Tesi: "Water usage"

1

Andersson, Sköld Lisa. "Water usage behaviour and discourse in Cambodia". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Culture and Communication, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-54568.

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Cambodia is one of the poorest countries in Asia and the mortality and morbidity due to lack of improved water supply sources are high. Improvement in this area could better the situation for many Cambodians and as a consequence better the situation for the state of Cambodia.

The purpose of this thesis is to depict how water issues are being handled in Cambodia. This is done from an anthropological point of view and as a result the focus is on the interviewees of this study. Issues that will be of interest are water consumption and management behaviour, and their explanations. Thoughts and knowledge on water treatments, water safety and how to prevent water related health issues will also be of interest. Other important aspects are sanitation, garbage and the work of non-governmental organizations and the Royal Government of Cambodia. The field work was carried out though interviews and observations in three main areas, urban Phnom Penh, Khsach Kandal and Angk Snuol.

The result focuses on risk behaviour and behaviour change and shows that there is a lack of knowledge among the people I talked to when it comes to water related health risks. There is a big mistrust in the quality of the water and most people regard boiling a necessity before drinking the water. However, storage is generally the big problem as well as lack of information on how, where and why water gets contaminated.

Another problem that emerged is that there is a lack of financial commitment from the Royal Government of Cambodia and much work is done by NGOs which might be the reason for conflicting and confusing messages towards the public.

Kambodja är ett av Asiens fattigaste länder och bristen på tjänliga vattenkällor gör att skade- och dödstalen är höga. Framsteg på detta område skulle förbättra situationen för många kambodjaner och i förlängningen förbättra situationen för Kambodja.

Syfte med studien är att beskriva hur problem kring vattenkonsumtion hanteras i Kambodja. Studien har en antropologisk utgångspunkt vilket betyder att fokus ligger på informanterna och deras berättelser. Frågor som var av intresse vara vattenkonsumtion och vattenhanteringsbeteende samt förklarningar kring dessa. Tankar och kunskap kring vattenrening, vattensäkerhet och hur man förebygger vattenrelaterade hälsoproblem är också av intresse för studien. Ytterligare viktiga faktorer är hygien- och avfallsfrågor, samt arbetet som hjälporganisationer och Kambodjas regering utför. Fältstudien utfördes genom intervjuer och observationer i tre områden: Phnom Penh, Khsach Kandal and Angk Snuol.

Resultatet av studien fokuserar på riskbeteende och beteendeförändring och visar att det finns kunskapsbrister när det gäller vattenrelaterade hälsorisker bland mina informanter. Det finns ett stort misstroende när det gäller vattenkvaliteten och det flesta ser kokning som ett måste innan de kan dricka vattnet. Generellt sett är dock vattenförvaring ett större problem tillsammans med en brist i hur, var och varför vatten blir förorenat.

Ett annat vattenrelaterat problem är brist på ekonomiskt åtagande från den kambodjanska regeringens sida. Mycket av arbetet utförs av olika hjälporganisationer vilket kan vara anledning till den ibland motsägelsefulla och förvirrande information som ges till allmänheten.

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2

Ansari, Shaghayegh Moalemzadeh. "An Investigation into Water Usage and Water Efficient Design for Persian Gardens". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/595836.

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Investigation and research into the Persian Gardens, leading this project into a step that these World Heritage Sites might have been known as sustainable construction, but the fact that water scarcity of their region is a serious threaten for all these amazing Gardens. Thus, enhancing and improving these gardens by merging, adding and adapting todays technologies can make them considered as constructions with water and energy conservation design. Based on nowadays world environment concerns, recognizing renewable and non-renewable sources of energies in a region or site can cause a miracle. Since, almost all Persian Gardens located in regions with arid and semi-arid climate, water poverty as a biggest issue and nonrenewable energy should be included as a problematic concern. There are many available active and passive strategies that can be applied in these heritage sites which decrease water consumption either directly or indirectly. Such as water harvesting, greywater reuse, photovoltaic panels and material changes. Water known as a vital element of each garden for irrigation purposes, but in Persian Garden water is more than a functional element. Thus, finding a way to provide and recycle water beside the underground sources is necessary. Subterranean, springs and wells are resources of water for Persian gardens which renew so slowly or non-renew these days. Being so close to a city with considerable population lunches and idea of using greywater for irrigation in these gardens. In this research, the doable options for energy conservation design for these sites will be discussed, then comparing some case studies in all over world where greywater reusing water system for irrigation is happening will be next step. In conclusion, greywater reusing system in urban scale in order to irrigate a filed or garden will be investigate on a Shazdeh Garden as a main case study of this research.

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3

Castelltort, Viñallonga Emma. "Cold tap water usage for a chilling system". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för bygg- energi- och miljöteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-17415.

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Both the increasing demand for comfort levels and growth in population are facts that assure that the energy demand in buildings will keep growing in the future. Heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems (HVAC systems) are the principal users of this total energy demand, where percentages over 50% have been reached. Air conditioning is essential to maintain the thermal comfort inside the buildings, and for this reason, innovative cooling systems should be analysed in order to reduce and improve energy usage of these systems. The aim of this thesis is to explore the viability and limitations of a new chilling system that uses tap water as a cooling source. The project has been focused on a building owned by an insurance company in Gävle, where a cooling system has been designed to satisfy the cooling need for an extremely hot day in summer. Water is taken from the main pipe and, via a heat exchanger, it absorbs heat from the chilling circuit. The destination of the tap water, once has been used, has been discussed proposing 3 different options: deliver it to the waste, bring it back to the tap water network and reuse it for hot tap water. Later, based on the results, an overview of the system has been done pointing out the weak and strong parts. When implementing this new system it has to be taken into account that cooling capacity is limited and extra requisites and limitations have to be accomplished since drinking water is used. The most energy efficient design is reusing the water for hot tap water use, since less heat will be needed to warm it up. However, if water is wanted to be reused it should not exceed 15 in order to avoid an environment where legionella could grow and become a health human threat. A suitable situation for this system would be for building which needs cooling and has a high hot tap water demand.

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4

Catherine, Quinton Shaun. "Effective geyser management through intelligent hot water usage profiling". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1094.

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Thesis (MTech (Electrical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2009
This study presents an intelligent Hot Water Cylinder (HWC) usage profiling system to provide peak demand side management and improve HWC efficiency in a typical household. In this research HWCs will be referred to as geysers. Research was done into various techniques available to improve energy efficiency in South Africa, as well as the different sectors South Africa's electricity supplier, Eskom, has highlighted where improvements in energy efficiency can be made. From this it was decided to refine the scope of the project to the residential sector, and more importantly geyser. A typical geysers operation and power consumption was researched and analysed to determine where efficiency improvements could be made. A system was required that would reduce the amount of energy consumed by the geyser, and provide the consumer with hot water at the same time. Based on the research it was decided to design a profile based geyser controller. The profiling system comprised of a PIC microcontroller, four digital temperature sensors and a time keeper used to determine individually based hot water usage profiles for the home. The profile was based on three parameters, namely the frequency (repetitiveness) of hot water being drawn, the length of the draw period, and the time of day when the water was drawn. Once the profile had reached a 90% accuracy, the profile implemented itself. Based on the profile, the controller then regulated the temperature of the geyser according to the demand of the household, without manual intervention. If the household's routine were changed, the profile would adapt itself accordingly. The controller is therefore fully intelligent and continues to refine the profile on a day to day basis. By introducing the profile based controller, the monthly average geyser temperature was reduced, reducing the amount of standing losses, which in torn reduced the total amount of energy consumed by the geyser. The profile controller was designed to aid in the reduction of the energy demand of geysers on the power grid. This will benefit both the consumer as well as Eskom, as Eskom will have a reduced power load, and the consumer will have a reduced electricity bill. The results of the experiments are shown, as well as a comparison between calculated versus measured results, to justify the accuracy of the calculations.

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5

Morén, Ida, e Elin Andersson. "Comparing water capacity and water usage in the Gorom-Lampsar river system, Senegal". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-226852.

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6

Arandia, Ernesto. "Spatial-Temporal Statistical Modeling of Treated Drinking Water Usage". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1377870978.

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7

Sachidananda, Madhu. "A framework for modelling and reduction of water usage in the manufacturing industry". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13893.

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This thesis reports on the research undertaken to reduce the water usage within manufacturing through modelling and improving the water efficiencies at both process and production system levels. The primary objectives of this research are: to develop a framework which classifies the various water usages within a manufacturing facility, to define a number of efficiency ratios to highlight the water inefficient activities, and to develop a decision support tool to aid with the selection of the most effective solutions for reduction of water usage within manufacturing applications. The research undertaken in the past three years is divided into four main parts. The first part reviews the relevant literature on water availability and distribution, the role of water in manufacturing, and relevant legislations and policies governing the water usage in manufacturing industries. The review also includes assessment of current water flow modelling and wastewater management tools and technologies. The second part introduces a Manufacturing Water Usage framework which classifies the water usage within a manufacturing facility as production-related and non-production-related water. The Production Water, which is the main focus of this research, is further classified as Process and System Water required to produce a product. Process Water is defined as the water used directly by the production processes, whereas System Water is defined as the water used to support the operation of a process and/or to maintain the production equipment. The framework also incorporates the definition of a number of Water Efficiency Ratios to determine the water critical processes. The third part of the thesis describes the implementation of this framework within a water simulation model as the main engine for a water reduction decision support tool. The final part of the thesis demonstrates the utilisation of this tool to support the decisions aimed at reducing water within a real food production line. In summary, the research has concluded that the consideration of water reduction scenarios within the manufacturing industry requires a detailed understanding of where and how water is used at production process level, and utilisation of this knowledge to develop a series of proactive approaches based on product/process redesign and radical operational planning improvements.

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8

Yun, Janet H. "Public perception of alternative water sources and water usage : a case study of desalination and recycled Water facilities". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115589.

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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2018.
Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2018.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 78-80).
The importance of public acceptance within the decision-making process for large-scale, municipal water projects is widely understood and documented. In order to assess the role of public perception on the acceptance of alternative water sources, this paper broadly evaluates public preference for alternative water source and water conservation programs through a user-based approach. Choice-based conjoint analysis was utilized as a quantitative method to determine which design attributes make alternative water sources, specifically desalination and recycled water facilities, more appealing to communities. An online survey was taken by 306 respondents in California, Florida, and Texas. Respondents were analyzed on an aggregate level to identify overall perception of, familiarity with, and preference for desalinated and recycled water. The results indicate significant importance placed on specific attributes such as cost and environmental impact, as opposed to the water program type and location of the proposed facility. Findings based on subpopulations of respondents suggest that preference between water program types were fairly consistent among different demographics, but varied on characteristics such as increased familiarity and perceived reliability of currently provided tap water.
by Janet H. Yun.
S.M.
S.M. in Technology and Policy

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9

Kandissounon, Gilles-Arnaud. "Sustainable Water Usage and Surface Runoff Management in Lagos, Nigeria". OpenSIUC, 2018. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2299.

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The exponential growth of the world population led by the geographic expansion of urban areas in developing countries has put massive pressure on natural resources especially land and water. Water supply and water scarcity remain one of the major challenges facing the industrializing world. The United Nations forecast further increase in population which, in the absence of management and policies, will inevitably put more resources at risk. Changing climatic conditions causing more frequent and intense rainfall will also affect water management systems in the vulnerable urban areas of developing countries. The goal of this study was twofold; first analyze the patterns of water consumption in the rapidly growing city of Lagos, Nigeria and use them in a System Dynamics (SD) model to make projections about future demand. The second part used remote sensing to quantify the contribution of extensive land use/cover change to urban flooding. Land use/cover dynamics over the past decade was analyzed using satellite imagery provided by Landsat Thematic Mapping (TM). Unsupervised classification was performed with false color composite using the Iterative Self-Organizing Data Analysis (ISODATA) technique in a Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The study area was divided into four different land use types during image classification: bare land, built-up area, water bodies, and vegetation. For water demand, two different scenarios of population growth including 5.5% and 2.75 % annual increase were considered. The results showed that water demand dropped by 67% of its current value when losses in distribution were reduced by 20% and population annual growth rate kept at 2.75% over the study period. Bare land and water bodies lost 1.31% and 1.61% of their current area respectively while built-up area grew by 1.11%. These changes in land use/cover changes led to a 64% increase in average surface runoff, mostly attributable to increasing surface imperviousness and the absence of an adequate urban drainage system. This paper intends to assist the authorities of the city of Lagos who adopted a master plan in 2010 as a road map to reduce to city’s vulnerability to flooding and close the gap between water demand and water supply by 2050.

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10

Metlitz, Matthew S. "Design for an invertible water bottle to facilitate cleaning and promote sustainable water bottle usage". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/92200.

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Thesis: S.B., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2014.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 57-58).
The goal of this thesis is to explore the design of a reusable water bottle that can be inverted to expose the inside. Being able to directly touch the entire inside of the product could facilitate cleaning and consequently promote sustainable water bottle usage. Existing cleaning solutions and various water bottles were evaluated for benchmarking, and a water bottle usage survey revealed that most respondents clean their reusable bottles on a weekly to monthly basis, with 35.5% of respondents indicating that they had thrown out a bottle since it was clean. Observing volunteers in water bottle cleanliness perception test revealed that being able to physically contact and see the inside of the bottle while cleaning were most important. Two iterations of sketch models were created, demonstrating that a pouch-like design with a drawstring attached between the inside of the pouch and the water bottle top to aid invertibility was the most feasible solution. The final water bottle design, created as a CAD model, consists of three components: a top, a bottom, and an invertible pouch made of a soft plastic. The invertible pouch is held in place and made watertight between the bottom and top components that resemble a standard reusable water bottle design.
by Matthew S. Metlitz.
S.B.

