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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "Water and Energy limited"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 31 agosto 2024

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "Water and Energy limited"

Haghighi, Erfan, Daniel J. Short Gianotti, Ruzbeh Akbar, Guido D. Salvucci e Dara Entekhabi. "Soil and Atmospheric Controls on the Land Surface Energy Balance: A Generalized Framework for Distinguishing Moisture‐Limited and Energy‐Limited Evaporation Regimes". Water Resources Research 54, n. 3 (marzo 2018): 1831–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017wr021729.

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Rodríguez, J., G. C. Premier, A. J. Guwy, R. Dinsdale e R. Kleerebezem. "Metabolic models to investigate energy limited anaerobic ecosystems". Water Science and Technology 60, n. 7 (1 ottobre 2009): 1669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.224.

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Anaerobic wastewater treatment is shifting from a philosophy of solely pollutants removal to a philosophy of combined resource recovery and waste treatment. Simultaneous wastewater treatment with energy recovery in the form of energy rich products, brings renewed interest to non-methanogenic anaerobic bioprocesses such as the anaerobic production of hydrogen, ethanol, solvents, VFAs, bioplastics and even electricty from microbial fuel cells. The exisiting kinetic-based modelling approaches, widely used in aerobic and methanogenic wastewater treatment processes, do not seem adequate in investigating such energy limited microbial ecosystems. The great diversity of similar microbial species, which share many of the fermentative reaction pathways, makes quantify microbial groups very difficult and causes identifiability problems. A modelling approach based on the consideration of metabolic reaction networks instead of on separated microbial groups is suggested as an alternative to describe anaerobic microbial ecosystems and in particular for the prediction of product formation as a function of environmental conditions imposed. The limited number of existing relevant fermentative pathways in conjunction with the fact that anaerobic reactions proceed very close to thermodynamic equilibrium reduces the complexity of such approach and the degrees of freedom in terms of product formation fluxes. In addition, energy limitation in these anaerobic microbial ecosystems makes plausible that selective forces associated with energy further define the system activity by favouring those conversions/microorganisms which provide the most energy for growth under the conditions imposed.

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Macharia, Pauline, Norbert Kreuzinger e Nzula Kitaka. "Applying the Water-Energy Nexus for Water Supply—A Diagnostic Review on Energy Use for Water Provision in Africa". Water 12, n. 9 (13 settembre 2020): 2560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092560.

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This work explores the application of the Water-Energy Nexus concept for water supply in the African context, where its operationalization is quite limited compared to developed regions. Furthermore, water supply and demand drivers and their influence on energy use are examined. This study found that there is limited literature available on the operationalization of the concept, and energy use is not considered a key performance indicator by water regulators and utilities. Regionally, most of the studies were carried out in the northern and southern Africa, where energy demand for water supply through desalination is high. An analysis of water supply and demand drivers show diminishing quantities of available freshwater, and increased anthropogenic pollutant loads in some areas are projected. Consequently, utilities will likely consider alternative energy-intensive water supply options. Increased population growth with the highest global urban growth rate is projected, with about 60% of the total population in Africa as urban dwellers by 2050. This implies huge growth in water demand that calls for investment in technology, infrastructure, and improved understanding of energy use and optimization, as the largest controllable input within utilities boundaries. However, it requires a data-driven understanding of the operational drivers for water supply and incorporation of energy assessment metrics to inform water-energy policies and to exploit the nexus opportunities.

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Das, Adrian J., Nathan L. Stephenson, Alan Flint, Tapash Das e Phillip J. van Mantgem. "Climatic Correlates of Tree Mortality in Water- and Energy-Limited Forests". PLoS ONE 8, n. 7 (25 luglio 2013): e69917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069917.

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Schumacher, Dominik L., Jessica Keune e Diego G. Miralles. "Atmospheric heat and moisture transport to energy‐ and water‐limited ecosystems". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1472, n. 1 (7 maggio 2020): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14357.

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Chavez, Jose C., Juan Enciso, Manyowa N. Meki, Jaehak Jeong e Vijay P. Singh. "Simulation of Energy Sorghum under Limited Irrigation Levels Using the EPIC Model". Transactions of the ASABE 61, n. 1 (2018): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12470.

