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1
Na, Zhao, e Wang Fusheng. "The Game Analysis of Manufacturers’ Political Connections on Product Safety in Supply Chain: Evidence from China". Discrete Dynamics in Nature and Society 2013 (2013): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/695384.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper studied the political connections on product safety in supply chain. In market economy, information asymmetry exists throughout the entirety of supply chains that ought to ensure product safety. Due to the existence of game relations between the government and manufacturers in the aspects of product safety and regulation, the formation of market equilibrium depends on political connections between the government and manufacturers. Based on study and analyses of a static game model and a dynamic game model, this paper reveals that governments and manufacturers must use positive political connections to achieve product protection and supervision of safety throughout the supply chain. On the other hand, negative political connections lead to losses of both governmental credibility and social profits. This study indicates that inherent mechanism of political connections exists in the supply chain; it will help to enrich the theory of supply chain.
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YU, Hongyuan. "The Energy-Water-Food Nexus and Its Implications for China–Africa Cooperation on Climate Change". Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 02, n. 02 (dicembre 2014): 1450013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748114500134.
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In the context of climate change, security is not only a relationship between countries, but also the interdependence between issues. In the African region, water, energy, and food form a security nexus with great sensitivity and vulnerability. Security nexus provides a new explanation for resources competition, cooperation, and conflict in the African region, and promotes water-food-energy research shift from the technical aspects to foreign policy level, and finally provides new international political ideas for resource and environmental solutions in Africa. In the perspective of security nexus, solving the ecological problems in Africa through international cooperation is not a simple technical issue, but an international political and economic issue. Based on the special political and economic advantages that China owns, jointly coping with the challenges of security nexus of China and Africa will provide an important opportunity to deepen their friendly and cooperative relations, broaden social basis of China–Africa relationship, and seek new growth points for economic cooperation.
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Kim, Inwook. "Swinging Shale: Shale Oil, the Global Oil Market, and the Geopolitics of Oil". International Studies Quarterly 64, n. 3 (1 luglio 2020): 544–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa042.
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Abstract Is shale oil “revolutionizing” the global oil market and the geopolitics of oil? If so, how? While two aspects of the shale boom—a new source of supply and a cause for the price collapse in 2014–2015—dominate the conventional wisdom, I argue that the most revolutionary change is the least understood aspect of shale oil—shale oil producers’ rise as new swing suppliers due to its unique extraction technique and cost structure. Shale oil producers also differ from traditional swing producers in motives, contexts, and an amount of accessible excess capacity such that while shale oil lowers the medium-term price ceiling, it does not eliminate short-term price volatility. By examining the geopolitics of oil since the advent of shale oil, I analyze how such new market realities have or have not altered the US foreign policy on issues involving possible oil supply disruptions, Saudi Arabia's long-held special status in US grand strategy, rationale for US withdrawal from the Persian Gulf, and the foreign policy of China, the largest oil importer today, and Russia, a major petrostate.
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Koltsov, P. M., S. M. Murgaev e S. A. Umgaev. "Russian-Chinese cooperation: economical, institutional, investment and trade aspects". Belgorod State University Scientific bulletin. Series: History. Political science 46, n. 4 (30 dicembre 2019): 664–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.18413/2075-4458-2019-46-4-664-672.
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This article is devoted to trade, investment and institutional aspects of Russion-Chinese economic cooperation. The perspective of this cooperation, problems of growth and structural changes of China’s economy are also analyzed. This research based on analyzes of key indicators: GDP growth and structure, import and export volume and structure, foreign trade’s amount and structure, indicators of investment activity. Institutional aspects of bilateral relationships are analyzed. This work also contains evaluation of Russian-Chinese relationship’s perspectives and analyzes of growth problems and structure changes in Chinese economy, which is connected to service sector development and quality of life’s growth. Development of Chinese market creates opportunities for the growth of Russian export, but on the condition that our country could form the supply of quality and interesting products. The authors come to a conclusion that significant growth of Russia and People’s Republic of China economic interactions is a fundamental base for political partnership and strategical interactions.
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Sutyrin, S., e V. Kovalenko. "China-Pakistan economic corridor: state and prospects". Mezhdunarodnaja jekonomika (The World Economics), n. 8 (1 agosto 2020): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/vne-04-2008-05.
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The article discusses the main aspects of the most important joint project with the people’s Republic of China to create the China-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC) in the modern history of Pakistan. The transformation of China into an economic superpower, as well as the gradual strengthening of its geopolitical capabilities, has led to the need to form a belt of States loyal to China, ensuring its uninterrupted supply of raw materials, as well as providing Beijing with its transport infrastructure to ensure its unhindered access to the world market. In many ways, Pakistan is an exemplary partner for the middle Kingdom. More than half a century of interaction between the two countries in the political and economic spheres, against the background of the gradual reduction of Pakistan’s dependence on the United States in the 1990s, has led to the fact that the PRC has become a key partner for Islamabad. The implementation of such a large-scale project is not only of great importance for the participating countries, but is also of great interest in the geopolitical context.
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SMIRNOV, Valerii V. "Russia's position in the economic relations of the USA and China". National Interests: Priorities and Security 17 (15 giugno 2021): 1156–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24891/ni.17.6.1156.
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Subject. The article discusses the international economic relations. Objectives. I determine Russia's position in the economic relations of the USA and China. Methods. The study is based on the systems approach and the method of statistical, neural network and cluster analysis. Results. I discovered the persisting dominance of the USA over the world economy due to a growth in broad money supply, which makes it the leader in food exports, trade balance and industrial exports. The same reasons helps the USA constrain some material aspects of economic growth in Russia and China, such as inflation, direct foreign investment, ultimate consumption spending, real interest rate, the ratio of broad money supply to total reserves, total value of traded stocks, export of food, goods and services. Trends in SPX, SHCOMP, RTSI и DXY, USDRUB, USDCNY, USDBRO shows that China strives to reach the U.S. economic level given the stable exchange rate. Raising USDRUB, Russia approaches DXY. In case of low USDBRO, RTSI growth will be significantly curbed. Considering commodities within foreign trade between Russia, the USA and China, I should point out resource exports, while importing technology from the USA and equipment from China. Conclusions and Relevance. Studying Russia's position in the U.S.–Chinese economic relations, I found that the Russian government should revise foreign trade priorities to end the political and economic independence on the above relations. The findings contribute to the knowledge and competence of the Russian government members for making complementary administrative decision on sources of foreign trade and seizing opportunities for encouraging it.
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Sjöholm, Fredrik, e Nannan Lundin. "Will Science and Technology Solve China's Unemployment Problem?" Asian Economic Papers 9, n. 2 (giugno 2010): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep_a_00013.
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China needs a substantial growth of modern-sector employment to absorb its huge supply of underemployed people and new labor market entrants. The present crisis with its massive layoffs of workers makes the issue even more pressing. Although the government has announced large public investments to deal with the business cycle downturn, less attention has been paid to the structural aspects of Chinese underemployment. One exception is the recent emphasis of technology development. However, science and technology (S&T) can have both positive and negative effects on employment. Using information from a large sample of manufacturing firms in China between 1996 and 2004, we analyze how S&T affects employment. Our results suggest that S&T does not promote employment growth.
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Tao, Wenjuan, Zhi Zeng, Haixia Dang, Bingqing Lu, Linh Chuong, Dahai Yue, Jin Wen, Rui Zhao, Weimin Li e Gerald F. Kominski. "Towards universal health coverage: lessons from 10 years of healthcare reform in China". BMJ Global Health 5, n. 3 (marzo 2020): e002086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002086.
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Universal health coverage (UHC) is driving the global health agenda. Many countries have embarked on national policy reforms towards this goal, including China. In 2009, the Chinese government launched a new round of healthcare reform towards UHC, aiming to provide universal coverage of basic healthcare by the end of 2020. The year of 2019 marks the 10th anniversary of China’s most recent healthcare reform. Sharing China’s experience is especially timely for other countries pursuing reforms to achieve UHC. This study describes the social, economic and health context in China, and then reviews the overall progress of healthcare reform (1949 to present), with a focus on the most recent (2009) round of healthcare reform. The study comprehensively analyses key reform initiatives and major achievements according to four aspects: health insurance system, drug supply and security system, medical service system and public health service system. Lessons learnt from China may have important implications for other nations, including continued political support, increased health financing and a strong primary healthcare system as basis.
