on management strategies. The dynamics of L. multiflorum plants within the season and of the soil seed bank across seasons are simulated. The user can combine cultural weed control practices with chemical control options. Cultural practices include crop rotation changes, seeding density, sowing time, soil tillage system, and cover crops. Scenarios with increasing crop rotation diversity or different tillage strategies were evaluated. DK-RIM aims at being an actual support system, aiding the farmer’s decisions and encouraging discussions among stakeholders on alternative management strategies.
29
Saner, Marc A., David R. Clements, Michael R. Hall, Douglas J. Doohan e Clifford W. Crompton. "The biology of Canadian weeds. 105. Linaria vulgaris Mill." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, n. 2 (1 aprile 1995): 525–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-092.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Yellow toadflax, Linaria vulgaris Mill. (Scrophulariaceae), is a weed of rangelands and agricultural crops. Introduced from Eurasia into North America more than 300 yr ago, it is now naturalized in all provinces and territories up to 60° northern latitude and beyond 2000 m altitude. It became a concern in the middle of this century when it invaded the prairies. Its seriousness as a weed declined in the late 1950s, possibly as a result of biological control. Concern has been renewed recently because the adoption of minimum tillage techniques could lead to greater abundance. Reproduction is vigourous by means of adventitious root buds and by high seed production. Growth forms, vegetative reproduction, flower phenology, and germination are variable. The capability for regrowth from root parts makes L. vulgaris a difficult weed to eradicate and limits the efficacy of cultural control methods. The possibilities for chemical control are limited due to resistance to common herbicides. Biological control projects conducted during the past 50 yr have been partly successful and are on-going. Key words:Linaria vulgaris, toadflax, Scrophulariaceae, weed biology, control, review
30
Smith, Roy J. "Biological Control of Northern Jointvetch (Aeschynomene virginica) in Rice (Oryza sativa) and Soybeans (Glycine max) — a Researcher's View". Weed Science 34, S1 (1986): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500068314.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Weed control strategies for rice (Oryza sativaL.) and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] emphasize integration of cultural and chemical practices (16, 30, 31). Numerous herbicides are registered and used as preplant, preemergence, or post-emergence applications for control of weeds in rice and soybean (3, 16, 25). Although these herbicide treatments control most of the problem weeds in rice and soybean, most fail to control northern jointvetch [Aeschynomene virginica(L.) B.S.P. # AESVI] in either crop. The two most effective herbicides, 2,4,5-T [2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) acetic acid] and silvex [2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propanoic acid], for control of northern jointvetch in rice have been under the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Rebuttal Presumption Against Registration (RPAR) process which may ultimately cancel the use of both herbicides in rice (50). New, effective control strategies are needed for control of northern jointvetch in rice and soybean.
31
Johnson, Mark S., e Steven A. Fennimore. "Weed and Crop Response to Colored Plastic Mulches in Strawberry Production". HortScience 40, n. 5 (agosto 2005): 1371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.5.1371.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The phase out of methyl bromide has forced strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne) growers to consider the use of cultural methods such as colored mulches to enhance weed control. Black plastic mulch controls most weeds; however, black mulch often does not warm the soil as well as clear mulch. Soil warming with clear mulch is desirable for early season markets, but clear mulch does not control weeds. Neither black nor clear mulches combine the ideal weed control and soil warming characteristics required. Seven colored mulches, as well as clear, black and no mulch were evaluated in California organic and conventional strawberries to identify mulch factors associated with weed control and soil warming. Laboratory and greenhouse experiments were also conducted to isolate the effects of light transmittance through mulch on weed germination and growth. The effect of mulch color on transmittance of photosynthetically active light (400 to 700 nm) through mulches was the key weed control factor, and was more important than the effect of mulch color effect on weed germination. Satisfactory weed control was provided by all mulches except clear, blue and red-brown laminated. Clear and black mulches provided the greatest soil warming in sunny and cloudy climatic conditions, respectively, although plants in clear mulched conventional production system plots produced the highest yield of marketable berries. Green and brown plastic mulches provided the best combinations of soil warming and weed control benefits at all trial locations.