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Abstract. Energy sorghum is one of the most attractive alternatives for producing energy in many regions of the world because of the high biomass productivity obtained in a short period. However, it faces many challenges, particularly where water resources are limited. Crop simulation models are suitable decision support tools for the assessment of crop water use and biomass production under different spatial and climatic conditions. Calibration of simulation models to local conditions is a necessary procedure to improve model reliability. The objective of this study was to calibrate and evaluate the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model for the production of energy sorghum under different irrigation levels. The model was then used to simulate crop biomass productivity and crop water use to identify appropriate irrigation strategies. This study was conducted at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center in Weslaco, Texas. Simulations were performed to determine the total dry biomass, crop water use, the relationship between crop productivity and crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and water use efficiency (WUE). Simulated ETc agreed well with estimates from a weather station, except for a few simulation events. The statistical parameters derived from measured versus simulated dry biomass in the calibrated model, which indicated that the model performed well, were R2 = 0.99 and PBIAS = -5.35%. The calibrated model showed great potential for simulating the total dry biomass. At full irrigation, the difference between measured and simulated total dry biomass was 4.3% in 2013 and 3.0% in 2015. This study showed that energy sorghum requires approximately 600 mm of water to obtain 23 Mg ha-1 of total dry biomass. It also demonstrated that the EPIC model could be used for assessment of crop water use and total biomass under limited irrigation levels, especially in semi-arid regions. Keywords: Crop model, Dry biomass, Energy sorghum, EPIC model, Irrigation, Model calibration, Water use efficiency.

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Garcia, M., N. Fernández, L. Villagarcía, F. Domingo, J. Puigdefábregas e I. Sandholt. "Accuracy of the Temperature–Vegetation Dryness Index using MODIS under water-limited vs. energy-limited evapotranspiration conditions". Remote Sensing of Environment 149 (giugno 2014): 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.002.

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Boiko, Serhii, Oleksii Zhukov, Oleg Sablin e Hennadii Rykov. "PRINCIPLES OF APPLICATION OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES IN REGIONS WITH LIMITED DRINKING WATER RESOURCES". ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, n. 3(122) (2 novembre 2023): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-3-13.

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The unsatisfactory ecological state of water resources indicates, first of all, the problems of pollution and depletion of water resources and their relevance today. The lack of an optimal principle of management and responsibility for the state of surface sources of drinking water supply has led to the fact that industrial facilities, which, depending on their technological processes, determine the state of the surface source of drinking water, are located in the territory of the same regions, and the production and consumption of drinking water from of this source occurs on the territory of other regions, which complicates the settlement of control issues at the regional level. Therefore, solving the task of preparing drinking water of the required quality at drinking water treatment stations is a strategically important task in the conditions of a significant anthropogenic factor. This issue has become especially relevant in recent years on the territory of Ukraine in connection with the armed conflict, which has turned into a full-scale armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine. Today, these issues concern the south-eastern regions especially acutely. Meanwhile, it should be noted that the long-term operation of water supply systems without a capital replacement of communications, the lack of modernization of treatment facilities, or their absence at all, the consequences of irresponsible economic activity that led to the pollution of surface water became the prerequisite for a difficult situation with water supply of standardized quality. Of particular concern in connection with chemical and bacteriological pollution is the state of water supply for the rural population, which in most cases uses water from underground water sources for drinking purposes. A quarter of the villages and towns of Ukraine use the services of centralized domestic drinking water supply, and more than 60% of the population of most regions in Ukraine consume water from wells, the nitrate content of which is 1.5–30 times higher than the standard level. So, taking into account the fact that fresh water resources on Earth are distributed extremely unevenly, and arid or partially arid regions of the world include 40% of the landmass, which use only 2% of the world's water reserves, the issue of the introduction of modern water supply systems and the modernization of existing ones with the use of modern technologies is gaining more and more importance. According to the conclusions of scientists and the analysis of statistical data, it is possible to predict the development of the economy of Ukraine based on the introduction of hydrogen energy. But regardless of today's realities and a number of obstacles in the development of Ukraine, it is worth paying attention to urgent problems in the country that require urgent solutions, on which national security depends. Taking into account the fact that renewable energy sources are currently widely implemented in Ukraine and the world, and taking into account the problem of water supply as a global problem and local problems of a regional scale in the territory of Ukraine, it will be relevant in the future to use the indicated capacities to obtain certain volumes of suitable water, in accordance with sanitary standards, for use by the population. The proposed approach of using the capacities of renewable sources of electric energy for the needs of the functioning of systems for obtaining water suitable, in accordance with sanitary standards, for use by the population. The introduction of renewable energy sources into the system of obtaining water suitable, in accordance with sanitary standards, for use by the population should provide an opportunity to expand the functional capabilities of existing installations and increase their efficiency. This approach also aims to attract the attention of investors and reduce the ecological burden on the environment.