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11

Ritter, Ron. "Behaviour and land usage of water dependent herbivores in arid grasslands". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.357606.

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12

VanSchenkhof, Matthew. "An investigation of water usage in casual dining restaurants in Kansas". Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13114.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Hospitality Management and Dietetics
Elizabeth Barrett
Water is essential for many aspects of daily life including restaurant operations and is necessary for generation and service of properly produced, safe food. However, water is becoming more scarce and expensive due to climate change, infrastructure needs, governmental budget constraints, and shifting water sources. The purpose of this study was to develop benchmarks for water usage and costs for casual dining restaurants (CDRs) in Kansas and identify demographics that may impact water usage and costs. The population for the study was the 952 CDRs in Kansas. Stratified random sampling selected 60 restaurants from five Kansas demographic regions. Data were collected from the local municipal water utilities, Kansas Department of Revenue, Google’s Place Page, and through telephone or on-site interviews with a manager. Results for 221 of 300 (74%) CDRs that responded indicated that on average 1,766 gallons of water were used each day per restaurant, 12.79 per gallons per day for each seat, 68 gallons per employee, and 0.73 gallons per interior square foot. These results were as much as 69% lower than those from a 2000 study conducted by Dziegielewski et al. Significant demographics that impacted water consumption were season of year, population (F= 9.763, p≤.001), menu (F= 2.921, p≤.035), type of ownership (F= 56.565, p≤.000), water source (F= 10.751, p≤.032), irrigation (F= 46.514, p≤.001) and days open (F= 6.085, p≤.000). A stepwise linear regression model (F= 33.676, p≤.000) found ownership (β= -.329, p ≤ 0.000), irrigation (β= -.290, p ≤ 0.000), and population (β= -.176, p ≤ 0.003) impacted water consumption. For water costs, CDRs paid an average of $6.54 per 1,000 gallons of water consumed and had mean annual expenses of $5,026 on revenues of $2,554,254 which was the equivalent of a water cost percent of 0.42. Demographics that impacted water costs were season of year, region (F = 3.167, p≤ 0.015), and water source (F = 4.692, p≤ 0.032). However, a stepwise linear regression model (F= 4.485, p ≤ 0.036) found only water source (β= -.152, p ≤ 0.036) was an indicator of the percentage of revenues related to cost of water. This study did identify benchmarks for water consumption and water costs that can be used in the future by restaurateurs. The primary limitations of the study were that results can only be generalized to casual dining restaurants in Kansas. Future studies can be conducted with different types of restaurants in Kansas and with CDRs in other areas.

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13

Stolper, Samuel. "Oil and Water: Essays on the Economics of Natural Resource Usage". Thesis, Harvard University, 2016. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:33493345.

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As the developing world continues its pace of rapid growth and the threat of climate change intensifies, the economics of natural resource usage become increasingly important. From the perspective of both economic efficiency and distributional equity, effective policy design is correspondingly urgent. Market failures such as imperfect competition, externalities, and incomplete information plague resource markets everywhere; and both initial endowments and policy interventions often have regressive incidence. I shed light on some of these issues by studying the economics of natural resource usage in two separate empirical contexts. The first is the market for automotive fuel in Spain; I measure pass-through -- the degree to which retail fuel stations "pass through" diesel taxes to final consumer prices -- and use it assess the distributional impacts of energy policy. The second is the Ganga River Basin of India; I estimate the impacts of environmental regulation on river water quality and infant mortality. In both contexts, I utilize estimates of policy impacts to examine the underlying mechanisms by which affected consumers and suppliers of natural resources make decisions.
Public Policy

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14

Zamasari, Amin. "Investigating and testing controlled cooling water usage in the instrumentation laboratory". Thesis, Zamasari, Amin (2015) Investigating and testing controlled cooling water usage in the instrumentation laboratory. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2015. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/29912/.

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The main goal of this thesis document is to facilitate the investigation of cooling water usage in Instrument and Control Facility laboratory. This thesis report illustrates the main idea on how the investigation of cooling water usage was conducted. The problem arising from the Instrument Control Engineering, ICE lab is pointed out in this study, and it is expected that this study could solve the problem, hence benefit the School of Engineering and Energy. In this document the usage of cooling water will be investigated and examined as possible cold water is supplied to the testing equipment such as the heat exchanger. In this thesis, the control methodology that was applied to investigate the best solution to control the process was described and new arrangement to setup the stand-alone refrigerator in ICE lab was conducted and outlined in this report. The tasks on this thesis has been sorted out and divided into seven sections to ensure that it flows accordingly towards favourable outcome. This thesis objective is broken down into three categories, which are Instrument investigation, commissioning the cold water from refrigerator with target operating temperature at ≈15⁰C ± 2⁰C, and development and implementation of control loop. In instrument investigation phase, the literature review on most of the equipment has been conducted. The focus was more on operating the refrigerator to produce cold water to the process investigation unit. Following the second phase, the aim was to conduct and design the layout of the process structure. Starting from the hardware arrangement followed by the software development. The last objective is implementation and commissioning the process investigation upon the testing module instrument. Despite that, the designing and tuning controller of the process was discussed in this final objective. Hence, the result or response from the process variable has been analysed and compared for the best performance criteria. The further direction of this thesis was explained at the end of the document. The new program of the controller has been developed using Laboratory Virtual Instrumentation Engineering Workbench, LabView programming. The outcome from the control programming shows that the offset occurred and this program requires further modification in order to ensure that the program is more reliable and useful to apply the advanced control scheme. Overall, this thesis objective was achieved, whereby the new cooling usage could be used with limitation cold water supply. Thus, it will open a future work to be done on the hardware setup to supply completed cooling water usage in the Instrument and Control Facility laboratory.

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Monks, Ian R. "Digital Water Metering: A Framework and Modelling Tool for Benefit Valuation". Thesis, Griffith University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/403249.

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Understanding the touchpoints of water usage metering and how meter data is used in all business areas of water utilities, and in the everyday lives of customers, can lead to an appreciation of the scale of obtainable benefits of digital water metering (DWM). The absence of a systematic cataloguing of benefits, and the measurement of their value to a water utility and its customers, may explain the lack of acceptance of this technology among water utilities. Manual meter reading has been identified as inefficient and ineffective for most utility processes, other than periodic billing for which it too can be problematic. DWM substantially eliminates the walking of meter reading routes by meter readers. It delivers over 2000 readings per quarter (at hourly intervals) rather than just the one reading obtained by the meter reader. Special trips to the property, which are required to read the manual meter when the customer leaves, are also eliminated. Sometimes the customer is asked to read the meter when the water utility cannot. DWM is accurate and automatic whereas manual meter reading is subject to mis-reads and estimation when the meter cannot be accessed. In Australia, and many other parts of the developed world, few water utilities have switched to DWM completely and, in many others, only in particular circumstances, usually involving a lack of physical access or where access by meter readers would be inefficient. Where significant network issues or scarce water resources have existed, digital meters have improved the management of the network and allowed the deferral of network augmentation and the conservation of water. This doctoral research study aimed to address this lack of knowledge of DWM benefits by searching for and cataloguing the benefits, and by developing plausible measures that provide probabilistic ranges of outcomes of savings and changes to customer sentiment. The objectives were to find as many benefits as possible from across water utilities’ operations and among customer interactions with their water and wastewater service provider; to value those benefits, particularly the less-tangible benefits: and to develop a tool to model the value of benefits for water utilities. To identify the benefits, an extensive literature review of academic and industry reports was conducted. Interviews were conducted with several current and past staff of water utilities. The literature review was backed up by structured interviews with employees with specific expertise from a cross section of companies and representing various roles within those organisations. Customers were surveyed directly to identify their responses to the potential of digital metering. Qualitative and quantitative methods were applied to the expert opinions and customer survey responses to develop a valuation model that calculates savings and change in customer satisfaction levels. Other surveys were conducted to collect data from water utilities on specific issues. The valuation model was trialled in the field. The methods and findings are presented in the four journal papers that are included in this thesis. In all, 77 benefits of DWM were identified. These were categorised into a taxonomy based on who would benefit, (i.e., the water business, the customer or both water business or customer) as well as the business areas and sub-areas of those beneficiaries. A second taxonomy was developed that categorised benefits according to sustainability themes. Qualitative analysis of the expert opinions regarding the benefits exposed the range of opinions on the likelihood that benefits could be achieved and the extent of the benefit. While quantifying the savings of individual benefits, two contexts were identified (Cost of Water savings, and Charges and Operational Cost savings) and the need for flexibility to meet local expectations was observed. The customer survey revealed the potential change in levels of customer satisfaction from a current 5.8 (0 – 10 scale) to between 6.2 and 8.8, with a simple average of 7.6. Separate valuation methods within the model were developed for each context. A third valuation method was developed for measuring change in customer satisfaction over multiple years. The application of the model, using a large metropolitan water utility’s data, calculated savings outcomes that were consistent with the utility’s cost-benefit analysis and provided the utility with risk-based probabilistic ranges. DWM benefit savings were also viewed through a sustainability lens after being allocated to the different sustainability themes. The trial raised issues with the framing of business cases for DWM projects and which were then examined. Other findings were made during the study. The commonly used scale used in the Net Promoter Score classification of customers was observed to be inaccurate for relationship type surveys of water utilities, and a new scale was proposed. The potential of data analytics applied to hourly meter readings to answer questions on usage within residential properties was examined through a case study of a regional water utility. A model to optimise the sequencing of meter deployment to gain benefits early was proposed and a prototype model presented. Further, an opportunity for a capability model for intelligent metering was identified and a preliminary model was developed. The study also proposed that a longitudinal study of the uplift in customer satisfaction from the use of DWM be conducted, and that a non-monetary measure of the value of social equity be developed and applied to DWM project proposals.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Eng & Built Env
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
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16

Faul, Karen. "Sustainable water usage in the mining sector through optimisation of collaborative implementation". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65647.

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Freshwater has become a global issue and by the year 2025 the UN predicted that more than half of the world’s population would experience water shortages. South Africa themselves predicts a water gap of 17% by the year 2030. The two year draught that started in 2015 due to climate change has been devastating in South Africa with the Western Province experiencing the worst water shortages reported for the last 113 years. Sustainable water usage is the only way for South Africa and the world to attempt and close this gap and ensure sufficient water supply for future generations. This study aims to prove that the way to achieve sustainable water usage is through collaborations between the state, private industry and the communities. Special attention is given to the mining industry because they are such huge role players in the use of water resources. The world cannot function without the mining industry and the mining industry cannot function without water, therefore it cannot be taken out of the equation of economic and social development. The only option is that mining companies must become an integral part in the fight for water resources in the area in which they operate. The study also aims to prove that the platform from which good water governance can be successfully launched is from that of the Catchment Management Agencies. The platform for these institutions is already created in the South African legal framework on water and only progressive implementation is needed. The South African legislation together with the Constitutional mandate already contains the spirit of co-operative governance, and the participation of the role players. Running water governance from the Catchment Management Agencies has various benefits for a country and the mining industry which is examined by this study. The only element needed now is to optimise the implementation of planned collaborations between these role players to sustain and ensure the water resources of South Africa.
Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Public Law
LLM
Unrestricted

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17

Nghiem, Anna. ""Eat cooked, drink boiled" - A study on Vietnamese household usage behaviour". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-24031.

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Vietnam is a country that is characterized by a dense river network, experiencing a rapid economic growth, and still faces challenges with supplying enough water for the residents due to increased pollution levels. With water being perceived as one of the most stressed resources today, there is a need of understanding water usage behaviour. To fill in the gap in knowledge and provide a better understanding of the attitudes and the perceptions of household consumption behaviour could be a key to water savings on local and global levels. This field study was carried out in Hai Phong, the third largest city in Vietnam, as the potential of generalizing the result to other fast-growing cities and urban areas of the country was identified. In order to reach an improved understanding of water usage behaviour, the field study was of multi-design nature and was conducted by combining semi-structured interviews, water-diaries and observations. The results show that water usage behaviour is strongly determined by interpersonal trust issues which in most cases lead to an excess water consumption. The lack of trust did however also generate a cautiousness in water treatment routines, which could turn into a water savings behaviour. Other factors that affect water usage behaviour were seasonal aspects and cultural traditions perceptions. Despite the interpersonal trust issues, the institutional trust proved to be greater than expected while the role of marketing and information-based messages proved to influence behaviour. Based on this, water authorities have the potential of encouraging behaviour changes in upcoming challenges.

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18

Wilson, Andrew. "Water management and usage in Roman North Africa : a social and technological study". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243931.

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19

Kather, Christian. "Surface runoff and soil and water usage at Serragem Strean basin Paraíba Valley". Universidade de Taubaté, 2005. http://www.bdtd.unitau.br/tedesimplificado/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=108.