32
Vangessel, Mark J., e Karen A. Renner. "Effect of Soil Type, Hilling Time, and Weed Interference on Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Development and Yield". Weed Technology 4, n. 2 (giugno 1990): 299–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00025434.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
‘Atlantic’ and ‘Russet Burbank’ potato cultivars were grown on mineral and organic soils either with or without weeds and were hilled at two stages of potato development (potatoes cracking through the soil and potatoes 30 cm tall). A single hilling procedure was not adequate in either year for full-season weed control. Early hilling suppressed weeds and increased tuber yields more than conventional hilling on mineral soils in 1988 only. Early hilling tended to increase the relative biomass of C4weeds compared to C3weeds for both soils. Weeds reduced aboveground potato biomass on mineral and muck soils. However, reduced aboveground potato biomass measurements did not predict tuber yield reductions. Marketable yield of Russet Burbank potato was reduced by weed interference more than the yield of Atlantic on mineral soils when planted according to conventional cultural practices. However, the marketable yield of Atlantic potato was reduced more than Russet Burbank yield by weeds on muck soils. Weed interference influenced tuber quality on both mineral and muck soil.
33
Chauhan, Bhagirath S., e Seth B. Abugho. "Weed Management in Mechanized-Sown, Zero-Till Dry-Seeded Rice". Weed Technology 27, n. 1 (marzo 2013): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00088.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Weeds are the main constraint in the adoption of zero-till, dry-seeded rice systems because weeds and rice emerge simultaneously in these systems, and there is no standing water at crop establishment to suppress weeds. A study was conducted during the wet season of 2011 and the dry season of 2012 at the International Rice Research Institute to evaluate the performance of different herbicides in mechanized-sown, zero-till dry-seeded rice. Among the treatments evaluated, oxadiazon followed by penoxsulam + cyhalofop followed by one hand-weeding at 42 d after sowing, provided 23 to 35% higher yield than the nontreated control. The yields in the oxadiazon-treated plots were similar to those in the weed-free plots. Some weed species, including eclipta and doveweed, were not controlled by the evaluated herbicides. Therefore, there is a need to evaluate additional herbicides and to integrate them with cultural weed management strategies to manage such problematic weeds.
34
Lemerle, D., B. Verbeek e S. Diffey. "Influences of field pea (Pisum sativum) density on grain yield and competitiveness with annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in south-eastern Australia". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, n. 11 (2006): 1465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04233.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The variation in field pea grain yield and competitiveness with annual ryegrass due to crop density, row spacing and cultivar was determined to enable farmers to better manage weeds with cultural control tactics. Crop density varied with seeding rate, cultivar, row spacing and year. Higher seeding rates were required to reach equivalent plant densities in cv. Dinkum (short, semi-leafless) compared with cv. Dundale (tall, conventional-leaf), and at 36 cm compared with 18 cm row spacing. Field pea grain yield was reduced more at low crop densities, in Dinkum, at 36 cm row spacing, and in the presence of weeds. Percentage yield losses from weed competition were similar in both cultivars (about 70–80%) at a low density of 10 plants/m2 in 2 seasons. At higher crop densities Dinkum had a larger loss than Dundale (i.e. at 30 plants/m2 losses were 60 and 35%, respectively, compared with 50 and 5% at 60 plants/m2). Seasonal variation influenced the effect of crop density on yield loss from weeds. The percentage yield loss from weeds in 1993 ranged from about 90 to 40% at plant densities of 10 to 40 plants/m2, in contrast to 1995 when 40% yield loss occurred at all these densities. Ryegrass dry weight was reduced with increasing field pea density in both years, and in the tall more than the short cultivar in 1 year. Maintaining recommended field pea seeding rates has considerable financial benefits in both weed-free (around $100/ha) and weed-affected crops (to $400/ha). In weedy situations, integrating cultural practices such as higher seeding rates and choice of cultivar that enhance crop competitiveness will improve weed management in south-eastern Australia.
