Tesi: "Watercourses"

1

Denk, B. Erdem. "Relative sovereignty over international watercourses : rights and obligations of watercourse states." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528648.

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2

Shepard, Dawn Joy. "Modeling water temperature in small agricultural drainage watercourses." Online access for everyone, 2005. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Summer2005/D%5FShepard%5F061505.pdf.

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3

Olsson, Cecilia. "Amphibian and reptile distribution in forests adjacent to watercourses." Thesis, Karlstad University, Faculty of Social and Life Sciences, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-3301.

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Abstract (sommario):

Worldwide amphibians and reptiles are declining with habitat fragmentation and destruction as the primary cause. Riparian areas are important for the herpetofauna, but as land is converted to agriculture or harvested for timber the areas are diminishing. The aim of this study was to examine amphibian and reptile abundance in relation to distance from water and in relation to habitat characteristics, foremost per cent deciduous trees. The survey was conducted during spring at six different locations, with continuous forest along streams or rivers, outside of Karlstad, Sweden. Animals were searched along four lines parallel to the water and each study area was visited five times. Statistical analyses were made for grass snake (Natrix natrix), common lizard (Lacerta vivipara) and frogs with joined data of common frog (Rana temporaria) and moor frog (R. arvalis). As expected both reptiles were positively correlated with per cent deciduous trees, with the strongest significance for the common lizard. For grass snake there was also a difference between survey periods, which might reflect the importance of weather. Frogs revealed no trends to trees, but there was a significant difference for habitat characteristics like amount woody debris and per cent bare ground. None of the species were correlated with distance from water which was surprising, especially for the frogs which is more dependent on water than the reptiles. Grass snakes hunt in the water, but the common lizard has no such associations to the water, yet the latter did reveal a slight trend towards being more numerous closer to the water. The causes behind lacking correlation to distance from water may be many, but water characteristics seem very important. Many amphibians prefer warm and calm ponds over running water that in general are colder and likely to inhabit more predators. It was assumed that the amphibians breed in the streams or rivers, but it is possible that other water bodies may have served as breeding sites, which mean the starting point was incorrect.

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4

Wessollek, Christine, Pierre Karrasch, and Marie-Luise Kautz. "Surface irradiance estimations on watercourses with remote sensing data." SPIE, 2018. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35177.

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The vegetation in the riparian zone of a watercourse in fluences the water state with multiple factors, first via direct substance discharge and secondly via shadow casting on the water surface. Shadowing directly regulates the solar radiant energy arriving at the water surface. Solar radiation input to aquatic environments is the most important abiotic factor for aquatic flora and fauna habitat development. Thus, to adequately asses the ecological state of water courses it is necessary to quantify the solar surface irradiance E (W=m2) arriving on the water surface. When estimating the solar surface irradiance the complex coherence between incoming solar radiation, atmospheric in uences, and spatial-temporal geometries need to be investigated. This work established a work flow to compute the solar surface irradiance for water bodies using different remote sensing data. The work flow was tested on regional level for a section of the river Freiberger Mulde, Saxony, for the year 2016. Product of the calculations is a map visualising the annual sum of the solar surface irradiance (kWh=m2) arriving on the Freiberger Mulde water surface and the surrounding terrain. Based on these information bio-hydrological issues can be further examinated.

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5

Raven, Paul John. "Ecological effect of two-stage flood relief channels on River Roding, Essex, England." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318554.

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The River Roding near Abridge, Essex was monitored during 1979-82 to assess the short-term ecological effects of recent and contemporary river engineering works on a small, rural watercourse. Increased environmental awareness by Thames Water Authority river engineers and scientists resulted in implementation of an ecologically-sensitive flood alleviation scheme which provided an ideal opportunity for a pioneer case study. Sampling procedure was designed to describe aquatic and riparian habitats, flora and fauna along the watercourse. An extensive, 27 Jan survey revealed that the middle Roding was a typical, highly modified clay river, with limited conservation value. Intensive, continuous monitoring was confined to a 5km stretch; with reference to annual variations recorded in a control site, ecological change produced by three phases of engineering works between 1974 and 1980, each involving two-stage flood relief channels, are described. The magnitude of disturbance to the original habitat determined ecological impact. Retention of in-channel and waterside habitats ensured normal vegetation growth the following Spring, benefitting dragonflies and fish; furthermore, the subsequent development of a richer 'channel-margin' flora produced an increase in waterbird territories. By contrast, excavation below water level severely retarded waterside vegetation recovery, while construction of a trapezoidal, concrete-lined channel produced an impoverished environment which greatly reduced habitat diversity. Silting, plus greater aquatic plant growth in response to increased light levels caused by berm excavation, reduced channel discharge capacity, accentuated by dense Phalaris arundinacea stands on unmanaged berms subject to regular summer inundation. An hydraulically efficient two-stage profile which improves riverine wildlife potential could be produced by retention of the original dry-weather channel; excavation, from one bark, of shallow flood berms which remain dry throughout the summer; tree-planting to counter the effects of increased light; sowing low-profile grasses; and regular grazing or cutting of berm vegetation.

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6

Koberwein, Manuela de Franca Doria Farrajota Luciano. "The principle of co-operation in the law of international watercourses." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444161/.

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In international law, co-operation is a general concept applied in a variety of contexts. In the context of the law of international watercourses, the general obligation to co-operate and the procedural rules it comprises have a crucial role to play in the implementation of the substantive principles of equitable and reasonable utilisation and of diligent prevention of transboundary harm. The problems lie in the identification of the scope of the obligation, its specific content, legal status and application. The principal objective pursued in this thesis is to present a detailed examination of the nature, scope, specific content, application, and consequences of non-compliance with the obligation to co-operate in the particular context of the law of international watercourses, in order to contribute to the clarification of this vague but fundamental principle. To illustrate how the theories relating to the obligation to co-operate on international watercourses can be translated into concrete acts, several examples are provided, including planned works in a basin State such as dams. Due to the variety and the nature of the issues involved in the context of international watercourses, an interdisciplinary approach was adopted between law and geography. This approach permits the sharing of insights and information, and a better understanding of several technical questions presented to the international lawyer when dealing with international watercourses. The thesis finally presents conclusions regarding the evolution and consolidation of the principle of co-operation, and assesses the feasibility of constructing and securing wider acceptance for a model of co-operation and the potential utility of such a model.

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7

Torrijo, Ximena Fuentes. "The criteria of equitable utilization of international watercourses in general international law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312747.

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8

Hytteborn, Julia. "Water Quality in Swedish Lakes and Watercourses : Modeling the Intra-Annual Variability." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-234480.

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Water quality is of great importance for ecosystems and society. This thesis characterized and modeled the variation in several key constituents of Swedish surface waters, with particular consideration given to intra-annual variability and sensitivity to climate change. Cyanobacterial data from 29 lakes and basins as well as total organic carbon (TOC) from 215 watercourses were used. Extensive data on catchment characteristics, morphometry, discharge, temperature and other water chemistry data were also analyzed. Models characterizing the seasonality in cyanobacterial concentration and relative cyanobacterial abundance were developed with common lake variables. Concentrations of TOC, iron and absorbance were simulated using discharge, seasonality and long-term trend terms in the Fluxmaster modeling system. Spatial patterns in these model terms were investigated, and the sensitivity of cyanobacteria and TOC to future climate was explored. Nutrients were the major control on cyanobacterial concentration seasonality, while temperature was more important for relative cyanobacterial abundance. No cyanobacterial blooms occurred below a total phosphorus threshold of 20 µg l-1. Discharge and seasonality explained much of the intra-annual variability in TOC, but catchment characteristics could only explain a limited amount of the spatial patterns in the sensitivity to these influences. North of Limes Norrlandicus the discharge term had a larger impact on the TOC concentration in large catchments than in small catchments, while south of Limes Norrlandicus the seasonality had a larger impact in small catchments than in larger catchments. According to the climate change scenarios, both TOC and cyanobacterial concentrations will be higher in the future. The cyanobacterial dominance will start earlier and persist longer. The spring TOC concentration peak will come earlier. The changes in TOC loads are more uncertain due to predicted declines in discharge. Parsimonious statistical regression models could explain observed variability in cyanobacteria and TOC. For predictions, these models assume that future aquatic ecosystems will exhibit the same sensitivity to major drivers as in the past. If this proves not to be the case, the modeling can serve as a sentinel for changing catchment function as indicated by degradation in model performance when calibrations on older data are used to model later observations.

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9

Upreti, Trilochan. "Equitable utilisation of international watercourses : a case study of India and Nepal." Thesis, University of Reading, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.402612.

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10

Kawas, M. "Studies of sediment erosion and of the geometry of sediment carrying watercourses." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.371314.

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11

Lee, Jing. "Preservation of ecosystems of international watercourses and the integration of relevant rules." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2012. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/e16f8171-0fcb-451b-8926-747a3264981e.

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The unprecedented degradation of freshwater ecosystems due to the rampant exploitation of water resources re-establishes the importance of preserving freshwater ecosystems in order to ensure their continued viability that supports the attainment of sustainable development. This concern is addressed in Article 20 of the 1997 Watercourses Convention that specifically provides for the preservation of ecosystems of international watercourses. However, the interpretation and the subsequent application of this obligation are complicated by the proliferation of international instruments concerning the environment, which leads to the fragmentation of international law. In response to the apprehension raised over the undesirable consequences of the fragmentation of international law, the potential of Article 31(3)(c) of the 1969 Vienna Convention as an interpretative mechanism that enables the systemic integration of rules has come into the limelight. The objective of the present thesis, titled ‘Preservation of Ecosystems of International Watercourses and the Integration of Relevant Rules’ is to develop a interpretative framework for the operationalisation of Article 31(3)(c) that allows the full realisation of its potential as a tool of integration. A three-tier operationalisation framework that re-interprets the salient features of Article 31(3)(c) through the prism of an interactional understanding of international law is developed and executed through Chapters Two to Eight, where Chapter Nine provides a general conclusion of the thesis. The reconstruction of existing interpretation of Article 31(3)(c) provides a new understanding of this Article, which enables the realisation of its systemic integration potential. The application of this framework of operationalisation in the interpretation of the obligation to preserve ecosystems of international watercourses stipulated under Article 20 reflects contemporaneous development in international environmental law, and enhances the normative content and scope of Article 20.