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The need for differentiated utilization of surface runoff at Hydrographic Basins is causing a series of disagreements related to its method of using. In some sites at Vale do Paraíba (Paraíba Valley) distribution and water consumption break-downs have been occurring. Hydric resources utilized until recently at Hydrographic Basin of Serragem Stream was predominantly from rice producers and the great impacts caused by water shortage have brought changes in local rural activities. However, in nowadays, activities are being distributed over industries, fish hatcheries, frog breeding and abandoned sandfurrows areas. The objective of this work was surface runoff study (down stream) from amortization reservoir aiming to supply rice irrigation associated with various landusages (upstream). The Floater was the method applied to measure outflow from July to December, 2004. In terms of physical characteristics, hydrologic studies of maximum outflow were done by applying I-paiwu Method and by using Microsoft Excel Program. In order to generate thematic maps of usage and land occupation, maps and satellite images were also utilized. From the data obtained it was concluded that within six properties (downstream) of the dam the volume captured is elevated compared to theprior-approved by DAEE (Water Management Department). Although this basin is intensively used, it presents a significant regenerated grassy cover (22,6%) that could contribute to water availability in the future specially if managed according to criteria of conservation and selected planting at cultivated plains.
A necessidade do uso diferenciado do escoamento superficial nas bacias hidrográficas vem gerando séries de conflitos de uso, e alguns locais do Vale do Paraíba, vêm ocorrendo colapsos com a distribuição e consumo do uso da água. Os recursos hídricos utilizados até recentemente na bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão da Serragem, era de predomínio dos produtores de arroz e o grande efeito que a falta de água trouxe foram às mudanças das atividades rurais locais, contudo, atualmente as atividades foram diversificadas em indústrias, pesqueiros, monocultura do eucalipto e cavas de areia abandonadas. Objetivou-se neste trabalho estudo sobre o escoamento superficial ajusante do reservatório de amortização para abastecimento da irrigação na cultura do arroz, associado com os diferentes usos do solo a montante e também o balanço hídricoclimatológico. A metodologia empregada para medir a vazão foi a do flutuador ocorrendo nos períodos de julho a dezembro de 2004, e na geração da caracterização física, estudos hidrológicos de vazão máxima feita pelo método de I-paiwu foi aplicado em planilha Excel, e também, mapas, imagens de satélite foram empregadas para gerar o mapa temático de uso e ocupação do solo. Constatou-se a partir dos dados obtidos nas seis propriedades a jusante da barragem que os volumes captados estão elevados em relação ao outorgado pelo DAEE. Embora essa bacia seja de uso intensivo, ela apresenta uma cobertura significativa de vegetação regenerada (22,6%) o que pode contribuir, no futuro, para a disponibilidade de água, especialmente, se a bacia for gerenciada segundo critérios de conservação e com plantios escalonados nas áreas de várzea.

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Van, Der Walt Johannes Tinus. "Development of a sustainability index for South African dwellings incorporating green roofs, rainwater harvesting and greywater re-use". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20138.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South African water service providers experience major problems with providing adequate water services to consumers. Water service providers in South African urban areas rely on traditional centralised infrastructure, such as bulk supply networks, to provide water services. Alternative supply and stormwater drainage methods should be encouraged to help mitigate these problems. The researcher thus aims to quantify the potential impact that three alternative methods may have on a given dwelling in terms of its dependence on traditional bulk water services. The three alternatives considered in this thesis are the construction of green roofs, rainwater harvesting and greywater re-use. An efficiency of dwelling water use index (EDWI) was developed during this research project. It was designed in such a way as to show what portion of municipal water services could be replaced within the given dwelling by using the proposed techniques. The final EDWI-rating is obtained by using the EDWI-software tool developed as a part of this research. The derived EDWI-rating ranges from 0 to 100, with a rating of 100 indicating a dwelling requiring only the removal of a portion of sewage by a municipality, but no external water supply. Such a dwelling would also not require any water from a municipal network to meet domestic demand and all stormwater from its roof would be utilised within the plot boundaries. Results presented in this thesis illustrate how different geographical regions require different system specifications to obtain optimal EDWI-ratings, thereby lowering their dependence on the respective municipal water services. Validation of the EDWI-system proved difficult as no similar index could be found during the literature review. It was therefore decided to benchmark the EDWI-system using three model dwellings with nine configurations producing a total of 27 analyses. The EDWI-system provides a conceptual foundation for sustainable water services to South African households in serviced urban areas. Future work could further improve the EDWI-system by testing its practical application so that it may be extended to act as a national barometer, used to compare decentralised water services in terms of sustainability.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING:Suid-Afrikaanse waterdiensverskaffers ondervind groot probleme met die voorsiening van voldoende waterdienste aan verbruikers. Waterdiensverskaffers in Suid-Afrikaanse stedelike gebiede maak staat op tradisionele gesentraliseerde infrastruktuur, soos grootmaatvoorsienings netwerke, om waterdienste te verskaf. Alternatiewe voorsienings- en stormwater dreineringsmetodes moet aangemoedig word om hierdie probleme aan te spreek. Die studie poog dus om die potensiële impak wat drie alternatiewe moontlikhede kan hê op 'n gegewe woning in terme van sy afhanklikheid van die tradisionele waterdienste te kwantifiseer. Die drie alternatiewe moontlikhede wat in hierdie studie ingesluit word is die konstruksie van groendakke, reënwater oes en grys water hergebruik. 'n Huishoudelike water gebruik doeltreffendheids indeks (EDWI) is ontwikkel gedurende hierdie navorsingsprojek. Die indeks is ontwerp om aan te dui watter gedeelte van munisipale waterdienste deur die voorgestelde tegnieke vervang kan word. Die finale EDWI-gradering is verkry deur gebruik te maak van die EDWI-programmatuur wat ontwikkel is gedurende die navorsing. Die afgeleide EDWI- gradering wissel tussen 0 en 100, met 'n telling van 100 wat ‘n woning voorstel wat slegs die verwydering van 'n gedeelte van die riool deur die munisipaliteit vereis, maar wat geen eksterne watervoorsiening benodig nie. So 'n woning vereis dus geen water van ‗n munisipale netwerk nie, en alle stormwater van die dak word binne die erf gebruik. Resultate wat in hierdie studie voorgelê word illustreer hoe verskillende geografiese streke ander stelsel spesifikasies vereis om optimale EDWI-gradering te verkry. Die navorser kon geen indeks kry wat soortgelyk is aan die EDWI-stelsel om dit mee te vergelyk nie. Dit was gevolglik besluit om die indeks te standardiseer deur gebruik te maak van drie model huise met nege samestellings van alternatiewe, waardeur 27 ontledings ontwikkel was. Die EDWI-stelsel bied 'n konseptuele grondslag vir volhoubare waterdienste vir Suid-Afrikaanse huishoudings in gedienste stedelike gebiede. Toekomstige navorsing kan die EDWI-stelsel verder verbeter deur die praktiese toepassing te toets. Die stelsel kan uitgebrei word om ‗n nationale barometer vorm wat gebruik kan word om desentralisasie van waterdienste te meet in konteks van volhoubaarheid.

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Pastor, Pascual Daniel. "Development of a GIS model for water accounting in Jordan: focus on irrigation and energy usage in the water sector". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264254.

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With a water availability of less than 100 m3 per capita and year, Jordan is suffering extreme water-scarcity. To its intrinsic limited water resources more pressure is being added every year as a result of socioeconomic factors, such as the accelerated population growth, and a reduction of rainfalls and increase of evaporation as consequence of climate change. What is more, the poor condition of the water system together with a considerably high water consumption for irrigation are not helping in such drastic situation. In a country with scarce surface water, groundwater is the main resource. As a result, Jordan’s aquifers are being over abstracted and, consequently, depleted every year. Wastewater treatment arise as a solution as wastewater can be reused for irrigation, reducing the consumption of natural resources that can be, then, employed for domestic consumption. However, only 64% of people in Jordan is connected to the sewerage system, narrowing the amount of wastewater. Water shortages are the direct consequence of all of this, limiting the agriculture development and reducing quality of life. Urgent action is required in the country to mitigate the effects of water scarcity and optimize the resources. What is more, the incredibly high energy consumption of the water system is adding more pressure to the energy system, which relies mostly on energy imports such as fossil fuels. Thus, the water scarcity problem should be assessed considering its synergies and trade-offs with the energy system. Thus, the aim of this thesis is to create a Geographic Information System (GIS) model in which the water consumption was obtained and divided by sector with a resolution of 1 km2 . To do so, the population and water consumption per capita was taken into account for the domestic water consumption, while the evapotranspiration of the irrigated cropland in Jordan was calculated to ultimately obtain the water consumption in the agriculture sector. Then, taking advantage of the potential of a GIS model, the water consumption obtained in every spot was divided by source. Afterwards, the energy consumption of the water system is obtained. Lastly, three scenarios were built and simulated in order to analyze the consequence of the Jordan’s Ministry of Water and Irrigation policies, set to fight against water scarcity. The results showed that, although a mitigation of water scarcity and reduction of natural resources depletion can be achieved, even more strict action is required in order to reach a sustainable water sector, eliminating water shortages and reducing the pressure on the natural resources.
Med en vattentillgänglighet på mindre än 100 m3 per capita och år lider Jordanien extremt vattenbrist. Till dess inneboende begränsade vattenresurser läggs mer tryck varje år till följd av socioekonomiska faktorer, såsom den påskyndade befolkningsökningen, och en minskning av nederbörden och ökad avdunstning till följd av klimatförändringarna. Dessutom hjälper vattensystemets dåliga tillstånd tillsammans med en avsevärt hög vattenförbrukning för bevattning inte i en sådan drastisk situation. I ett land med knappt ytvatten är grundvatten den viktigaste källan. Som ett resultat överförs Jordans akviferer över och de tappas följaktligen varje år. Avloppsrening uppstår som en lösning eftersom avloppsvatten kan återanvändas för bevattning, vilket minskar konsumtionen av naturresurser som sedan kan användas för hushållskonsumtion. Men endast 64. Vattenbrist är den direkta följden av allt detta, vilket begränsar jordbruksutvecklingen och minskar livskvaliteten. Brådskande åtgärder krävs i landet för att mildra effekterna av vattenbrist och optimera resurserna. Dessutom ökar vattensystemet mer tryck på energisystemet, som mest förlitar sig på energiimport som fossila bränslen på grund av en otroligt hög energiförbrukning. Således bör vattenbristproblemet bedömas med tanke på dess synergier och avvägningar med energisystemet. Således är syftet med denna avhandling att skapa en modell för geografiskt informationssystem (GIS) i vilken vattenförbrukningen erhölls och indelas per sektor med en upplösning på 1 km2 . För att göra det beaktades befolkningen och vattenförbrukningen per capita för den inhemska vattenförbrukningen, medan evapotranspiration av det bevattnade odlingslandet i Jordanien beräknades för att i slutändan få vattenförbrukningen inom jordbrukssektorn. Sedan, med utnyttjande av potentialen i en GIS-modell, delades vattenförbrukningen som erhållits på varje plats delad efter källa. Därefter erhålls vattensystemets energiförbrukning. Slutligen byggs och simuleras några scenarier för att analysera konsekvenserna av Jordans ministerium för vatten- och bevattningspolitik, som kommer att bekämpa vattenbrist. Resultaten visar att även om man kan minska vattenbrist och utarmning av naturresurser krävs ännu strängare åtgärder för att nå en hållbar vattensektor, eliminera vattenbrist och minska trycket på naturresurserna.

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Khastagir, Anirban, e anirban khastagir@rmit edu au. "Optimal use of rainwater tanks to minimize residential water consumption". RMIT University. Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20081203.143250.

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Melbourne, the capital of Victoria Australia leads the world in having the highest quality drinking water. The Victorian State Government has set targets for reducing per capita water consumption by 15%, 25% and 30% by 2010, 2015 and 2020 respectively and has announced stringent water restrictions to curtail water demand. In this resource constraint environment it is opportune to look for alternative sources of water to supplement Melbourne's traditional water supply. In Melbourne, legislation has been changed to make it possible to use rainwater harvested from domestic tanks for non potable purposes. The annual rainfall in Melbourne's metropolitan area varies from 450mm in the West to 850mm in the East to over 1000mm in the North East mountain ranges. The objectives of the current study are to develop a methodology to estimate the optimal size of the rainwater tank at a particular location considering the local rainfall, roof area, demand for water and the reliability of supply (supply security) required; to quantify the rainwater volume that could be harvested at site using domestic rainwater tanks to minimise pressure on the potable water supply secured from traditional catchment sources until the desalination plant is commissioned in 2013; to analyse the efficacy of rainwater tanks to reduce the stormwater runoff and improve the quality of the stormwater that will otherwise flow into urban drains and to estimate the cost effectiveness ratio and payback period of inst alling rainwater tanks. A simple water balance model was developed to calculate the tank size based on daily rainfall, roof area and the expected demand. The concept of 'reliability' was introduced to measure supply security. Rainfall data from 20 rainfall stations scattered around Melbourne were used to determine the variation in the rainwater tank size dependent on the above stated parameters. It was observed that to achieve the same supply reliability (90%) and to meet a specific demand (toilet and garden use), the tank size required in the western side of Melbourne is as high as 7 times as that required in the north-east side. As a result, the

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23

Koroglu, Nuri Tunga. "The Environmental History Of Land And Water Usage In The Modernity Period Of Turkey". Phd thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605991/index.pdf.