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Sun, Zhigang, Qinxue Wang, Ochirbat Batkhishig e Zhu Ouyang. "Relationship between Evapotranspiration and Land Surface Temperature under Energy- and Water-Limited Conditions in Dry and Cold Climates". Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1835487.

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Remotely sensed land surface temperature- (LST-) dependent evapotranspiration (ET) models and vegetation index- (VI-) LST methods may not be suitable for ET estimation in energy-limited cold areas. In this study, the relationship of ET to LST was simulated using the process-based Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model for energy- and water-limited conditions in Mongolia, to understand the differences in ET processes under these two limiting conditions in dry and cold climates. Simulation results from the SHAW model along with ground observational data showed that ET and LST have a positive relationship when air temperature (Ta) is less than or equal to the temperature (Ttra) above which plants transpire and have a negative relationship whenTais greater thanTtraunder the energy-limited condition. However, ET and LST maintain a negative relationship with changes inTaunder the water-limited condition. The differences in the relationship between ET and LST under the energy-limited and water-limited conditions could be attributed to plant transpiration and energy storage in moist/watered soil and plants. This study suggests that different strategies should be used to estimate ET under the energy-limited condition in dry and cold climates.

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Oliveira, Miguel C., Muriel Iten, Henrique A. Matos e Jochen Michels. "Water–Energy Nexus in Typical Industrial Water Circuits". Water 11, n. 4 (4 aprile 2019): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040699.

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Water–energy nexus has been recognized as an important and challenging issue, namely in industry. This is due to industry reforms, increasing demand, and climate change. This concept focuses on the link between energy and water infrastructure. Overall, there is limited understanding of the nature of this link, as it is assumed that water is not a threat to the energy sector or an influence of the electricity to the water resources. This work aims to present and evaluate case studies related to typical industrial water circuits. These circuits represent some of the most relevant industrial sectors in terms of water–energy nexus such as: steel industry, chemical industry, paper and pulp industry, and food industry. Moreover, these sectors also cover typical industrial water circuits, namely: cooling circuit, gas washing circuit, water treatment circuit, transportation circuit, and quenching circuit. The circuits have firstly been assembled in OpenModelica software considering the equipment and physical layout of each circuit. According to their actual operation conditions, the energy and water consumption have been estimated. Furthermore, water and energy efficiency improvement measures have been proposed and implemented into the assembled models. This enabled a techno-economic assessment based on the implementation of the improvement measures. In order to contextualise these results into the industrial trends, the achieved water and energy savings are projected into potential national and sectorial savings considering the current levels of water and energy demand for each sector.

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Più fonti

Tesi sul tema "Water and Energy limited"

Tobin, Erik, e Linnéa Tjernström. "Potential for cultivation of Miscanthus x Giganteus for biofuel production in different climate zones : with a changing climate and limited water resources". Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-139099.