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Xie, Chen, Yifan Yang, Yang Liu, Guoqing Liu, Ziwu Fan e Yun Li. "A Nation-Wide Framework for Evaluating Freshwater Health in China: Background, Administration, and Indicators". Water 12, n. 9 (17 settembre 2020): 2596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092596.
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This study reviewed the existing experience of implementing the nation-wide freshwater health evaluation in China and around the world and proposes a new framework that works in collaboration with the River Chief System (RCS). The institutional context of China with intertwined political and scientific considerations makes it essential to establish a concise and quantitative approach to assess the effectiveness of the RCS as well as local freshwater health conditions that can be easily understood by non-experts for decision-making. To fulfil this objective, we reconstructed the indicator categories based on the best practices in major western countries and the existing regional standards in China. The new indicator framework includes two main aspects: Ecosystem integrity (physical habitat, water quantity, water quality, and aquatic life) and non-ecological performance (social services and water governance). Specifically, the non-ecological attributes of freshwaters are in accordance with the purposes of the RCS and are usually ignored in many countries. The final health grade for a specific water body is determined by a weighted averaging method; this grade is the core element of an evaluation protocol designed to produce reliable data for adaptable water resources governance in China. The research findings in this study will also be integrated into the new national standard to be issued by the Ministry of Water Resources of China in late 2020.
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Zhang, Jhunru, Hadrian Geri Djajadikerta e Terri Trireksani. "Corporate sustainability disclosure’s importance in China: financial analysts’ perception". Social Responsibility Journal 16, n. 8 (22 agosto 2019): 1169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/srj-10-2018-0272.
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Purpose Corporate sustainability in China has become a subject of increasing international concern. Corporate sustainability disclosure (CSD) is considered a useful tool to facilitate the empowerment and acknowledgement of stakeholders in the quest for sustainability. However, the degree of cultural and political influences for being sustainably orientated can be significantly different between countries. This study aims to examine the perception of financial analysts, as CSD report users, in China about the level of importance of various indicators of corporate sustainability described in the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) Sustainability Reporting Guidelines. Design/methodology/approach A set of questionnaires was developed based on GRI G4 guidelines to measure the perception of financial analysts in China on the level of importance of each sustainability indicator described in the GRI G4. A five-point Likert scale was used to measure the report users’ perceptions of each of the indicators. Findings The findings of this study increase our understanding of how Chinese CSD report users perceive corporate sustainability differently from the GRI guidelines. The main results show that the environmental aspect of sustainability was seen to be important in China, followed by the social and economic aspects. Indicator-wise, “water”, “effluents and waste”, “emissions”, “compliance” and “energy” were perceived as vital in the environmental category, while “customer health and safety”, “customer privacy” and “compliance” were considered significant in the social category. Originality/value This study addresses the need for differing corporate sustainability guidelines for different nations and cultures, specifically within the Chinese context. It also contributes to the corporate sustainability literature by adding to our understanding of how financial analysts in China, as CSD report users, perceive aspects of sustainability.
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Sárvári, Balázs, e Anna Szeidovitz. "The Political Economics of the New Silk Road". Baltic Journal of European Studies 6, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2016): 3–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2016-0001.
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AbstractWhat has now been coined the term XXI Century Silk Road had evolved from a speech given by Chinese premier Xi Jinping in Kazakhstan in 2013. It was initially a plan aimed at promoting the bilateral relations of China and its neighbors; however, the initiative had since then traversed the region’s borders and become a global project. This paper examines the Silk Road Economic Belt initiative in light of Chinese-EU relations. It reviews the initiation of the Silk Road Project and focuses on its political economic analysis through investigating the potential routes the Belt can take, the EU-Chinese trade and investment standings as well as the global political context that the increased cooperation and connection is likely to influence. The paper uses the Modern Silk Road concept as an example of China’s foreign policy in the wake of globalization and the emergence of a new multipolar world order. To set the stage we will begin with a political-economic approach of the New Silk Road. Highlighting the possibilities of Chinese high culture, which accommodate global governance, we state that the Modern Silk Road project is one of its materialized forms. The concept of the New Silk Road (together with the Eurasian Union) denies the previous era of corruption and personality cult and indicates a milestone in the development of China, proving that it is already a globally responsible power (Värk, 2015). Even if transport by land is significantly more expensive than transportation by sea, the New Silk Road may have significant advantages: It may take only two weeks, saving potentially a week in shipping time, and diversify China’s dependence on sea transport that could reduce the importance of its regional diplomatic conflicts. Already these aspects show that the purpose of the Modern Silk Road is basically not to explore cost-efficiency but to contribute to the establishment of a new, multipolar world order. The fact that the Modern Silk Road is a supply-driven concept in spite of the historical one underlines this argument. Even if politics dominate, henceforward directing the economic activities, we will nonetheless examine the China-Eastern European relations through the lenses of trade and investment as well. After the initial analysis and description of the Silk Road Economic Belt as a tool of Chinese foreign policy, the paper goes on to examine the potential routes the railway takes from China to Europe. It reviews the trade and investment ties that the two entities share and assesses how this initiative contributes to the rise of Europe and China beside the USA. Lastly, it outlines how various regional and global powers are affected by the renewal of the Silk Road.
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watson, Andrew, Christopher Findlay e Du Yintang. "Who Won the “Wool War”?: A Case Study of Rural Product Marketing in China". China Quarterly 118 (giugno 1989): 213–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000017793.
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The absence of a systematic programme has been a distinctive feature of China's economic reform process. The Chinese did not set out to develop a step-by-step plan of reform to be phased in over a period of years. Instead they adopted a number of strategic goals, and in 1978 launched incremental and pragmatic changes aimed at realizing them. Essentially the strategy adopted had four main aspects: a shift from economic growth expressed mainly through statistical targets towards an emphasis on satisfying the consumption needs of the population; a change from extensive development based on new investment towards intensive development through greater efficiency; an acceptance of greater economic autonomy for producers, with a broader mix of methods of economic management and types of ownership; and the adoption of a much more open economy. The reforms adopted over the succeeding years have all been consistent with these objectives, but they have not been implemented through a carefully planned series of stages. Overall the process has been marked by different rates of reform across sectors, by occasional pauses and even retreats, and by problems generated by the interaction of the differing rates of reform. Enterprise managers, for example, have found that plan controls over their production or sales have disappeared at a faster rate than controls over their supply of inputs. Given the dual price system and the continuing role of the central government in the supply of strategic materials and energy, the impact of the uneven pace of change on managers’ behaviour has therefore been very complex.
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REN, XIN. "IMPLEMENTATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN CHINA". Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 15, n. 03 (settembre 2013): 1350009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333213500099.
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The paper describes major developments of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in China since 2003 when its EIA law became effective, with emphasis on those aspects not sufficiently touched upon by most researchers so far. These range from threshold-based categorization, evolution in scoping, expansion and upgrading of a series of technical guidelines for EIA, addition of water and soil conservation plan to EIA, public consultation and social impact assessment to interaction with other major means of environmental management in China (i.e. total pollution load control, discharge permit and cleaner production). Based on a literature review, exchanges with EIA practitioners and the author's daily work on EIA, it is found that EIA in China has evolved into a fairly comprehensive and technically adequate system. The biggest problem lies in its poor enforcement and implementation, which is the focus of this paper. By examining each practical step in reviewing, enforcing and implementing EIA, the paper evaluates EIA's role in optimizing decision-making (e.g. by alternative analysis), EIA implementation and its supervision piloted in China, underlying technical, procedural and institutional issues and concerns, and the disconnect between project EIA and plan/regional EIA, both with regards to theory and practice. The main reasons for weak EIA enforcement and implementation are discussed, which include the political system and incentive mechanisms, institutional arrangements, and regulatory and methodological shortcomings. Based on the analysis, recommendations are made for improving enforcement and implementation of EIA in China.
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Huidong, Su, Liu Yin, Lu Huiting, Wang Dongbo e Jin Tianian. "Study on Integrated Planning and Management in Lhasa River Basin". E3S Web of Conferences 165 (2020): 03055. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016503055.