35
Royo-Esnal, Aritz, e Francisco Valencia-Gredilla. "Camelina as a Rotation Crop for Weed Control in Organic Farming in a Semiarid Mediterranean Climate". Agriculture 8, n. 10 (6 ottobre 2018): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture8100156.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Crop rotation in winter cereals in semiarid Mediterranean climates is highly desirable to prevent weed infestations, but the climatic conditions make it difficult to implement alternative crops to winter cereals. Camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) is an interesting option, as it is able to produce profitable yields thanks to its tolerance to cold and drought. In this work, three autumn–winter sowing dates (SD1, October; SD2, December; SD3, January) and two sowing rates (R1, 8 kg ha–1; R2, 11 kg ha–1) were chosen to evaluate the effectiveness of these cultural methods to control weeds over three seasons, and to determine effects on camelina seed yield. Results showed that a significant reduction of weed coverage was obtained by delaying the sowing date. Sowing rates did not show differences in weed coverage. In contrast, no apparent yield penalty was observed among sowing dates and rates. These results show that the introduction of camelina as a rotational crop in semiarid Mediterranean climates is a feasible option for helping to suppress winter weeds, as well as to provide productive seed yield in these climatic conditions.
36
Stoller, Edward W., Loyd M. Wax e David M. Alm. "Survey Results on Environmental Issues and Weed Science Research Priorities within the Corn Belt". Weed Technology 7, n. 3 (settembre 1993): 763–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00037684.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A survey determined the views of individuals in seven groups comprising the weed science community in the corn belt (primarily in Illinois) for importance of 8 environmental and 14 crop production issues and 16 weed species in setting weed science research priorities for the next 3 to 5 yr. The survey also considered if funding of research to solve these environmental and production issues should be from the private or public sector. Velvetleaf, foxtail species, and common lambsquarters were considered the top three weed species by all respondents, and each of these weeds was among the five most important weeds within each of the seven survey groups. Improving ground and surface water quality were the foremost environmental issues for all respondents, but soybean growers listed herbicide carryover as their top environmental concern. Reducing herbicide residues in food and developing sustainable practices were given low preference by all groups. Sustainable growers rated reducing herbicide carryover and minimizing applicator exposure as their lowest priorities. Among all respondents, the top three production issues were improved weed control in conservation tillage, more economical weed control, and improved integrated control strategies. Studying the biology/life cycles of weeds was the third highest production priority of University and U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) weed scientists, but was the last choice when averaged over the aggregate survey group. Developing strategies for resistant weeds and herbicide-resistant crops were chemical dealers top two priorities. Industry representatives gave the former subject their highest rating and the latter their lowest rating. Crop consultants seemed to want decision aids, as they chose assessing weed loss/thresholds and developing weed control/economic models among their top three production issues. Both corn and soybean growers desired more economical weed control as a first choice, while sustainable growers wanted improved cultural control strategies. Corn and soybean growers ranked developing new herbicides among their top three choices, but this issue was the lowest choice of the sustainable growers. University, USDA, and industrial weed scientists suggested that their own organizations conduct the research on their highest priorities issues.
37
WARWICK, S. I., L. D. BLACK e B. F. ZILKEY. "BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 72. Apera spica-venti". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, n. 3 (1 luglio 1985): 711–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-091.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Apera spica-venti (silky bentgrass), a major weed of winter cereals in Europe for many years, has recently become established as a weed of winter cereals in three counties in southern Ontario. A review of the literature on the biology of the species is presented. Occurring on light sandy loam soils which are under a rotational tobacco/winter-cereal cropping system, infestations of silky bentgrass may result in considerable crop losses, particularly in winter-wheat. Several features contribute to the successful establishment and spread of the species: a winter annual habit concordant with the phenologies of winter cereals; numerous, light seeds easily dispersed by wind and farm machinery; production and early shedding of seed prior to the harvest of crops in July; little postharvest dormancy and the ability to germinate under a wide-range of temperature and light conditions. Although not yet registered for use in Canada, the herbicides isoproturon and chlortoluron would seem to provide effective control. Various cultural practices, including crop rotation, delayed seeding, and increased cultivation combined with the use of appropriate herbicides appear to be the ideal combination for control of silky bentgrass.Key words: Bentgrass (silky), weed biology, windgrass, loose silky bent
38
MARQUES, LUIZ JUNIOR PEREIRA, SILVANO BIANCO, ARTHUR BERNARDES CECÍLIO FILHO, MATHEUS SARAIVA BIANCO e GISLANE DA SILVA LOPES. "WEED INTERFERENCE IN EGGPLANT CROPS". Revista Caatinga 30, n. 4 (dicembre 2017): 866–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252017v30n406rc.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Uncontrolled weed growth interferes with the growth eggplants and crop yields. To control weeds, the main weed species must be identified in crop growing areas and during weed control periods, as weed species might vary in relation to management practices. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the main weed species and determine the periods of weed interference in the eggplant cultivar Nápoli when grown under certain cultural practices, including plant staking and sprout thinning. The experiment was carried out in 2014 using a randomized complete block design, with 3 replications. The treatments consisted of 11 periods of (1) increasing weed control and (2) increasing coexistence of eggplant with weeds from the first day of transplanting (0-14, 0-28, 0-42, 0-56, 0-70, 0-84, 0-98, 0-112, 0-126, 0-140, and up do day 154). Eggplant staking and sprout thinning were performed 42 days after transplanting (DAT). Weed identification and crop yield assessments were performed to determine the Period Before Interference (PBI), Total Period of Interference Prevention (TPIP), and the Critical Period of Interference Prevention (CPIP). The major weeds found in the eggplant cultivar Nápoli were Eleusine indica, Portulaca oleracea, and Cyperus rotundus. Coexistence between the weed community and the eggplant throughout the entire crop production cycle reduced eggplant fruit yield by 78%. The PBI was 29 DAT and the TPIP was 48 DAT, resulting in 19 days of CPIP.