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The thesis is an attempt to write the environmental history of the Modern Turkey from the second half of the 19th century to today. The central research focus and aim of the thesis is to explore the role of the modernity project at the transformation of the environment of Turkey during the republican period. For this, water and soil resources are taken to the core of the research, as both water and soil have the potential to highlight the transformative impacts of modernity project in most detail. Because of this, the conceptual framework of environmental history has been examined to outline its characteristics within the environmental sciences. Next, the development of the modern though has been scrutinized by the means of the transforming relation between human and nature, and through the development of human culture and society. For this, the shift from biological evolution to cultural evolution and its outcomes have been summarized. Finally, and the emerge of modernity and the development of the market society has been highlighted to define the relation between nature and human in according to the supply and demand relation in society. An institutional analysis is adopted to analyze the social, political and ideological forces that influenced the environmental impacts of the modernity project of Turkey. The impact of modernity project is analyzed through the relation between the increasing demand for natural resources, and the organization of supply processes within the modernization of Turkey.

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Маценко, Олександр Михайлович, Александр Михайлович Маценко, Oleksandr Mykhailovych Matsenko e A. Y. Bavykina. "Approaches to the formation of socio-ecological and economic indicators of sustainable water usage". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33623.

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The beginning of the XXI century is accompanied by a powerful expansion of the global production of goods and services which leads to a catastrophic depletion of the world’s water resources. The international organisations dealing with the environmental protection pay attention to the problem of the sustainable water usage connected with the reduction of water supplies and assimilated capabilities of water in different ecosystems. Economy and the problem of water quality are quite relevant for Ukraine. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/33623

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25

Zisimopoulos, Dimitrios, Linnéa Thor e Malin Frisk. "Reduced water consumption and related greenhouse gas emissions : A study of the effects of Uppsalahem’s watersavings campaign in 2013". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-225601.

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The purpose of this project is to evaluate the effects of a campaign that Uppsalahem implemented in February 2013, in order to make their tenants consume less water. The result of the campaign is evaluated in terms of reduced water usage and reduced emissions of greenhouse gas related to the heating of the water through district heating. Four different residential areas in urban Uppsala, where Uppsalahem implemented their water saving campaign have been studied. All calculations are done in MATLAB. The results regarding water usage is presented in cubic meters and the greenhouse gas emissions are presented in terms of carbon dioxide equivalents. A sensitivity analysis of the data is performed in order to study natural occurring variances of water consumption over time. In order to determine which parameter has the greatest impact on reducing carbon dioxide emissions, a sensitivity analysis of the fuel mix used at the district heating power plant is made. The results show that there has been a reduction of water usage since after the campaign was implemented and the sensitivity analysis of the data indicates that there has been an especially large decrease in water consumption between the years 2012 and 2013. Further though, the results contain monthly irregularities in water usage in the different areas. This shows that the reduction of water consumption has not been temporally associated to the campaign, which indicates that the reduction might not be an effect of the campaign. Regarding carbon dioxide emissions, the sensitivity analysis indicates that the kind of fuel mix Vattenfall use at their district heating plant has a much greater impact than the individual water usage behaviors of the tenants.

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Ashby, Robert Craig. "INVESTIGATION OF USAGE OF VELOCITY AND PRESSURE DATA WITHIN A WATER DISTRIBUTION LAB MODEL FOR CALIBRATING HYDRAULIC MODELS". UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/ce_etds/8.

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Water distribution modeling for hydraulics and water quality is an important tool for managing system performance of water utilities. An important component of a water distribution model is the calibration of a network model with field data in the real world system. The calibration effort requires a protocol or selection criteria for the location of field measurements that best support the calibration effort. A water distribution model was constructed at the University of Kentucky hydraulics lab for the purpose of investigating the performance of water distribution models. The lab model contains numerous hydraulic (pressure, flows) and water quality (concentrations) sensors for measuring system characteristics. This research work utilizes the lab model to compare hydraulic calibration using pressure heads from hydraulic data, velocities from water quality data, and combinations of both as the basis of calibration. It also presents an example of a small experimental system where velocity data as a basis for a calibration effort and pressure based data as a basis doesn’t converge to the same solution. The results of the research demonstrate the necessity of using both velocity & pressure data for hydraulic calibration to avoid compensating errors.

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27

Makinana, Anazo. "Recycled water usage in peri-urban agriculture : an examination of its socio-economic and environmental benefits in Port Elizabeth". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5719.

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This study examines whether recycled water (specifically grey water) is used in peri-urban agriculture in greater Port Elizabeth. It also investigates the socio-economic as well as environmental benefits of using recycled water in peri-urban agriculture. Community perceptions and narratives about the use of recycled water for farming purposes were also investigated. Study respondents were purposively selected from Motherwell and Uitenhage in Port Elizabeth. A qualitative research methodology and methods were used. This involved using purposive sampling to sample, select and interview 22 respondents and eight key informants. All the respondents were interviewed using in-depth semi-structured interviews. The study found that while many respondents have heard about water recycling, they are however not using recycled grey water for their peri-urban farming activities. Instead, peri-urban farmers continue to use water supplied by the municipality. Recycled water is mostly used for watering sport fields around Port Elizabeth. This continued usage of municipal water (instead of recycled water) is not only costly to the municipality but the individual farmers as well. The respondents were however aware of the benefits of using recycled water. These include economic (money saved from not paying irrigation water bills), environmental (nutrient contents found in recycled water) and socio-economic (conserving fresh available for use in other community purposes). The study recommends that the Nelson Mandela Metro Municipality should do more (through educational and environmental campaigns) to encourage peri-urban farmers to use recycled water in their farming activities.

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López, Jorge, e Franco Yully Constanza Rincón. "Energy and Water Usage in the Manufacturing Industry : A study case to analyse, compare and decide where to reduce energy and water utilization". Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-49146.

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Increasing concern about global climate change has led to a growing interest in energy usage and water consumption. It is well known that changes in consumption habits lead to more efficient use of energy and water sources. Nowadays, globalization, environmental concerns, and the shortage of resources have led to an increase of stakeholder pressure on companies to expand their focus to sustainability. Also, the high impact that the savings can have in the financial status of the company. It is encouraging the headboards to study and improve the ways water and energy are being used within the processes. Significant economic savings and benefits for the environment could be achieved with slight changes in the company. As an overview, this project starts with the extraction of data from a platform for energy management in an industrial company. Then, it goes through the understanding of the energy and water usage data set. Later, a methodology to handle and process the data will be set. It is intending to extract relevant information using clustering. The idea is to compare the usage profiles between different factories, using key performance indicators and reducing the initial data set. Once the benchmarking is performed, some critical parameters will be selected to support the decision-making process related to investments to reduce the energy usage and water consumption in a specific location. Finally, the case of study will be implemented with the measurements from Alfa Laval. We will study how, from daily measurements with a very low investment and using the proper algorithms and methodologies, the main behaviours and features in an industrial location can be extracted from the utilization data. These characteristics can be used to develop strategies or productions schemes based on the interests of the energy manager and the company.

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Palm, Britta. "Pesticide use in rice cultivation in Tarapoto, Peru : usage patterns and pesticide residues in water sources /". Uppsala : Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Environmental Assessment, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/10587693.pdf.

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Dölcü, Delil, e Marcus Andersson. "Understanding the Future of a Large Technical Systems : Trends and drivers of Swedish residential water usage". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-299591.

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Understanding the future of a Large Technical System (LTS) through a sociotechnical analysis is a complex notion. The authors will investigate the phenomenon by studying residential water consumption in Sweden. Although Sweden has great access to raw water, compared to many other countries, it does not justify the fact that consumption patterns have to be unsustainable. To perceive the future, one will need to have knowledge of history. Therefore, this thesis has identified 11 drivers that will affect future residential water consumption. From these 11 drivers, the authors have posed four future scenarios for residential water consumption. The top 3 identified drivers are connected to behaviour and awareness. Thus, implying individuals' responsibility and accountability will be of greater significance for the sustainable development of residential water consumption. For this research, the authors have adopted a framework based on the application of LTS, Multi-Level Perspective (MLP), Scenario building, PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA). The authors have conducted a qualitative study, gathering data through a literature study and semi-structured interviews. The 18 interviewees covered a broad spectrum of knowledge, experiences, and general interest in water. By understanding the dynamics of the system and drivers, the authors will be able to present the gathered knowledge to stakeholders for possible strategic decisions.
Att förstå framtiden för ett stort tekniskt system (LTS) genom en socioteknisk analys innebär stor komplexitet. Detta kommer att undersökas genom att studera hushållens vattenförbrukning i Sverige. Även om Sverige har stor tillgång till råvatten, jämfört med många andra länder, berättigar det inte förekommandet av ohållbara konsumtionsmönster. För att öka förståelsen av framtiden måste en ha kunskap om historien. Därför har denna avhandling identifierat 11 drivkrafter som kommer att påverka den framtida hushållens vattenförbrukning. Från dessa 11 drivkrafter har författarna formulerat fyra framtida scenarier för hushållens vattenförbrukning. De tre högst rankade identifierade drivkrafterna är kopplade till beteende och medvetenhet. Detta antyder på att individens enskilda ansvar och skyldigheter är av större betydelse för en hållbar utveckling av hushållens vattenförbrukning. För denna forskning har författarna använt sig av ett teoretiskt ramverk som bygger på tillämpningen av LTS, Multi-Level Perspective (MLP), Scenario building, PESTLE and Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA). Författarna har genomfört en kvalitativ studie, där insamling av data härstammar från den genomförda litteraturstudien och 18 semi-strukturerade intervjuer. De 18 intervjukandidaterna täckte ett brett spektrum av kunskap, erfarenhet och intresse av vatten. Genom att skapa ett samband och förstå dynamiken i systemet och drivkrafterna, kommer författarna att kunna presentera den samlade kunskapen till intressenter för eventuella strategiska beslut.

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Wraith, Jon M. "Soil Temperature Influence on Water Use and Yield Under Variable Irrigation". DigitalCommons@USU, 1989. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1996.

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The need for efficient use of water resources has increased the importance of optimum soil water usage in agricultural systems. Soil temperature has been shown to be important in influencing the early development of many plant species. Many agricultural regions have suboptimal soil temperature regimes for plant growth, and some cultural practices have been shown to reduce near-surface soil temperatures. The seasonal influence of soil temperature on soil water extraction and aboveground and belowground plant growth under variable irrigation was investigated at the USU Greenville Farm in Logan, UT. Soil surface mulches and buried heat cables were used to modify soil temperature. A line-source sprinkler system provided a gradient of water application. During 1987 yields were mainly influenced by irrigation. During 1988 greater soil temperature differences resulted in significant plant growth and yield responses. Soil water depletion corresponded to soil temperature treatments during the early part of the growing seasons. Depth of maximum soil water depletion was about 20 cm deeper for warm treatments. Water uptake rates of earlier-maturing plants in warm treatments were reduced later in the season, so that cumulative seasonal soil water depletion was similar for all temperature treatments. Although depth of rooting was somewhat greater under high than low irrigation during 1988, low irrigation treatments depleted soil water to greater depth. There was no interactive response of plant growth and yield or of soil water depletion to soil temperature and irrigation treatments. Modifications were made to a computer simulation model of the soil-plant-atmosphere system in order to more mechanistically simulate plant water uptake and to include influences of soil temperature on seasonal rooting growth and soil water extraction. The model adequately simulated both the pattern and magnitude of soil temperature influences on soil water depletion, and conclusions drawn from model simulations agreed with field observations during 1987 and 1988.

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32

Ulyate, Jessica. "Automated reading of high volume water meters". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6673.

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Thesis (MScEng (Electrical and Electronic Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Accurate water usage information is very important for municipalities in order to provide accurate billing information for high volume water users. Meter reading are currently obtained by sending a person out to every meter to obtain a manual reading. This is very costly with regards to time and money, and it is also very error prone. In order to improve on this system, an image based telemetry system was developed that can be retroﬁtted on currently installed bulk water meters. Images of the meter dials are captured and transmitted to a central server where they are further processed and enhanced. Character recognition is performed on the enhanced images in order to extract meter readings. Through tests it was found that characters can be recognised to 100% accuracy for cases which the character recognition software has been trained, and 70% accuracy for cases which is was not trained. Thus, an overall recognition accuracy of 85% was achieved. These results can be improved upon in future work by statistically analysing results and utilizing the inherent heuristic information from the meter dials. Overall the feasibility of the approach was demonstrated and a way forward was indicated.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is belangrik vir munisipaliteite om akkurate water verbruikingssyfers te hê sodat hulle akkurate rekeninge aan hoë volume water gebruikers kan stuur. Tans besoek ’n persoon ﬁsies elke meter om meterlesings te verkry. Dit is egter baie oneﬀektief ten opsigte van tyd en geld. Die metode is ook baie geneig tot foute. Ten einde te verbeter op hierdie stelsel was ’n beeld gebaseerde telemetrie stelsel ontwerp wat geïnstalleer word op huidig geïnstalleerde hoë volume water meters. Beelde van die meters word na ’n sentrale bediener gestuur waar dit verwerk word en die beeld kwaliteit verbeter word. Karakter herkenning sagteware word gebruik om die meter lesings te verkry vanuit die verbeterde beelde. Deur middel van toetse is gevind dat karakters herken kan word tot op 100% graad van akkuraatheid in gevalle waar die karakter herkenning sagteware opgelei is, en 70% akkuraatheid vir gevalle waarvoor dit nie opgelei was nie. Dus was ’n algehele herkennings akkuraatheid van 85% behaal. Hierdie resultate kan verbeter word in die toekoms deur die resultate statisties te analiseer en die inherente heuristieke inligting van die meter syfers te benutting. Ten slotte, in die tesis was die haalbaarheid van die benadering gedemonstreer en ’n weg vorentoe vir toekomstige werk aangedui.