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As a political, economic and cultural center of the Tibet Autonomous Region, the Lhasa River needs to take planning and management of the basin. In the past 60 years, the temperature of Lhasa River Basin has been increasing gradually at an annual rate of 0.047 ° C, which leads to the water cycle variation of the river basin and its associated aquatic ecology and environment continue to change and evolve, and ecological environmental protection is affected by more uncertain factors. Based on the assessment of the ecological environment of the Lhasa River Basin, the comprehensive planning suggestions for the Lhasa River Basin were proposed from the aspects of water environment, land use, ecological pattern, and economic and social development. These suggestions are drawn on the examples of integrated planning and management of catchment in foreign countries and are referred to as the comprehensive planning of the seven major river basins in China.
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Zhang, Jiayan. "Discourse, Reality and Rural Society: The Case of Tenancy and Employment Relationships in the Early Twentieth-Century Jianghan Plain". Rural China 16, n. 1 (28 febbraio 2019): 69–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22136746-01601004.
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According to class struggle theory, rural China before 1949 featured two contrasting classes, the exploiting class and the exploited class. Some current research tends to—from the perspectives of market relations and moral economics—focus on the harmonious aspect of the rural society of that time. Based on different surveys and their associated discourses on tenancy and employment relationships in the Jianghan Plain in the late Qing, the Republic of China, and the 1950s, this article argues that different discourses emphasized different aspects of rural society. The surveys of the late Qing and some surveys of the Republic are closer to reality, while the CCP surveys of the 1950s and the gazetteers compiled in the 1950s, influenced by political propaganda and policy, are heavily loaded with ideological biases and exaggerate the landlord-tenant conflict. This kind of influence has gradually weakened since the 1980s, and the gazetteers compiled afterward are closer to reality. Those new studies that deny exploitation and evil landlords are overcorrecting. The Jianghan experience of tenancy and employment relationships demonstrates that in the early twentieth century, exploitation among classes, market competition, and moral economics all existed at the same time. Because the Jianghan Plain was prone to frequent water calamities, we also need to add the specific influence of the environmental factor to our understanding of tenancy and employment relationships in this region.
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Li, He. "China’s economic statecraft toward East Asia". Social Transformations in Chinese Societies 16, n. 2 (16 novembre 2020): 151–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/stics-04-2020-0010.
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Purpose Economic statecraft is a critical aspect of China’s foreign policy and has played a vital role in China’s relations with its Asian neighbors. The Chinese economic ties with Asia are significant not only because China is the second largest economy in today’s world but also because it has an important impact on regional economic co‐operation and international supply chains. Relentless growth in military buildup and more assertive foreign policy led many pundits to focus almost exclusively on political and military aspects of the Chinese grand strategy in Asia. The purpose of this study is to re‐examine this picture by studying China’s economic statecraft in the region. Design/methodology/approach This paper will address following research questions: How does the Chinese foreign economic policy serve its political aspirations in East Asia? Why has China increasingly relied on a combination of economic pressures and incentives to achieve its foreign policy objectives? How effective is China’s economic diplomacy as a strategic weapon? What are the limitations of such policy? What challenges does Beijing face in exercising its economic power in East Asia? Findings Beijing has a comprehensive, long-term grand strategy in Asia, and economic statecraft is a major component of it. Economic statecraft is a double-edged sword. It has given the People’s Republic of China more political influence but frictions and disputes between China and its trading partners are growing as well. Even with the slower growth of the Chinese economy, China will continue to be a game changer for the region. The economic diplomacy has long been part of the foreign policy toolkit used by the People’s Republic of China and will play more important role in the years to come. Research limitations/implications Thus far, China’s expanding economic ties with many countries in the world have not generated significant spillover effects. Although China is the dominant economic partner for every country in East Asia, its “soft power” remains to be weak. With the slower growth of the Chinese economy, another looming issue is whether China is going to be able to make a shift away from a trade- and export-led growth model that brought its dramatic economic success. All these could lead China’s economic statecraft less potent. Meanwhile, it should be noted that Asian economies that once relied on the USA are reaching a turning point as China comes to the fore, a trend that may challenge the existing international order. Should this momentum continue, it could alter the balance of power between Washington and Beijing in the region. Practical implications For Beijing, economic statecraft concerns both the economic dimension of foreign policy and the strategic dimension of economic policy. Although there is a growing literature on China’s soft power and military capabilities, the study of the economic dimensions of China’s foreign policy remains underdeveloped. With rising confidence and sophistication, Beijing has deployed economic resources to achieve geopolitical aims. Originality/value Needless to say, China’s economic statecraft has already triggered heated debate in the United States, Asia and elsewhere in the international community. However, the study of the Chinese economic diplomacy has received relatively little scholarly attention in the English-speaking world. This paper will fill a gap in the analysis and literature.
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Leonard, Mark, Jean Pisani-Ferry, Jeremy Shapiro, Simone Tagliapietra e Guntram Wolf. "The geopolitics of the European Green Deal". International Organisations Research Journal 16, n. 2 (30 giugno 2021): 204–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2021-02-10.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The European Green Deal is a plan to decarbonise the EU economy by 2050, revolutionise the EU’s energy system, profoundly transform the economy and inspire efforts to combat climate change. But the plan will also have profound geopolitical repercussions. The Green Deal will affect geopolitics through its impact on the EU energy balance and global markets; on oil and gas-producing countries in the EU neighbourhood; on European energy security; and on global trade patterns, notably via the carbon border adjustment mechanism. At least some of these changes are likely to impact partner countries adversely. The EU needs to wake up to the consequences abroad of its domestic decisions. It should prepare to help manage the geopolitical aspects of the European Green Deal. Relationships with important neighbourhood countries such as Russia and Algeria, and with global players including the United States, China and Saudi Arabia, are central to this effort, which can be structured around seven actions: 1) Help neighbouring oil and gas-exporting countries manage the repercussions of the European Green Deal. The EU should engage with these countries to foster their economic diversification, including into renewable energy and green hydrogen that could in the future be exported to Europe; 2) Improve the security of critical raw materials supply and limit dependence, first and foremost on China. Essential measures include greater supply diversification, increased recycling volumes and substitution of critical materials; 3) Work with the US and other partners to establish a ‘climate club’ whose members will apply similar carbon border adjustment measures. All countries, including China, would be welcome to join if they commit to abide by the club's objectives and rules; 4) Become a global standard-setter for the energy transition, particularly in hydrogen and green bonds. Requiring compliance with strict environmental regulations as a condition to access the EU market will be strong encouragement to go green for all countries; 5) Internationalise the European Green Deal by mobilising the EU budget, the EU Recovery and Resilience Fund, and EU development policy; 6) Promote global coalitions for climate change mitigation, for example through a global coalition for the permafrost, which would fund measures to contain the permafrost thaw; 7) Promote a global platform on the new economics of climate action to share lessons learned and best practices.
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Varnavskii, V. "Global Value Chains (GVCS) and COVID-19 Pandemic". World Economy and International Relations 65, n. 1 (2021): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2021-65-1-14-23.
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The article discusses the status of Global Value Chains (GVCs) amid the COVID 19 pandemic and their influence on world economic development. Key aspects of the world economy and GVCs transformation in the context of the COVID 19 are studied. A brief overview of the economic literature and development of theoretical frameworks and concepts of Global Value Chains as well as globalisation and “slowbalisation” is provided. The article focuses on estimates of key indicators published by international bodies, such as the United Nations, UNCTAD, UNIDO, OECD, WTO, IMF and others. Various think tanks and other institutions such as World Economic Forum, European Central Bank, McKinsey Global Institute, Deloitte, NBER have been analyzing GVCs’ contribution to the transmission of the COVID 19 macroeconomic shocks across countries. A quantitative assessment of participation in GVCs for countries and regions based on available data in the Trade in Value Added (TiVA) database are discussed. Specific attention is paid to the key GVCs indicators, including exports of intermediate goods and foreign value added share of gross exports. Special attention is paid to the economic downturn in the United States and characteristics of GVCs involving enterprises located in Wuhan (China), which is very important to many global supply chains. Various kinds of long-term trends and structural changes are analyzed. It is noted that gross domestic product (GDP) of the USA in constant 2012 prices (ignoring inflation) fell in the second quarter of 2020 compared to the previous quarter by 31.7% but only 9.1% compared to the first quarter of 2020. It is concluded that improving supply chains’ recovery ability will be an important factor for restoring global economic activity in post-coronavirus times.