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Miscanthus Giganteus is a rapidly growing perennial grass utilizing C4 photosynthesis that is a promising candidate as a raw resource for “second generation” biofuel production. This study seeks to determine the long-term sustainability, from a water balance perspective, of cultivating this plant in different climate zones. CoupModel, a model for the soil-plant-atmosphere system, is utilized to model M. Giganteus and simulate its cultivation over a 30-year period at four sites in Europe, each representing a different climate zone. A future climate scenario building on historical climate data together with projections for monthly changes in temperature and precipitation, as modeled by the HadCM3 global climate model in the A2 emission scenario, is then created and used for another simulation at each site. The growth, yields, and water balances in each simulation are analyzed and compared. The highest yields and water use efficiencies are achieved in the warmest climates, but the most sustainable zones when taking water balance into account are the more humid ones. The humid continental, Dfb, zone and the humid subtropical, Cfa, zone are determined to be sustainable in the long-term for cultivation of M. Giganteus.
Miscanthus Giganteus är ett snabbväxande perennt gräs med C4-fotosyntes samt en lovande kandidat som resurs i tillverkandet av andra generationens biobränslen. Denna studie syftar till att bestämma den långsiktiga hållbarheten av odling av denna växt i olika klimatzoner ur ett vattenbalansperspektiv. CoupModel, en datamodell som simulerar systemet “jord-planta-atmosfär”, används för att simulera M. Giganteus och dess tillväxt över en 30-årsperiod för fyra platser i Europa vilka alla representerar en klimatzon. Ett framtida klimatscenario som bygger på historisk klimatdata tillsammans med projektioner för framtida månatliga förändringar i temperatur och nederbörd, framtaget av HadCM3 för IPCC:s utsläppsscenario A2, tas sedan fram och används för att göra ytterligare en simulering för varje plats. Plantans tillväxt, skörd och vattenbalans för varje simulation analyseras och jämförs. De högsta skördarna och högst vattenanvändningseffektivitet uppnås i de varmaste klimaten, men de mest hållbara zonerna för odling av M. Giganteus när vattenbalansen tas hänsyn till är zonerna med mest nederbörd. Dfb-zonen, med fuktigt inlandsklimat, och Cfa-zonen med fuktigt subtropiskt klimat bedöms vara långsiktigt hållbara för odling av M. Giganteus.

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Markwell, Darryl. "Improvements in sustainable energy and water practice in the food processing industry : an in depth analysis of the manufacture of Ghee at the Butter Producers' Cooperative Federation Limited, Brisbane". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/27661/1/Darryl_Markwell_Thesis.pdf.

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This thesis is a documented energy audit and long term study of energy and water reduction in a ghee factory. Global production of ghee exceeds 4 million tonnes annually. The factory in this study refines dairy products by non-traditional centrifugal separation and produces 99.9% pure, canned, crystallised Anhydrous Milk Fat (Ghee). Ghee is traditionally made by batch processing methods. The traditional method is less efficient, than centrifugal separation. An in depth systematic investigation was conducted of each item of major equipment including; ammonia refrigeration, a steam boiler, canning equipment, pumps, heat exchangers and compressed air were all fine-tuned. Continuous monitoring of electrical usage showed that not every initiative worked, others had pay back periods of less than a year. In 1994-95 energy consumption was 6,582GJ and in 2003-04 it was 5,552GJ down 16% for a similar output. A significant reduction in water usage was achieved by reducing the airflow in the refrigeration evaporative condensers to match the refrigeration load. Water usage has fallen 68% from18ML in 1994-95 to 5.78ML in 2003-04. The methods reported in this thesis could be applied to other industries, which have similar equipment, and other ghee manufacturers.

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Markwell, Darryl. "Improvements in sustainable energy and water practice in the food processing industry : an in depth analysis of the manufacture of Ghee at the Butter Producers' Cooperative Federation Limited, Brisbane". Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/27661/.

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Lukamba-Muhiya, Jean-Marc. "Solar water heaters in South Africa : limits and prospects". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/6928.

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Bibliography: leaves 58-60.
The objective of this study was to investigate the use of solar water healers (SWH) in South Africa, and identify policies and measures that would promote their use. It has been found that conditions are appropriate for the development and use of SWH in South Africa. but the current market for this technology still remains small. The findings of survey data collected in Lwandle shows that the interviewees appreciate the use of SWH technology provided by the local authorities. However, they complained of problems during winter, as there was no backup system for these units. This was considered as one of the limitations of the project. A comparative analysis between solar home systems (SHS) and solar water heaters in South Africa was made. The findings showed that SHS is well disseminated compared to SWH. The electrification programs in the country accelerated the dissemination of SHS. Government and Eskom are fully committed to the project with significant investments on the electrification in the remote areas. On the other hand, SWH were not financially or subsidised by the government. International donors and NGO's are still promoting the use of this technology. These two technologies are still expensive for many people in South Africa. Furthermore, SHS were subsidised while SWH were not and this has affected the dissemination of SWH in the country. This study gives some recommendations for policies and measures for the future wider dissemination of SWH in South Africa.