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12

Seebacher, Lizbeth Ann. "Phalaris arundinacea control and riparian restoration within agricultural watercourses in King County, Washington /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/5586.

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13

Lotze, Wendy. "Reclaiming Forgotten Corridors; An Urban Greenway System Utilizing Secondary Watercourses in Tucson, Arizona." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193296.

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Like many cities in the western United States, Tucson, Arizona, was developed on a geometrically determined grid system, with streets aligned with a preset north-south/east-west alignment that paid little heed to the area's natural features and topography. Through necessity, certain watercourses were maintained to help deal with the occasional and sometimes severe flood waters that converge upon the area - however, these features were hidden within, or in some cases under, the urban matrix. This study seeks to examine how secondary watercourses can be partnered with other open space features to create a regional greenway system that connects desirable destinations throughout the city. Special focus is placed upon identification of public open spaces and amenities as destinations. Through the integration of destination-based design, greenway experiences become more rewarding and thus more valuable to the user, motivating preservation of these corridors which would ultimately benefit both the community and the natural environment.

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14

Malla, Katak B. "The legal regime of international watercourses : progress and paradigms regarding uses and environmental protection /." Stockholm : Department of Law, Stockholm University, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-350.

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15

Contardo, Jara Valeska. "Physiological biomarkers in moderate sensitive aquatic invertebrates for water quality assessment in urban watercourses." Berlin dissertation.de, 2008. http://d-nb.info/990963586/04.

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16

Menniken, Timo. "Hydrological regionalism in the Mekong and the Nile Basin international politics along transboundary watercourses." Hamburg Kovač, 2008. http://d-nb.info/999017128/04.

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17

Patton, Jennifer Louise. "Integrating Pedestrian Needs and Bird Habitat in Trial Design Along Secondary Watercourses in Tucson, AZ." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/190198.

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Assessment of semi-natural landscapes in urban areas for habitat and human recreation has greater relevance as natural open space around cities disappears. Secondary watercourses can potentially serve as urban wildlife habitat and provide trail networks connecting to the urban mosaic and nearby natural areas. These areas also could extend bird watching into urban areas, an activity that is significantly increasing. This study focused on compatibility of bird habitat with a pedestrian greenway along a secondary watercourse in Tucson, AZ. Creating native bird habitat was emphasized due to the decreasing numbers of native species in Tucson’s urban core. The following question was addressed: What are the most significant criteria for creating native bird habitat and how can these be integrated with a pedestrian trail appropriate for secondary watercourses in Tucson? Guidelines integrating trail design and bird habitat were developed. These guidelines serve to guide future trail and habitat planning along undeveloped secondary watercourses in this region.

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18

VASSONEY, ERICA. "Multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) for the sustainable management of water withdrawals in Alpine watercourses." Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/11583/2973093.

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19

Pichyakorn, Bantita. "Sustainable development of international watercourses in international law : a case study of the Mekong River Basin." Thesis, Middlesex University, 2003. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/13520/.

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The conflicts between environmental protection and the need to promote developmental growth are becoming increasingly imperative. The concept of sustainable development was created to reconcile the above conflict between these two extremes in order to ensure that an adequate quantity of natural resources and a good quality of environment are preserved for longer term purposes and for the uses of future generations. This study examines the development of this concept at international level and its impacts upon international law governing the use of international watercourses in particular. The Mekong River Basin is analysed as a case study in order to illustrate that this concept has given rise to development of the legal framework of this region. To examine these issues, this study is divided into five chapters. It begins by dealing with development of the concept of sustainable development at international level and issues arising from the law in the field of sustainable development after Rio. Chapter 2 focuses on the impact of this concept upon international watercourses law. Chapter 3 emphasises the significance of the effects of sustainable development upon the legal framework of the Mekong River Basin as indicated in the 1995 Mekong Agreement. Mechanisms adopted in this instrument to implement the above concept are also analysed. Chapter 4 illustrates problems and prospects regarding implementation of the concept of sustainable development and operation of the 1995 Mekong Agreement. Chapter 5 presents a conclusion of the study. This thesis shows that sustainable development is a difficult concept to define and implement. The Mekong Agreement makes an attempt, a laudable one, to implement certain aspects of it in relation to an international watercourse. Some aspects are successfully implemented but some are not. The Mekong Agreement is an important treaty from environmental, sustainable development and water resources points of view.

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20

Moynihan, Ruby Mahana. "The contribution of the UNECE water regime to international law on transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31049.

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Achieving global water sustainability through a resilient international legal architecture presents one of the most pressing challenges within our resource finite planet. A staggering 42 percent of the total land area of the earth is covered by transboundary river basins, where more than 40 percent of the global population lives and depends on the ecosystem services of the 286 transboundary river basins and 200 transboundary aquifers stretching across the political boundaries of 151 countries. There is already evidence of water resources becoming a source of conflict in many regions and constraining a whole myriad of securities – climate, human, environmental, food, economic, energy – on various levels of society. The international legal architecture to manage this critical natural resource is the overarching area of inquiry in this thesis, and requires improvement to address current and predicted future transboundary water challenges, conflicts and strengthen cooperation. Despite the establishment of around 690 river basin treaties, many of these agreements completely miss or provide unclear provisions on principles and rules of international water law. Until recently there was no legally binding global treaty on transboundary watercourses and customary international law has provided the default rules in the absence of agreements and facilitated the re-interpretation of older agreements in accordance with the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties. Now there are potentially two global treaties, with the recent entry into force of the 1997 UN Watercourses Convention and the global opening up of the 1992 pan-regional United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Water Convention, to all UN member states. There is also a plethora of other international environmental legal and non-legally binding instruments, indirectly addressing international law relevant to transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems. Legal regimes for the protection and use of international river basins cannot be interpreted and applied in isolation from other relevant norms of international environmental and general international law. This thesis seeks to understand the rising role and contribution of regional approaches relevant to international law on transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems. More specifically it explores the contribution of the UNECE Water Convention and other relevant UNECE environmental instruments as a structurally distinctive ‘regime’. This thesis introduces a novel conception of a broader ‘UNECE water regime’ which includes the Water Convention, the Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-making and Access to Justice (Aarhus Convention), the Convention on Transboundary Environmental Impact Assessment (Espoo Convention), the Convention on the Transboundary Effects of Industrial Accidents, as well as their protocols and non-binding instruments. This research demonstrates how these instruments and their institutions can be interpreted and understood to form a common framework of rules, principles and approaches which fills critical gaps in basin treaties, and collectively contributes to the clarification and development of international law on transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems. This analysis also explores institutional interaction and coordination between and beyond the UNECE pan-regional agreements, as well as the role of soft law or non-binding instruments, and state and non-state actors in the regime. This thesis seeks to contribute to a more coherent understanding of the relationship between the UNECE water regime, international water law, international environmental law and general international law. The UNECE water regime has contributed to clarifying many of the cornerstone rules and principles of international water law and it is argued that the UNECE water regime is lex specialis, which can and mostly does go beyond the UN Watercourses Convention. The UNECE water regime has also arguably spearheaded a paradigm shift in international water law, which sees it moving beyond its historically predominant focus on issues of transboundary impact and utilisation towards a stronger ecosystem orientated approach to environmental protection and equitable use of transboundary river basins. This research identifies key elements of an ecosystem approach, drawing from international environmental and international water law and demonstrates how the ecosystem approach, including ecosystem services, as supported by the UNECE water regime, affects interpretation of international water law towards enhancing ecosystem protection and intra-state equity. This research also explores how the UNECE regime goes beyond what exists elsewhere in international law and international water law on public participation and access to justice. Finally, this research examines the contribution of the UNECE regime vis-à-vis international and European Union water law, across the spectrum of pan-European river basins, especially focusing on the Danube, Sava and Western Bug basins. The UNECE water regime is the most evolved pan-regional regime of its kind, providing ambitious detailed standards and clarification of rules and principles relevant to transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems. It also provides a valuable model of institutional cooperation, progressively engaging state and non-state actors. As this regime takes steps towards realising its global ambition, with almost all instruments now open to all UN member states, and the recent accession by Chad to the Water Convention, this analysis demonstrates why this is predominantly a positive endeavour but also highlights potential challenges and hurdles. This research thus explores the implications and benefits of the UNECE’s rising role in strengthening the international legal architecture to protect the world’s fragile transboundary watercourses and freshwater ecosystems.

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21

Kaya, Ibrahim. "The law of the non-navigational uses of international watercourses : in search of a governing principle." Thesis, Keele University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.311722.

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22

Allen, David Andrew. "Electrical conductivity imaging of aquifers connected to watercourses : a thesis focused on the Murray Darling Basin, Australia." University of Technology, Sydney. Faculty of Science, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2100/428.

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Electrical imaging of groundwater that interacts with surface watercourses provides detail on the extent of intervention needed to accurately manage both resources. It is particularly important where one resource is saline or otherwise polluted, where spatial quantification of the interacting resources is critical to water use planning and where losses from surface waterways need to be minimized in order to transport water long distances. Geo-electric arrays or transient electromagnetic devices can be towed along watercourses to image electrical conductivity (EC) at multiple depths within and beneath those watercourses. It has been found that in such environments, EC is typically related primarily to groundwater salinity and secondarily to clay content. Submerged geo-electric arrays can detect detailed canal-bottom variations if correctly designed. Floating arrays pass obstacles easily and are good for surveying constricted rivers and canals. Transient electromagnetic devices detect saline features clearly but have inferior ability to detect fine changes just below beds of watercourses. All require that water depth be measured by sonar or pressure sensors for successful elimination of effects of the water layer on the data. The meandering paths of rivers and canals, combined with the sheer volume of data typically acquired in waterborne surveys, results in a geo-referencing dilemma that cannot be accommodated using either 2D imaging or 3D voxel imaging. Because of this, software was developed by the author which allows users to view vertical section images wrapped along meandering paths in 3D space so that they resemble ribbons. Geo-electric arrays suitable for simultaneous imaging of both shallow and deep strata need exponentially spread receiver electrodes and elongated transmitter electrodes. In order to design and facilitate such arrays, signed monopole notation for arrays with iv segmented elongated electrodes was developed. The new notation greatly simplified generalized geo-electric array equations and led to processing efficiency. It was used in the development of new array design software and automated inversion software including a new technique for stable inversion of datasets including data with values below noise level. The Allen Exponential Bipole (AXB) array configuration was defined as a collinear arrangement of 2 elongated transmitter electrodes followed by receiver electrodes spaced exponentially from the end of the second transmitter electrode. A method for constructing such geo-electric arrays for use in rivers and canals was developed and the resulting equipment was refined during the creation of an extensive set of EC imaging case studies distributed across canals and rivers of the Australian Murray- Darling Basin. Man made and natural variations in aquifers connected to those canals and rivers have been clearly and precisely identified in more than 1000 kilometres of EC imagery.