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33

Zhang, Zihan. "Sustainable Water Saving Intervention : A digital user experience solution of more sustainable choice in daily water-use with behavioral change". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för design (DE), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96646.

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In recent years, sustainable thinking has been gradually recognized and accepted by more and more users, enterprises, and stakeholders. However, in daily life, there is often a gap between the value of users’ pursuit of sustainable lifestyles and their behavior habits. Also, the connection between different stakeholders is often ignored. The project started by the observation of unsustainable water usage habits of some tenants in the Växjö local housing company Växjöbostäder, and investigated the gaps in the water supply/toll system of Växjö municipality for some apartment tenants and the limitations of current solutions. Therefore, it is necessary to find a more effective solution. The author attempts to guide and change the user’s behavior through design interventions led by digital user experience design, connect the gap between the user and the system, and provide a more sustainable choice. At the same time, as a precedent, this project’s attempt to apply sustainable behavioral interventions to the field of digital user experience products at the system level can also provide some reference for similar projects or designs that may appear in the future. The aim of this project is trying to find solutions to bridge the existing gap between the water management system and the apartment users’ water consumption behavior. The project studies the relevant theories of behavior, analyzes the causes of motivations that lead to behavioral and habits changing, the methods of digital user experience design, and the theory of building sustainable systems. Action research has been used as a methodological guide to design processes, analysis, and reflection. The final design outcome “Drops” is an application based on mobile platforms that develop sustainable water-using habits. The application associates gamification motivation mechanisms, behavioral habit interventions, community social sharing, and the process of using the application with the user’s actual behavior, promotes the formation of user sustainable behavior and inspires users to a sustainable society thinking. From a hierarchical analysis of the system, “Drops” connects different stakeholders in the municipal water supply system, facilitating communications between tenants and communities to achieve positive interactions that promote sustainable behavior. At the end of this article, the author analyzed the project outcome from the perspective of Växjöbostäder, one of the stakeholders and a possible product distributor, elaborated on the possible advantages of the design for the company’s ecological sustainability and the possibility of the company deploying this application in the market. Also, the author also analyzed and evaluated this project from the perspective of the product itself and different stakeholders, and explained the current limitations and the possibility of future development.

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Wang, Fei. "Experimental and numerical analysis of river lake system and non-traditional water usage in a new Eco-City". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/53211/.

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In recent years, Eco-City, which is designed with consideration for environmental impact and is inhabited by people dedicated to minimisation of required inputs of energy, air pollution and water pollution, has emerged as a way to address sustainability issues by adapting it to their local needs and context. The sustainability of urban water resources, water recycling and more efficient use of water resources will be the key features of the Eco-City. The current study takes Sino-Singapore Tianjin Eco-City as an example to investigate the sustainable use of water resources which focus on non-traditional water usage and ecological water requirements assessment. Firstly, the potential non-traditional water supply was evaluated based on the data acquired from the gauging station and the Eco-City planning data. It was found that rainwater has a great potential for domestic use in the Eco-City from June to September. Differing from other water consumption, ecological demand of the river lake system in the Eco-City was analysed by minimum ecological water requirements determination. An improved wetted perimeter method was used in order to determine the minimum ecological water requirements in the river system. It was found that the current monthly flow rates, with the exception of January to March, are fairly satisfactory. Secondly, an idealised river-lake system was assessed by hydraulics laboratory experimentation and 2D numerical modelling. The experimental and numerical investigations described in this study were undertaken to improve understanding of the hydrdynamic and flushing process within such a river lake system. A water diversion scheme was implemented in order to study lake recharge by river water during dry periods and under augmented flows. Fluorescent tracer experiments and related computer simulations were conducted to assess the performance of different parts of the system before and after implementing the diversion scheme. The results showed that such measures improved flushing, as seen from the perspective of reducing the mean detention time. However, due to poor cross-sectional velocity distribution, recharge alone had little impact on the overall mixing level in the lake waters. The effect of inserting flow deflectors near the lake inlet combined with flow augmentation was then assessed and was found to positively affect the distribution of solutes, by mitigating the occurrence of dead zones. Finally, an eco-hydraulic model was used to determine the levels of fish habitat suitability in the fluvial and lacustrine regions of a new Eco-City. This model has been developed by combining a depth integrated hydrodynamic and water quality model with a Habitat Suitability Index model. Carps were selected as the target species as they represent the major fish population in the study area. Hydrologic data recorded during 2001-2010 were analysed to determine the base flow, average flow and high flow rates, which were used to represent the discharges in the river for the three stages of the carp life cycle: overwintering, spawning and growth, respectively. Numerical model simulations were undertaken to determine the levels of habitat suitability for carps to live at these three life stages. The model results indicated that under the current flow regime the habitat suitability level in the lacustrine region is too low for carps at the growth and overwintering stages. DO depletion, overriding the role of velocity and depth, was attributed to the poorly suited habitat conditions in the lacustrine region. To improve the suitability conditions in the lacustrine region, a DO enhancement scheme was used. Model results showed that the scheme has significantly enhanced the water quality in the lacustrine region. Due to the high flow requirement for carps to spawn in the fluvial region, further numerical model simulations were undertaken to investigate the effect of flow augmentation on the carp spawning habitat suitability.

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Bonbonne, Cathy. "Usages sociaux et didactiques de l’eau en contexte(s) scolaire(s) guadeloupéen(s). Analyse selon une approche socio-didactique". Thesis, Antilles, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ANTI0425.

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Notre recherche interprétative et compréhensive s’intéresse aux interactions entre usages sociaux et didactiques de l’eau des enseignants et des élèves du cycle 3 en situation d’enseignement-apprentissage de l’APSA natation en contexte(s) scolaire(s) guadeloupéen(s). Elle croise la sociologie dispositionnaliste et contextualiste (Lahire, 2012) et la didactique, notamment les savoirs savants basés sur la Théorie de l’Action Conjointe en Didactique (TACD), les savoirs professionnels (Gal, 1993) et institutionnels. Nous observons deux niveaux de la contextualisation didactique (la contextualisation pédagogique et sociocognitive) (Delcroix et al., 2013). Notre problématique est la suivante : quelles conditions socio-didactiques favorisent la construction, l’actualisation ou l’inhibition des usages sociaux de l’eau des élèves du premier degré ? Nous émettons deux hypothèses : 1) les usages sociaux de l’eau sont engendrés par des dispositions incorporées qui se construisent, s’intériorisent et s’actualisent dans les pratiques (situations didactiques) de différentes façons selon les acteurs et peuvent se classer par typologie ; 2) le contexte didactique est un contexte socialisateur ou actualisateur ou inhibiteur des usages sociaux de l’eau des élèves. Les usages sociaux de l’eau sont des formes de relation à l’eau plus ou moins stables, récurrentes qui se caractérisent par : des représentations symboliques de l’eau, des sensibilités vis-à-vis de l’eau et des dispositions à agir dans l’eau. Les usages didactiques de l’eau sont des pratiques enseignantes qui visent des apprentissages passant par le corps dans l’élément eau. Les connaissances construites sur les actions des acteurs placés en contexte réel où ses actions se déroulent, avec en arrière-plan, des éléments contextuels d’ordre historique, social et culturel, propres à la Guadeloupe, nécessitent l’utilisation couplée de méthodes d’analyse qualitative et quantitative. Une première étude méso et micro-didactique qualitative concerne quatre enseignants du cycle 3 et se base sur des séances filmées de natation et sur le contenu d’entretiens semi- directifs ante et post vidéo. Nous mettons en évidence le poids du rapport expérientiel à l’APSA natation des enseignants, différentes logiques d’action des élèves induites par les usages didactiques de l’eau des enseignants (construction de nouvelles dispositions à agir dans l’eau ou actualisation ou inhibition des dispositions incorporées) et quatre types d’effets de contextes attribuables à la contextualisation pédagogique (empêchement partiel d’accès au savoir, désemboîtement des savoirs, bifurcations didactiques stables ou instables et focalisation secondaire). Une deuxième étude macrosociologique quantitative concerne 90 d’élèves du cycle 3 et renseignent sur leurs usages sociaux de l’eau. Ces derniers partagent des représentations symboliques variées de l’eau et attribuent à l’APSA natation des valeurs différentes de celles de l’école. Une troisième étude ethnosociologique qualitative se base sur des trajectoires de vie de vingt guadeloupéens et montre la force de la socialisation familiale dans la construction et l’actualisation des usages sociaux de l’eau de ces derniers
Our interpretative and comprehensive research focuses on the interactions between social and didactic uses of water of teachers and students (cycle 3 - French Education System) in teaching-learning situation of swimming, in the frame of APSA (physical, sports and artistic activities), in school context(s) of Guadeloupe. Our research crosses between dispositionalist - contextualist sociology (Lahire, 2012) and didactics, especially scholarly knowledge based on the Theory of Joint Action in Didactics (TACD), professional (Gal, 1993) and institutional knowledge.We observe two levels of didactic contextualization (pedagogical and socio-cognitive contextualization) (Delcroix et al., 2013). Our research problem statement is the following : what socio-didactical conditions favor the construction, the actualization or the inhibition of the social uses of the water in primary school students ? Our hypotheses are the following: 1) the social uses of water are generated by incorporated dispositions that are constructed, internalized and actualized in practices (teaching situations) in different ways depending on the actors involved and they can be classified by typology; 2) the didactic context is a socializing or updating or inhibiting context of the social uses of students' water. The social uses of water are more or less stable, recurring forms of water relations that are characterized by : symbolic representations of water, sensitivities to water and ways of acting in the water. The didactic uses of water are teaching practices that target on learning through the body inside the water element. The knowledge built on the actions of the actors in real context where their actions take place, having as a background, contextual elements of historical, social and cultural order, specifically applied to Guadeloupe, require the coupled use of qualitative and quantitative analytical methods. A first qualitative meso and micro-didactic study concerns four teachers in cycle 3 and it is based on recorded swimming sessions and on the content of semi-structured ante and post video interviews.We highlight the importance of the experiential relationship to the APSA swimming of teachers, different logics in student actions induced by didactic uses of water from teachers (construction of new provisions to act in the water or actualization or inhibition incorporated provisions) and four types of contexts effects attributed to pedagogical contextualization (partial barriers for accessing knowledge, disembedding of knowledge, stable or unstable didactic bifurcations and secondary focus). A second quantitative, macro-sociological study concerns 90 students (cycle 3 – French Education System) and provides information on their social uses of water. The latter shares various symbolic representations of water and attributes to swimming in the frame of APSA different values from those of the school. A third qualitative, ethno-sociological study is based on the life trajectories of twenty Guadeloupians and shows the importance of the family socialization in the construction and in the updating of the social uses of their water

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Sattelberger, Danielle C. "Seasonal Warm-Water Refuge and Sanctuary Usage by the Florida Manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) in Kings Bay, Citrus County, Florida". NSUWorks, 2015. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/43.

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The largest Florida manatee (Trichechus manatus latirostris) aggregation at a natural warm-water refuge occurs in Kings Bay, Crystal River, FL. Over the last 32 years, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of Florida have created a network of manatee protection areas within Kings Bay including a year-round refuge designation and seven Federal manatee sanctuaries during the winter manatee season (November 15 – March 31). Aerial survey data collected between 1983 and 2012 was used to examine the seasonal change in manatee distribution within Kings Bay in order to assess the effectiveness of current sanctuary sizes and locations. Regression analysis indicated a significant change in manatee abundance among the winter seasons (p < 0.05). The average winter manatee counts increased by 4.81 animals per year over the 30 year period. In contrast, no significant changes in average or peak manatee abundance was detected among the summer seasons (p = 0.71 and p = 0.45 respectively). The average manatee counts increased by only 0.109 animals per year over the summer periods. Spatially explicit models using Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis revealed a strong correlation between high manatee density and artesian springs during the winter seasons. Highest abundances were identified at three locations: King’s Spring, Three Sisters Springs, and Magnolia Springs. These three locations coincide well with pre-existing sanctuary designations, but additional coverage is needed to support the overflow of manatees outside of sanctuary boundaries. Manatees continued to use Kings Bay in the summer seasons but in lower numbers and densities. Because density patterns were not uniform across summer periods, a heavier reliance on boat speed regulation is recommended to provide adequate protection to the endangered Florida manatee. Within a habitat type, the Magnolia Springs, South Banana Island, and Three Sisters Springs sanctuaries exhibited a significant influence on manatee density, suggesting differences in quality among sanctuaries. Years coinciding with extreme cold weather events also had a significant influence on manatee density. Using GIS to investigate seasonal shifts in manatees can be very informative regarding many issues including habitat selection and may improve the design and management of protected areas.

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Grant, Lionel DeShaun. "Recreational Water Users, Aquatic Invasive Species and Fish Disease: Examining the Usage of Tailored Messaging to Increase Environmental Responsible Behaviors". OpenSIUC, 2012. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/893.

