Bibliografie tematiche / Water reuse

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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Water reuse"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 29 luglio 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Water reuse"

Pandey, Bharat Chandra. "Review: Reuse of Treated Wastewater". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, n. 7 (31 luglio 2022): 1915–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.45599.

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Abstract: Water reuse generally refers to the process of using treated wastewater (reclaimed water) for beneficial purposes such as agricultural and landscape irrigation, industrial processes, nonpotable urban applications (such as toilet flushing, street washing, and fire protection), groundwater recharge, recreation, and direct or undirected water supply. Its increased application has been facilitated by modern wastewater treatment processes that have advanced substantially during the twentieth century. Water Reuse is a reality at international. Several practices have emerged around the world as results of different needs, perspectives and policies. Accelerating development occurred in the past 15 years, especially in the application field of potable reuse. Technologies and treatment flowsheets have been studied and validated, demonstrating advanced water quality, safety and suitability for potable reuse applications. Reuse of wastewater after its treatment may be a good alternative for regions, which suffer from lack of pure water or have limited access to water resources. Effective water reuse applications require a combination of advanced treatment technologies. Increasingly these include a combination of low-pressure technologies MF/UF followed by NF/RO (high pressure) to provide a high-quality grade of water. Submerged membrane bioreactor systems (MBR) have also become a viable alternative for wastewater reuse technologies. Reuse technologies may be applied for municipal and industrial wastewater. Reuse of wastewater is only possible if sanitary and environmental safety is provided with no hazard for current ecosystem. That fact requires strict fulfilment of laws and regulation. Wastewater to be reused has to follow a certain sequence of treatment procedures to reduce concentration of pollutants in it. Water reuse (also commonly known as water recycling or water reclamation) reclaims water from a variety of sources then treats and reuses it for beneficial purposes such as agriculture and irrigation, potable water supplies, groundwater replenishment, industrial processes, and environmental restoration. Water reuse can provide alternatives to existing water supplies and be used to enhance water security, sustainability, and resilience that might be traditional methods (waste separation, sedimentation), methods of removal of certain components (nitrogen and phosphorus), disinfection

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Bauer, Sonja. "Identification of Water-Reuse Potentials to Strengthen Rural Areas in Water-Scarce Regions—The Case Study of Wuwei". Land 9, n. 12 (3 dicembre 2020): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9120492.

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Due to water scarcity, which is worsening due to climate change, rural areas often face the challenge of rural exoduses. Limited water resources restrict local farmers as the opportunities for cultivation in the fields are reduced. This makes rural areas increasingly unattractive. To strengthen rural areas, sustainable water management with a focus on water-reuse is required. Since treated wastewater is a daily resource with calculable quantities available, reused water can contribute to the sustainable strengthening of a region. Therefore, an analysis of water-reuse potentials must be conducted to develop a water-reuse concept and thus increase the application of reused water. For this purpose, a case study of Wuwei as a rural and water-scarce region in China was chosen. By using a geoinformation system, the unfulfilled water-reuse potential can be identified by intersecting the results of the analysis regarding the current water supply and disposal situation with spatial and regional information, such as population data. Hence, the study presents the potential to increase wastewater treatment and water-reuse for, e.g., agricultural irrigation. It is shown that, in the best case, reused water can be increased from 5479 m3 per day to 207,461 m3 per day. Resource efficiency can be further increased by combining water-reuse concepts with land-use strategies adapted to climate change. This will ensure a more sustainable water supply in the future.

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Al-Khatib, Issam A., Abed al Hamid U. Al Shami, Gonzalo Rodriguez Garcia e Ilke Celik. "Social Acceptance of Greywater Reuse in Rural Areas". Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2022 (26 settembre 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6603348.

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Like many countries, Palestine suffers from water scarcity. Here, treated greywater is considered an essential nonconventional water resource. We aim to identify some wastewater reuse and disposal practices in rural areas and assess the acceptance level of different reuses of greywater. We conducted a survey analysis in four villages with a strong agricultural activity of the western Bethlehem Governorate. The level of acceptance of greywater reuse was generally independent of demographic variables like family size, income, or water bill, with a few exceptions regarding gender, age, and level of education. Centralized treatment was more valued than treatment at home, which presented similar acceptance levels than no treatment and might indicate a lack of trust in this alternative. The only reuse alternative trusted across treatments was bush irrigation (3.53-3.86 on a five-point Likert scale), but other options without clear, direct human contact like crop irrigation (3.14-3.62), stone cutting (3.19-3.36), and construction (3.12-3.42) also received considerable support. Reused perceived as having direct contact with humans was rejected, as it was the flushing of public toilets (2.59-2.7), aquaculture (1.98-2.37), olive pressing (1.85-1.94), and drinking (1.62-1.72). Relatively new reuse, car washing (2.95-3.17), was somewhere in between, partially because of its novelty. To increase this and other reuses, we strongly encourage local authorities to inform the population about the potentialities of greywater reuse.

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Loeb, Barry L. "Water Reuse". Ozone: Science & Engineering 38, n. 4 (24 giugno 2016): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01919512.2016.1189292.