39
Johnson, W. Carroll, Mark A. Boudreau e Jerry W. Davis. "Cultural Practices to Improve In-Row Weed Control with Cultivation in Organic Peanut Production". Weed Technology 26, n. 4 (dicembre 2012): 718–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-12-00019.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Cultivation is a proven means of weed control in organic peanut. However, weeds present in-row often escape control. Research trials were conducted in Ty Ty, GA to modify cultural practices to help suppress weed emergence in-row. Modified cultural practices were three row pattern/seeding rate combinations; twin rows (four rows on a seedbed) seeded at the recommended (1X) seeding rate that produced 13 seed m−1in each row, twin rows seeded at the 2X seeding rate that produced 23 seed m−1in each row, and wide rows (two rows on seedbed) seeded at the recommended seeding rate that produced 23 seed m−1. Four cultivation regimes were evaluated; cultivation with a tine weeder at weekly intervals for 6 wk, cultivation with a tine weeder at weekly intervals for 8 wk, scouring with a brush hoe at vegetative emergence followed by the tine weeder for 6 wk, and a noncultivated control. There were no interactions between row pattern/seeding rates and cultivation regimes for any parameter measured. There was inconsistent response of weed control and peanut yield to row pattern/seeding rates. Weed control and peanut yields were similar with tine weeding for 6 wk, 8 wk, or with the brush hoe followed by the tine weeder. Weed management in organic peanut was not improved by altering peanut cultural practices that facilitate quicker canopy closure, and the use of narrow row patterns should not be based on attempts to improve weed control in organic peanut. Narrow row patterns provide other benefits to organic peanut production and those attributes should influence decisions on the choice of row pattern, not weed control.
40
Tautges, Nicole E., Jessica R. Goldberger e Ian C. Burke. "A Survey of Weed Management in Organic Small Grains and Forage Systems in the Northwest United States". Weed Science 64, n. 3 (settembre 2016): 513–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-15-00186.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A lack of information regarding weed control, relative to conventional systems, has left organic growers largely on their own when devising weed management systems for organic crops. As interest in organic weed management increases, researchers need more information regarding the type and number of weed control practices undertaken on organic farms. A survey of certified organic growers was conducted in five states in the northwest United States to identify organic weed management programs and what grower and farm-operation characteristics were factors in weed management program design. Three types of weed management programs, with varying diversity in weed control practices, were identified. Stepwise binary logistic regression indicated that the likelihood of an organic grower using a more-diverse weed management program increased if the grower engaged in grain production and as the number of crops produced on an organic farm operation in 1 yr increased. The probability of operating a more-diverse weed management program also increased as a grower's education level increased. Organic hectarage operated was positively correlated with weed management program diversity, and with the adoption of cultural controls. Additionally, awareness of weeds as a factor causing yield loss was correlated with increased weed management program diversity. An increased awareness among researchers of the differing needs and abilities of organic growers in managing weeds on their farms will improve communication and outreach efforts when assisting growers with designing organic weed management programs.