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Wang, Nan, e Zai Qi Liu. "Oil Security Issues in the Context of Economic Globalization". Applied Mechanics and Materials 484-485 (gennaio 2014): 552–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.484-485.552.
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In the context of economic globalization and economic crisis, Chinas oil security issues are not merely related to energy access and consumption, but also involve many aspects of the political and economic factors which are becoming increasingly complex. In view of this, we should not only need to attach great importance to energy security, making full use of "two markets and two resources" to take a variety of channels to ensure oil supply diversification, but also should develop oil security strategy from a strategic level, and actively participate in international oil trading system. Furthermore, we should support Chinas oil enterprises from the political, financial and other aspects, so as to ensure adequate, stable and affordable supply of oil to meet Chinas economic construction requirement.
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Liu, Shuang, e Kenneth M. Persson. "Situations of water reuse in China". Water Policy 15, n. 5 (16 luglio 2013): 705–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.275.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Water reuse is a cost-effective solution that is carried out in many water-shortage countries on different levels. China, which is the most populous country in the world, is facing a serious water crisis, with great demand and feasibility to use reclaimed water to deal with freshwater shortage and pollution. Although much progress has been made, challenges and problems still exist, which hinder the development of the water reuse market. Accordingly, a strategy should be made from a sustainable use perspective. In this paper, the driving forces, the situations of applications, the social institutions and cultural backgrounds related to water reuse in China are reviewed and presented by a literature review and survey. The obstacles and challenges are discussed from management system, safety of reclaimed water quality, economy and policy perspectives. Beijing and Tianjin are selected for case studies in some aspects. Through review and analysis, it can be concluded that the management system, price system, safe supply of reclaimed water and supported policy are the main factors affecting the development of water reuse in China. The paper also identifies strategies for further sustainable and safe water reuse.
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COȘEA, Mircea. "A VISION OF THE POST-PANDEMIC ECONOMY". STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College 1, n. 72 (15 luglio 2021): 333–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-23.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Coronavirus has generated changes and mutations not only in the conduct of our daily lives, but also in the organization and functioning of the economic mechanism at national and global level.The rapid changes and shifts that are taking place in the economy are for the moment the result of the political mainstream, especially the governmental one, and of the system of internationalfinancial institutions. What is visible and certain is the elimination of some limits in giving up ideological principles and established rules of the functioning of the economic mechanism. Thus, the neoclassical ideology, the foundation of the whole scaffolding of the global economic policies, easily compromises by admitting that in the current conditions state interventionism has a more important role than free market laws in counteracting the effects of the pandemic on the economy. This process easily went beyond the regulations of the liberalization of trade in goods, returning to protectionism with nationalist accents as well as to bans on food and medicine exports. The principle of European solidarity is being threatened by unilateral decisions taken by Member States, or by the abandonment of European agreements in order to replace them by national decisions. Globalization was based on the imperative to produce, sell and buy, move, circulate, move on. Its ideology of progress is based on the idea that the economy must definitely replace politics. The essence of the system was the abolishment of limits: more trade, more and more goods, more and more profits to allow money to circulate and turn into capital. This whole concept of development has ceased to be the guiding principle of economic growth and development, thecurrent trend being the return to national borders, if not in a strictly territorial sense, at least in an economic sense. That is why one of the important changes of recent months is the emergence of policies designedto change the meaning of supply chains. Rethinking supply chains is a consequence of border closures or of the sudden closure of transport. It is a critical point of pressure that weighs mainly on car manufacturers and capitalgoods. As a result, there will be a trend of relocating production to European or Maghreb countries where wages remain lower than the European average. Another quick and important change is the one related to the role of the state in the economy, neoliberalism successfully promoting throughout the global economy the idea of the need for the limited role of state decision and state interventionism in the economy. The current change consists precisely in reversing the role of the state from passivity to activity, considered as the only one capable of ensuring an efficient system for managing the pandemic and restarting the economy. For many analysts, the coronavirus crisis could lead to a profound change in the global economic model and in the individual economic behavior.This is an extremely important issue also from the perspective of Romania's future. We are at a turning point and will have to make quick and complex decisions, because Romania risks entering a post-crisis period in an economic stagnation difficult to overcome, due to the lack ofproductivity, innovation and modern management. The gaps between Romania and the vast majority of European countries will be maintained, condemning us to occupy a marginal and lower place in the hierarchy of the European economy, characterized by a high and dangerous degree of dependence on the evolution and dynamics of markets in the strong states of the European Union. The explanation of this situation lies in the type and functioning of the structure of the Romanian economy. The current structure of the Romanian economy lies on the last concentric circle of European integration, if its center is considered the western core of theEU. There is no doubt about this inevitability. The crisis caused by the pandemic already exists and despite the optimism of some international financial institutions it will profoundly affect the state of the world economy and the life of the citizens. There will be not only major changes in the paradigm of the neoliberal model of the global economy but also changes in the balance of power between the world's major economic and political actors. The trade war between the USA and China is also beginning to have important political aspects, as the fight for world leadership between these two superpowers is generating tensions over the entire world. These tensions will surely have many "collateral victims" through the direct and indirect damage that many national economies, even the European Union, will suffer, as a result of the economicand political consequences of the US and China entering a state that some Western analysts define as " a cold war but with a tendency to warm up". These elements will aggravate the pressure that the pandemic crisis will put on the state of the world economy, determining the extent and depth of the effects of the crisis not only on the economic field but also on the balance and stability of international relations.Keywords: coronavirus crisis; value chains; multilateralism-unilateralism; protectionism, neoliberal global economic model.
22
Wang, B., L. Liu, G. H. Huang, W. Li e Y. L. Xie. "Forecast-based analysis for regional water supply and demand relationship by hybrid Markov chain models: a case study of Urumqi, China". Journal of Hydroinformatics 18, n. 5 (11 marzo 2016): 905–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2016.202.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
A clear understanding of regional water supply and demand trend is crucial for proper water resources planning and management in water-deficient areas, especially for Northwest China. In this study, three hybrid stochastic models (Markov chain model, unbiased Grey-Markov model and Markov model based on quadratic programming) were developed separately for predicating the available water resources, water demand, and water utilization structure in Urumqi. The novelty of this study arises from the following aspects: (1) compared with other models, the developed models would provide ideal forecasting results with small samples and poor information; (2) this study synthetically took into account water supply and demand, water utilization structure trend; (3) the prediction results were expressed as interval values for reducing the forecasting risk when carrying out water resources system planning and operational decisions. Analysis of water supply and demand in Urumqi under different reuse ratios was also conducted based on the forecasting results. The results would help managers and policy-makers to have a clear understanding of regional water supply and demand trend as well as the water utilization structure in the future.
23
Yu, Lili, Yueyuan Ding, Fei Chen, Jie Hou, Guojun Liu, Shinan Tang, Minhua Ling, Yunzhu Liu, Yang Yan e Nan An. "Groundwater resources protection and management in China". Water Policy 20, n. 3 (13 settembre 2017): 447–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.035.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Groundwater is an important water source to support China's economic and social development. Since the 1970s, China, especially the north region, has started to intensively pump groundwater as a water supply for agricultural irrigation, industry and city expansion. To meet the water demand due to the rapid development of the economy and society, groundwater is continuously and disorderly exploited to a great extent for a prolonged time in some regions in China, besides faulty operation and management, and insufficient emphasis on protection, which leads to severe problems of groundwater over-exploitation and contamination. In recent years, the Chinese government has attached great importance to groundwater protection. This paper illustrates the general ideas and strategies of groundwater protection and management in China from the aspects of over-exploitation control, quality protection, water ecosystem protection, and implementation of the strictest water management systems.
24
Xiaolin, YIN. "Study on Long-term Water Quality Protection Mechanism Framework of Inter-basin Water Diversion Protect". MATEC Web of Conferences 246 (2018): 01071. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824601071.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
With the increasing and complicated contradiction between the supply and demand of water resources in recent years, a number of inter-basin water diversion projects have been built in various places in China. The water supply objects of the inter-basin water diversion projects are mostly industrial and domestic water, and the water quality is closely related to the success or failure of the water transfer project, which makes it necessary to establish a long-term water quality protection mechanism. On the basis of analyzing major issues in water quality protection in inter-basin water transfer projects, a long-term mechanism framework for water quality protection was established and elaborated from the aspects of institutional system, water quality goals, risk management, guarantee conditions, feedback mechanism, technical evaluation, administrative assessment, public participation, incentive measures, aiming to provides reference for the water quality safety inter-basin water diversion projects.