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The purpose of this study was to discover how to efficiently use tailored messaging to increase recreational water users' behavioral intentions to perform specific behaviors that prevent the spread of Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) and Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia (VHS). The objectives were to identify the most effective message structure and message order for signs targeting seven behaviors that reduce the spread of AIS and VHS, and to examine the moderating effect of AIS and VHS knowledge and awareness on behavioral intentions. The population of this study consisted of students 31 years of age and younger attending Southern Illinois University Carbondale (μ = 21.06; n = 680). The study design tested messages according to the Optimal Arousal Theory. The respondents completed an 11-item questionnaire that measured knowledge, awareness, and behavioral intentions, and included one of 34 sign treatments. When asked how knowledgeable respondents were about AIS and VHS, 48% of respondents indicated that they were not knowledgeable. Respondents were also asked the extent to which they believed AIS is a problem in Illinois; 43% reported AIS to be a "moderate" problem. Seven (7) items on the questionnaire measured intention to perform specific behaviors that may reduce the spread of AIS and fish disease between water bodies. Knowledge and awareness (only when interacting with knowledge) were found to be covariates of behavioral intentions. Complex results were revealed regarding the most effective tailored message, as no one sign significantly increased all seven behavioral intentions and the number of treatments significantly increasing behavioral intentions varied by behavior (i.e., 11 treatments had a significant influence on the behavioral intention for "visual inspections;" 4 treatments had a significant influence on the behavioral intention for "drain water;" 8 treatments had a significant influence on the behavioral intention for "avoid bait release;" 6 treatments had a significant influence on the behavioral intention for "remove plants and animals;" 4 treatments had a significant influence on the behavioral intention for "flush motor;" and, 11 treatments had a significant influence on the behavioral intention for "rinse boat". Results suggest mainly positively phrased messages works best when trying to stimulate environmentally responsible behavior (ERB). The recommendations from this study encourage strategic use of communication to enhance natural resource management as this study yielded gains in predicted behaviors of respondents to reduce the spread of AIS and VHS. The study also demonstrates the need to increase recreational water users' AIS and VHS knowledge improve the likelihood that they will perform desired behaviors.

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38

Hasnat, Abul, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College e School of Environment and Agriculture. "Soil-water use and irrigation scheduling under fruit tree-turf alley cropping system in Hawkesbury Area". THESIS_CSTE_EAG_Hasnat_A.xml, 2003. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/614.

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Efficient use of irrigation and nutrients are becoming increasingly important in commercial orchards in the Hawkesbury area. Proper irrigation scheduling practices can help in the better use of irrigation water and reduce environmental impacts. Field experiments were conducted during February 1999 to June 2000 to understand soil-water use, and to evaluate farmer’s irrigation practice under an alley cropping system consisting of turf and stone fruits. The study was carried out at Atlas Farm, 3.5 km from the University of Western Sydney, Hawkesbury campus. The experimental site is a floodplain of the Hawkesbury River. The river flows within 1 km of the farm boundaries. The study was conducted under the farmer’s existing irrigation water and nutrient management practices. The main aims of the thesis were to study the movement and redistribution of soil-water and soil-moisture dynamics in the turf and stone fruit alley cropping system and to understand deep percolation losses and nitrogen leaching using the water balance approach. The study indicated that drainage occurred mainly after heavy rainfall and when there was rainfall for a few consecutive days. Thus irrigation application should be delayed if there is a likelihood of rain in a few consecutive days to prevent loss of water due to deep drainage. Furthermore, the study showed irrigation scheduling was essential to reduce nitrate leaching in the field; that irrigation depths should be varied according to the stage of crop growth, and the proper timing of irrigation application could help reduce deep percolation and runoff losses.
Master of Science (Hons) (Agriculture)

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39

Andersson, Emilie, e Ellinor Hambraeus. "Vattenbesparing inom hushåll : Fallstudie av Sandön och Oaxen med tillhörande kommuner Värmdö och Södertälje". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-297432.

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Vatten är avgörande för allt liv på jorden och utgör FN:s sjätte globala hållbarhetsmål ”rent vatten och sanitet”. Denna rapport syftar på att undersöka vattenbesparing inom hushåll genom en fallstudie av Oaxen och Sandön med tillhörande kommuner Södertälje och Värmdö. Genom litteraturstudier kartlades befintliga vattenbesparingsåtgärder och kommunernas vattenarbete undersöktes både genom litteraturstudier samt intervjuer. En enkätstudie genomfördes även för att kartlägga individers beteende, kunskap och inställning till vattenbesparingsåtgärder. Det erhållna resultatet från enkätstudien visade på en positiv inställning till vattenbesparingsåtgärder och många individer har en stor medvetenhet kring sitt beteende relaterat till vattenanvändning. Litteraturstudien och intervjuerna visade vidare att det i dagsläget finns få riktlinjer relaterat till vattenbesparing och befintliga riktlinjer fokuserar framförallt på ramar för vattenanvändning snarare än att införa rekommendationer kring olika vattenbesparingsåtgärder. Slutligen rekommenderas snålspolande munstycken (sparstrålsamlare) och snålspolande toaletter som de bästa åtgärderna baserat på vattenbesparing, installationskostnad, kostnadsbesparing och individers inställning.
Water is crucial for all life on earth and constitutes UN’s sixth sustainable development goal ”Clean Water and Sanitation”. This report aims to study water conservation in households through a case study of the two islands Oaxen and Sandön with their associated municipalities Södertälje and Värmdö. Existing water conservation measures were identified through literature studies and the municipalities efforts in water management were studied through both literature studies and interviews. A survey was also conducted to study individuals’ behaviour, knowledge and view on water conservation measures. The result obtained from the survey study showed a positive view to water conservation measures and many respondents showed great awareness regarding their behaviour related to water usage. Furthermore, the literature study and the interviews convey that there currently are few guidelines related to water conservation. Existing guidelines mainly focuses on limitations for water usage rather than introducing recommendations on different technical water conservation measures. In conclusion, low-flush nozzles and toilets are recommended since they are considered to be the best water conservation measures based on installation cost, cost savings, water conservation and individuals’ views. Recirculating shower and usage of rainwater are to be considered for those having the possibility to make a bigger investment due to the water conservation being great.

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Semlow, Andrea R. "The Power of Place: A Qualitative Evaluation of Stream Monitoring Data Usage by Decision-Makers in Dane County, Wisconsin". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2019. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1505147/.

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Has years of citizen-based nutrient sampling and baseline water quality monitoring efforts only had a "trivial" impact on natural resource management decisions? This thesis will explore this and other findings from a qualitative evaluation of the Rock River Coalition (RRC) citizen-based stream monitoring project in Dane County, Wisconsin, USA. These findings are the culmination of 47 semi-structured interviews with decision-makers from seven client-identified categories and participant observations of board meetings and other watershed groups. Interview questions focused on current strategies of data design and dissemination with the goal of constructing a clearer picture of existing data usage by Dane County decision-makers. In the wider picture of citizen science and community-based research, this case study aims to highlight barriers to data use and potential solutions. The results of this case study were understood through four key frames: (1) Bourdieu's concept of symbolic capital, (2) Barzilai‐Nahon's theory of network gatekeeping, (3) Newman et al.'s framework for leveraging the power of place, and (4) a Foucauldian approach to the production of scientific knowledge. The findings of this study highlight the presence of gatekeeping mechanisms within the scientific field as well as government institutions, problematize the practice of placemaking, assert there is untapped symbolic capital to be wielded by citizen scientists, and trace the "innovation" of volunteer water monitoring data in Dane County.

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41

Semlow, Andrea R. "The Power of Place: A Qualitative Evaluation of Stream Monitoring Data Usage by Decision-Makers in Dane County, WI". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2005. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1505147/.

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Abstract (sommario):

Has years of citizen-based nutrient sampling and baseline water quality monitoring efforts only had a "trivial" impact on natural resource management decisions? This thesis will explore this and other findings from a qualitative evaluation of the Rock River Coalition (RRC) citizen-based stream monitoring project in Dane County, Wisconsin, USA. These findings are the culmination of 47 semi-structured interviews with decision-makers from seven client-identified categories and participant observations of board meetings and other watershed groups. Interview questions focused on current strategies of data design and dissemination with the goal of constructing a clearer picture of existing data usage by Dane County decision-makers. In the wider picture of citizen science and community-based research, this case study aims to highlight barriers to data use and potential solutions. The results of this case study were understood through four key frames: (1) Bourdieu's concept of symbolic capital, (2) Barzilai‐Nahon's theory of network gatekeeping, (3) Newman et al.'s framework for leveraging the power of place, and (4) a Foucauldian approach to the production of scientific knowledge. The findings of this study highlight the presence of gatekeeping mechanisms within the scientific field as well as government institutions, problematize the practice of placemaking, assert there is untapped symbolic capital to be wielded by citizen scientists, and trace the "innovation" of volunteer water monitoring data in Dane County.

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42

Yen, Jeffrey Lee. "A system model for assessing water consumption across transportation modes in urban mobility networks". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/39527.

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Energy and environmental impacts are two factors that will influence urban region composition in the near future. One emerging issue is the effect on water usage resulting from changes in regional or urban transportation trends. With many regions experiencing stresses on water availability, transportation planners and users need to combine information on transportation-related water consumption for any region and assess potential impacts on local water resources from the expansion of alternative transportation modes. This thesis will focus on use-phase water consumption factors for multiple vehicle modes, energy and fuel pathways, roads, and vehicle infrastructure for a given transportation network. While there are studies examining life cycle impacts for energy generation and vehicle usage, few repeatable models exist for assessing overall water consumption across several transportation modes within urban regions. As such, the question is: is it possible to develop a traceable decision support model that combines and assesses water consumption from transportation modes and related mobility infrastructure for a given mobility network? Based on this, an object-oriented system model of transportation elements was developed using the Systems Modeling Language (SysML) and Model-Based Systems Engineering principles to compare water consumption across vehicle modes for assessing the resiliency of existing infrastructure and water resources. To demonstrate the intent of this model, daily network usage water consumption will be analyzed for current and alternative network scenarios projected by policies regarding the expansion of alternative energy. The model is expected to show variations in water consumption due to fluctuations in energy pathways, market shares, and driving conditions, from which the model should help determine the feasibility of expanding alterative vehicles and fuels in these networks. While spatially explicit data is limited compared to the national averages that are used as model inputs, the analytical framework within this model closely follows that of existing assessments and the reusable nature of SysML model elements allows for the future expansion of additional transportation modes and infrastructure as well as other environmental analyses.

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Manzi, Daniel. "Determinação de parâmetros do modelo pressão-vazamento para setor de distribuição de água da cidade de Piracicaba, SP". Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18138/tde-26112015-161053/.

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A redução das perdas em sistemas de distribuição de água tem se tornado, além de uma questão ética, um determinante da eficiência e mesmo da sobrevivência das concessionárias destes serviços. A quantificação e determinação da natureza das vazões perdidas, que possuem relação íntima com as pressões de operação, são aspectos que ainda merecem análises mais profundas e práticas. Os parâmetros do modelo pressão-vazamento permitem o detalhamento das perdas físicas e foram obtidos por meio de calibrações para um setor de distribuição de água da cidade de Piracicaba, SP, em padrões hidráulicos distintos - sob hipótese de consumo noturno nulo (vazão mínima noturna), descargas de rede, patamares de pressão e sob consumo diurno dirigido pela pressão através de curvas encontradas na literatura e propostas. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os valores dos parâmetros do modelo pressão-vazamento não são fixos, mas variam conforme o padrão hidráulico de operação da rede. Estudos acerca do parque de hidrômetros e seus desvios de indicação também foram realizados, em conjunto com uma análise das vazões típicas de abastecimento residencial, e apontaram para fortes erros de medição em razão do uso de reservatórios domiciliares.
Losses reduction on water supply networks came to be, beyond the ethical question, a condition for efficiency and even survival of enterprises which develop those services. Quantification and determination of the nature of leakage, which are closely related to operational pressure, are aspects which still claim for deeper and more practical analysis. Parameters to the pressure-leakage model allows to detail physical losses at one given system, and they were obtained throughout employment of distinct hydraulic patterns - minimal night flow (no usage), network flush situations, pressure levels and day usage driven by pressure from curves found on lectures and author\'s propositions - when proceeding calibration at a water supply section at the Piracicaba city, SP. Achieved results have shown that pressure-leakage model parameters values are not constant, but really change according to network\'s operational hydraulic pattern. Studies concerning section\'s water flow meters and its measuring deviation were also done, and joined to an analysis of typical patterns of home usage flows; they have pointed to huge metering errors because of employment of home reservoirs.

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Junior, Mario Masaru Sakaguti. "Gestão, governança e uso das águas no Brasil e em Singapura: um estudo dos casos da ilha principal de Singapura e das bacias hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí, SP/MG". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-09112016-143203/.