41
Woo, S. L., V. L. Harms, A. G. Thomas, D. P. Peschken, G. G. Bowes, D. W. Douglas e A. S. McClay. "The biology of Canadian weeds. 99. Matricaria perforata Mérat (Asteraceae)". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, n. 4 (1 ottobre 1991): 1101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-153.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Scentless chamomile, Matricaria perforata Mérat, (=M. maritima var. agrestis (Knaf) Wilmott), is an introduced weed having an annual to short-lived perennial life cycle. Two cytotype races are found in Canada with a distinctive geographic distribution. The tetraploid (2n = 36) is abundant in agricultural habitats of the Prairie region, whereas the diploid (2n = 18) is found mainly in ruderal habitats of the Atlantic region. Infestations are found in many annual and perennial crops, pastures, wasteland, lawns, gardens, roadsides, fence lines, and ditches. The plant reproduces entirely by seed, producing up to 1.8 million seeds m−2 in dense monospecific stands. A density of 25 annual plants m−2 can result in a 55% reduction in spring wheat yield under cool wet conditions. Shallow preseeding tillage in late autumn or early spring is an effective method of cultural control. Several herbicides are recommended for control of the weed in crop and noncrop areas. Scentless chamomile is considered a suitable candidate for biological control. Key words: Weed biology, scentless chamomile, Matricaria perforata, Matricaria inodora, Matricaria maritima var. agrestis, Tripleurosperum inodorum
42
McElroy, J. S., e D. Martins. "Use of herbicides on turfgrass". Planta Daninha 31, n. 2 (giugno 2013): 455–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582013000200024.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In crop production, weeds must be controlled so as not to adversely affect crop yield and crop quality. Thus, a low level of weeds infesting a field, in most instances, is not a problem. Except in sod or seed production, turfgrass does not have a yield component. The value of turfgrass is its inherent aesthetic quality and usability. Aesthetic quality is the beauty and value that turfgrass adds to a managed landscape. Usability can be the durability of a sport field, trueness of golf putting green roll, or reduction in soil loss from water runoff or wind. Any weed presence in turfgrass can decrease the aesthetic quality and usability of turfgrass. Utilizing herbicides is the only way to completely control weeds in a turfgrass stand. While it is possible to reduce weed populations using cultural or mechanical management practices, it is impossible to completely eliminate weeds as can be accomplished with herbicides. This manuscript will review the major herbicides used in turfgrass in the United States with respect to their modes of action, herbicide family, and primary use in turfgrass.
43
Johnson, W. Carroll, e Jerry W. Davis. "Effects of Peanut Stand Uniformity and Herbicide Regime on Weed Management and Yield". Peanut Science 43, n. 2 (1 luglio 2016): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/ps15-14.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
ABSTRACT Crop stand directly affects ability of any crop to compete with weeds. To capture this form of cultural weed control, final crop stands need to be uniform. Peanut stands are frequently non-uniform, despite the use of precision vacuum planters. Trials were conducted from 2009 through 2011 in Tifton, GA to determine the effect of non-uniform peanut stands on weed control, grade, and marketable peanut yield. Non-uniform peanut stands were established by modifying vacuum planter discs that created skips 18 cm wide and 36 cm wide at regular intervals and compared with peanut at a uniform stand. The weed control regimes chosen reflected differing degrees of residual weed control provided by flumioxazin or imazapic and addressed the need for residual weed control when peanut stands are non-uniform. Postemergence (POST) herbicides bentazon, paraquat, and 2,4-DB were chosen to test the theory that properly timed applications of non-residual herbicides will control weeds in skips without the need for preemergence (PRE) herbicides. There was no significant interaction between peanut stand uniformity and weed control regime for any parameter. Weed response to peanut stand was variable among species and inconsistent. Weed densities tended to be lower when the residual herbicides flumioxazin and/or imazapic were part of the herbicide regime. Peanut yields and percent total sound mature kernels were not affected by narrow (18 cm) skips, but were reduced two years out of three by wide (36 cm) skips. Peanut yields and grade were similar among weed control regimes that used PRE herbicides and POST herbicides with no residual weed control properties. These results indicate that weed control considerations are not a factor when peanut skips are <18 cm. The herbicide choices evaluated are capable of controlling weeds allowing peanut to compensate for non-uniform stands and not have yield reduction when skips are <18 cm.