25
Chen, X., D. Naresh, L. Upmanu, Z. Hao, L. Dong, Q. Ju, J. Wang e S. Wang. "China's water sustainability in the 21st century: a climate-informed water risk assessment covering multi-sector water demands". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 18, n. 5 (8 maggio 2014): 1653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-18-1653-2014.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. China is facing a water resources crisis with growing concerns as to the reliable supply of water for agricultural, industrial and domestic needs. High inter-annual rainfall variability and increasing consumptive use across the country exacerbates the situation further and is a constraint on future development. For water sustainability, it is necessary to examine the differences in water demand and supply and their spatio-temporal distribution in order to quantify the dimensions of the water risk. Here, a detailed quantitative assessment of water risk as measured by the spatial distribution of cumulated deficits for China is presented. Considering daily precipitation and temperature variability over fifty years and the current water demands, risk measures are developed to inform county level water deficits that account for both within-year and across-year variations in climate. We choose political rather than watershed boundaries since economic activity and water use are organized by county and the political process is best informed through that unit. As expected, the risk measures highlight North China Plain counties as highly water stressed. Regions with high water stress have high inter-annual variability in rainfall and now have depleted groundwater aquifers. The stress components due to agricultural, industrial and domestic water demands are illustrated separately to assess the vulnerability of particular sectors within the country to provide a basis for targeted policy analysis for reducing water stress.
26
Chen, X., N. Devineni, U. Lall, Z. Hao, L. Dong, Q. Ju, J. Wang e S. Wang. "China's water sustainability in the 21st century: a climate informed water risk assessment covering multi-sector water demands". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, n. 8 (22 agosto 2013): 11129–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-11129-2013.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. China is facing a water resources crisis with growing concerns as to the reliable supply of water for agricultural, industrial and domestic needs. High inter-annual rainfall variability and increasing consumptive use across the country exacerbates the situation further and is a constraint on future development. For water sustainability, it is necessary to examine the differences in water demand and supply and their spatio-temporal distribution in order to quantify the dimensions of the water risk. Here, a detailed quantitative assessment of water risk as measured by the distribution of cumulated deficits for China is presented. Considering daily precipitation and temperature variability over fifty years and the current water demands, risk measures are developed to inform county level water deficits that account for both within year and across year variations in climate. We choose political rather than watershed boundaries since economic activity and water use are organized by county and the political process is best informed through that unit. The risk measures highlight North China Plain counties as highly water stressed. Regions with high water stress are typically the regions with high inter-annual variability in rainfall and now have depleted groundwater aquifers. The stress components due to agricultural, industrial and domestic water demands are illustrated separately to assess the vulnerability of particular sectors within the country to provide a basis for targeted policy analysis for reducing water stress.
27
Xie, Yu Feng, e Peng Du. "Research Hotspots of Water Transfer Project in China Based on Multidimensional Scaling Analysis and Cluster Analysis". Applied Mechanics and Materials 409-410 (settembre 2013): 298–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.409-410.298.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
China National Knowledge Infrastructure database (CNKI) is used as the platform to analyze the keywords of water transfer project related papers published on core journals during the past 20 years. After using the softwares Ucinet and SPSS to make co-word analysis including multidimensional scaling analysis and cluster analysis, the research hotspots of water transfer are discussed. Results are found that research hotspots can be divided into four aspects, including water environment simulation on major water transfer project, planning and water resource impact of inter-basin water transfer project, transferable water volume analysis and ecological compensation, and water supply scheme and risk assessment.
28
Poonia, Anamika, e Milap Punia. "A question on sustainability of drinking water supply: a district level analysis of India using analytic hierarchy process". Water Policy 20, n. 4 (13 aprile 2018): 712–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2018.104.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract The subject of drinking water supply falls under the legislative jurisdiction of the State governments in India. States have their own mechanism of drinking water supply through urban and rural local bodies. Drinking water supply itself is a multidimensional phenomenon of sources, quality, accessibility, sufficiency, etc. This study combines various aspects of drinking water supply at the district level, by assigning weights through analytic hierarchy process, to result in a drinking water supply index. The spatial pattern of drinking water supply index is not in favor of the areas having abundant natural water endowment. Areas which are low in the natural endowment of water are better in drinking water supply, while areas which have abundant natural water are not able to manage the available water and are low on the drinking water supply index. Among various socio-economic-political factors, water governance is most important in the wake of water supply being the function of urban and rural local bodies.
29
Bernabé-Crespo, Miguel Borja, Encarnación Gil-Meseguer e José M. Gómez-Espín. "Desalination and water security in Southeastern Spain". Journal of Political Ecology 26, n. 1 (19 settembre 2019): 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v26i1.22911.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
<p>The Segura Hydrographic Demarcation (DHS), in Southeastern Spain, is an area of hydric deficit caused by low and irregular rainfall and a dense population. In this region water scarcity is a burning issue that polarizes society for or against different models of ensuring water supply. Given the current demand for water throughout Spain, desalination has been used to increase water supply, and as insurance against drought. Ten seawater desalination plants and hundreds of brackish aquifer desalination plants treat water in the Southeast of the Iberian Peninsula, both for human consumption and for irrigation, contributing to economic, energetic, processual and economic aspects of territorial organization in the Southeast of Spain. This article reviews debates over desalination, water transfers, and the best way to meet water demands in that region. While desalination allows an increase in water supply, dependence on that source increases energy costs and may lead to mistaken assumptions among users about water scarcity and availability.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>seawater desalination, brackish aquifer desalination, human water supply, social debate, irrigation, Southeast of Spain</p>
30
Bin, Duan. "Discussion on the development direction of hydropower in China". Clean Energy 5, n. 1 (27 febbraio 2021): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkaa025.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract Hydropower is the second largest conventional energy resource in China. It is a renewable energy with mature technology, flexible operation, cleanliness and low carbon. A hydropower project has flood control, a water supply, navigation, irrigation and other comprehensive utilization functions. The new era in China is guided by the new energy-security strategy of ‘four revolutions and one cooperation’ and the new development concept of ‘innovation, coordination, green development, openness and sharing’. According to the dual nature of water and electricity, this paper deepens the basic understanding of hydropower from the experience of the world, the difficult problems of hydropower in China and the long-term development of hydropower enterprises. The future direction of hydropower development is explored from the following aspects: high-quality development of follow-up hydropower projects, innovative utilization of existing hydropower value, creative pursuit of hydropower-benefit growth and high-level promotion of hydropower international cooperation.
31
Fan, Ming Yuan, Yu Zhi Shi, Hai Jiao Liu e Xiao Feng Yang. "Demand Analysis and Technical Framework of Water Ecological Civilization Construction in Shandong Province". Applied Mechanics and Materials 737 (marzo 2015): 701–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.737.701.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Shandong province is famous for large population, agriculture dominated and economy developed region in China, which has a shortage of local water resources caused by uneven rainfall distribution and confronts the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources, ecological fragile and serious water environment deterioration problem, therefore, it has a large challenge for water ecological civilization construction. On the one hand, this article analyzes demand of ecological civilization construction in Shandong province from four aspects of water transferring, water conservation, water supplement and water purification, on the other hand, establishes the corresponding technical system and actual relevant guarantee measures.
32
Moore, Scott M. "Legitimacy, Development and Sustainability: Understanding Water Policy and Politics in Contemporary China". China Quarterly 237 (6 dicembre 2018): 153–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741018001704.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractMore so than for other countries, the management of China's water resources is an important aspect of its policy and politics, yet existing scholarly attempts to understand this importance are scattered among a wide range of sub-literatures that lack a unifying theoretical framework. This article attempts to identify common themes and features of the relationship between water, politics and governance in contemporary China by examining how this relationship has unfolded in historical perspective. It identifies three basic objectives that have shaped the politics and governance of China's water resources over time: legitimacy, economic development and environmental sustainability. These objectives map, though imperfectly, onto different periods in the history of the People's Republic of China, thereby highlighting how they have evolved. Together, these objectives explain policies towards, and the politics of, water resources in contemporary China. This understanding shows that water both shapes and reflects Chinese politics, and highlights the need for a theoretically coherent sub-literature on Chinese water policy and politics.