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Singapura e as bacias hidrográficas dos rios Piracicaba, Capivari e Jundiaí (PCJ), Brasil, possuem como características comuns populações de cerca de 5,5 milhões de pessoas, altos índices de urbanização e industrialização e situações críticas de disponibilidade hídrica. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa é investigar e comparar a gestão, a governança e o uso das águas na ilha principal de Singapura e nas Bacias PCJ, a partir de dados obtidos por meio de trabalhos de campo, pesquisas bibliográfica e documental e entrevistas semiestruturadas com cidadãos, profissionais e pesquisadores de ambos os países. Em Singapura, foram realizadas 52 entrevistas no total, sendo 33 cidadãos, 5 profissionais, 6 pesquisadores e 8 brasileiros. Nas Bacias PCJ, foram realizadas 45 entrevistas, sendo 27 cidadãos, 8 profissionais, 7 pesquisadores e 3 singapurianos. Foram percebidas semelhanças nos usos domésticos da água dos dois contextos, como a ênfase no seu valor econômico, o acesso fácil e conveniente a esse bem, e indícios de uma baixa influência das diferenças culturais de diferentes grupos étnicos nos níveis de consumo de água, que tendem a ser mais influenciados pela classe socioeconômica, infraestrutura doméstica, estilos de vida e costumes familiares e individuais. Nas Bacias PCJ, ainda há a presença marcante de uma cultura da abundância. A comparação dos dois casos é notável, pois trata-se, por um lado, de uma gestão centralizada e não participativa que gerou bons resultados num intervalo relativamente curto de tempo, e, por outro, de uma gestão descentralizada e participativa que, apesar de muito bem avaliada no contexto nacional, ainda possui uma série de insuficiências, falhas e fragilidades. Os casos estudados reforçam a ideia de que adversidades podem se transformar em vantagens, como em Singapura, e condições ambientalmente favoráveis podem se transformar em desvantagens, como nas Bacias PCJ. Ficou evidente que o principal fator que contribuiu para o sucesso da gestão das águas em Singapura foi o governo. Lee Kuan Yew é mencionado como mentor das políticas de desenvolvimento global de Singapura, incluindo a gestão das águas. Ele buscou conciliar desenvolvimento econômico e proteção ambiental, despoluiu todos os rios da ilha e promoveu o uso de fontes alternativas de água para aumentar a autonomia hídrica do país. Contudo, o caráter autoritário de seu governo e das medidas adotadas é questionável de um ponto de vista democrático. Apesar das Bacias PCJ estarem entre as mais avançadas do Brasil em termos da aplicação dos instrumentos da Lei 9.433/97, ainda não foram gerados todos os benefícios econômicos, sociais e a ambientais esperados e ainda há lacunas de governança que dificultam a implementação efetiva da gestão das águas. É necessário superar a visão da água como bem abundante e ilimitado, a contradição entre proteção ambiental e crescimento econômico, a organização política vigente, a corrupção, a falta de vontade política, as insuficiências no desenvolvimento urbano e o déficit de infraestrutura adequada.
Singapore and the river basins of Piracicaba, Capivari and Jundiaí rivers (PCJ), Brazil, have populations of about 5.5 million people, high rates of urbanization and industrialization and critical situations in terms of water availability. The objective of this research is to investigate and to compare water management, governance and usage in the main island of Singapore and the PCJ river basins, based on data collected by field work, bibliographic and documentary research and semi-structured interviews with citizens, professionals and researchers from both countries. In Singapore, there were 52 interviews in total, 33 citizens, 5 professionals, 6 researchers and 8 Brazilians. In the PCJ river basins, 45 interviews were conducted, 27 citizens, 8 professionals, 7 researchers and 3 Singaporeans. Similarities were perceived in the domestic water usage of both contexts, as the emphasis on its economic value, easy and convenient access. There is evidence of a low influence of cultural differences of different ethnic groups in the level of water consumption, which tends to be more influenced by socioeconomic conditions, domestic infrastructure, lifestyles and family and individual habits. In the PCJ river basins, there is a strong presence of a culture of abundance. The comparison of the two cases is remarkable. On the one hand, a centralized and nonparticipative management style that generated good results in a relatively short period of time, and, on the other hand, a decentralized and participative management style which is highly evaluated in the national context, but it also has a number of shortcomings, faults and weaknesses. The case study reinforces the idea that adversities can be turned into advantages, such as in Singapore, and environmentally favorable conditions can be turned into disadvantages, such as in the PCJ Basins. It was evident that the main factor contributing to the success of the water management in Singapore was the government. Lee Kuan Yew is mentioned as the mentor of Singapore\'s overall development policies, including water management. He sought to reconcile economic development and environmental protection, to clean up all the rivers of the island and to promote the use of alternative sources of water to increase water autonomy in the country. However, the authoritarian government and its measures are questionable from a democratic point of view. Despite the PCJ river basins are among the most advanced in Brazil in terms of implementation of the Law 9433/97, its management has not generated all the expected economic, social and environmental benefits and there are still governance gaps that hamper the effective implementation of an effective water management. It is necessary to overcome the vision of water as an abundant and unlimited resource, the contradiction between environmental protection and economic growth, the current political structure, corruption problems, lack of political will, shortcomings in urban development and the shortage of adequate infrastructure.

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Pertel, Mônica. "Caracterização do uso da água e da energia associada à água em uma edificação residencial convencional e uma dotada de um sistema de reúso de águas cinza". Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2009. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/6146.

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A busca pela sustentabilidade no meio urbano compreende o uso das mais variadas práticas possíveis de conservação dos recursos como água e energia. Nesse sentido, a parcela referente ao consumo de água e energia nas residências é estratégica para a concepção de programas de conservação desses recursos em áreas urbanas, visto que o consumo residencial é responsável por uma grande parcela do consumo urbano, chegando a cerca de 80% em Minas Gerais. Visando avaliar um método de conservação de água, esse trabalho avaliou quantitativamente a economia gerada em uma edificação dotada de um sistema de reúso de águas cinza quando comparada a uma edificação com sistema hidrossanitário convencional. O monitoramento foi realizado de fevereiro a setembro de 2007 no edifício convencional e de fevereiro a setembro de 2008 naquele com sistema reúso de águas cinza, por meio de leituras diárias, sempre às 8h, de todos os hidrômetros e medidores de energia, além do levantamento de perfis de consumo de 24h. O consumo energético das bombas de recalque foi medido por meio eletrônico com a instalação de um analisador de energia. O consumo de água, avaliado através de perfis horários e dos indicadores per capita, por área e por dormitório, foi consistentemente mais elevado no edifício convencional, havendo um maior consumo nos meses de inverno nas duas edificações. Cerca de 32% da água cinza produzida são aproveitados como água de reúso na edificação, sendo que o volume de água de reúso utilizado é cerca de 22% do consumo total na edificação. Em termos energéticos, no edifício convencional o consumo das bombas de recalque foi de cerca de 8% do total de energia consumida. No dotado de reúso o consumo foi de 7% do total de energia consumida, sendo que 3% das bombas de água potável e 4% das bombas de reúso. Os valores altos de consumo energético das bombas sugerem uma maior atenção aos projetos de bombeamento. Foi observado um indicador de 1,40kWh/m³ para o edifício convencional e de 0,88kWh/m³ para o dotado de reúso. A avaliação de perdas realizada por meio da setorização permitiu inferir que há, possivelmente um vazamento de cerca de 1,88m³/dia invisível na edificação dotada de reúso antes do reservatório superior. Foi observado erros de medição nos hidrômetros das colunas de abastecimento para pequenas vazões. Não foram observados vazamentos nos apartamentos. Os resultados demonstram a importância do reúso como forma de conservação de água potável e de redução do esgoto sanitário.
The pursuit of urban sustainability entails the most diverse water and energy conservation praxes. In this context, the rational use of water and energy by residential buildings plays a strategic role in the conception of natural resources conservation programs in urban areas, since the residential usage is responsible for as much as 80% in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Seeking the evaluation of a water conservation method, the present work examined quantitatively the economic gain generated in a residential building outfitted with a gray water reuse system opposed to a building with conventional hydro-sanitary system. Data was collected from February to September of 2007 in the conventional building and from February to September of 2008 in the one equipped with the gray water reuse system. Data collection comprises daily readings, at 8:00 a.m., of the water and electricity consumption, as well as the 24h usage profile. The water pump electrical consumption was measured by an electronic gauge, installed on each pump. Based on the hourly usage profiles, per capita, per area and per bedroom, the water usage was consistently higher in the conventional building and more intense over the winter in both buildings. Approximately 32% of the produced gray water was diverted and reused, representing 22% of the total water consumption in the building. In terms of the electrical usage, the water pumps installed in the conventional residential building represented 8% of the total spent energy, while in the building outfitted with the gray water reuse system, it accounted for 7% of the total, from which 3% were used on the drinking water pumping system and 4% in the gray water system. The high electrical usage by the pumps suggests that the water systems should be more carefully designed. Energy consumption per cubic meter of conveyed water of 1,40kWh/m3 was observed in the conventional building, while in the one equipped with gray water reuse systems, a lower value of 0.88kWh/m3 was observed. The evaluation of water losses carried out by building sections, allowed the identification of a leakage of 1,88m3/day, in the building equipped with the gray water reuse system invisible by other means. Errors in the water flow meter were observed at low flow conditions. No evident leakages were observed inside the residences. The results show the potential of gray water reuse as water conservation and waste water reduction praxes.

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46

Wongrod, Suchanya. "Biochars from solid digestates as sorbing materials for metal(loid)s removal from water". Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC2023.

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Les digestats des boues d'épuration (SSD) et les digestats de la fraction organique des déchets ménagers (OFMSWD) ont été récemment considérés comme des sources potentielles pour la production de biochars en raison des quantités grandissantes de digestats solides restant à la fin de la digestion anaérobie. La pyrolyse des digestats solides est connue comme une technique pour promouvoir le recyclage des déchets organiques et générer des bio-produits à valeur ajoutée (i.e. biochar). En outre, en raison d'une capacité de sorption des métal(loïde)s des biochars moins bonnes par rapport aux charbon actifs traditionnels, la modification chimique des biochars bruts est considérée comme une alternative pour améliorer les propriétés de surface des biochars et induire ainsi une meilleure capacité de sorption des métal(loïde)s. Les biochars ont été traités avec 2 M de KOH ou 10% de H2O2, suivis d'un lavage en batch seul ou batch combiné avec un lavage en colonne à l’aide d'eau ultrapure. Les analyses des propriétés de biochar, le pH du point de charge nulle, la surface spécifique et la capacité d'échange cationique ont été effectuées sur les biochars bruts et modifiés afin de relier leurs propriétés de surface au comportement de sorption vis-à-vis des métal(loïde)s. Tous les biochars ont ensuite été utilisés pour étudier l'influence du traitement chimique et de la procédure de lavage des biochars sur le comportement de sorption du Pb(II), Cd(II) et As(III, V) à travers l’étude de la cinétique et des isothermes de sorption. De plus, l’évolution de l'état redox As (i.e. As(III, V)) pendant la sorption de l'As(III) sur la surface du biochar et en solution liquide a été déterminée par extraction solide-liquide suivie d'une analyse en chromatographie liquide.Les résultats ont montré des augmentations de la capacité de sorption pour le Pb(II), le Cd(II) et l’As(V) après traitement chimique du biochar. Par exemple, la capacité de sorption maximale (Qm) (Cd(II)) a été augmentée de 15,4 µmol g−1 sur le biochar de SSD brut à 306,1 µmol g−1 après le traitement au KOH (au pH initial de 5,0). De même, la valeur de Qm du Pb(II) a augmenté de 6,5 mg g−1 (biochar de SSD) à 25 mg g−1 sur le biochar modifié par H2O2. Néanmoins, la capacité de sorption du biochar SSD modifié par KOH n'a pas été déterminée en raison de l’impossibilité de modéliser les données expérimentales avec le modèle de l’isotherme de Langmuir. Cela indique qu'un lavage insuffisant du biochar SSD modifié par KOH peut inhiber la sorption de Pb(II) en raison de la libération de composés organiques dissous de ce biochar pouvant interagir avec Pb2+ et ainsi former des complexes Pb-ligand dans la solution. Ceci met en évidence le rôle important de la procédure de lavage sur l’efficacité de la sorption du Pb(II) sur le biochar. L’étude de la distribution de l’état redox de l'arsenic a montré une oxydation importante (70%) de As (III) en As (V) dans le biochar SSD traité au KOH avec lavage par batch, tandis que l'As(III) a été partiellement oxydé (7%) dans le biochar SSD traité au KOH avec un lavage en colonne. L'extraction de l’arsenic fixé par les biochars suivie d'une analyse par chromatographie en phase liquide a été établie avec succès pour récupérer quantitativement de l'As(III, V) Il a été montré que l'oxydation de As(III) était fortement induite par le biochar et, dans une moindre mesure, par des composés dissous libérés par les biochars.En résumé, les biochars de digestat modifiés par traitement chimique suivi d'une procédure de lavage appropriée du biochar peuvent être utilisés avec succès comme sorbants de Pb(II), Cd(II) et As(III, V). En outre, l'évolution de la distribution redox de l’arsenic dans les biochars et les solutions liquides à l'aide de l'extraction de liquide solide et de l'analyse chromatographique a été déterminée. Cela permet de mieux comprendre la transformation entre As(III) et As(V) lors la sorption de l’arsenic sur les biochars
Sewage sludge digestate (SSD) and the organic fraction of municipal solid waste digestate (OFMSWD) are currently considered as alternative feedstocks for biochar production due to the high amount of the organic solid waste remaining at the end of the treatment. The pyrolysis of solid digestate is known as an alternative to promote the recycling of organic wastes and generate added-value bio-products (e.g. biochar). Generally, the digestate biochar has a much lower sorption capacity for metal(loid)s compared to activated carbons. Therefore, chemical treatment is considered as a potential option to improve the biochar surface properties and thus inducing a better sorption ability for metal(loid)s on the biochar surface. The biochars were treated with 2 M KOH or 10% H2O2 followed by batch washing or batch and subsequent column washings with ultrapure water. The physicochemical properties including the pH of point of zero charge, the surface area and cation exchange capacity were determined for all the biochars in order to link their improved surface properties to the enhanced sorption ability for metal(loid)s. All the biochars were then used to study the influence of chemical treatment and biochar washing procedure on the sorption behavior of Pb(II), Cd(II) and As(III, V) through the batch sorption kinetics and isotherms. Moreover, the As redox state distribution (i.e. As(III, V)) during the As(III) sorption onto the biochar surface and in liquid solution was determined by using solid-liquid extraction followed by liquid chromatographic analysis. Results showed increases of the sorption ability for Pb(II), Cd(II) and As(V) after chemical treatment. For instance, the maximum sorption capacity (Qm) of Cd(II) was increased from 15.4 µmol g−1 on the raw SSD biochar to 306.1 µmol g−1 after the KOH treatment (at initial pH 5.0). Similarly, the Qm of Pb(II) was also increased from 6.5 mg g⁻1 (raw SSD biochar) to 25 mg g⁻1 on the H2O2 modified SSD biochar. However, the sorption capacity for Pb(II) was not determined after KOH treatment due to the failing of the Langmuir isotherm model to fit the experimental data. This indicates that insufficient washing of the KOH-modified SSD biochar can hinder the Pb(II) sorption due to the release dissolved organic compounds from this biochar that may interact with Pb2+ and thereby forming Pb-ligand complexes in the solution. This highlights an important role of washing procedure for Pb(II) sorption by the biochar. The As redox distribution showed a large oxidation (70%) of As(III) to As(V) in KOH-modified SSD biochar with batch washing, while As(III) was partially oxidized (7%) in the KOH-modified SSD biochar with batch and subsequent column washings. The As extraction followed by liquid chromatographic analysis was successfully established to quantitatively recover arsenic (i.e. As(III, V)). The oxidation of As(III) was strongly induced by the biochar and to a lesser extent by the release of dissolved compounds from the biochar. In summary, digestate biochars with the chemical treatment followed by a proper biochar washing procedure can be successfully used as potential sorbents to enhance the Pb(II), Cd(II) and As(III, V) sorption capacity. Moreover, the determination of As redox distribution on the biochars and in liquid phase during the sorption process can be achieved through the As extraction and chromatographic analysis, providing a better understanding of the transformation between As(III) and As(V) in the biochar-liquid sorption system