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Kossar, M. J., K. J. Amaral, S. S. Martinelli e M. C. L. Erbe. "Proposal for water reuse in the Kraft pulp and paper industry". Water Practice and Technology 8, n. 3-4 (1 settembre 2013): 359–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2013.036.

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The reuse of wastewater by the pulp and paper industry reduces environmental impacts by contributing to raw water conservation, thereby making a greater volume of fresh water available for nobler purposes, and reducing wastewater treatment. This study evaluated a proposed system of water reuse at a Kraft pulp and paper plant in Brazil, based on a survey of water quality required by its consumption points, supplied by its water treatment plant. Results after ultrafiltration included: turbidity of 0,3 NTU and pH 7,5, average values of BOD 66,4 mg/L, COD 9,6 mg/L and the colour of 280,5 ppm Pt were measured after ultrafiltration. The ultrafiltered wastewater was considered available for reuse, and its quality was compared with that of the water supplied by the water treatment plant, which provided for the classification of potential reuse points. Water colour was identified as the limiting factor for reuse; thus the reuse points were two Kraft paper machines, and the water flow to the liquid ring formations that generate the vacuums inside nineteen pumps for these two machines. The advantages of this proposal for water reuse include: ultrafiltered water quality sufficient for the vacuum pumps, the small distance between the point of reused water generation and the paper machines section, and the reused water has no contact with the final product. The calculated cost and return time for the water reuse system was US$ 607.020,00 in 15 years.

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Handam, Natasha Berendonk, Rodrigo Bezerra da Silva, Elvira Carvajal e Adriana Sotero-Martins. "Decay of pathogens (indicators of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp.) in soil due to the application of reuse water". Ambiente e Agua - An Interdisciplinary Journal of Applied Science 19 (12 marzo 2024): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4136/ambi-agua.2950.

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Reuse water is defined as the reuse of water from treated effluents, it requires careful monitoring to avoid damage to environmental health. This study evaluates the decay of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. bacteria in soil irrigated with reused water for agricultural reuse, without damaging public or environmental health. The decay of Escherichia coli and of Salmonella spp. was verified using the Filter Membrane method SS AGAR culture medium was used. The decay curves over time were made using the Sigmaplot program. Each experimental group had 4 pots (one group irrigated with recycled water and the other with drinking water), two pots containing vegetation cover and two containing only soil. In crops irrigated with reused water, the survival time of Salmonella spp. was double compared to the others, and E. coli survival did not vary between groups. Pots with bare soil irrigated with uncontaminated reused water showed a faster decline in Salmonella spp. For agricultural reuse, irrigation must be done by drip and with the use of personal protective equipment. It is essential to create national legislation to protect public and environmental health. Keywords: agricultural reuse, decay analysis of microorganisms, public health.

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Portman, Michelle E., Olga Vdov, Manfred Schuetze, Yael Gilboa e Eran Friedler. "Public perceptions and perspectives on alternative sources of water for reuse generated at the household level". Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 12, n. 1 (1 marzo 2022): 157–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2022.002.

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Abstract Studying perceptions about reuse of alternative water sources informs about conditions necessary for transition to large-scale decentralized water reuse. We administered a perceptions survey to the public based on results of initial open interviews of water management experts in Israel. Experts indicated their views on impediments to widespread household water reuse which became the basis for developing the questionnaire. The latter aimed to understand views among the general public of: (a) willingness to adopt reuse practices from three sources: greywater, air conditioner condensate and roof-harvested rainwater; and (b) preferences for targeted use of these three types of reused water. The survey elicited 372 responses. A maximum-likelihood regression analysis was conducted using independent variables (i.e., demographic characteristics, individual positions regarding the state of the country's water resources and plans for the provision of domestic water (i.e., desalination), knowledge of the reuse practices and views about risks from various uses of the reused water, including off-premise uses). Willingness to implement reuse practices served as the dependent variable. We found that respondents indicating that they heard of the reuse of the particular types of reuse practices (variable: ‘Knowledge’) was the most significant of the independent variables for all three alternative water sources. Also, using an analytic hierarchy process, we determined that health risks were much more important when compared to convenience of use and costs under hypothetical scenarios of both moderate and significant savings in monthly water expenditures.

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Li, Fangyue, Knut Wichmann e Ralf Otterpohl. "Evaluation of appropriate technologies for grey water treatments and reuses". Water Science and Technology 59, n. 2 (1 gennaio 2009): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.854.

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As water is becoming a rare resource, the onsite reuse and recycling of grey water is practiced in many countries as a sustainable solution to reduce the overall urban water demand. However, the lack of appropriate water quality standards or guidelines has hampered the appropriate grey water reuses. Based on literature review, a non-potable urban grey water treatment and reuse scheme is proposed and the treatment alternatives for grey water reuse are evaluated according to the grey water characteristics, the proposed standards and economical feasibility.

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Yin, Hua, Peiwen Qiu, Yuange Qian, Zhuwen Kong, Xiaolong Zheng, Zhihua Tang e Huafang Guo. "Textile Wastewater Treatment for Water Reuse: A Case Study". Processes 7, n. 1 (11 gennaio 2019): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7010034.