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Antonelli, Anna Giulia. "An experimental study of water BLEVE". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.

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A BLEVE is a physical explosion characterized by the sudden expansion of a liquefied gas under pressure and the vapor space above it. In this work, the analysis of a set of water BLEVE experiments was carried out both in terms of data processing and numerical modelling. The main purpose of the project was to investigate safety implications of a pipe rupture containing superheated water that may affect a steam generation system in a nuclear or chemical plant. The experimental campaign consisted in 27 explosive tests in which an instantaneous depressurization of the content was enabled by the use of a calibrated rupture disk. A flange calibrated for different dimensions of the releasing orifice was incorporated in the prototype to replicate a pipe failure for various nominal sizes. The analysis primarily focused on the pressure field distribution generated in the surroundings, in the form of multiple shock waves. First observations came directly from high-speed pressure data recorded, showing a high directionality of the blast, stronger in the vertical direction, and the independence of the lead shock on the initial liquid fill level. The intensity of the overpressure of the lead shock was found to be increasingly correlated with the opening size. Available theoretical methods were used to preliminarily estimate the first overpressure peak. Models based on real gas behaviour and adiabatic irreversible expansion gave the best approximation of the vertical overpressure, providing an energy conversion factor (energy contributing to the blast overpressure over the total expansion energy) comparable with values found in the literature. A few CFD simulations were then performed under a shock tube configuration to validate the widely accepted assumption that the lead pressure peak is exclusively depending on the expansion of the pressurized vapor space.

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Benichou, Léo. "Future Energy Supply, Simulations with Limited Resources". Thesis, KTH, Energi och klimatstudier, ECS, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-43733.

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Many different organizations publish energy scenarios, from International Energy Agencyto oilproducers, but also independent academic institutions or experts. Each of these scenarios presentsome particularities. They may also reflect the interests of the institutions producing them. Ifpolicy makers are to safely rely on some scenarios for planning and analysis, there is clear needfor awareness rising regarding energy scenarios and, more generally, the future energy constraint. The Shift Project think tank addresses energy and climate change constraints in the modern world.The double degree thesis work presented in this report is the result of a five month internshipwith the Shift Project. The work was dedicated to, on the one hand, the implementation of an onlineinformation platform gathering long term historical data and energy scenarios and, on the otherhand, the development of an analytical framework for energy scenarios. These tools bring a betterunderstanding of published scenarios first by providing a unique overview of the whole ‘scenariolandscape’ allowing making comparison on relative scales and questioning their credibility. Theobjective is to increase transparency around the assumptions and meaning of the scenarios. Thetools produced will help decision makers by providing transparent material and operative filters inthe wide information base of energy scenarios. Ultimately, they help highlight the keyissuesinfluencing the global energy agenda.

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Savage, Christopher. "Derivation of line charge algorithms for Alpine Energy Limited". University of Canterbury. Engineering, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/9166.

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This report documents the work performed during 1997 by the author developing and examining possible line charge algorithms to be applied to the Alpine Energy Limited electrical distribution network. A database is created that enables three existing databases used by Alpine to be connected, allowing correlation of information across the databases. The most important effect of this is the ability to calculate the value of each segment in the network. A software package is created that performs the above action and allows the capital cost recovery from the network (in the form of line charges) to be calculated using a series of over ten thousand possible asset-based and installation-based methods. The software is highly adaptable and allows line charge investigations of a very diverse nature. Performance levels of assets may be calculated, along with identification of which customers in the network are being subsidised, and to what extent. All files used by and created by the software are in an easy to read, text based format. In the case of program output files, Microsoft Excel is the recommended package for analysis. In preparation for a possible move to a GIS based system at Alpine, the software has been designed to allow changes to the input files that would result from a move away from Gentrack without a major re-work to the software package. While the database created allows the asset register to be linked into a GIS environment. Algorithms have been built into the software that automatically check the validity of the database created for this project, enabling relatively straight-forward updating of this database.

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Nilsson, Hanna, e Sandra Johansson. "Renewable energy water pump". Thesis, University of Skövde, School of Technology and Society, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-4171.