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Söderling, Linnea. "Minimering av resursanvändning för ett CIP-system : Undersökning med faktorförsök". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Maskinteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-28414.

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Syftet med detta examensarbete är att utforska möjligheten att minska resurssvinnet vid utförande av en så kallad clean-in-place-rengöring. Arbetet svarar på frågor gällande de möjligheter som finns att effektivisera rengöringsprocessen alternativt att minska medieförbrukningen genom att förkorta sköljtider. Den huvudsakliga metoden som arbetet baseras på är faktorförsök genom försökplanering. Detta är en metod för att strukturera försök med flera korrelerande faktorer. De faktorer som har förändrats med mål att göra resurseffektiviseringar är en minskning av lutlösningstemperatur för rengöring, prov av olika mängd tillsatsmedel i lutlösningen och en förkortad tid för avslutande kallvattensköljning. Analysen visar att godkända resultat för rengöring erhålls även efter genomförda förändringar. En stor del av arbetet fokuserar på förståelse av systemets uppbyggnad och funktion. Att återvinna spolvatten i högre grad och att använda en lägre lutkoncentration skulle vid vidare arbete kunna ge möjlighet att ytterligare minska resursförbrukningen.
The purpose of this degree project is to explore the possibility of reducing the use of resources in performing a so-called clean-in-place cleaning. The work answers questions about the possibilities that are available to streamline the process or to reduce media consumption by shortening rinse times in the cleaning process. The main method on which the work is based is factor attempts through trial planning. This is a method of structuring trials with several correlating factors. The factors that have been altered, with the goal of making resources use more efficient, are a reduction of the caustic temperature for cleaning, using different amounts of additives in the caustic solution and a shortened time for the last cold water rinse in the cleaning process. The analysis shows that approved results for cleaning are also obtained after changes have been made. A large part of the work has been focused on understanding the system's structure and function. Recycling waste water to a greater extent and using a lower caustic concentration could possibly allow to further reduce resource consumption.

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Klaassen, Nicolene. "Aspects of the usage of gastro–intestinal medication in South Africa : a geographical approach / N. Klaassen". Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4860.

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One of the aims included in the United Nations Millennium Development Goals is to decrease the number of the world’s population without access to sanitation and water that is safe, by half by the year 2015. The use of water that is not safe for consumption leads to water–related diseases. For the purpose of this study gastro–intestinal disease was redefined as diseases of the gastro–intestinal tract caused by pathogens that spread via contaminated drinking water, poor sanitation and inadequate hygiene. Information obtained regarding the use of gastro–intestinal disease medication, may provide information about the prevalence of gastro–intestinal disease in South Africa. The general objective of this study was to determine the prescribing patterns of gastro–intestinal medication in different geographical areas in the private health care sector of South Africa. A retrospective drug utilisation review was conducted on data obtained from a medicine claims database of a pharmacy benefit management company for 2007 and 2008. A pharmacoepidemiological approach was followed in order to determine the prevalence of gastro–intestinal disease as well as the use of gastro–intestinal medication in South Africa as well as the different provinces of South Africa. The impact of water quality and sanitation on the prevalence of gastro–intestinal disease was also investigated. Gastro–intestinal medication (used in the treatment of gastro–intestinal disease) included the following pharmacological groups according to the MIMS®–classification: antivertigo and anti–emetic agents (group 1.8), antispasmodics (group 12.3), antidiarrhoeals (group 12.7), minerals and electrolytes (group 20.4, selected according to specified NAPPI–codes) and antimicrobials (group 18). Antimicrobials had to be prescribed in combination with one of the specified gastro–intestinal medication groups in order to be classified as a gastro–intestinal medication. In 2007 and 2008 respectively, 428864 and 340921 gastro–intestinal medication items were prescribed. The most frequently prescribed gastro–intestinal medication pharmacological groups in 2007 and 2008 were beta–lactam antimicrobials (with proportion percentages of 22.77% and 20.85% in 2007 and 2008 respectively), antivertigo and anti–emetic agents, antispasmodics, antidiarrhoeals and quinolone antimicrobials. Minerals and electrolytes represented only a small proportion (2.99% and 2.56% in 2007 and 2008 respectively) of the prescribed gastro–intestinal medication in South Africa. In the Free State and Western Cape antivertigo and anti–emetic agents were the most frequently prescribed gastro–intestinal medication items, while in other provinces beta–lactam antimicrobials ranked the highest. In all provinces except the Western Cape and the Northern Cape, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid was the most frequently prescribed gastro–intestinal medication active ingredient. In the Western Cape loperamide was the most frequently prescribed active ingredient, while ciprofloxacin ranked highest as active ingredient in the Northern Cape in 2008. Based on the prescribing patterns of gastro–intestinal disease medications the treatment of gastro–intestinal disease in this section of the private health care sector of South Africa, does not fully comply with the Standard Treatment Guidelines with regard to the use of antimicrobials and electrolyte replacement therapy.
Thesis (M.Pharm. (Pharmacy Practice))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

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Horikx, Lotte, e Bledar Beqiri. "Circular economy in the Nordic region – on the right path? : The effect of circular economy business practices on firms’ environmental performance". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324860.

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Over the last couple of decades, sustainability has gained importance in the business world, and a concept that has often been used as a prime example of how to deal with today’s environmental problems is circular economy. Even though the topic is relatively new, there has already been quite some debate about its actual advantages and disadvantages, and while there is as of yet no consensus, the majority argues that the application of circular economy practices will be beneficial for the environment. Which is exactly what this research has attempted to ascertain by looking at 78 firms from a wide range of industries yet all from the Nordic region, since this geographical area has been hailed repeatedly for their sustainability. This was done by performing a hierarchical regression analysis on the data in order to explore a possible relationship between the score of a firm on the benchmark of circular economy practices and its corresponding environmental performance, specifically energy consumption, water usage and greenhouse gas emissions. The hierarchical regression analysis showed a significantly positive relationship between a firm’s score on the benchmark of circular economy practices and its energy consumption, while controlling for firm size, industry, debt ratio,slack resources and country of origin, which was contrary to expectations. No such relationship was found between a firm’s benchmark score and their water usage, the same goes for greenhouse gas emissions. Nevertheless, this research has taken an important step in understanding the relationship between circular economy practices and a firm’s environmental performance, and in doing so has opened up new avenues to explore in terms of future research. While the Nordic region is on the right track, there is still a long road ahead.

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Söderholm, Malin. "Saltvatteninträngning i bergborrade brunnar : En undersökning på Tynningö i Stockholms skärgård". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för naturgeografi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-120107.

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Groundwater is often the most important source of drinking water. In recent decades, the environmental threats to this resource have increased dramatically, because of pollution, over usage and disturbed water balances. Climate change will affect the groundwater in coastal areas by sea-level rise and changes in precipitation and temperature. If seasonal variations in groundwater recharge and groundwater reservoirs changes it could lead to problems for drinking water supplies. In coastal areas and archipelagos, there is a general lack of groundwater because of thin soil covers and limited storage capacities within the bedrock aquifers. When water abstraction in a well is too large in relation to the formation of groundwater the area can be affected by saltwater intrusion. More people are settling permanently in former summer-house areas, which mean higher pressure on groundwater as a drinking water resource. This development is under way on the island Tynningö in the Stockholm archipelago. Saltwater intrusion in wells has been investigated in collaboration with Södra Roslagens Miljö- och Hälsoskyddskontor (SRMH). The aim was to find out how many of the wells that have enhanced chloride concentrations (≥50 mg/l) and how different parameters affect the concentrations. The study is limited to houses where people live permanently. Water samples from 67 wells have been analyzed for chloride concentrations. Parameters that may affect the risk of saltwater intrusion, for example how deep the well is and its distance to the shoreline, are used to interpret the measured chloride concentrations. A comparison with previous chloride measurements is also made to evaluate how the problem has changed over time. Furthermore, measures to reduce water consumption and possibilities for the municipality to prevent problems with saltwater intrusion are discussed. The results show that 24 % of the wells have an enhanced chloride concentration (≥50 mg/l), which is in harmony with results from earlier studies in Tynningö and similar areas. This survey was conducted during winter; chloride concentrations in summer may therefore be higher. The result shows that all the investigated parameters have an influence on the chloride concentrations. Wells with enhanced chloride concentrations are slightly deeper, older, lower in the terrain, closer to the shoreline and the well bottom is located deeper below sea level. The number of people using the well also affects the risk of saltwater intrusion.
Grundvatten utgör ofta den viktigaste källan till dricksvatten. De senaste årtiondena har miljöhoten mot denna resurs ökat kraftigt till följd av föroreningar, överutnyttjande och rubbad vattenbalans. Klimatförändringarna kommer att påverka grundvattnet i kustområden genom havsnivåhöjning och förändrad nederbörd och temperatur. Om grundvattenbildningen och grundvattenmagasinens årstidsvariationer förändras kan det leda till problem för den enskilda dricksvattenförsörjningen. I kust- och skärgårdsområden råder det i allmänhet brist på grundvatten på grund av tunna jordtäcken och små lagringsmöjligheter i berggrunden. När vattenuttaget i en brunn blir för stort i förhållande till nybildningen av grundvatten kan området drabbas av saltvatteninträngning. I många tidigare fritidshusområden bosätter sig fler permanent, vilket innebär ett större tryck på grundvattnet. På Tynningö i Stockholms skärgård pågår en sådan utveckling och saltvatteninträngning i enskilda brunnar har därför undersökts i samarbete med Södra Roslagens Miljö- och Hälsoskyddskontor (SRMH). Syftet har varit att ta reda på hur många av brunnarna som har förhöjda kloridhalter (≥50 mg/l) samt hur olika parametrar påverkar kloridhalten. Undersökningen är avgränsad till permanentboenden och vattenprover från 67 brunnar har analyserats för klorid. Parametrar som kan påverka risken för saltvatteninträngning, t.ex. brunnens djup och dess avstånd till strandlinjen, har sedan använts för att analysera de uppmätta kloridhalterna. En jämförelse med tidigare kloridmätningar har även gjorts för att utvärdera hur problemet har förändrats över tid. Vidare har åtgärder för att minska vattenförbrukningen samt kommunens möjligheter att förebygga problem med saltvatteninträngning diskuterats. Resultatet visar att 24 % av brunnarna har en förhöjd kloridhalt (≥50 mg/l), vilket stämmer överrens med resultat från tidigare undersökningar på Tynningö och i liknande områden. Denna undersökning genomfördes under vintern. Eftersom kloridhalten påverkas av årstid kan kloridhalterna sommartid komma att bli högre. Resultatet visar att samtliga undersökta parametrar har en påverkan på kloridhalten. Brunnar med förhöjda kloridhalter är något djupare, äldre, ligger lägre i terrängen och närmare stranden och brunnsbottens nivå ligger djupare under havsnivån. Även antal personer som använder brunnen påverkar risken för saltvatteninträngning.

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