33
Cui, W. Z., J. Chen, Y. P. Wu e Y. D. Wu. "An overview of water resources management of the Pearl River". Water Supply 7, n. 2 (1 luglio 2007): 101–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.045.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper summarizes the main features of water resources management of the Pearl River basin in southern China. A regulation over the basin through integrating various regions was first established for enhancing the water resources management. Based on such a regulation, a public policy frame was then constructed aiming for the harmony between human activities and nature. It is hoped that, as a result, the basin's socio-economic sustainable development could be achieved. In practice, the Pearl River Water Resources Commission (PRWRC), which is the basin regulatory authority, has been focusing on various aspects of regulating water basin and conserving water resources. These aspects include the development of innovative regulations of treating water, exploration of compensation schemes for water resources prevention, investigation of the hydraulic engineering project impacts on region relocation and ecology, and establishment of marketing schemes for sustainable application of water resources. It is expected that these regulating water resources aspects would result in enhancing public participation and negotiation in the Pearl River basin management. A case study is presented on the PRWRC's effort in coordinating water discharges from a number of reservoirs to protect the safe water supply in the Pearl River basin from seawater intrusion during the dry season.
34
Young, G., S. Demuth, A. Mishra e C. Cudennec. "Hydrological sciences and water security: An overview". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 366 (10 aprile 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-366-1-2015.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. This paper provides an introduction to the concepts of water security including not only the risks to human wellbeing posed by floods and droughts, but also the threats of inadequate supply of water in both quantity and quality for food production, human health, energy and industrial production, and for the natural ecosystems on which life depends. The overall setting is one of constant change in all aspects of Earth systems. Hydrological systems (processes and regimes) are changing, resulting from varying and changing precipitation and energy inputs, changes in surface covers, mining of groundwater resources, and storage and diversions by dams and infrastructures. Changes in social, political and economic conditions include population and demographic shifts, political realignments, changes in financial systems and in trade patterns. There is an urgent need to address hydrological and social changes simultaneously and in combination rather than as separate entities, and thus the need to develop the approach of ‘socio-hydrology’. All aspects of water security, including the responses of both UNESCO and the International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) to the concepts of socio-hydrology, are examined in detailed papers within the volume titled Hydrological Sciences and Water Security: Past, Present and Future.
35
Wu, Fan, Zhicheng Zhuang, Hsin-Lung Liu e Yan-Chyuan Shiau. "Evaluation of Water Resources Carrying Capacity Using Principal Component Analysis: An Empirical Study in Huai’an, Jiangsu, China". Water 13, n. 18 (19 settembre 2021): 2587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13182587.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
With the rapid development of urbanization, problems such as the tight supply and demand of water resources and the pollution of the water environment have become increasingly prominent, and the pressure on the carrying capacity of water resources has gradually increased. In order to better promote the sustainable development of cities, it is extremely important to coordinate the relationship between water resources and economic society. This study analyzed the current research status of water resources carrying capacity from two aspects, i.e., research perspective and research methodology, established an innovative evaluation system, and used the principal component analysis to analyze the water resources carrying capacity in Huai’an City, an important city in China’s Huaihe River Ecological Economic Zone. Based on the results, it is found that the water resources carrying capacity of Huai’an City has been declining year by year from 2013 to 2019. Based on the evaluation results, suggestions and measures to improve the water resources carrying capacity of the empirical city are proposed to provide an important decision basis for the coordinated development of urban economy, society, and water resources.
36
Byars, P., e B. Antizar-Ladislao. "Water treatment and supply: intermediate education in Sub-Saharan Africa". Water Supply 11, n. 5 (1 dicembre 2011): 578–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2011.100.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In 1973 the economist E.F Schumacher wrote ‘Small is Beautiful’. In this he created the vision of a concept known as ‘intermediate technology’. Directly from this grew the popular ‘appropriate technology’ movement. An appropriate technology, in the ideal sense, is designed with special consideration of the environmental, ethical, cultural, social, political, and economical aspects of the community it is intended for. The term ‘appropriate technology’ is continually used when referring to water supply and treatment technologies in international development. The widespread provision of hand-pumps in Africa by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) fully characterises the approach and remains the most prominent display of technologies, transferred on a charitable basis, between the developed and developing countries. However, after years of NGOs working with hand-pumps in Africa the first signs are showing that there are widespread problems with the current approach. In many cases the nature of ‘appropriateness’ is determined from the perspective of an external technical expert and not by the communities themselves. The lack of appropriateness is leading to severely unsustainable projects. This paper explores the linkage that has not been clearly mapped in technology transfer, i.e., the use of scientific and technical education. The focus of the transfer is on developing the knowledge and skills necessary to evaluate ‘appropriateness’ from the perspective of the end user. It explores the concept of ‘Intermediate Education’ – a method of using experimental learning to address a systemic weakness in safe water provision in development.
37
Nijssen, David, Andreas H. Schumann e Bertram Monninkhoff. "Local irrigation systems, regional hydrological problems and the demand for overarching solutions at the example of an irrigation system in the P.R. of China". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 373 (12 maggio 2016): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-373-37-2016.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. The utilization of groundwater for irrigation purposes becomes problematic if groundwater recharge decreases through climate variability. Nevertheless, the degree of groundwater utilization for irrigation increases significantly in dry periods, when the amount of green water is strongly limited. With an increasing gap between water demand and supply, new water management activities are started, which are mostly directed to increase the supply, often by overuse of local resources. In many cases such local activities results in their summarization in side-effects, which worsen the hydrological conditions throughout a region. Step by step the spatial scale of water management measures has to be extended in such cases by implementation of water transfer systems. In this contribution this general scale problem of water management is discussed at the example of an agricultural region in the Province of Shandong (P.R. of China). The local irrigation systems and the options to increase the water supply at the local scale (e.g. by waste water reuse) are discussed as well as regional measures e.g. reservoirs or barrages in rivers to increase the groundwater recharge. For this purpose, several socio-economic and hydrological models were combined. It is shown how a change of water policy towards a demand management requires a new approach to spatial aspects. Here the question arises, how hydrological most effective measures can be allocated within a region. In the case study, a reduction of agricultural irrigation and a change of the crop structure would be essential to improve the groundwater conditions, which are impaired by ongoing sea-water intrusions. A model hierarchy, which is needed to answer such problems not only from the hydrological point of view, but also considering their socio-economic feasibility, are presented.
38
Velasco-Muñoz, Juan, José Aznar-Sánchez, Luis Belmonte-Ureña e Isabel Román-Sánchez. "Sustainable Water Use in Agriculture: A Review of Worldwide Research". Sustainability 10, n. 4 (5 aprile 2018): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10041084.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Sustainability of water use in agriculture is a line of research that has gained in importance worldwide. The present study reviewed 25 years of international research on sustainable water use in agriculture. A bibliometric analysis was developed to sample 2084 articles. Results indicate exponential growth in the number of articles published per year, with research in this field having acquired a global scale. Environmental Science and Agricultural and Biological Sciences are the main categories. Three journals—Agricultural Water Management, Water Resources Management and Nongye Gongcheng Xuebao Agricultural Engineering—published the most of the articles. China, the U.S., Australia, India and Germany produced the most research. The three institutions that published the most articles were all Chinese (Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Agricultural University and Northwest A&F University). The most cited authors were Ridoutt, Hoekstra and Zhang. The keywords most frequently used include: water-use, irrigation, water-management, water-supply, and sustainability. A network map shows three clusters that focus on the environmental, agronomic and management aspects. The findings of this study can assist researchers in this field by providing an overview of research on the sustainability of hydric resources.
39
Zhang, Sen Lin, Yan Ming Sun, Zhao Xia Jing e Zheng Xin He. "Research on Transfer and Replacement Mechanism Design of Inter-Provincial Electricity Treatment in South China Electricity Market". Applied Mechanics and Materials 494-495 (febbraio 2014): 1695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.494-495.1695.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the context of south china electricity market, the concept of contract transfer and replacement deal is set forth in advance which is specialized in electricity treatment. Then, the feasibility of conducting an inter-provincial contract transfer and replacement is analyzed according to the aspects of physical characteristics, economics and policies within the china southern power grid. In addition, the advantage and disadvantage are also presented in terms of bilateral negotiation and centralized biding transaction modes. After that, the pricing mechanism and transaction mode are deliberately designed pertaining to three different situations including a party power shortage and a party "abandon water", a party power supply shortage and a party power surplus and a party power surplus and a party "abandon water". Finally, the realistic feasibility of the proposed schemes is verified through an employed numerical example.