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The reduced natural waters and the large amount of wastewater produced by textile industry necessitate an effective water reuse treatment. In this study, a combined two-stage water reuse treatment was established to enhance the quality and recovery rate of reused water. The primary treatment incorporated a flocculation and sedimentation system, two sand filtration units, an ozonation unit, an ultrafiltration (UF) system, and a reverse osmosis (RO) system. The second treatment included an ozonation unit, a sand filtration unit, and UF and RO systems. The color removal rate increased with the increasing ozone dosage, and the relational expression between the ozone dosage and color removal rate was fitted. Ozonation greatly reduced the color by 92.59 and 97.27 times during the primary and second ozonation stages, respectively. RO had the highest removal rate. The combined processes showed good performance in water reuse treatment. The treated, reused water satisfied the reuse standard and surpassed the drinking water standard rates for chemical oxygen consumption (CODcr), color, NH3-N, hardness, Cl−, SO42−, turbidity, Fe3+, and Cu2+. The operating cost of reuse water treatment was approximately 0.44 USD·m−3.

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Wakhungu, M. J. "An ethnography of policy: water reuse policy in Kenya". Water Policy 21, n. 2 (4 febbraio 2019): 436–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2019.160.

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Abstract Water scarcity and inadequate infrastructure for sanitation are two challenges that are emblematic to Kenya and other developing nations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Under such circumstances, water reuse has the potential to address these challenges but only under a favourable policy environment. In this paper, policy documents were considered as the ethnographic object to understand how people talk about water reuse in Kenya through policies, plans, regulations and guidelines. Using a general inductive approach to content analysis, the findings suggest that Kenya's policy on water reuse has progressed, especially in the recognition of the potential of reused water for addressing water scarcity, pollution, cleaner industrial production, food production, and climate change adaptation and mitigation. While many of the water reuse issues have been discussed under water and irrigation, environment and industrialization, other key sectors such as food and agriculture, housing, urban development and health remain silent on water reuse. Therefore, there is a need to take water reuse conversations beyond the water, environment, and industrialisation sectors if we are to address the water supply and wastewater management issues. Likewise, the study reminds us of the importance of foregrounding public perception and harmonized institutional arrangements in the success of water reuse in the country.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Water reuse"

Sun, Gwo-Shing 1959. "Water quality of gray water for reuse". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191907.

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This study was designed to evaluate the safety of gray water for reuse purposes. The physical and chemical quality of treated gray water met water reuse standards set by the State of Arizona for surface irrigation purposes. The number of microorganisms in gray water significantly decreased after biological treatment and sand filtration. However, the number of fecal coliform bacteria in treated gray water was still higher than the standard for reuse as set by the State of Arizona for surface irrigation. This is also true for rain water which was stored in a tank. No indigenous Salmonella were isolated from gray water. It was found that both Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella dysenteriae, seeded into gray water, can persist for at least several days. This implied that there may be some risk associated with gray water reuse when the gray water contains these pathogenic bacteria.

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Leung, Suet-fai. "The feasibility of utilizing grey water in Hong Kong buildings /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25436211.

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Shipps, Hillary P. "Water Reuse as Part of San Diego's Water Portfolio". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/144.

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San Diego imports 80 to 90 percent of its water supply, depending on conditions during any particular year. This high level of imports and low diversity of water supply have combined with climate change to generate an urgent need for increased conservation and diversification of San Diego's water supply. Water reuse is one option to mitigate this problem. An attempt was made in the early 1990s to recycle wastewater but the public reacted badly due to a combination of bad public relations, perceived environmental justice issues, and a psychological phenomenon called the yuck factor. With improved public relations and education, the project might go through this year.

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Corzo, García Beatriz. "Forward osmosis application for water reuse". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/565820.