44
Shem-Tov, Shachar, Steve A. Fennimore e W. Thomas Lanini. "Weed Management in Lettuce (Lactuca Sativa) with Preplant Irrigation". Weed Technology 20, n. 4 (dicembre 2006): 1058–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-05-085.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
During dry weather, preplant irrigation of raised beds followed by shallow tillage to create a smooth planting bed is necessary to establish a good lettuce stand. Depletion of germinable weed seeds in the top 5 cm of soil by the sequence of preplant irrigation, followed 7 to 14 d later by shallow tillage to prepare a seedbed, reduces weed density in the subsequent crop. Preplant irrigation and tillage reduces weed density and, when used together with preplant herbicide, provides effective weed control in the cropping season. Preplant and in-crop weed densities resulting from furrow or sprinkler preplant irrigation, followed by shallow tillage and lettuce planting 7 or 14 d later, were compared with the no preplant irrigation control. During the 14-d preplant period, up to 127 weeds/m2emerged and were removed by shallow tillage before crop planting. Preplant irrigation and shallow tillage reduced in-crop weed density by up to 77% and reduced hand-weeding and crop-thinning time by up to 50% compared with the no preplant irrigation and no herbicide control. Delaying tillage for 14 d following preplant irrigation provided sufficient time for adequate heat unit accumulation (>120 growing degree days, base 10 C), allowing for many weeds to germinate and be killed by shallow tillage. However, 7 d between preplant irrigation and tillage resulted in less heat unit accumulation (<50 growing degree days, base 10 C) and less weed germination before tillage. Preplant irrigation together with pronamide at either 0.67 or 1.34 kg ai/ha reduced weed density compared with the no preplant irrigation. Effective use of preplant irrigation and preplant weed removal may increase the consistency of weed control with lower pronamide rates. Preplant irrigation followed by shallow tillage is an effective cultural practice to control in-crop weeds for conventional lettuce production.
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Anderson, R. L. "Cultural Systems Can Reduce Reproductive Potential of Winter Annual Grasses". Weed Technology 11, n. 3 (settembre 1997): 608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00045504.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Feral rye and jointed goatgrass are winter annual grasses that infest winter wheat in the western United States. Currently, no herbicides are available that selectively control these weeds in wheat. Because of this constraint, producers need cultural practices that reduce the seed densities of these two grasses in the soil seedbank. This research shows that applying nitrogen 5 mo before wheat planting and increasing the seeding rate with a tall wheat cultivar reduces seed production per plant of either species by > 40%. However, tall wheat cultivars usually yield less grain than semidwarf cultivars. Producers can avoid this yield loss by combining narrow rows with time of N application and increased seeding rate of semidwarf cultivars. This combination reduces weed seed production similarly to cultural systems with tall cultivars.
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Gage, Karla L., e Lauren M. Schwartz-Lazaro. "Shifting the Paradigm: An Ecological Systems Approach to Weed Management". Agriculture 9, n. 8 (13 agosto 2019): 179. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9080179.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Weeds have been historically, and are still today, the primary and most economically important pest in agriculture. Several selection pressures associated with weed management, such as an overreliance on herbicides, have promoted the rapid evolution of herbicide-resistant weeds. Integrated Weed Management (IWM) is promoted as an ecological systems approach, through the combination of biological, chemical, cultural, ecological, and mechanical control methods. The concept of a systems approach is defined as managing weeds by combining practice and knowledge with the goals of increasing yield and minimizing economic loss, minimizing risks to human health and the environment, and reducing energy requirements and off-target impacts. The reliance on herbicides in modern cropping systems has shifted the management focus from requiring intimate knowledge of biology, ecology, and ecological systems to herbicide chemistry, mixes, and rotations, application technology, and herbicide-tolerant crop traits. Here, an ecological systems approach is considered, examining new trends and technologies in relation to IWM and weed ecology. Prevention of spread, seedbank management, crop rotations, tillage, cover crops, competitive cultivars, biological weed control, and future solutions in concept-only are presented, and knowledge gaps are identified where research advancements may be possible. An ecological systems approach will provide improved stewardship of new herbicide technologies and reduce herbicide resistance evolution through diversification of selection pressures. Agroecological interactions should be studied in light of new, developing weed control technologies. The science of weed management needs to refocus on the foundations of weed biology and ecology to enable an ecological systems approach and promote agricultural sustainability.