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23

Järschel, Theresa, and Jörg Willecke. "Maßnahmenplanung gemäß EG-WRRL Kleine Spree." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-85299.

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Mit landschaftsplanerischen und wasserbaulichen Maßnahmen soll die Kleine Spree gemäß EG-WRRL einen guten Zustand erreichen. Das 40 km lange Nebengewässer der Spree ist stark vom Braunkohlenbergbau beeinflusst. Der Bericht beschreibt und bewertet den Ist-Zustand der Kleinen Spree, analysiert die Defizite und leitet die Maßnahmen für einen guten ökologischen Zustand ab. Für die Gewässerabschnitte wurden Pläne zur Renaturierung im Maßstab von 1:10.000 erstellt. Sie basieren auf dem Strahlquellen- und Trittsteinprinzip, bei dem ökologisch gute und sehr gute Abschnitte so im Gewässerverlauf platziert werden, dass die Strahlwirkung das gesamte Gewässer umfasst.

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24

Jones, Patricia. "The application of equitable and reasonable utilisation to transboundary water resources disputes : lessons from international practice." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2009. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/5d4b8fd3-466a-4856-9954-987ff75ea20f.

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Abstract (sommario):

Water resources located in more than one country are complex systems governed by customary international law embodied in a rule known as equitable and reasonable utilisation, a recent development in international law not yet been applied by an international tribunal to resolve a dispute or to allocate transboundary water resources between countries. Water scarcity on a global scale has reached critical proportions with 1.1 billion people without access to sufficient safe water for personal and domestic use; over half that number depend on transboundary watercourses that will disappear over the next century. Conflicts of use over shared water resource have the potential to escalate into armed conflict; certainty in the peaceful means to avoid and resolve disputes is needed. The thesis examines international procedural practice and jurisprudence applying equitable principles in a case study to illustrate how equitable and reasonable utilisation may be applied by an international tribunal. The survey of international practice will inform States about procedural options for dispute avoidance and resolution in disputes over the use of transboundary water resources.

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25

Morris, Colleen, and ms_colleen_morris@hotmail com. "Water paths and the landscape: poetry of water paths watercourses waterways and rivers - fluid links between artists, ecology and the environment." RMIT University. Art, 2006. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080702.144923.

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My project is a tribute to all water paths, waterways and rivers. It is an acknowledgement of their global significance, and of their mysterious and mythic presence in legend and history. The main body of the research and studio practice focuses on the Murray-Darling River System. Contained within the research there is a store of personal knowledge and memories of a complex river network. I view this research as my personal tribute. Some of the most important environmental challenges currently faced by us as a community in the twenty first century are water quality and water usage. By understanding and integrating people's needs, and ensuring that the communities in the Basin are able to engage in the process of change, a sense of identity can be fostered, so that long - term sustainability becomes a shared goal. Salinity, algal blooms, trading water property rights, and establishing a balance between the needs of the environment and the needs of the communities in the consumption of water are some of the strategies that are planned under the Murray - Darling Basin Initiative. For my exploration into the environment, ecology and poetry of water paths, I have researched and will discuss the work of a number of contemporary visual artists, and quoted from works of both writers and poets, to further illustrate aspects of a water path and landscape environment. My selection is primarily governed by artworks that specifically reference the human traces that mark or imprint on the landscape, water paths in the riverine landscape and the linked ecology. By reflecting on the broader position of water, its usage and control, it can be seen how this factor relates to the health of our ecological environment, and the most likely impact water usage and control will have in the future. Through both studio research and exegesis, I encapsulate a key part of childhood memory and significance of place, and established a sense of its importance within my integral identity. Simultaneo usly, the research explores the duality of this river environment and its atmospheric moods. I encompass the meditative qualities and beauty of this specific river environment, and include some investigation of social and ecological factors related to the presence and usage of water in the Murray - Darling Basin.

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26

Vystavna, Yuliya. "Environmental and socio-economic determinants, their impacts on trace metals and pharmaceuticals in watercourses : a comparison on two watersheds of France and Ukraine." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14486/document.

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Les objectifs de cette étude comparative de deux bassins versants en France et en Ukraine» sont de trois ordres : i) déterminer l’occurrence des micropolluants émergents (métaux traces et molécules pharmaceutiques) dans les eaux de surface, ii) permettre leur évaluation qualitative et quantitative et enfin iii) estimer leur distribution en fonction du contexte socio-économique. Cette recherche porte sur l'analyse de l'origine, sur les propriétés physico-chimiques et sur le comportement des micropolluants (métaux traces et molécules pharmaceutiques) dans les eaux de surface des rivières Jalle (Bordeaux, France) et Udy & Lopan (Kharkiv, Ukraine). Un suivi des métaux traces et des produits pharmaceutiques dans les eaux naturelles de surface dans différents contextes et conditions climatiques a été réalisé. La description et l'analyse des facteurs environnementaux et socio-économiques influençant l’hydrochimie locale en vue de conclure sur l’opportunité et l'intérêt des micropolluants émergents comme indicateurs anthropiques du contexte socio-économique et environnemental d‘un bassin versant ont été mis en œuvre. L’étude a combiné des techniques de prélèvements d’échantillons d’eau classiques et par capteurs passifs in situ. L’analyse semi quantitative des micropolluants émergents a porté sur les métaux traces (sonde DGT) et les produits pharmaceutiques (POCIS). L’usage de ces capteurs a permis d’évaluer les différentes formes d'éléments, les sources, les variations saisonnières et spatiales, l'accumulation et les risques environnementaux. A partir des données environnementales collectées, acquises, actualisées et validées il a été possible de modéliser la consommation régionale de médicaments dans le cas de (1) la région de Kharkiv, en Ukraine, sur les rivières Lopan et Udy du bassin Seversky Donets et (2) la région de Bordeaux, en France, sur la rivière Jalle, du bassin de la Garonne. Les sites ont été sélectionnés pour représenter une diversité tant du point de vue de l'état de pollution des eaux (nature et flux) que de celui du paysage socio-économique (contexte urbain, social et indicateurs économiques). Les résultats majeurs de cette étude sont : (i) méthodologique pour le développement et la validation de protocoles d’échantillonnage classique et passif (intérêt, limites, recommandations), ii) analytique quant à la mesure des éléments traces des eaux de surface naturelles dans des conditions extrêmes, iii) scientifique par l’obtention d’un jeu de données sur l’hydrochimie des éléments traces ( présence, accumulation, origine et variabilité spatiale et temporelle et iv) prospectif quant à l’usage des métaux traces et de produits pharmaceutiques comme traceurs anthropiques de l’état des eaux naturelles de surfaces et reflet du contexte socio-économique. La modélisation socio-économique (statistique) et environnementale (balance de masse) aide à comprendre l’évolution de la qualité des eaux de surface dans leur contexte régional et permet d’identifier certains contaminants comme des indicateurs des activités anthropiques d’un bassin versant et permet de définir une typologie. L’ensemble des résultats de la thèse sont présentés sous la forme d'articles publiés ou soumis dans des revues scientifiques internationales The PhD study focuses on the understanding of processes of the impact of environmental and socio-economic determinants on the occurrence, accumulation and distribution of trace metals and pharmaceuticals in urban watercourses. The research has been based on the analysis of the origin; physico-chemical properties and behavior of trace pollutants. The study was performed in two general steps: (i) monitoring of trace metals and pharmaceuticals in natural waters; (ii) description and analysis of environmental and socio-economic determinants that influence the water chemistry and (iii) evaluation of trace pollutants as environmental and socio-economic indicators. The monitoring of trace metals in natural water was proceed using the combination of passive and grab water sampling techniques, in order to evaluate various forms of elements, sources, seasonal and spatial variations, accumulation and environmental risks associated with the presence of contaminants in the study areas. The monitoring of pharmaceuticals was done using passive sensors to determine their capacity to register chemicals variation in time and adequation to use environmental data for the regional medicament consumption modeling. Monitoring data were also investigated in term of potential applications of trace metals and pharmaceuticals as environmental and socio-economic indicators. Two study sites were chosen: (1) the Kharkiv region in Ukraine where research was focused on the Lopan and Udy rivers of the Seversky Donets water basin and (2) the Bordeaux region in France where water monitoring was done in the Jalle River, Garonne water basin. Sites were mainly selected to represent the water pollution status in different socio-economic regions. General PhD results can be described as follows:1. The methodology for pilot and continuous monitoring of trace elements in the water with combination of traditional (grab) and innovative (passive) sampling procedures help to get data on trace elements presence, accumulation and sources, considering time variations.2. The analysis of trace metals and pharmaceuticals in two river basins of France and Ukraine and determination of environmental factors that impact on the occurrence, accumulation and distribution of these chemicals.3. The establishment of links between regional socio-economic issues and water quality data. The socio-economic and environmental modeling helps us to understand the water pollution process in regional context and give the opportunity to propose contaminants as tracers of anthropogenic activities and water quality assessment.Results of the PhD study are presented in the form of published or submitted peer-reviewed articles Диссертация «Экологические и социально-экономические факторы распространения металлов и фармацевтических веществ в природных водах: на примере рек Харькова, Украина и Бордо, Франция» на соискание степени Доктора Философии (Environmental Science) подготовлена в рамках договора о научном сотрудничестве и совместном руководстве между Университетом Бордо, Франция и Харьковской национальной академией городского хозяйства, Украина.Актуальность работы связана с сушествующими проблемами мониторинга природных вод, недостатком исследований микро-загрязнителей водотоков как во Франции, так и в Украине, существующим экологическим риском, который возникает при поступлении и накоплении металов и фармацевтических веществ в урбанизированных водотоках, а также возможностью использования химических веществ в качестве экологических и социально – экономических индикаторов. Целью диссертационной работы стало усовершенствование методов мониторинга микро-загрязнителей в природных водах и оценка возможности использования отдельных микро-загрязнителей в качестве экологических и социально-экономических показателей. Предметом исследования являются экологические и социально-экономические факторы, влияющие на распространение металлов и фармацевтических веществ в природных водах. Объектом исследования стали реки Уды и Лопань, Харьковская область, Украина и река Жаль, регион Бордо, Франция.Основные задачи: (1) провести мониторинг рек на различные формы металлов и фармацевтические вещества с применением стандартных и инновационных (пассивных) методов отбора проб; (2) опеределить экологические и социально- экономические факторы, которые влияют на распространение микрозагрязнителей в природных водах; (3) изучить возможность использования металлов и фармацевтических веществ в качестве индикаторов антропогенного загрязнения природных вод.В результате проведенных исследований был: Впервые: (а) осуществлен мониторинг лабильных форм металлов в реках бассейна Северского Донца, в результате которого определены концентрации токсичных металлов в водотоках, источники и количество их поступления; (б) проведен мониторинг фармацевтических веществ в природных водах Украины, (в) определены концентрации и основные источники поступления фармацевтических препаратов и удельные показатели потребления различных медикаментов в Харьковском регионе; Усовершенствованы: (а) методика проведения мониторинга воды за счет применения стандартных и инновационных пассивных методов отбора проб воды в контрастных климатических и гидрологических условиях с целью исследования различных форм загрязнителей и их временных вариаций; (б) балансово-статистическая модель, которая позволяет использовать данные мониторинга природных вод для социально-экономической характеристики регионов – водопользователей; Предложены:(а) система определения геохимического фона рек на основании торий – нормализованных концентраций металлов в донных отложениях; (б) метод использование металлов и фармацевтических веществ в качестве индикаторов поступления сточных вод для идентификации несанкционированных сбросов.Основу диссертационного исследования составили натурные данные полевых исследований рек Харькова и Бордо, которые были организованы и проведены с непосредственным участием автора в 2008 – 2011 гг. Большинство лабораторных анализов было лично проведено автором в сертифицированных лабораториях Университета Бордо и Университета Орлеан, Франция.Диссертация имеет теоретическое и практическое значение для дальнейшего развития мониторинга природных вод, а также повышения уровня экологической и социальной безопасности в регионах. По теме опубликовано 4 статьи в международных журналах с высоким ИМПАКТ фактором, а также 5 статей в изданиях, реглиментированных ВАК Украины и России