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Målet med det här projektet är att bygga ett tillförlitligt pumpsystem som inte är beroende av elektricitet eller icke förnyelsebara bränslen. Pumpen ska klara att pumpa 50-100 liter per dygn till en höjd av 10 meter. Konstruktionen ska placeras i indianbyn El Vergel i Amazonas, Colombia. Pumpen ska pumpa orent vatten till vattenreningstunnor de månader som invånarna i byn inte har tillgång till regnvatten.

Olika koncept arbetades fram och utvärderades. Det som valdes var en cykeldriven vattenpump, vilken uppfyllde alla krav.

Pumpens axel är kopplad till bakhjulets fälg med en kilrem. När tramporna snurrar så överförs kraften från det främre kugghjulet till det bakre med cykelkedjan och sen med kilremmen från fälgen till pumpaxeln. Konstruktionen är enkel och den är lätt att laga om den går sönder. Resultaten är en tillförlitlig pump som pumpar med ett jämt flöde.

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Teletar, Ä°brahim Emre. "Coding and multiaccess for the energy limited Rayleigh fading channel". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/14759.

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Alam, Ahmad Mahbubul. "Energy efficiency-spectral efficiency tradeoff in interference-limited wireless networks". Thesis, Rennes, INSA, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ISAR0028/document.