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Hybrid forward osmosis (FO) processes such as forward osmosis with membrane bioreactors (FO-MBR), electrodialysis (FO-ED), nanofiltration (FO-NF) or reverse osmosis (FO-RO) present promising technologies for wastewater reuse in agriculture. Their niche of application can be found when dealing with high-salinity wastewater in water stress situations, when the removal of trace organics or boron is targeted due to the multibarrier concept, or when water with high fouling potential is compulsory to treat, among other uses. In this case, one of these emerging technologies, FO-NF treatment has been studied at long-term with the aim of evaluating this technology at demonstration scale for irrigation purposes. In order to design the definitive pilot demonstration plant, an intensive evaluation of draw solutions (DS) was performed by focusing on the wastewater reuse applications of hybrid forward osmosis (FO) processes. The substances studied were potassium formate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulphate, sodium chloride, sodium polyacrylate and polyethylene glycol, and their osmotic pressure, conductivity, pH, thermostability, sunlight exposure, toxicity, FO filtration performance and replenishment costs were determined. Based on these characteristics, three DS, sodium polyacrylate, magnesium sulphate and potassium phosphate, were selected as the most interesting to be evaluated in the demonstration plant. The results also revealed that the most relevant DS properties for wastewater reuse under the studied conditions were the DS regeneration method, DS replacement price, pH adjustment and toxicity. These properties were shown to be more relevant than filtration flux when a maximum DS osmotic pressure value of 10 bar was used, establishing this pressure as the limit for efficient DS recovery. Thus, prioritizing energy consumption, NF 270 4040 from Filmtec (Dow Chemical), were selected as the most suitable recovery nanofiltration (NF) membrane; because they offered the best relationship permeate flow/feed pressure with an adequate rejection. Additionally, to select the most suitable FO membrane, five commercially available FO membrane modules were evaluated and compared, where thin-film composite (TFC) flat sheet membranes from Porifera showed the highest flux and the highest salt rejection, and the lowest permeability and salt rejection values were presented by cellulose triacetate (CTA) hollow fibre membranes from Toyobo. Based on the information obtained, a FO/NF demonstration plant was constructed next to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in San Pedro del Pinatar, in the region of Murcia (Spain). This plant represented the world’s first FO demonstration plant for municipal wastewater reclamation to be evaluated for agricultural purposes. The plant was operated treating 3 m3 h-1 of real wastewater with an average salinity of 3-5 mS cm-1 and 1.5 mg L-1 of boron in continuous mode for 480 days. Two of the three DS that had been previously selected (sodium polyacrylate and magnesium sulphate) were evaluated in different periods of experimentation. In a later study, magnesium chloride was catalogued as a DS with great potential to achieve economical expenses during the whole operation. The operation with sodium polyacrylate led to reversible fouling on the FO and NF membranes and the permeate was not suitable for irrigation. Although the permeate quality obtained was acceptable using magnesium sulphate as DS, this generated severe irreversible fouling on NF membranes and therefore, it was discarded. Finally, magnesium chloride showed the best performance, with FO-NF membranes presenting a stable permeability and low membrane fouling during long- term operation. The FO-NF permeate showed high quality for irrigation, achieving a conductivity value of 1 mS cm-1, a boron concentration below 0.4 mg L-1 and an average sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of 1.98 (mequ L-1)0.5.
La ósmosis directa (OD) utiliza los principios de la ósmosis para desalinizar agua. El proceso de ósmosis directa utiliza un fluido denominado solución extractora a partir del cual se extrae agua de la fuente principal a través de una membrana semipermeable, aprovechando las diferencias de presión osmótica. Este proceso tiene la desventaja de que no genera agua de alta calidad en una sola etapa debido a que el agua producto se mezcla con el agente osmótico de la solución extractora. Así, se debe prever un sistema de separación del agente extractor para obtener el agua deseada, lo que se denomina sistema híbrido. Durante la tesis doctoral se estudió un sistema híbrido OD-Nanofiltración a escala piloto, demostrando que el proceso híbrido OD-NF es una tecnología con baja propensión al ensuciamiento, que puede lograr un permeado estable y de alta calidad para la reutilización de aguas residuales en una operación a largo plazo. Sin embargo, el consumo energético y del agente extractor es relevante. La falta de módulos de membrana de OD optimizados y disponibles en el mercado sigue siendo la principal limitación para la aplicación del proceso de OD a gran escala. En un futuro cercano, se espera que este proceso emergente se vuelva más sostenible y competitivo para el caso de uso estudiado en esta tesis.

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Pidou, Marc. "Hybrid membrane processes for water reuse". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2006. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4372.

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Water recycling is now widely accepted as a sustainable option to respond to the general increase of the fresh water demand, water shortages and for environment protection. Because greywater represents up to 70% of domestic wastewater volume but contains only 30% of the organic fraction and from 9 to 20% of the nutrients (Kujawa-Roeleveld and Zeeman, 2006), it is seen as one of the most appropriate sources to be treated and reuse. A broad range of technologies has been used for greywater recycling including soil filters (Itayama et al., 2004), membranes (Ahn et al., 1998) and biological aerated filters (Surendran and Wheatley, 1998). However, at small scale, such as individual household, the variability in strength and flow of the greywater and potential shock loading affect the efficacy of biological technologies. Moreover, simple physical processes, efficient to reduce the physical pollution within the greywater, are often limited to degrade the organic fraction (Jefferson et al, 2000). There is then a need for alternative technologies that would not be affected by such problems and that could provide the treatment required for reuse. This project investigated the potential of alternative technologies for greywater recycling. Four chemical systems, coagulation, MIEX®, adsorption and membrane chemical reactor based on an advanced oxidation process (TiO2/UV), were assessed at bench scale. Coagulation and MIEX® were found to achieve a limited treatment of the greywater and consequently to be not suitable in case of strict reuse standards. Whereas, adsorption with activated carbon and membrane chemical reactor provided a very good treatment of the greywater with an advantage to the advanced oxidation process as it could meet the strictest standard for reuse for BOD, turbidity and suspended solids as well as for the total and faecal coliforms. Following this results the membrane chemical reactor was tested at pilot scale and compared to a benchmark system, a membrane bioreactor. Both systems achieved a very good treatment of the greywater; however, the MBR was found to be a more robust technology with all the samples tested for BOD and turbidity below the most stringent standards. The main difference between the two systems was observed in terms of the hydraulic conditions. Indeed, important membrane fouling was occurring in the MCR. A more detailed study of membrane fouling in the MCR was carried out for a better understanding of the phenoma occurring. It was found that little fouling occurred when TiO2 was dispersed in clean water. Alternatively, a significant fouling could be observed when TiO2 was coated with specific products suggesting that a reaction occurs when TiO2 is in solution with particular chemicals changing its fouling propensity. Overall, the MBR was found to be the best technology in terms of performance and robustness. However, it was also found that spiking of domestic products can alter its performance due to their toxicity. Chemical systems, which are not affected by toxicity, seem to be a good alternative to biological systems. However, none of the systems tested here could match the effluent quality achieved by the MBR. Alternatively, the MCR achieved good treatment performance and limitation of the membrane fouling would make it a very good alternative.