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Adomėlytė, Elija. "Compliance and enforcement mechanisms in UNECE environmental Agreements: case of the UNECE convention on the protection and use of trans-boundary watercourses and international lakes." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2009~D_20100224_104317-40656.

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This master thesis researches, compares, analyses and critically evaluates compliance and enforcement mechanisms in UNECE environmental agreements in order to facilitate creation of the compliance mechanism under Water Convention. Absence of compliance mechanism starts impeding fluent functioning of Water Convention and has to be urgently established. Necessity for the compliance mechanism arises from the set of important factors: need to ensure full implementation and compliance with the Water Convention – an agreement of exceptional value and significance to our society because if governs fresh water resources; the problems of implementation and compliance arising under Convention and absence of an institute/third party able to search for solutions and give adequate and prompt responses. To begin with, up to date Water Convention is the only one functioning fresh water agreement of this kind in the world and full compliance with its requirements is the highest priority. It establishes a framework for cooperation and action in the field of trans-boundary fresh water resource management affecting area of more than 150 major rivers and 50 large lakes and their populations and has a potential to become global. Recently Parties to the Convention acknowledged the fact that they are facing certain problems related to implementation and compliance of the Convention: problems of implementation and their settlement; prevention or management of existing or potential differences in... [to full text] Magistro baigiamajame darbe išanalizuoti, palyginti ir kritiškai įvertinti Jungtinių Tautų Europos Ekonomikos Komisijos aplinkos apsaugos sutarčių įgyvendinimo užtikrinimo mechanizmai, siekiant palengvinti tokio mechanizmo kūrimą Vandens konvencijai. Sutarties įgyvendinimo užtikrinimo mechanizmo nebuvimas pradeda trukdyti efektyviam konvencijos funkcionavimui ir turi būti skubiai įdiegtas. Toks mechanizmas reikalingas dėl šių pagrindinių priežasčių: būtinybės užtikrinti visišką Vandens konvencijos (kuri yra ypatingai svarbi gamtai ir visuomenei, nes reguliuoja vandens resursus) reikalavimų įgyvendinimą, vykdymą ir laikymąsi, daugėjančių problemų, kylančių dėl konvencijos įgyvendinimo ir laikymosi, bei nebuvimo jokio instituto, galinčio adekvačiai ir greitai reaguoti bei pateikti tinkamą atsaką ir efektyvų sprendimą. Vandens konvencija yra vienintelis pasaulyje funkcionuojantis tokio pobūdžio susitarimas ir dėl to visiškas jos reikalavimų įgyvendinimo užtikrinimas yra aukščiausias prioritetas. Konvencija reguliuoja tarptautinių vandens resursų apsaugą bei naudojimą, šalių veiklą ir bendradarbiavimą teritorijoje, apimančioje daugiau kaip 150 didžiausių upių bei 50 didelių ežerų. Ji stipriai veikia šių teritorijų gyventojus bei ateityje gali tapti pasauline konvencija. Konvencijos šalys pripažino faktą, jog pastaruoju metu jos susiduria su šiomis problemomis, susijusiomis su įgyvendinimu bei laikymusi: konvencijos įgyvendinimo problemos bei jų sprendimas, konfliktai dėl... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

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Maia, Ãcaro Cardoso. "A transfiguraÃÃo das paisagens da bacia hidrogrÃfica do Rio Maranguapinho no municÃpio de Maranguape â Ce." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2010. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=6842.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior O objetivo desta pesquisa foi o de investigar a derivaÃÃo antropogÃnica de uma bacia hidrogrÃfica de cabeceira situada em regiÃo metropolitana: a porÃÃo da bacia hidrogrÃfica do rio Maranguapinho circunscrita no municÃpio de Maranguape (CearÃ). Este recorte territorial remete Ã presenÃa de Ãreas urbanas, rurais e de transiÃÃo, com a peculiaridade destas Ãreas urbanas estarem situadas entre serras, bem como o fato das vastas Ãreas rurais estarem associadas a uma bacia hidrogrÃfica metropolitana que, Ã jusante, perpassa por intensas dinÃmicas urbanas. Tendo em vista que este trabalho se propÃs a averiguar as transformaÃÃes na paisagem e no ambiente, essencialmente originadas pelo homem em sociedade, tornou-se necessÃria a distinÃÃo das Ãreas urbanizadas das demais. Para isto, buscou-se compreender como se estabelecem as formas de uso e ocupaÃÃo da terra e o manejo dos recursos hÃdricos neste territÃrio, nos levando Ã identificaÃÃo de trÃs unidades de paisagem de acordo com seus respectivos graus de antropizaÃÃo. Consideramos, ainda, como de fundamental importÃncia a contextualizaÃÃo do recorte territorial estudado perante a RegiÃo Metropolitana de Fortaleza, tendo em vista a discussÃo sobre as polÃticas de abastecimento de Ãgua e esgotamento sanitÃrio executadas em seus municÃpios. AlÃm disso, realizou-se o debate da problemÃtica socioambiental nas Ãreas de maior adensamento habitacional, onde se deu destaque Ãs habitaÃÃes de baixo padrÃo situadas nas margens dos cursos dâÃgua, configuradas como uma das mais marcantes formas de ocupaÃÃo do solo urbano verificadas neste recorte. Este estudo revelou a precariedade da gestÃo ambiental nas Ãreas rurais, com forte incidÃncia de desmatamentos nas margens dos afluentes da bacia hidrogrÃfica estudada, bem como, problemÃticas associadas Ã exposiÃÃo do solo nas Ãreas de entorno da cidade. Constatou-se, ainda, uma elevada deficiÃncia no atendimento de esgotamento sanitÃrio da cidade, o que contribui para uma maior degradaÃÃo da condiÃÃo de vida das classes sociais de baixa renda e para a poluiÃÃo dos corpos hÃdricos urbanos. A conclusÃo Ã de que se faz urgente e necessÃria a estruturaÃÃo de uma gestÃo territorial (no Ãmbito do municÃpio) e ambiental (no Ãmbito da bacia hidrogrÃfica) que, respectivamente, tenham como base a visÃo integrada dos impactos ambientais em escala local e a compreensÃo da bacia hidrogrÃfica como um sistema integrado, onde as intervenÃÃes realizadas nas Ãreas de montante se refletem nas Ãreas Ã jusante The objective of this research was to investigate the anthropogenic derivation of a headwatershed located in a metropolitan area: the portion of the watershed of the river Maranguapinho situated in the municipality of Maranguape (CearÃ, Brazil). This territory refers to the presence of urban, rural and transitional, with peculiarities: these urban areas are located between mountains and the vast rural areas are associated with a metropolitan watershed that, downstream, runs through intense dynamic urban areas. Given that this study proposed to investigate the changes in landscape and environment, mainly originated by man in society, it became necessary to distinguish urban areas from the rest. For this, it was necessary to understand how are established the many forms of use and occupation of land and the water management in this territory, which leaded us to the identification of three landscape units according to their respective degrees of human disturbance. We also considered as a fundamental step, the contextualization of the studied territory, front to the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza, in view of the discussion on policies for water supply and sewerage services performed in their communities. Moreover, there was a discussion about the socio-environmental problem in areas of higher density housing, which was highlighted as a low type of housing located on the banks of watercourses, configured as one of the most striking forms of land use verified in the object of this research. This study revealed the precariousness of environmental management in rural areas with high incidence of deforestation on the banks of tributaries of the watershed as well as problems related to exposure of soil in areas surrounding the city. It was found also a high deficiency in care of sanitation of the city, which contributes to further deterioration of living conditions of social classes in conditions of poverty and the pollution of the urban water resources. The conclusion is that it is urgent and necessary to structure a territorial management (within the municipality) and a environmental management (within the watershed) which, respectively, are based on the integrated view of environmental impacts at the local scale and understanding the watershed as an integrated system, where interventions undertaken in amount areas are reflected in downstream areas

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Самойленко, Євген Анатолійович, Евгений Анатольевич Самойленко та Yevhen Anatoliiovych Samoilenko. "Роль інформації та інформаційних технологій в забезпеченні міжнародно-правової охорони міжнародних рік". Thesis, ФОП Александрова К. М.; ВД «ІНЖЕК», 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/62660.