47
Johnson, W. Carroll, e Benjamin G. Mullinix. "Stale seedbed weed control in cucumber". Weed Science 46, n. 6 (dicembre 1998): 698–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500089736.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Field studies were conducted from 1995 to 1997 near Tifton, GA, to determine the benefits of stale seedbed weed control in cucumber. Three stale seedbed management systems—(1) power till stale seedbeds twice (2 ×), (2) glyphosate application immediately after planting, and (3) combination system of stale seedbeds power tilled once 2 wk prior to planting followed by glyphosate application immediately after planting cucumber—were evaluated as main plots. Subplots were weed management systems after planting cucumber: intensive, basic, and cultivation alone. Weed densities were generally greater in 1996 and 1997 than in 1995. Yellow nutsedge was the overall predominant species in 1995 (46 plants m−2), with Florida pusley being the predominant species in 1996 and 1997, at 80 and 124 plants m−2, respectively. Generally, stale seedbeds shallow tilled 2 × had fewer weeds and greater cucumber yields than stale seedbeds treated with glyphosate. Glyphosate did not adequately control emerged Florida pusley on stale seedbeds, resulting in reduced cucumber yield. Clomazone preemergence and bentazon/halosulfuron postemergence were used for broadleaf weed control in the intensive weed management system. These herbicides injured cucumber plants, delayed maturity, and reduced yield. Based on our results, stale seedbeds shallow tilled 2 × can be integrated into cucumber production and provide effective cultural weed control. Furthermore, these systems will replace the need for potentially injurious herbicides.
48
SHARMA, M. P. "THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 74. Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, n. 2 (1 aprile 1986): 381–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-052.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn, is an annual plant that has been grown as food for human and domestic animal consumption in the Canadian maritime provinces, but it is a serious weed in north central and north eastern Alberta and in certain parts of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The weed occurs in a wide variety of habitats, including spring cereal and oilseed crop fields, waste places and roadsides. It causes reduced crop yields, dockage losses, cleaning costs, lowering of grade and quality, and necessitates costly chemical and cultural control measures. Fagopyrum tataricum seeds are difficult to remove from wheat. The weed can be controlled with a number of foliage-applied herbicides.Key words: Weed biology, tartary buckwheat, sarrasin de tartarie, Fagopyrum tataricum
49
BERNASOR, P. C., e S. K. DATTA. "Chemical and cultural control of bulrush (Scirpus maritimus L.) and annual weeds in lowland rice (Oryza sativa L.)". Weed Research 26, n. 4 (agosto 1986): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1986.tb00702.x.
Testo completo
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Levy, Ronald J., Jason A. Bond, Eric P. Webster, James L. Griffin e Steven D. Linscombe. "Effect of Cultural Practices on Weed Control and Crop Response in Imidazolinone-Tolerant Rice". Weed Technology 20, n. 1 (marzo 2006): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-05-099r.1.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Field research was conducted for 3 yr to evaluate crop response and weed control under conventional and reduced tillage in drill- and water-seeded imidazolinone-tolerant (IT) rice culture. Imazethapyr was applied at 70 g ai/ha PRE followed by (fb) imazethapyr at 70 g/ha applied POST to three- to four-leaf rice or at 105 g/ha PRE fb 70 g/ha POST. In both conventional and reduced tillage systems, imazethapyr applied PRE fb POST at 70 g ai/ha controlled red rice, barnyardgrass, Amazon sprangletop, and rice flatsedge 87 to 99% 35 d after POST treatment (DAT). At 35 DAT, Indian jointvetch control with sequential applications of imazethapyr was as high as 70% in water-seeded rice but no more than 54% in drill-seeded rice. Tillage, seeding method, and imazethapyr rate had no effect on days to 50% heading, seeds per panicle, seed weight per panicle, or percentage of seed harvest. However, a reduction of 27% in days to 50% heading, 80% in seeds per panicle, 84% in seed weight per panicle, and 100% in percentage seed harvest index occurred when imazethapyr was not applied because of weed interference. Culm number was reduced 28%, and culm weight 32% under reduced tillage compared with conventional tillage. With sequential applications of imazethapyr at 70 g/ha, rice yield was 63% greater when rice was water-seeded compared with drill-seeded. No differences in tillage systems for weed control, days to 50% heading, seed number, seed weight per panicle, percent seed, panicle height, lodging, or yield were observed. Results of these experiments demonstrate imazethapyr will effectively control weeds in both water- and drill-seeded rice and that reduced tillage can be used without negatively affecting rice production.