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Parameshwaran, Kathiravelu Chemical Sciences &amp Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Enhancing membrane processes for water reuse". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Chemical Sciences & Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41495.

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The study reported here was aimed at optimising the microfiltration (MF) membrane process applied to water reclamation. Polypropylene hollow fibre membrane (0.2 ??m) with high pressure backwahing was mainly used in this study. To obtain secondary effluent for microfiltration a biological treatment (UASB/SBR) was applied to brewery effluent. It was identified that loading at a rate below 14 kg COD/kLd will ensure the stable performance of UASB. An initial energy balance of the system (Biological and MF) shows a plant treating brewery effluent (4000 mg/L COD) could yield a net energy of 2.5 kWh/kL (yield from methane less the plant operating energy) at an optimised MF flux. For the MF of low solids feed it was found that crossflow has no benefit and that intermittent dead end filtration is less productive than dead-end cycles. It was also that found cycle time between air backwashes is strongly dependent on the imposed flux and the maximum TMP allowed. Analysis based on energy and capital cost indicates that if energy saving is the objective the unit needs to be operated at low imposed flux. However, if capital and energy costs are combined, cost efficient operation would be at about 60 to 70 L/m2.h for TMPmax of 20 kPa or above 80 L/m2.h for TMPmax of 50 kPa. For cycles with a TMPmax of 20 kPa, the specific cake resistance was constant over the range of imposed fluxes. However, for a TMPmax of 50 kPa the specific resistance was higher and increased with imposed flux, signifying compressible cake formation. Further analysis of the TMP profiles showed that the membrane resistance increased over a number of cycles and that the increase was higher at higher flux. To fully optimise the operation, it would be necessary to include these factors. Laboratory scale studies with yeast showed many similarities with secondary effluent filtration. However, some inconsistencies were observed at lower f1uxes, which need to be confirmed by further studies. Life cycle assessment of the membrane filtration process indicated that operating at low flux (10 Llm2.h) with higher TMPmax is the environmentally sound operational strategy. The analysis highlights the fact that the environmental impacts mainly come from the membrane operation (more than 85%). When alternative energy sources are considered, the least impact operational strategy shifts towards higher flux (in the vicinity of 30 l/m2.h). In-situ electrochemical cleaning using an electrolysis process indicated better flux recovery than traditional chemical cleaning. However, repeated cycles of fouling and cleaning showed electrochemically cleaned membranes have a higher fouling tendency than the chemically cleaned membrane. Initial characterisation of membrane surface properties after cleaning could not provide conclusive evidence for the cause of rapid fouling of the electrochemically cleaned membrane.

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Oertlé, Emmanuel, Duc Toan Vu, Dinh Chuc Nguyen, Laurin Näf e Sandra Regina Müller. "Potential for water reuse in Vietnam". Technische Universität Dresden, 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70827.

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Abstract (sommario):

Southeast Asian countries and Vietnam in particular are facing water security challenges; water reclamation is increasingly being considered as a favorable solution. Despite the availability of suitable technologies, several constraints often prevent stakeholders and especially decision makers exploiting their potential. In this paper we present the results of applying a decision support tool (DST) to evaluate water reclamation, support pre-feasibility studies and build capacity for water reclamation in Vietnam. The DST and its data are open access, providing information related to local and international water and wastewater quality standards. In this research we identified high potential Vietnamese case studies and conducted a systematic PISTLE analysis considering six dimensions (Political, Institutional, Social, Technical, Legal and Economic) at a multiple local stakeholder workshop. Key barriers and drivers for water reclamation implementation were identified. Measures proposed during the workshop could serve as a starting point for the development of water reclamation projects in Vietnam.
Các nước Đông Nam Á và đặc biệt là Việt Nam nói riêng hiện đang phải đối mặt với những thách thức về đảm bảo an ninh nguồn nước; cải tạo nguồn nước hiện đang được xem là một giải pháp thuận lợi. Mặc dù các công nghệ phù hợp đã có sẵn, nhưng một số hạn chế đã ngăn cản các bên liên quan và đặc biệt là những nhà làm chính sách có thể khai thác các tiềm năng của những công nghệ này. Trong bài báo này, chúng tôi trình bày các kết quả của việc áp dụng một công cụ hỗ trợ quyết định (DST) để đánh giá việc cải tạo nguồn nước, hỗ trợ các nghiên cứu tiền khả thi và xây dựng các khả năng cải tạo nguồn nước ở Việt Nam. DST và dữ liệu của nó là nguồn truy cập mở, cung cấp thông tin liên quan đến những tiêu chuẩn về chất lượng nước và nước thải của địa phương và quốc tế. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi đã xác định các tình huống điển hình có tiềm năng cao của Việt Nam và tiến hành phân tích PISTLE có hệ thống xem xét sáu khía cạnh (Chính trị, Thể chế, Xã hội, Kỹ thuật, Pháp lý và Kinh tế) tại một hội thảo của các bên liên quan tại địa phương. Những rào cản chính và yếu tố vận hành của việc thực hiện cải tạo nguồn nước cũng đã được xác định. Các giải pháp được đề xuất trong hội thảo này có thể đóng vai trò là điểm khởi đầu để phát triển các dự án cải tạo nguồn nước ở Việt Nam.