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Стаття присвячена дослідженню ролі інформації та інформаційних технологій в забезпеченні міжнародно-правової охорони міжнародних рік. The article is dedicated to exploring of role of information and information technologies in providing the international law protection of international rivers.

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Самойленко, Євген Анатолійович, Евгений Анатольевич Самойленко та Yevhen Anatoliiovych Samoilenko. "Роль інформації та інформаційних технологій в забезпеченні міжнародно-правової охорони міжнародних рік". Thesis, ІНЖЕК, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/63001.

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Стаття присвячена дослідженню ролі інформації та інформаційних технологій в забезпеченні міжнародно-правової охорони міжнародних рік. Статья посвящена исследованию роли информации и информационных технологий в обеспечении международно-правовой охраны международных рек. The article is dedicated to exploring of role of information and information technologies in providing the international law protection of international rivers.

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Long, Le Thanh. "Sustanable Development as a Concept for Handling Specific Water Issues and for Law Making and Interpretation : The Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Case and the United Nations International Watercourses Convention." 名古屋大学大学院法学研究科, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/5984.

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HOLMERTZ, SARAH CAROLINA. "Sambandet mellan flodpärlmusslans och bottenfaunans förekomst." Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Fakulteten för hälsa, natur- och teknikvetenskap (from 2013), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-84592.

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Unionida musslor (stormusslor) är en djurgrupp som kan ha positiv påverkan på ekosystemfunktioner i vattendrag och ökar den biologiska mångfalden. Musslorna absorberar föda genom filtrering av vattenmassor, vilket genererar en bättre vattenkvalitet och ger mat till andra bottendjur. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka en av våra svenska stormusslor flodpärlmusslan (Margaritifera margaritifera), och om det fanns något samband mellan musselbankar och bottenfauna. Provtagning av bottenfauna skedde i Vasslabäcken, Örebro län. 54 prover togs totalt och 27 av dem togs vid musselbankar medan resterande 27 var kontroll utanför musselbankar. Studien visade ingen signifikant skillnad i den totala bottenfaunans täthet i musselbankar jämfört med kontrollområden utanför musselbankar. Däremot fanns en signifikant högre täthet av nattsländor i kontrollerna än i musselbankarna, medan det inte fanns några skillnader i täthet mellan kontroller och musselbankar för några andra djurordningar. Det fanns även fler ordningar utanför musselbankar än i musselbankar, men antalet individer var så få att inga långtgående slutsatser kan dras. För att vidare undersöka musslors påverkan på flora och fauna kan man undersöka fler år och säsonger under året, samt använda sig av en mer experimentell design. Unionidea mussels (large mussels) are a group of animals that can have a positive impact on ecosystem functions in watercourses and increase biodiversity. The mussels absorb food by filtering water masses, which generates a better water quality and provides food for other benthic animals. The purpose of this study was to investigate one of our swedish large mussels the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera), and whether there was any connection between musselbanks and benthic fauna. Sampling of benthic fauna took place in Vasslabäcken, Örebro region. A total of 54 samples were taken and 27 of them were taken at musselbanks while the remaining 27 were controls outside musselbanks. The study showed no significant difference in the density of the total benthic fauna in musselbanks compared with control areas outside musselbanks. On the other hand, there was a significantly higher density of moths in the controls than in the musselbanks, while there were no differences in density between controls and musselbanks for any other animal orders. There were also more schemes outside musselbanks than in musselbanks, but the number of individuals was so small that no far-reaching conclusions can be drawn. To further investigate the impact of mussels on flora and fauna, you can investigate more years and seasons during the year, and use a more experimental design.

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Long, Le Thanh. "Sustainable Development as a Concept for Handling Specific Water Issues and for Law Making and Interpretation(2) : The Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Case and the United Nations International Watercourses Convention." 名古屋大学大学院法学研究科, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/5995.

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Sola, Fernanda. "Gerenciamento integrado dos recursos hídricos compartilhados na bacia Amazônica." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/90/90131/tde-21052012-150756/.

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A Lei n° 9.433/1997 que institui a Política Nacional de Recursos Hídricos (PNRH) congrega as principais diretrizes de planejamento do uso da água a partir da incorporação de importantes Princípios como o do gerenciamento integrado dos recursos hídricos, gestão participativa, integralidade da bacia hidrográfica como interconexão de sistemas de águas superficiais e subterrâneas para gestão interna, resolução pacífica de conflitos, dentre outros. No contexto transfronteiriço, os contornos da cooperação podem ser tanto um instrumento facilitador como complicador das políticas hídricas a serem executadas, uma vez que à luz do Direito Internacional, as intervenções no território de um Estado devem seguir os Princípios da não intervenção, independência e soberania o que demanda uma política de coordenação internacional entre eles. Para estabelecer os contornos internacionais a respeito do que se pretende acerca de recursos naturais transfronteiriços, é usual o surgimento de regimes específicos, com tratado próprio, muitas vezes excetuado do regramento geral internacional. A fim de analisar o quadro jurídico aplicável no contexto hídrico transfronteiriço amazônico a presente tese parte do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro em matéria de gerenciamento de recursos hídricos e aplica, a partir da dimensão internacional, três esferas de análise dos Princípios da troca de informações e estudos prospectivos, solução pacífica dos conflitos, e da participação pública, nas seguintes perspectivas: 1. multilateral, no âmbito da OTCA; 2. bilateral/trilateral, na formação de instâncias ad hoc para a solução de conflitos; 3. local, na formação de Comitês de bacia internacional. The Brazilian statute n. 9.433/1997 institutes the National Policy of Water Courses, which contains the most important parameters to set policies in this regard and is widely based on international principles, such as the principles of the integrated management of transboundary basins, integrality of the basins, interconnection between ground and surface water, as well as the peaceful settlement of disputes. Transboundary situations may foster or obtrude cooperation to set and execute water policies, since, accordingly to the international law, a state are not allowed to intervene in the territory of other states, because they are independent and sovereign. The only way to harmonize policies is international cooperation. In order to establish the international limits to the use of natural transboundary resources some international regimes usually arouse and are, sometimes, established by treaties which differ from general international law. Aiming to analyze the legal framework applicable to the Amazon transboundary waters, this thesis starts with a study of the Brazilian legal system regarding water resources management and employs, departing from an international perspective, three levels of analysis of principles that refer to exchange of information, prospective studies, peaceful settlement of disputes, and public participation, from the following perspectives: 1. multilateral, under the ACTO regime 2. Bi- and trilateral, when ad hoc instances are created to settle the disputes 3. Local, through the creation of International Basin Committees

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Novais, Maria Helena Batista da Costa Guerreiro de. "Estudo das diatomáceas bênticas em sistemas lóticos de Portugal Continental." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18177.

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A presente tese tem como objectivo aumentar o conhecimento da flora diatomológica de água doce de Portugal e inclui as seguintes partes: 1) uma compilação dos táxones citados para o país (Arquipélagos dos Açores e Madeira incluídos), baseada numa análise bibliográfica; 2) um atlas ilustrado em microscopia óptica e electrónica dos táxones mais frequentes e abundantes em Portugal Continental, baseado na análise de amostras de cursos de água e albufeiras de todo o país; 3) um estudo detalhado de dois grupos taxonomicamente problemáticos, como o complexo Gomphonema tergestinum - G. rosenstockianum e a descrição do Achnanthidium caravelense, uma nova espécie frequente e abundante no Norte de Portugal, em águas com concentração baixa a moderada de nutrientes; 4) a aplicação de métodos baseados em diatomáceas epilíticas litorais e índices diatomológicos (Índice de Poluosensibilidade Específica) na avaliação do estado ecológico de albufeiras, de acordo com os requisitos da Directiva Quadro da Água; ABSTRACT: This thesis intends to increase the knowledge of the freshwater diatom flora from Portugal and comprises the following parts: 1) the compilation of the taxa already cited for the country (Azores and Madeira Archipelagos included) based on analysis of the literature; 2) the illustration under light and scanning electron microscopy of the most frequent and abundant taxa, based on samples collected in watercourses and reservoirs from the entire Continental Portugal; 3) a detailed study of two problematic species complexes, with taxonomic clarification of the Gomphonema tergestinum and G. rosenstockianum complex and description of Achnanthidium caravelense, a new taxon frequent and abundant in soft waters with low to moderate nutrient content in northern Portugal; 4) the application of methods based on epilithic littoral diatoms and diatom indices (Specific Polluosensitivity Index) for the assessment of the ecological status of reservoirs in accordance with the requirements of the Water Framework Directive.

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Pavlíková, Marcela. "Hodnocení zatížení sedimentů drobných vodních toků fosforem." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-390249.

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The issue of phosphorus in sediments of small watercourses and phosphorus forms are often out of interest, unlike phosphorus and its forms in sediments of water reservoirs. The thesis is focused on the development and evaluation of methods for the determination of total phosphorus by modifying commonly used methods and evaluation of methods for the determination of selected forms of phosphorus in small watercourses sediments. Over 1,152 analyses of sediment samples collected in four seasons and four locations and in three paralell determinations were done. The total phosphorus in the sediments was assessed by four methods, further 7 other forms of phosphorus were evaluated by one to three methods, according to different forms of phosphorus. The data file was subjected to statistical analysis. The aim of statistical analysis was to evaluate phosphorus concentrations, depending on the used method. Additional aim of statistical analysis was to observe dependencies of phosphorus concentrations on metals and identify the impact of periods and locations on the concentration of phosphorus.

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Lamberti-Raverot, Barbara. "Stratégies de propagation du complexe d’espèces Fallopia par les cours d’eau : rôle des traits de dispersion et de colonisation." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE1055.