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L'une des stratégies utilisée pour augmenter l'efficacité spectrale (ES) des réseaux cellulaires est de réutiliser la bande de fréquences sur des zones relativement petites. Le problème majeur dans ce cas est un plus grand niveau d'interférence, diminuant l'efficacité énergétique (EE). En plus d'une plus grande largeur de bande, la densification des réseaux (cellules de petite taille ou multi-utilisateur à entrées multiples et sortie unique, MU-EMSO), peut augmenter l'efficacité spectrale par unité de surface (ESuS). La consommation totale d'énergie des réseaux sans fil augmente en raison de la grande quantité de puissance de circuit consommée par les structures de réseau denses, réduisant l'EE. Dans cette thèse, la région EE-SE est caractérisé dans un réseau cellulaire hexagonal en considérant plusieurs facteurs de réutilisation de fréquences (FRF), ainsi que l'effet de masquage. La région EE-ESuS est étudiée avec des processus de Poisson ponctuels (PPP) pour modéliser un réseau MU-EMSO avec un précodeur à rapport signal sur fuite plus bruit (RSFB). Différentes densités de station de base (SB) et nombre d'antennes aux SB avec une consommation d'énergie statique sont considérées.Nous caractérisons d'abord la région EE-SE dans le réseau cellulaire hexagonal pour différentes FRF, avec et sans masquage. Avec le masquage en plus de la perte de propagation, la mesure de coupure ε-EE-ES est proposée pour évaluer les performances. Les courbes EE-ES présentent une grande partie linéaire, due à la consommation de puissance statique, suivie d'une forte diminution de l'EE, puisque le réseau est homogène et limité par les interférences. Les résultats montrent qu'un FRF de 1 pour les régions proches de la SB et des FRF plus élevés dans la région plus proche du bord de la cellule améliorent le point optimal du EE-ES. De plus, un meilleur compromis EE-ES peut être obtenu avec une valeur plus élevée de coupure. En outre, un FRF de 1 est le meilleur choix pour une valeur élevée de coupure en raison d'une réduction du rapport signal sur interférence plus bruit (RSIB).Les précodeurs sont utilisés en liaison descendante des réseaux cellulaires MU-EMSO à accès multiple par division spatiale (AMDS) pour améliorer le RSIB. La géométrie stochastique a été utilisée intensivement pour analyser de tels systèmes complexes. Nous obtenons une expression analytique de l'ESuS en régime asymptotique, c.-à-d. nombre d'antennes et d'utilisateurs infinis, en utilisant des résultats de matrices aléatoires et de géométrie stochastique. Les SBs et les utilisateurs sont modélisés par deux PPP indépendants et le précodage RSFB est utilisé. L'EE est dérivée d'un modèle de consommation de puissance linéaire. Les simulations de Monte Carlo montrent que les expressions analytiques sont précises même pour un nombre faible d'antennes et d'utilisateurs. De plus, les courbes d'EE-ESuS ont une grande partie linéaire avant une forte décroissante de l'EE, comme pour les réseaux hexagonaux. Les résultats montrent également que le précodeur RSFB offre de meilleurs performances que le précodeur forçage à zéro (FZ), qui est typiquement utilisé dans la literature. Les résultats numériques pour le précodeur RSFB montrent que déployer plus de SBs ou d'antennes aux BSs augmente l'ESuS, mais que le gain dépend du rapport des densités SB-utilisateurs et du nombre d'antennes lorsque la densité de l'utilisateur est fixe. L'EE augmente seulement lorsque l'augmentation de l'ESuS est plus importante que l'augmentation de la consommation d'énergie par unité de surface. D'autre part, lorsque la densité d'utilisateur augmente, l'ESuS dans la région limitée par les interférences peut être améliorée en déployant davantage de SB sans sacrifier l'EE et le débit ergodique des utilisateurs
One of the used strategies to increase the spectral efficiency (SE) of cellular network is to reuse the frequency bandwidth over relatively small areas. The major issue in this case is higher interference, decreasing the energy efficiency (EE). In addition to the higher bandwidth, densification of the networks (e.g. small cells or multi-user multiple input single output, MU-MISO) potentially increases the area spectral efficiency (ASE). The total energy consumption of the wireless networks increases due to the large amount of circuit power consumed by the dense network structures, leading to the decrease of EE. In this thesis, the EE-SE achievable region is characterized in a hexagonal cellular network considering several frequency reuse factors (FRF), as well as shadowing. The EE-ASE region is also studied using Poisson point processes (PPP) to model the MU-MISO network with signal-to-leakage-and-noise ratio (SLNR) precoder. Different base station (BS) densities and different number of BS antennas with static power consumption are considered.The EE-SE region in a hexagonal cellular network for different FRF, both with and without shadowing is first characterized. When shadowing is considered in addition to the path loss, the ε-SE-EE tradeoff is proposed as an outage measure for performance evaluation. The EE-SE curves have a large linear part, due to the static power consumption, followed by a sharp decreasing EE, since the network is homogeneous and interference-limited. The results show that FRF of 1 for regions close to BS and higher FRF for regions closer to the cell edge improve the EE-SE optimal point. Moreover, better EE-SE tradeoff can be achieved with higher outage values. Besides, FRF of 1 is the best choice for very high outage value due to the significant signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) decrease.In downlink, precoders are used in space division multiple access (SDMA) MU-MISO cellular networks to improve the SINR. Stochastic geometry has been intensively used to analyse such a complex system. A closed-form expression for ASE in asymptotic regime, i.e. number of antennas and number of users grow to infinity, has been derived using random matrix theory and stochastic geometry. BSs and users are modeled by two independent PPP and SLNR precoder is used at BS. EE is then derived from a linear power consumption model. Monte Carlo simulations show that the analytical expressions are tight even for moderate number of antennas and users. Moreover, the EE-ASE curves have a large linear part before a sharply decreasing EE, as observed for hexagonal network. The results also show that SLNR outperforms the zero-foring (ZF) precoder, which is typically used in literature. Numerical results for SLNR show that deploying more BS or a large number of BS antennas increase ASE, but the gain depends on the BS-user density ratio and on the number of antennas when user density is fixed. EE increases only when the increase in ASE dominates the increase of the power consumption per unit area. On the other hand, when the user density increases, ASE in interference-limited region can be improved by deploying more BS without sacrificing EE and the ergodic rate of the users

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Libri sul tema "Water and Energy limited"

Richards, Julie. Water energy. Tarrytown, NY: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2009.

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Rickard, Graham. Water energy. Milwaukee: G. Stevens Children's Books, 1991.

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Environment, Ontario Ministry of the. Monitoring cost estimates and their implications for direct dischargers in the electric generation sector: Draft. Toronto: Ministry of the Environment, 1989.

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Ontario. Ministry of the Environment. Monitoring cost estimates and their implications for direct dischargers in the electric generation sector. [Toronto]: Queen's Printer for Ontario, 1989.

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Municipal Industrial Strategy for Abatement Program (Ontario). The Development document for the draft effluent monitoring regulation for the electric power generation sector. Toronto: Environment Ontario, 1989.