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DeGenova, John. "Oxidation and Removal of Thin Organic Films From A Wafer Surface: Fundamentals of Ozonated Water Application and Water Recycle". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_2001_386_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D. - Chemical and Environmental Engineering)--University of Arizona, 2001.
We acknowledge that the writer has two page 7's in this resource. (List of figures). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 214-218).

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Marcé, Escalé Mireia. "Ozonation of Municipal Wastewater for Water Reuse". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402548.

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Water is essential for life in all the levels: humans, animals and plants depend on it for their existence. The unsustainable growth, the changes in the consumption pattern and the climate change have positioned water resources under pressure. In this scenario where the water quality and quantity are a worldwide concern, research and development have analyzed and generated various emerging technologies that can promote the use of alternative sources of water. Commonly, the Municipal WWTPs are organized in four stages that include physical, chemical and biological processes. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) will have an important role in the future eco-cities since will provide energy by means of a system characterized by the smallest possible ecological footprint. However, several ecological effects have been observed downstream of WWTP outfalls, probably due to the incomplete removal of pollutants by the conventional WWTPs. The analysis and understanding of the pollutants fate in Conventional WWTPs is fully necessary to create measures to reduce their release in the environment. Even though, conventional WWTPs are designed to treat solid wastes, suspended solids and biodegradable dEfOM, many micropollutants are also affected by the treatment train. Hence, half of the micropollutant load is eliminated either by sorption to the sludge, biological degradation, volatilization and abiotic degradation. Despite this fact, some hydrophilic compounds are neither adsorbed into the sludge nor eliminated in the discharge effluents. Consequently, some of these micropollutants can end up in the aquatic environment generating negative effects, including long-term and short-term toxicity. In the problematic water pollution scenario mentioned before, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) emerge as a possible alternative to treat the biologically persistent wastewater improving water quality and therefore restoring the aquatic environment. These processes degrade organic pollutants by forming hydroxyl radicals (OH·) which are highly reactive and non- selective. Nowadays, AOPs include also the processes that involve other radicals as sulfate radicals (SO4 ·). Ozone application is used in wastewater, disinfection and air treatment to minimize the pollution. This process has two main strengths: on one hand, the strong oxidant potential and secondly, the lack of residues after its application. Ozone can react directly, via molecular pathway or indirectly via hydroxyl radical. In this work, ozone has been applied to different non-conventional points of the treatment line, to check if its action could promote the enhancement of the whole treatment. Thus, it has been applied at the outlet of the primary effluent leading us to an improvement in the water quality parameters and in the removal of micropollutants. Moreover, other significant parameters for ozone application as the ozone demand and mass transfer have been studied. Afterwards, the study was focus in the application of ozone on the activated sludge matrix. In this case, ozone showed good performance too, improving the settleability, increasing the solubility of sludge and eliminating micropollutants in both phases (sludge and supernatant). Finally, the combination of ozone application with biological treatments was tested. Thus, ozone was applied to the primary effluent which was lately treated by an aerobic biological treatment. In this case, good performances were observed at the level of micropollutants. Lately, ozone was applied to the conventional activated sludge matrix which was subsequently introduced in an anaerobic process to check the enhancement of biogas production. In this case, only two ozone doses showed better performances than the initial sludge without ozone pretreatment. Biodegradability and acute toxicity was studied for the primary effluent before and after ozonation, showing an improvement when the transfer ozone dose increased.
L’aigua es essencial per la vida en tots els nivells: humans, animals i plantes depenen d’ella per la seva pròpia existència. El creixement insostenible, els canvis en el patró de consum i el canvi climàtic han situat els recursos hídrics sota pressió. En aquest escenari on la qualitat de l’aigua i la quantitat són una preocupació mundial, la recerca i el desenvolupament analitzen actualment les tecnologies que promoguin el ús alternatiu dels recursos hídrics. En l’escenari de la problemàtica de l’aigua, els processos d’oxidació avançada emergeixen com a possible alternativa per tractar els compostos recalcitrants que trobem en l’aigua, millorant la qualitat de l’aigua i per tant, restaurant el medi aquàtic. Aquests processos, degraden els contaminants orgànics formant radicals hidroxils (·OH) que són altament reactius i no són selectius. L’ozó s’utilitza en el tractament d’aigües residuals, desinfecció i tractament de l’aire per minimitzar la contaminació. Aquest procés té dos punts forts: per una banda, el fort potencial oxidant i en segon lloc, la manca de residus després de la seva aplicació. L’Ozó pot reaccionar directament, via molecular o indirectament via el radical hidroxil. En aquest projecte, l’ozó s’ha aplicat a diferents punts de la cadena de tractament, per tal de comprovar si la seva acció pot promoure una millora en el tractament global. Així, s’ha aplicat a l’efluent de la sortida del tractament primari millorant els paràmetres de l’efluent primari tant a nivell de la qualitat de l’aigua i de l’eliminació dels microcontaminants. A més, altres paràmetres importants relacionats amb l’aplicació de l’ozó i la demanda d’ozó han estat estudiats. Després, l’estudi es va centrar en l’aplicació de l’ozó en una matriu de Fangs Activats. En aquest cas, ozó va mostrar bons resultats millorant la sedimentació, incrementant la solubilitat dels fangs i l’eliminant els microcontaminants. Finalment, l’ozó es va combinar amb tractaments biològics, aeròbics i anaeròbics. Bones eliminacions es van observar a nivell de microcontaminants. Tot i així, només dues dosis van afavorir una millora en la producció del biogàs.