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Les cours d’eau sont des vecteurs de dispersion efficaces pour les espèces végétales colonisant les berges, y compris pour celles qui ne sont pas a priori adaptées à ce mode de dispersion. Dans le cas d’espèces invasives, l’étude des traits de dispersion et de colonisation, et leur variabilité, permet la compréhension du potentiel de propagation d’une espèce dans son aire d’invasion et du potentiel d’adaptation à de nouveaux environnements. Le complexe invasif Fallopia est un taxon génotypiquement diverse qui colonise les berges. Son succès reposerait en partie sur la dispersion des propagules végétatives et sexuées. L'objectif de ce travail a été d’étudier les stratégies de dispersion par les cours d’eau, de ce taxon terrestre. Ce travail a permis de quantifier le potentiel de dispersion et de colonisation de Fallopia par l’étude de la flottaison et la viabilité en fonction de la durée d’immersion des propagules. Ce travail a montré que les rhizomes ne flottent pas contrairement aux tiges et aux akènes. La durée de flottaison est liée aux traits morphologiques. La germination des akènes dans l’eau peut allonger cette durée de flottaison. La durée d’immersion ne réduit la viabilité des propagules qu’à partir de 3 semaines. La variabilité observée des traits a permis d’identifier différentes stratégies de propagation du taxon en milieu aquatique. La régénération dans l’eau des tiges et akènes permet leur installation rapide sur le site du dépôt tandis que les rhizomes régénèrent qu’une fois sur le site de dépôt si les conditions sont favorables. Bien que la variation des traits des propagules soit continue entre les taches, il est possible d’identifier, en particulier sur les akènes, des individus ayant des aptitudes à la dispersion sur des longues distances, pouvant participer à la progression du front d’invasion du taxon. Ces résultats montrent que les capacités de dispersion et colonisation des propagules peuvent participer au succès de propagation du taxon par les cours d'eau Watercourses are efficient dispersal vectors for plant species colonising riverbanks, including those that are not primarily adapted to this dispersal mode. In the case of invasive species, the study of plant traits participating to dispersal and colonization, and their variability, is important to understand the spread potential of one species in the invasive area, as well as its adaptive potential to new environments. The invasive complex Fallopia displays a high genotypic diversity and highly colonises riverbanks. Dispersal of sexual and vegetative propagules could explain their colonization success. The aim of this work is to study the dispersal strategies by watercourses displayed by this terrestrial taxon.This work has quantified the dispersal and colonization potential of Fallopia propagules through the study of their floatation ability and their viability after water exposure. This work demonstrated that rhizomes do not float unlike stem fragments and achenes. Floatability is related to morphological traits. Achene germination in water may increase the floatation time. Il was also demonstrated that viability was only reduced after 3 weeks of water exposure. The variability observed for the traits allows to identify different spread strategies in this taxon. Stem and achene regeneration in water enables a rapid installation in the riverbanks, while rhizomes regenerate after deposition in the riverbank, if environmental conditions are favourable to the development and the survival of the plant. Even if variability of propagule traits is continuous, it is possible to identify, in particular for achenes, individuals that have the capacity to disperse over long distances, and that could participate to the progression of the invasive front of the taxon. These results demonstrated that dispersal and colonization abilities of Fallopia propagules might participate to the spread potential of the species through watercourses

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Paseka, Petr. "Ekonomické hodnocení současných revitalizací vodních toků v urbánních oblastech s důrazem na koncept ekosystémových služeb." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-207116.

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This thesis examines the impact of the concept of ecosystem services in the evaluation of the social costs and benefits of urban watercourse revitalization. Its possible use is shown on the specific selected project. The theoretical part explains the economic substance of ecosystem services, defines related terms, introduces different approaches of various economic schools to the concept and describes its historical development. The practical part then quantifies the net social benefits and costs of the selected project using cost- benefit analysis extended by the concept of ecosystem services. In the conclusion, the objective indicators are calculated and analysed in order to identify the strengths and weeknesses of using the concept of ecosystem services.

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Söderlund, Emelie. "Aktörers möjlighet att påverka lax och havsöringsbeståndet i nedre Dalälven." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Miljövetenskap, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36553.

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En växande befolkning och ett överutnyttjande av jordens resurser kräver att samtliga människor samarbetar för att uppnå miljömålen. De flesta av Sveriges vattendrag har blivit negativt påverkade av mänskliga aktiviteter, så som timmerflottning och utbyggnad av vattenkraft. Vattenkraften står för cirka hälften av Sveriges årliga, totala elproduktion och på grund av att vattnet däms upp blir dammen ett fysiskt hinder vid förflyttning för bland annat lax och öring i vattendragen (ett så kallat vandringshinder). Idag bedrivs fisket vid Dalälven i Älvkarleby på kompensationsutsatt fisk. Lax och havsöring konkurrerar hårdare om kvarvarande platser och har svårt att passera Kungsådran på grund av vandringshinder. Det finns ett fiskevårdsförslag för restaureringsåtgärder i Kungsådran som kräver att aktörer måste enas i konstruktiva dialoger. Syftet med denna studie är att skapa en insikt i hur utformning av restaurering av Kungsådran i nedre Dalälven kan gynna förutsättningarna för ett förbättrat lax- och havsöringsbestånd genom att studera relevanta aktörers miljöarbeten. Studien syftar även till att studera om restaurering av vattendrag kan utformas i linje med det svenska miljömålet Levande sjöar och vattendrag. Kvalitativ intervjustudie med semistrukturerade intervjuer användes för att utföra denna studie. Resultatet visar att Kungsådrans lax och havsöring är kraftigt utsatt av vandringshinder. Det finns ett behov av att restaurera Kungsådran enligt det framtagna fiskevårdsförslaget, men att även flera fiskevårdsåtgärder behöver utföras i andra delar av nedre Dalälven för att förbättra lax- och havsöringsbestånden. Det visar även att nya rutiner för uppfödd smolt behöver upprättas. Diskussion: De uppfödda öringarnas tillstånd är negativt påverkade. På grund av att uppfödd öring har ett avvikande beteende är fortsatt genetiska studier på uppfödd fisk viktigt för att främja genetiska förändringar. Samtidigt som restaurering bidrar till ett ökat bestånd av vilda havsöringar. Forskning är betydelsefullt, utan vetenskap kan vi varken hålla oss uppdaterade eller skapa nya underlag. Däremot finns det en osäkerhet om valet av plats och om tillvägagångsättet som SLU:s aktuella fiskeförsök vid Kungsådran gör mer nytta än onytta i befintligt läge. Enligt denna studie verkar det i dagsläget svårt att nå det svenska miljömålet Levande sjöar och vattendrag. A growing population and the over-exploitation of the earth's resources require all people to work together to achieve the environmental objectives. Most of Sweden's watercourses have been negatively affected by human activities, such as timber rafting and the expansion of hydropower. Due to the water being dammed up, the dam becomes a physical barrier to movement in the watercourse (obstacles to migration). Hydropower accounts for about half of Sweden's annual total electricity production. Today, fishing is carried out at Dalälven in Älvkarleby on compensatory fish. Salmon and sea trout compete harder for remaining places and find it difficult to pass Kungsådran due to hiking obstacles. There is a fishing conservation proposal for restoration in Kungsådran, which requires actors to agree in constructive dialogues. The purpose of this study is to create an insight into how the design of restoration of Kungsådran in lower Dalälven can benefit the conditions for an improved salmon and sea trout population by studying the environmental work of relevant actors. The study also aims to study whether restoration of watercourses can be designed in line with the Swedish environmental goal Living lakes and watercourses. Qualitative interview study with semistructured interviews was used in this study. The results show that fish in Kungsådran is heavily exposed to migratory obstacles. There is a need to restore Kungsådran according to a developed fishing conservation proposal, but that several fishing conservation measures also need to be carried out in other parts of the lower Dalälven river. It also shows that new procedures for bred smolt need to be established. Discussion: Trout's genetic stock is negatively affected. Partly because bred trout have a deviant behavior and hence continued genetic studies on bred fish are important to pro-mote genetic change. Research is important, without science we cannot keep up to date or create new data. However, there is uncertainty about the choice of location and whether the procedure that SLUs current fishing experiments at Kungsådran do more good than harm in the existing situation. According to this study, it currently seems difficult to reach the Swedish environmental goal Of Living Lakes and Watercourses.

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Radtke, Lidiane. "PROTOCOLOS DE AVALIAÇÃO RÁPIDA: UMA FERRAMENTA DE AVALIAÇÃO PARTICIPATIVA DE CURSOS D ÁGUA URBANOS." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7883.

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Nowadays, the water streams located in urban areas have been targeted by several environmental measures that ended up modifying their natural features. These water streams have changed into sewage channels and any intervention over them is not considered shocking by the society anymore. The lack of information and knowledge on the environmental quality of these water streams makes the situation even worse. Aiming to help solving those problems, the Brazilian legislation rules that the population must participate in several stages of the water resources monitoring process. However, It is noticed that, despite the fact of being participation, It does not possesses qualification to achieve the environmental improving actions required for a consequent improving of life quality. It is in this context that the Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Rivers, mentioned in this study as PARs, arise as a tool for an integrated analysis of the ecosystems through an easy, simple and fast to apply methodology, consisting of a visual inspection responsible for gathering the physical features of the watercourse under assessment. PARs are thought-out to be simple tools for participatory watercourses assessment. This study aims proposing the use of a Rapid Bioassessment Protocol for Physical Environment Aspects as an instrument of social participation in environmental quality of superficial watercourses inserted in urban regions evaluation, using as a case study the locality of Arroio Laranjeiras in the city of Candelária-RS, Brazil. In order to achieve the target, 10 volunteers were mobilized, all of them linked with the town s politics or members of groups with action of preservation of urban watercourses. In relation of the application of the protocol, by the volunteers, in 3 previously defined points according with the soil using and occupation by different social ranks and access facility, It was possible to check that human actions and urbanization cause negative impacts over Arroio Laranjeiras. Considering that the evaluated watercourse characteristics are different from the ones used in the model protocol It was certified that the utilized protocol needs adaptations. The using of Rapid Bioassessment Protocols showed itself as an important tool of social participation in the environmental evaluation of urban watercourses and also as an important instrument of Environmental Education, considering that it induces to a reflection about many subjects related to environmental quality of watercourses. Bringing to an end, It was notice that this instrument can still be useful not only in the environmental evaluation, but also in the identification of the environmental degradation causes and consequent pursuit by solutions. Nos dias de hoje, os cursos d água inseridos em zonas urbanas têm sido alvo de diversas intervenções ambientais que modificam suas características naturais. Eles passaram a ser reconhecidos como canais de esgoto e qualquer intervenção de recobrimento não é mais reconhecida como impactante pela sociedade. A falta de informações sobre a qualidade ambiental desses cursos d água agrava ainda mais a situação. Visando auxiliar na resolução desses problemas, a legislação brasileira prevê a participação social em várias etapas do processo de gestão de recursos hídricos. No entanto, percebe-se que embora havendo participação, essa não possui a devida qualificação para realizar as ações de melhoria ambiental necessárias para um consequente aumento da qualidade de vida. Neste contexto, surgem os Protocolos de Avaliação Rápida de Rios (PARs) como instrumentos de análise integrada dos ecossistemas, através de uma metodologia fácil, simples e de rápida aplicação que, por meio de uma inspeção visual, capta as características físicas do curso d água em avaliação. Os PARs são considerados ferramentas simplificadas de avaliação ambiental participativa. A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo propor a utilização de um Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida dos Aspectos Físicos do Meio, como ferramenta de participação social na avaliação da qualidade ambiental dos cursos d água superficiais inseridos em zonas urbanas, tendo como estudo de caso o Arroio Laranjeiras na cidade de Candelária-RS. Para atingir o objetivo foram mobilizados 10 voluntários, ligados ao meio político municipal ou integrantes de grupos com ações em preservação dos cursos d água urbanos. Com relação à aplicação do protocolo, pelos voluntários, em 3 pontos previamente definidos de acordo com as características de uso e ocupação do solo por diferentes classes sociais e facilidade de acesso, foi possível verificar que as atividades antrópicas e a urbanização geram impactos negativos no Arroio Laranjeiras. Considerando que as características do curso d água em avaliação são diferentes das do protocolo utilizado como modelo, constatou-se que o protocolo utilizado nesta pesquisa necessita de adequações. O uso do Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida mostrou-se como importante ferramenta de participação social na avaliação ambiental do curso d água em avaliação e ainda como importante instrumento de Educação Ambiental, considerando que este induz a uma reflexão sobre diversos temas relacionados com a qualidade ambiental de cursos d água. Por fim, verifica-se que esta ferramenta ainda pode ser útil não apenas na avaliação ambiental, mas na identificação das causas de degradação ambiental e posterior busca por soluções.