40
Changming, Liu. "Environmental Issues and the South-North Water Transfer Scheme". China Quarterly 156 (dicembre 1998): 899–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000051389.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
China has good resources of land and water. The problem is that they are often not in the same place. The south, which is water-rich, is too hilly for extensive farming. The North China Plain is flat, like France or the Ukraine, but lacks water. It produces 27 per cent of China's grain, but at the cost of serious stresses on its water resource. Deficits in the surface water supply have led to intensified use of the groundwater well beyond the “safe yield” where recharge balances withdrawal. Hence the water table has fallen greatly under both rural and urban areas ever since electric- or diesel-powered tubewells became widespread in the early 1970s. In addition to increased pumping costs and the need to bore ever deeper wells, consequences have included land subsidence, compressing the emptied aquifer in a number of areas and salt water intrusion in coastal areas.
41
Bao, Yunxiang. "Impact Assessment of Eastern Route of South-to-North Water Diversion Project Operation on Water Environmental of Dongping Lake". E3S Web of Conferences 276 (2021): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127601006.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project is a national strategic measure to improve the water supply conditions of the cities along the route, Jiaodong and Huaibei regions. However, the Water Diversion Project not only brings social and economic benefits, but also changes the hydrological situation and ecological environment of water source area, transfer area and receiving area. In this paper, Dongping Lake is selected as the research object. By using the analytic hierarchy process and fuzzy evaluation method, the index system of the impact assessment of the Eastern route project on the water environment of Dongping Lake is constructed, and a multi-level fuzzy evaluation model is established to conduct quantitative and qualitative research on the impacts of hydrology, meteorology, water ecological environment, soil and other aspects as well as ecological and economic compensation. The analysis results show that the operation of the Eastern route project has brought some negative effects on Dongping Lake, mainly reflected in the aspects of soil, ecological compensation, hydrology and meteorology, and the negative effects on the water ecological environment are light. By studying the impact of the Eastern route project on the water environment of Dongping Lake, this paper aims to improve the environmental impact assessment system for the water receiving area of the Eastern Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, and to provide reference for the research on the environmental impact assessment system for other water diversion projects in China.
42
Huang, Y. "Integrated water resources management using engineering measures". Proceedings of the International Association of Hydrological Sciences 366 (10 aprile 2015): 54–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/piahs-366-54-2015.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. The management process of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) consists of aspects of policies/strategies, measures (engineering measures and non-engineering measures) and organizational management structures, etc., among which engineering measures such as reservoirs, dikes, canals, etc., play the backbone that enables IWRM through redistribution and reallocation of water in time and space. Engineering measures are usually adopted for different objectives of water utilization and water disaster prevention, such as flood control and drought relief. The paper discusses the planning and implementation of engineering measures in IWRM of the Changjiang River, China. Planning and implementation practices of engineering measures for flood control and water utilization, etc., are presented. Operation practices of the Three Gorges Reservoir, particularly the development and application of regulation rules for flood management, power generation, water supply, ecosystem needs and sediment issues (e.g. erosion and siltation), are also presented. The experience obtained in the implementation of engineering measures in Changjiang River show that engineering measures are vital for IWRM. However, efforts should be made to deal with changes of the river system affected by the operation of engineering measures, in addition to escalatory development of new demands associated with socio-economic development.
43
Perard, Edouard. "Private sector participation and regulatory reform in water supply in the Southern Mediterranean region". Water Policy 12, S1 (1 marzo 2010): 41–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2010.113.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The aim of this study is to examine the institutional organization of the water sector. The Mediterranean area provides very diverse examples of water sector organization. This paper focuses more particularly on two aspects, the recent introduction of private sector participation and the institutional framework. Five countries have been reviewed in detail: Tunisia, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and Jordan. For each of these countries, the paper analyzes institutional arrangements for the water sector. It presents the theoretical legal framework but also the practice. It shows that ‘independent’ regulatory agencies have been set up in only a few countries. However, a closer look confirms that these regulatory agencies are rarely independent. The study also reveals that in most of the countries, the management of water supply suffers from political interference and is overly centralized. Experience with corporatization has also been limited. While the corporatization of local operators has been legalized in most countries, few have implemented it. Experience with private sector participation in water supply has been relatively positive and is, therefore, expected to expand in the future.
44
Vermeer, Eduard. "The Rise and Fall of a Man-Made Lake: Training Lake in Jiangnan, China, 300-2000 A.D." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 51, n. 2 (2008): 209–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852008x307438.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractThe shallow Training Lake in Jiangnan has received much attention in historical records because of the direct involvement of successive dynastic governments in the protection of its seasonal water supply to the Grand Canal. Historians have all praised the periodical efforts to restore the lake's water supply and irrigation functions. However, in view of the high operating costs of the lake and its limited benefits, the various attempts to reclaim land and water for agriculture may have been more rational in terms of economic profit. Visitors' descriptions provide many details on the long-term environmental changes in the lake area. In the 1960s, it was drained and turned into a state farm. Le Lac d'Entraînement peu profond de Jiangnan a retenu l'attention dans les textes historiques parce que les gouvernements dynastiques successifs se sont investis pour assurer alimentation saisonnier du Grand Canal par ses eaux. Tous les historiens ont loué les efforts périodiques visant à lui conserver sa fonction d'alimentation et d'irrigation. Parce que les frais d'entretien du lac étaient élevés et les profits limités, il se peut néanmoins que les travaux entrepris pour convertir le lac en terres agricoles étaient plus rentables. Les descriptions des visiteurs nous fournissent d'abondants détails sur les changements environnementaux à long terme que subit la région du Lac. Dans les années 1960, il fut drainé pour y installer une exploitation agricole d'état.
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Crișan, Oana-Adriana, Corina Bîrleanu, Horea-George Crișan, Marius Pustan, Violeta Merie e Florina Șerdean. "Eco-Innovation Analyses in the Management of Drinking Water Provided by the Main Suppliers in Romania". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n. 12 (9 giugno 2021): 6232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18126232.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The transition to a circular economy with an emphasis on eco-innovation is just beginning both in Europe and in Romania, as a member country of the European Union. The whole economic system in which people operate must be circular, which means that it must eliminate conflicting aspects related to regulation, collaboration, governance, supply chain dynamics, and data transparency. However, the barriers to the transition to a circular economy are substantial, and it is up to states to work together to find innovative solutions to society’s problems. This article focuses on aspects related to eco-innovation in the field of drinking water quality in all administrative regions of Romania. In this regard, a study was undertaken, and the main objective pursued in was to identify and highlight the degree of eco-innovation of drinking water suppliers in seven underdeveloped regions of Romania. Starting from an analysis of the water management framework through the OECD Principles on Water Governance, it was possible to develop a study on drinking water supply companies in Romania. This study was performed based on specific indicators grouped by categories, and it aimed in two directions: on the one hand, the identification of drinking water distributors with a high degree of eco-innovation, which leads to quality certification of the drinking water supplied and which has the impact of encouraging household consumers to mainly use this type of supplied water to the detriment of PET bottled water (which has well-known major disadvantages in relation to environmental pollution and user health); on the other hand, the identification of drinking water supply companies with a low degree of eco-innovation, which is proof of the need for mandatory measures to improve drinking water quality, measures that can be taken at the supplier level but especially with support from the administrative and political environment.
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Fang, Ying, Tianlin Zhai, Xiaodong Zhao, Kun Chen, Baishu Guo e Jing Wang. "Study on the Comprehensive Improvement of Ecosystem Services in a China’s Bay City for Spatial Optimization". Water 13, n. 15 (29 luglio 2021): 2072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13152072.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ecosystem services are characterized by region and scale, and contribute to human welfare. Taking Yantai city, a typical bay city in China, as the example, its three representative ecosystem services: food supply (FS), carbon sequestration (CS) and water yield (WY) were chosen as study targets. Based on analyzation of six different aspects of the supply and variation characteristic of demand, this study tried to propose advices for comprehensive improvement of ecosystem services for spatial optimization. The results showed that: (1) ecosystem services supply was strong in central and southern areas of Yantai, while the northern coastal areas were relatively weak; (2) synergistic relationships were found of FS-CS, FS-WY and CS-WY both in 2009 and 2015, with the strongest one for FS-WY. Additionally, in the synergistic relationships, each pair of ecosystem services was dominated by one ecosystem service; (3) most of the three pairs of synergistic relationships had the tendency to strengthen with larger scales; (4) four ecosystem demands changing areas were observed and comprehensive improvement suggestions for them were proposed. This work provides a new attempt to improve ecosystem services based on its supply-demand relationship, which will give a baseline reference for related studies in Yantai city, as well as other similar bay cities.