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Raffin, Marie. "Optimisation of membrane technology for water reuse". Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9238.

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Increasing freshwater scarcity is making reclamation of wastewater effluent more economically attractive as a means of preserving freshwater resources. The use of an integrated membrane system (IMS), the combination of micro/ultra-filtration (MF/UF) followed by reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, represents a key process for municipal wastewater reuse. A major drawback of such systems is the fouling of both the MF/UF and RO membranes. The water to be treated by the IMS system varies from one wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to another, and its fouling propensity changes correspondingly. It is thus preferable to conduct pilot trials before implementing a full-scale plant. This thesis aims to look at the sustainability of IMS technology dedicated to indirect potable reuse (IPR) in terms of fouling minimisation and cost via a 600 m3 .d- 1 pilot plant. Wastewater reuse plants, using IMS, as well as statistical methods for membrane optimisation were reviewed. Box-Behnken design was used to define optimum operating envelopes of the pilot plant for both the microfiltration and the reverse osmosis in terms of fouling minimisation. Same statistical method was used to enhance the efficiency of the MF cleaning-in place through bench-scale test. Data from the pilot plant MF process allow to determine relationship between reversible and irreversible fouling, and operating parameters and feed water quality. Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) of the both trains (MF/RO/AOP and MF/AOP) of the pilot plant was performed and compared with the LCCA of two full-scale plant.

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Più fonti

Libri sul tema "Water reuse"

R, Evans David, Water Pollution Control Federation. Task Force on Water Reuse. e Water Pollution Control Federation. Systems Management Subcommittee., a cura di. Water reuse. 2^a ed. Alexandria, VA: Water Pollution Control Federation, 1989.

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Moura Bernardes, Andréa, Marco Antônio Siqueira Rodrigues e Jane Zoppas Ferreira, a cura di. Electrodialysis and Water Reuse. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40249-4.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Wastewater Management. Municipal Support Division., National Risk Management Research Laboratory (U.S.). Technology Transfer and Support Division. e United States. Agency for International Development., a cura di. Guidelines for water reuse. Washington, DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2004.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. e United States. Agency for International Development., a cura di. Guidelines for water reuse. Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1992.

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United States. Environmental Protection Agency. Office of Wastewater Enforcement & Compliance, a cura di. Municipal wastewater reuse: Selected readings on water reuse. Washington, D.C: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Wastewater Enforcement & Compliance, 1991.

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ADMINISTRATION, FEDERAL AVIATION. Waste water/potable water drain system certification testing. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, 1997.

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Washington (State). Dept. of Ecology. e Washington (State). Dept. of Health., a cura di. Water reclamation and reuse standards. Olympia, WA: The Dept., 1997.

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Borrows, John D. Water reuse: Considerations for commissions. Columbus, Ohio (1080 Carmack Rd., Columbus 43210): National Regulatory Research Institute, Ohio State University, 1997.

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Green, Jen. Water. London: Wayland, 2009.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Water reuse"

Akter, Aysha. "Greywater Water Reuse". In Springer Water, 165–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94643-2_5.

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Kyritsis, Spyros. "Waste — Water Reuse". In Sustainability of Irrigated Agriculture, 417–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8700-6_25.

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Wilcox, Jonathan, Sarah Bell e Fuzhan Nasiri. "Water Reuse Trajectories". In Future City, 69–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42686-0_5.

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Singh, G., M. A. H. Johir, J. Kandasamy, S. Vigneswaran, B. Kus e R. Naidu. "Stormwater Harvesting and Reuse". In Water Sustainability, 123–45. New York, NY: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-2466-1_266.

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Maliva, Robert, e Thomas Missimer. "Wastewater Reuse". In Arid Lands Water Evaluation and Management, 773–803. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-29104-3_29.

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Spulber, Nicolas, e Asghar Sabbaghi. "Water Reuse and Recycling". In Economics of Water Resources: From Regulation to Privatization, 143–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4866-5_7.

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Dasauni, Khushboo, Divya Nailwal e Tapan K. Nailwal. "Water Reuse and Recycling". In Removal of Refractory Pollutants from Wastewater Treatment Plants, 77–98. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003204442-5.