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Fleck, Leandro. "Modelagem matemática da cinética da decomposição aeróbia da matéria orgânica." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2014. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/177.

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Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:46:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Leandro Fleck.pdf: 1897702 bytes, checksum: b3e258336499f4a0de7936279b0ee27c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-01-31 The development of human activities generates high amounts of industrial effluent, which has a high impact on watercourses, mainly due to organic load constituents. Among the methods used to control water pollution, the method of mathematical modeling stands out, a simulation tool that allows the generation of future scenarios. This study proposes to generate a mathematical model of water quality that simulates the process of aerobic self-depuration of organic matter from watercourses. For this purpose, it was used a water bath coupled to a jar test, providing temperature control from 20 to 28 °C, and flow velocity from 0.29 to 0.87 m s-1, similarly to natural conditions. The trials were conducted using a synthetic effluent with an initial COD concentration of 50 mg L-1, based on a Central Composite Design (DCC), composed of seven trials. All trials lasted 15 days, with effluent samples collected daily for the analysis of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Dissolved Oxygen (OD). A mathematical equation was developed for each day of self-depuration. The final mathematical model gathers 15 equations of self-depuration. The significance of the equations was measured using the analysis of variance to 10%. To validate the proposed model, a self-depuration trial was carried out under the conditions of 26 °C and 0.38 m s-1 with an initial COD concentration of 30 mg L-1. The analysis of variance was performed for the proposed mathematical model as well as the analysis of normality and homoscedasticity for waste, with a significance level of 5%.There are indications that the temperature significantly had an influence in the kinetics of aerobic decomposition of organic matter in the first and from the sixth to the fifteenth day self-depuration. The flow velocity significantly influenced in the eighth and from the twelfth to the fifteenth day of self-depuration, and the interaction between the factors in the eighth and fifteenth day of self-depuration, with p-values lower than the significance level adopted. With a confidence interval of 90%, the equations representing the first and from the seventh to the fifteenth day of self-depuration are statistically significant, with coefficients of determination (R2) greater than 84%. The proposed model adequately described the experimental data obtained in the validation trial, presented p-value of 2.49 E-17, lower than the level of significance adopted, of 5%. Thus, the model proposed can be considered statistically significant, describing the total variation of responses, with a ratio of 99.46%. The proposed mathematical model described the process of self-depuration in watercourses within the temperature and flow velocity intervals in which it was generated O desenvolvimento das atividades humanas teve como consequência direta a geração de elevada quantidade de efluentes industriais, altamente impactantes aos cursos hídricos receptores, devido principalmente à carga orgânica constituinte. Dentre os métodos utilizados para o controle da poluição hídrica, destaca-se a modelagem matemática, a qual, sendo uma ferramenta de simulação, possibilita a geração de cenários futuros. O presente estudo propõe a geração de um modelo matemático de qualidade da água que possibilite simular o processo de autodepuração aeróbia da matéria orgânica de um corpo hídrico. Para a realização do estudo utilizou-se um banho-maria acoplado a um jar test, possibilitando o controle da temperatura na faixa de 20 a 28 °C e velocidade de fluxo na faixa de 0,29 a 0,87 m s-1, valores típicos encontrados em condições naturais. Os ensaios foram conduzidos utilizando-se efluente sintético a partir de uma concentração inicial de DQO de 50 mg L-1, com base em um Delineamento Composto Central (DCC), composto por 7 ensaios. Todos os ensaios tiveram duração de 15 dias, com coletas diárias de amostras de efluente para análise de Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO) e Oxigênio Dissolvido (OD). Gerou-se uma equação matemática para cada dia de autodepuração. O modelo matemático final reúne 15 equações de autodepuração. A significância das equações foi avaliada utilizando-se a Análise de Variância a 10%. Realizou-se a validação do modelo proposto, com base em um ensaio de autodepuração conduzido nas condições de 26 °C e 0,38 m s-1 a partir de uma concentração inicial de DQO de 30 mg L-1. Realizou-se a análise de variância para o modelo matemático proposto, assim como análise de normalidade e homoscedasticidade para os resíduos, com um nível de significância de 5%. Há indícios de que a temperatura influenciou significativamente na cinética de decomposição aeróbia da matéria orgânica no primeiro e do sexto ao décimo quinto dia autodepuração. A velocidade de fluxo influenciou significativamente no oitavo e do décimo segundo ao décimo quinto dia de autodepuração e a interação entre os fatores, no oitavo e no décimo quinto dia de autodepuração, apresentando p-valores menores que o nível de significância adotado. Com um intervalo de confiança de 90%, as equações representativas do primeiro e do sétimo ao décimo quinto dia de autodepuração, são estatisticamente significativas, apresentando coeficientes de determinação (R2) superiores a 84%. O modelo proposto descreveu satisfatoriamente os dados experimentais obtidos no ensaio de validação, apresentado p-valor de 2,49E-17, menor que o nível de significância adotado, de 5%. Assim, considera-se o modelo proposto como sendo estatisticamente significativo, descrevendo a variação total das respostas, com uma proporção de 99,46%. O modelo matemático proposto descreve satisfatoriamente o processo natural de autodepuração em cursos hídricos, dentro dos limites de temperatura e velocidade de fluxo em que foi gerado

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FONSECA, FABIANA LANZILLOTTA DA. "STORMWATER MANAGEMENT WITH WATERCOURSE VALORIZATION: COMPUTATIONAL SIMULATION OF THE TINTAS RIVER BASIN." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2018. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=34965@1.

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O crescente processo de urbanização no Brasil se iniciou de forma rápida e desordenada causando inúmeros impactos sociais e no ambiente natural. As bacias hidrográficas vêm sendo modificadas com a expansão urbana, causando impactos negativos nas cidades, como a ocorrência de catástrofes associadas a eventos pluviais de alta intensidade. De forma a mitigar os danos de ordem social e ambiental advindos de enchentes, medidas compensatórias em manejo de águas pluviais tornam-se imperativas. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar técnicas de controle para a redução do escoamento superficial, integrando ações sustentáveis de valorização de cursos d água na paisagem, e promovendo o aumento da resiliência em centros urbanos, acompanhado de um gerenciamento e monitoramento satisfatório. Em um estudo de caso na macrodrenagem, na bacia hidrográfica do rio das Tintas, localizado na zona oeste da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, foi avaliado o comportamento hidrológico-hidráulico da calha através do modelo Storm Water Management Model (SWMM), prevendo-se a implantação de reservatório para amortecimento de cheias com fins múltiplos. O reservatório projetado, off-line, promoveu uma redução do pico do hidrograma de cheia da ordem de 11,6 por cento, de 74,8m(3)/s para 66,1m(3)/s na seção de deságue, no rio Sarapuí. Associado à implantação de medidas de baixo impacto (LID) e ações de valorização de cursos d água comprovou-se um aumento da resiliência e a consequente redução dos impactos advindos de enchentes urbanas na área de intervenção proposta. The increasing process of urbanization in Brazil began in a fast and disorderly way causing numerous social and natural impacts. Urban sprawl has modified the watersheds, causing negative impacts on the cities, such as the occurrence of catastrophes associated with storm events. In order to mitigate the social, environmental and financial damages caused by floods, associated with the promotion of watercourses in the urban landscape and increasing resilience in cities, compensatory measures in stormwater management become imperative.The goal of this work reffers to present alternatives and control techniques applied to drainage systems, contemplating sustainable actions to value the watercourses, integrating them to the landscape and promoting the increase of resilience in urban centers, followed by an effective management and satisfactory monitoring.

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43

Amorelli, Federico Dino. "Fight over Freshwater : The role of international law in transboundary watercourse governance." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-195126.

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With a changing climate, population growth and pollution, the twenty-first cen-tury imposes new challenges in the field of water distribution. International wa-tercourses are especially vulnerable, since their transboundry nature makes the water a contested resource. Although the traditional notion that watercourses are an integral part of the sovreignity of the state, more and more states has understood the importance of regulating the relationship between states that share the same watercourse, as to avoid dispute and coordinate benefits and responsibilities. The UN water-course convention was created in 1997 to fill this gap in state-on-state relations, and to stipulate equal and sustainable shared governance. However, the inter-national community struggled in reaching a consensus over the resource alloca-tion mechanism, despite the ambitious attempts at reaching a compromise in the lead up to the convention. This has led to a general reluctance to embrace the convention, consequently creating a discrepancy in the regulatory frame-work of the different basins. The essay will discuss the role which the international legal system plays in regulating transboundry watercourse governance in terms of resource alloca-tion, cooperation, dispute settlement and environmental considerations.

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44

Islam, M. D. Nazrul. "Equitable sharing of the water of the Ganges : applicable procedural principles and rules under international law and their adequacy." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.325143.