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Dondeynaz, C., J. López Puga e C. Carmona Moreno. "Bayesian networks modelling in support to cross cutting analysis of water supply and sanitation in developing countries". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, n. 2 (28 febbraio 2013): 2481–548. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-2481-2013.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. Despite the efforts made towards the millennium goals targets during the last decade, access to improved water supply or basic sanitation remains still not accessible for millions of people across the world. This paper proposes a set of models that use 25 key variables from the WatSan4Dev dataset and country profiles involving Water Supply and Sanitation (Dondeynaz et al., 2012). This paper proposes the use of Bayesian Network modelling methods because adapted to the management of non-normal distribution, and integrate a qualitative approach for data analysis. They also offer the advantage to integrate preliminary knowledge into the probabilistic models. The statistical performance of the proposed models ranges between 80 and 95% which is very satisfactory taking into account the strong heterogeneity of variables. Probabilistic scenarios run from the models allow a quantification of the relationships between human development, external support, governance aspects, economic activities and Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) access. According to models proposed in this paper, a strong poverty reduction will induce an increment of the WSS access equal to 75–76% through: (1) the organisation of on-going urbanisation process to avoid slums development; and, (2) the improvement of health care for instance for children. On one side, improving governance, such as institutional efficiency, capacities to make and apply rules or control of corruption will also have a positive impact on WSS sustainable development. The first condition for an increment of the WSS access remains of course an improvement of the economic development with an increment of household income. Moreover, a significant country environmental commitment associated with civil society freedom of expression constitutes a favourable environment for sustainable WSS services delivery. Intensive agriculture through irrigation practises also appears as a mean for sustainable WSS thanks to multi-uses and complementarities. Strong and structured agriculture sector facilitates rural development in areas where WSS access often steps behind compared to urban areas1. External financial support, named Official Development Aid (ODA), plays a role in WSS improvement but comes last in the sensitivity analyses of models. This aid supports first poor countries at 47%, and is associated to governance aspects: (1) political stability and (2) country environmental commitment and civil society degree of freedom. These governance aspects constitute a good framework for aid implementation in recipient countries. Modelling is run with the five groups of countries as defined in Dondeynaz et al. (2012). Models for profile 4 (essential external support) and profile 5 (primary material consumption) are specifically detailed and analysed in this paper. For countries in profile 4, to fight against water scarcity and desertification pressure should be the priority. However, for countries in profile 5, efforts should first concentrate on political stability consolidation while supporting economic activity diversification. Nevertheless, for both profiles, reduction of poverty should remain the first priority as previously indicated. 1 JMP statistics, 2004 http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/
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Wu, Sannan, e Yingchun Wang. "Discussion on strengthening construction technology of sluice in water conservancy project". E3S Web of Conferences 248 (2021): 03067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124803067.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
With the development of China’s social economy and science and technology, all aspects of the construction are also growing rapidly, water conservancy project is one of the very important infrastructures in China, for promoting the development of China’s economy and science and technology has a positive significance. With the promotion of social economy and science and technology, the number of water conservancy projects has been greatly improved. At present, water conservancy projects of different sizes, large and small, are being carried on continuously. With the vigorous development of water conservancy project, higher requirements are put forward for water conservancy project construction. Sluices plays an extremely important role in water conservancy project, sluice is built on the river to control the flow of important facilities, water conservancy construction of downstream river drainage, water supply, flood control has an important role in flood season, therefore, guaranteeing the quality of lock of water conservancy project on the surrounding residents’ life safety and property safety is of great significance. This paper expounds the significance of sluice reinforcement in water conservancy projects, analyzes on the technical points of sluice reinforcement, and further discusses them with practical examples for reference.
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Dondeynaz, C., J. López Puga e C. Carmona Moreno. "Bayesian networks modelling in support to cross-cutting analysis of water supply and sanitation in developing countries". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 17, n. 9 (5 settembre 2013): 3397–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-17-3397-2013.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Abstract. Despite the efforts made towards the Millennium Development Goals targets during the last decade, improved access to water supply or basic sanitation still remains unavailable for millions of people across the world. This paper proposes a set of models that use 25 key variables and country profiles from the WatSan4Dev data set involving water supply and sanitation (Dondeynaz et al., 2012). This paper suggests the use of Bayesian network modelling methods because they are more easily adapted to deal with non-normal distributions, and integrate a qualitative approach for data analysis. They also offer the advantage of integrating preliminary knowledge into the probabilistic models. The statistical performance of the proposed models ranges between 20 and 5% error rates, which are very satisfactory taking into account the strong heterogeneity of variables. Probabilistic scenarios run from the models allow an assessment of the relationships between human development, external support, governance aspects, economic activities and water supply and sanitation (WSS) access. According to models proposed in this paper, gaining a strong poverty reduction will require the WSS access to reach 75–76% through: (1) the management of ongoing urbanisation processes to avoid slums development; and (2) the improvement of health care, for instance for children. Improving governance, such as institutional efficiency, capacities to make and apply rules, or control of corruption is positively associated with WSS sustainable development. The first condition for an increment of the HDP (human development and poverty) remains of course an improvement of the economic conditions with higher household incomes. Moreover, a significant country commitment to the environment, associated with civil society freedom of expression constitutes a favourable setting for sustainable WSS services delivery. Intensive agriculture using irrigation practises also appears as a mean for sustainable WSS thanks to multi-uses and complementarities. With a WSS sector organised at national level, irrigation practices can support the structuring and efficiency of the agriculture sector. It may then induce rural development in areas where WSS access often is set back compared to urban areas1. External financial support, called Official Development Assistance (ODA CI), plays a role in WSS improvement but comes last in the sensitivity analyses of models. An overall 47% of the Official Development Assistance goes first to poor countries, and is associated to governance aspects: (1) political stability and (2) country commitment to the environment and civil society degree of freedom. These governance aspects constitute a good framework for aid implementation in recipient countries. Modelling is run with the five groups of countries as defined in Dondeynaz et al. (2012). Models for profile 4 (essential external support) and profile 5 (primary material consumption) are specifically detailed and analysed in this paper. For countries in profile 4, fighting against water scarcity and progressing desertification should be the priority. However, for countries in profile 5, efforts should first concentrate on consolidation of political stability while supporting diversification of the economic activities. Nevertheless, for both profiles, reduction of poverty should remain the first priority as previously indicated. 1 JMP statistics, 2004 http://www.wssinfo.org/data-estimates/table/, last access: 22 July 2013.
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Piasecki, Adam. "Water and Sewage Management Issues in Rural Poland". Water 11, n. 3 (26 marzo 2019): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030625.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Water and sewage management in Poland has systematically been transformed in terms of quality and quantity since the 1990s. Currently, the most important problem in this matter is posed by areas where buildings are spread out across rural areas. The present work aims to analyse the process of changes and the current state of water and sewage management in rural areas of Poland. The author intended to present the issues in their broader context, paying attention to local specificity as well as natural and economic conditions. The analysis led to the conclusion that there have been significant positive changes in water and sewage infrastructure in rural Poland. A several-fold increase in the length of sewage and water supply networks and number of sewage treatment plants was identified. There has been an increase in the use of water and treated sewage, while raw sewage has been minimised. Tap-water quality and wastewater treatment standards have improved. At the same time, areas requiring further improvement—primarily wastewater management—were indicated. It was identified that having only 42% of the rural population connected to a collective sewerage system is unsatisfactory. All the more so, in light of the fact that more than twice as many consumers are connected to the water supply network (85%). The major ecological threat that closed-system septic sewage tanks pose is highlighted. It is pointed out that they are mainly being replaced by household wastewater treatment systems with ineffective filtering drainage. Furthermore, recommendations were also made for the future development of selected aspects of water and sewage management, including the legal and the political.