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Albaji, Mohammad. "Water reuse for irrigation". In Introduction to Water Engineering, Hydrology, and Irrigation, 199–210. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003293507-14.

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Hanjra, Munir A., Pay Drechsel e Hillary M. Masundire. "Urbanisation, water quality and water reuse". In The Zambezi River Basin, 158–74. New York, NY : Routledge, 2017. |: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315282053-8.

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Moura Bernardes, Andréa, e Marco A. S. Rodrigues. "Electrodialysis in Water Treatment". In Electrodialysis and Water Reuse, 63–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40249-4_6.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Water reuse"

Alhabib, Hussain F., e Hani A. Nass. "Gas Treatment Produced Water Reuse". In SPE Water Lifecycle Management Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/219042-ms.

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Abstract Industrial produced wastewater management has been a challenging objective in the Oil and Gas Industry, and the adoption of systems to reuse it is essential to promote the circular economy principles. Saudi Aramco, adapted an integrated system to collect, treat, and reuse the facility-wide produced water to eliminate directing it to evaporation ponds, or outside the facility to waste management entities. Produced water, in gas plants, is usually formed in three processes: separating wells’ sour water from monoethyl-glycol, knocking out sour water during gas sweetening, and during acid gas handling and cooling. The produced water is instantly directed to sour water treatment to remove the hydrogen sulfide, and finally to a biological wastewater treatment plant. The wastewater treatment plant's objective is to reducing the total organic compound (TOC) content in the water through bacterial activity, and filtration. Once the TOC is minimized to the process requirement, it is reused within the plant as a cooling tower make-up water. It is both an environmental and an economical driven adoption. Produced wastewater is reused to reduce plant's purchased water quantity significantly, and it ultimately leads to minimize the facility's purchased fresh water quantity especially during the summer season where the evaporation rate is high. Also, this leads to a reduction of CO2 footprint as a result of avoided purchased water desalination (scope 2 carbon emission). This initiative also supports the circular economy principles by conserving the plant's water, and minimizing the demand on fresh products.

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Parabicoli, Steve. "Water Reuse on Maui". In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2008. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40976(316)30.

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Mantovani, Pier, Mohammad Abu-Orf e Thomas O'Connor. "Nonpotable Water Reuse Management Practices". In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2001. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40569(2001)300.

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Cook, Victor, Will Lovins, Thomas Jones e Michael Englemann. "Brackish Water Treatment: An Application in Water Reuse". In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41173(414)166.

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Roznowski, Steven, Kristofer Bruun e Larry Roesner. "Gray Water and Treated Effluent Reuse". In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2009. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/41036(342)573.

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Ingrid Wesström e Abraham Joel. "Storage and Reuse of Drainage Water". In 9th International Drainage Symposium held jointly with CIGR and CSBE/SCGAB Proceedings, 13-16 June 2010, Québec City Convention Centre, Quebec City, Canada. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.32140.

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Jones, Douglas E. "Sizing UV Disinfection Systems for Water Reuse". In World Water and Environmental Resources Congress 2005. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40792(173)328.

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Rembold, M. D., J. P. Heaney e B. Koopman. "Cost-Effectiveness of Water Reuse in Florida". In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2007. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40927(243)560.

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Chirnside, Anastasia E. M. "Obstacles to Water Reuse in Irrigated Agriculture". In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2022. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784484258.056.

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Al-Jasser, A. O. "Greywater reuse in Saudi Arabia: current situation and future potential". In WATER AND SOCIETY 2011. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/ws110151.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Water reuse"

Adams, Valerie H., e William S. Eck. Shower Water Reuse System-Expanded Operations to Laundry Water. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, settembre 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada623518.

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Robert A. Liske. Beneficial Reuse of San Ardo Produced Water. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), settembre 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/901425.

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Robert A. Liske. Beneficial Reuse of San Ardo Produced Water. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), settembre 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/901426.

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Robert A. Liske. Beneficial Reuse of San Ardo Produced Water. US: Aera Energy Llc, luglio 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/898785.

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Praveena, Sarva Mangala. Why we should not reuse plastic water bottles. A cura di S. Vicknesan. Monash University, febbraio 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/3f0b-4404.

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Eid-Sabbagh, K., S. Roukoz, M. H. Nassif, N. Velpuri e J. Mateo-Sagasta. Analysis of water reuse potential for irrigation in Lebanon. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5337/2022.211.

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Toy, Lora, Young Chul Choi, Zachary Hendren e Gyu Dong Kim. Advanced, Energy-Efficient Hybrid Membrane System for Industrial Water Reuse. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), marzo 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1375009.

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Cejudo, Carmen, Bryan Pamintuan e Katherine LM Stoughton. Emerging Technologies Review: Water Reuse Systems for Cooling Tower Applications. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), agosto 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2325011.

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Omosebi, Ayokunle, Xin Gao, Lisa Richburg e Kunlei Liu. Intensified Flue Gas Desulfurization Water Treatment for Reuse, Solidification, and Discharge. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), aprile 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1614761.

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Dempsey, Brian. Coagulation & Ultra-filtration of Laundry Waste Waters using the Shower Water Reuse System (SWRS). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, dicembre 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada602659.

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