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45

Nunas, Michelle Lee. "Aquatic community monitoring following the exclusion of cattle from a small watercourse in eastern Ontario." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=96753.

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Previous studies on the impacts of cattle on the aquatic environment have mainly focused on cold water systems with high intensity grazing, and may be of limited relevance for assessing impacts of cattle grazing on low gradient, low intensity sites such as those in eastern Ontario. The present study looks at changes to the aquatic habitat following the removal of cattle from a watercourse. Biomonitoring was completed at an aquatic restoration site over a four year period encompassing pre- and post-implementation conditions. The initial results indicated modest improvements in the habitat and in the benthic macroinvertebrate and fish communities following exclusion of cattle from the watercourse. Trends over time suggested an increase in the proportion of sensitive benthic macroinvertebrates, a decrease in tolerant benthic species and an increase in fish density. Longer-term monitoring is required to observe changes to the aquatic communities following the growth of woody riparian vegetation. Par la passé, plusieurs scientifiques ont étudié l'effet du bétail sur le milieu aquatique utilisant des sites où se trouve une haute densité de vaches dans des endroits où les cours d'eaux ont une forte pente. Puisque nous utilisons des sites dans l'Est Ontarien, les résultats de ces recherches auront peu de pertinence en ce qui concerne cette présente étude car la majorité des sites de la région sont ceux où l'on retrouve peu de vaches et des cours d'eaux ayant une faible pente. Cette thèse examine les changements du milieu aquatique suivant l'enlèvement des vaches à proximité du cours d'eau, et ce, depuis les quatre dernières années, incluant les conditions pré et post implémentation. Les résultats indiquent une amélioration modeste d'habitat et des communautés de macroinvertébrées benthiques et de poissons. Les tendances au fil du temps ont suggérées qu'il y eu une amélioration des proportions de macroinvertébrées benthiques sensible, une diminution de macroinvertébrées benthiques insensible et un accroissement dans le nombre de poissons. Plusieurs années seraient nécessaires pour étudier les effets de la croissance des arbres et arbustes sur les communautés aquatiques.

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46

Chou, Rung-Jian. "Towards multi-functional watercourse design in dense, typhoon-affected urban areas : The case of Taiwan." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.516740.

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47

Bianchi, Thomas S., David Butman, Peter A. Raymond, Nicholas D. Ward, Rory J. S. Kates, Karl W. Flessa, Hector Zamora, Ana R. Arellano, Jorge Ramirez, and Eliana Rodriguez. "The experimental flow to the Colorado River delta: Effects on carbon mobilization in a dry watercourse." AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/623870.

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Here we report on the effects of an experimental flood on the carbon cycling dynamics in the dry watercourse of the Colorado River in Mexico. We observed post- flood differences in the degree of decay, age, and concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), as well as dissolved CH4 and CO2 concentrations throughout the study site. Our results indicate that this flooded waterway was a limited source of CH4 and CO2 to the atmosphere during the event and that DOC age increased with time of flooding. Based on our findings, we suggest that the interplay between storage and mobilization of carbon and greenhouse gases in arid and semiarid regions is potentially sensitive to changing climate conditions, particularly hydrologic variability. Changes in the radiocarbon age of DOC throughout the flooding event suggest that organic matter (OM) that had been stored for long periods (e.g., millennial) was mobilized by the flooding event along with CO2. The OM residing in the dry riverbed that was mobilized into floodwaters had a signature reflective of degraded vascular plant OM and microbial biomass. Whether this microbial OM was living or dead, our findings support previous work in soils and natural waters showing that microbial OM can remain stable and stored in ecosystems for long time periods. As human appropriation of water resources continues to increase, the episodic drying and rewetting of once natural riverbeds and deltas may fundamentally alter the processing and storage of carbon in such systems.

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48

Ould, Ali Ouiza. "Impact des décharges à ciel ouvert sur la qualité environnementale de l'Oued Cheliff (Algérie)." Thesis, Perpignan, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PERP0025/document.

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Dans la région traversée par le plus important cours d’eau permanent d’Algérie l’Oued Cheliff, les déchets ménagers sont fréquemment mis en décharges à ciel ouvert, constituant une véritable menace environnementale à cause de la contamination causée par les lixiviats. Deux décharges ont été prises pour étude de cas : la première située sur l’Oued Hillil, affluent secondaire de l’Oued Chéliff et la deuxième localisée sur l’Oued Cheliff.Des prélèvements saisonniers d’eau et de sédiments ont été effectués dans les cours d’eau. Au sein de la décharge les lixiviats et les sols ont aussi été prélevés. L’impact des décharges a été évalué par l’analyse des paramètres physico-chimiques dans les liquides et des métaux dans tous les compartiments (eaux, lixiviats, sols et sédiments). L’analyse des traceurs fluorescents dans tous les compartiments est utilisée pour le suivi de la pollution urbaine.Cette étude a mis en évidence l’effet saisonnier important de l’impact des décharges sur les cours d’eau. Au printemps, les lixiviats présentes de fortes teneurs en traceurs fluorescents, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni issus de dépôt importants de déchets verts. En automne, ils reflétaient plutôt une contamination par NO2-, SO42-, PO43-, Fe, Cu, Cr provenant de résidus de produits agricoles (engrais, traitements phytosanitaires). Les eaux des deux cours d’eau sont très chargées en Cl- et Sr en toute saison dû à la nature saline des sols de la région.Les concentrations des métaux dans les sols des décharges sont largement supérieures à celles des sédiments fluviaux et révèlent une contamination métallique élevée (Cd, As, Zn, Cr, Pb), reflétant l’impact de déchets urbains (piles, batteries, plastiques…) In the region crossed by the largest permanent watercourse of Algeria Oued Cheliff, household waste is frequently put in open dumps, constituting a real environmental threat because of the contamination caused by the leachates. Two landfills were taken for the case study: the first located on Oued Hillil, a secondary tributary of Oued Chéliff and the second located on Oued Cheliff.Seasonal sampling of water and sediment has been conducted in streams. In the landfill, leachates and soils were also collected. The impact of landfills was assessed by analyzing physico-chemical parameters in liquids and metals in all compartments (water, leachate, soils and sediments). The analysis of fluorescent tracers in all compartments is used for monitoring urban pollution.This study has highlighted the important seasonal effect of the impact of landfills on rivers. In the spring, leachates present high levels of fluorescent tracers, Cr, Co, Mn, Ni from large deposits of green waste. In autumn, they reflected rather NO2-, SO42-, PO43-, Fe, Cu, Cr contamination from residues of agricultural products (fertilizer, phytosanitary treatments). The waters of both rivers are heavily loaded with Cl- and Sr in any season due to the saline nature of the soils of the region.The concentrations of metals in landfill soil are much higher than those of river sediments and reveal a high metallic contamination (Cd, As, Zn, Cr, Pb), reflecting the impact of urban waste (batteries, batteries, plastics ...)

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49

Komendová, Denisa. "Hydroekologický monitoring a revitalizace malého vodního toku." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392100.

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This thesis deals with the hydroecological monitoring and river restoration of the Syrovinka watercourse in Hodonín district. In the framework of the hydroecological monitoring a river hydromorphological assessment was conducted as a part of assessing the ecological status of watercourse, to meet the requirement of the Water Framework Directive. Hydroecological monitoring was conducted using methodology HEM 2014, which is accepted as a national standard by the Ministry of Environment of the Czech Republic. Problematic reaches of watercourse were determined and for the selected reach a river restoration measures have been designed. Subsequently, an efficiency of river restoration was evaluated. The main benefits of designed river restoration are the restoration of ecological function and the support of natural water retention in floodplain.

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50

Green, Andrew. "The impact of combined sewer overflow removal on the environmental status of a small urban watercourse (Pymme's Brook, North London)." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323428.

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At the end of 1995 work was completed on a low level intersecting foul sewer for the upper Pymme' s Brook catchment (north London), known as the East Barnet foul water sewerage scheme. Commissioned by Thames Water Utilities Limited (TWUL), it was intended that this would both resolve flooding problems in the area, and address environmental concerns raised by the Environment Agency (EA). The key element of the scheme was the removal of seven combined sewer overflows (CSOs) that the EA had defined as 'unsatisfactory'. Consequently, the present study assesses the scheme's impact on the brook's environmental status, and considers the results in light of the pollutant generation, transport and dispersal properties of the catchment. The pollutant generation, transport and dispersal processes operating in the catchment were explored at a range of spatial and temporal scales, in order to assess the contributions made by a range of urban non-point sources of pollution (CSOs, misconnections and urban runofl), under differing weather conditions, and to determine the way in which they interacted to control water quality. Considerable temporal and spatial variability was identified in the quality of both the brook, and the effluents discharging to it. A first flush of contamination was noted for both solid and dissolved pollutants, during many of the studied storm events; although the studied determinants (pH, conductivity, suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, ammonia-N, chloride and E. coli count) responded to storm driven processes in different ways. A holistic approach was adopted to define the environmental status of the studied watercourse; incorporating its benthic macro-invertebrate community structure (BMWP score and ASPT), bacteriology (E. coli count) and water chemistry. Temporal change was then identified in each data set by performing an ANOVA between years, and between the periods prior to, during and after the scheme's construction. The scheme's impact on catchment hydrology was also explored by assessing temporal changes in the catchment's unit hydrograph parameters, using both linear regression for, and ANOVA between the periods related to the scheme's construction. In addition, regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between climatically induced hydrological change and both BMWP score and water column E. coli count, in which both variables were related to the mean discharge recorded at the EA's Silver Street gauging station on a range of temporal scales. It was concluded that climatically driven hydrological change was the major factor in determining the environmental status ofPymme's Brook, whereas the East Barnet foul water sewerage scheme produced only a limited improvement. This was because as well as removing several pollutant sources, the scheme had a hydrological effect that negated some of the expected improvements in water qUality. In addition, the large number and variety of pollutant sources operating in the catchment meant that a scheme designed to address just one element of the problem was unlikely to have a wtifonnly positive effect. Consequently, the magnitude of the temporal changes observed varied between the eight sites sampled in a way that was determined by a combination of the sensitivity of the benthic macro-invertebrate community inhabiting a site, the contamination processes prevalent within its local catchment area and its location within the catchment as a whole. Methodological recommendations for the future are made.

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Tesi sul tema "Watercourses"

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