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Raum, Elizabeth. Water & geothermal energy. Oxford: Heinemann Library, 2008.

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Oxlade, Chris. Energy: Water power. North Mankato, MN: Stargazer Books, 2006.

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Salam, P. Abdul, Sangam Shrestha, Vishnu Prasad Pandey e Anil Kumar Anal, a cura di. Water-Energy-Food Nexus. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119243175.

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Pittock, Jamie, Karen Hussey e Stephen Dovers, a cura di. Climate, Energy and Water. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139248792.

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Philip, Steele. Saving water and energy. New York: Crabtree Pub. Co., 2010.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "Water and Energy limited"

Maharjan, Bijesh, Gary W. Hergert e Saurav Das. "Limited Irrigation for Managing Declining Water Resources in the US High Plains". In Food, Energy, and Water Nexus, 173–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85728-8_9.

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DeBusk, W. F., K. R. Reddy e J. C. Tucker. "Management Strategies for Water Hyacinth Production in a Nutrient-Limited System". In Biomass Energy Development, 275–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0590-4_24.

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Becchi, I. "Limits in Space-Time Knowledge of Hydrological Data". In Entropy and Energy Dissipation in Water Resources, 119–29. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2430-0_5.

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Scabbia, Giovanni, Antonio Sanfilippo, Daniel Perez-Astudillo, Dunia Bachour e Christos Fountoukis. "Exploring the Limits of Machine Learning in the Prediction of Solar Radiation". In Sustainable Energy-Water-Environment Nexus in Deserts, 381–84. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76081-6_46.

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Georgiou, D. P., e N. G. Theodoropoulos. "The Loading of Water Current Turbines: The Betz Limit and Ducted Turbines". In Alternative Energy and Shale Gas Encyclopedia, 601–5. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119066354.ch58.

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Sabyrbekov, Rahat, Indra Overland e Roman Vakulchuk. "Introduction to Climate Change in Central Asia". In SpringerBriefs in Climate Studies, 1–11. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29831-8_1.

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AbstractThis chapter provides a broad introduction to the impact of climate change in Central Asia, a region that has been experiencing a greater rise in temperatures than other parts of the world. The chapter shows how climate change represents a significant threat to Central Asia, exacerbating existing economic and environmental challenges and fueling regional tensions over resource management. Inefficient water resource management at the national level and limited regional collaboration on the management of water resources, coupled with state capacities that remain insufficient to tackle climate change impacts, compound water-related tensions between the countries in the region. The chapter also shows how decarbonisation efforts in Central Asia are still in their early stages, with coal remaining a primary source of energy. Although the Central Asian countries have announced decarbonisation targets and adopted green economy strategies and programmes to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, a large-scale clean energy transition remains unlikely in the short term. The chapter concludes by identifying a lack of scholarship on climate change in Central Asia, which limits the development of a coherent approach to climate change mitigation and adaptation and evidence-based decision-making in the region. The chapter argues that a more coordinated approach to tackling climate change across the region is needed, requiring closer collaboration and more effective joint management of natural resources by the five Central Asian states. Finally, the chapter presents the chapters in the rest of the book.

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Lombardi, Mauro. "Le sfide globali dell’era odierna da assumere come coordinate generali". In Studi e saggi, 55–87. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-310-9.06.

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In an era characterized by uncertainty and complexity efforts must be increased to define general coordinates on which to base medium-long term strategies. To this end, it is reasonable to start with the precise identification of global challenges and then define the appropriate theoretical and operational tools to face them. Indeed this chapter deals with topics concerning the following trends: 1) smart manufacturing. 2) Constraints deriving from limited basic natural resources (water, energy, food). 3) Potentialities and risks of artificial intelligence developments. 4) Changes in the workplace as a result of the increasing use of AI. 5) Suggestions on how to rethink work through two trajectories and one operational trail.

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Tóth, Miroslav. "Slovenské poľnohospodárstvo v kontexte trvalo udržateľnej spotreby a výroby". In Socio-economic Determinants of Sustainble Consumption and Production II, 147–54. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-8640-2021-16.

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Sustainability and sustainable development have begun to take on significance, particularly in the context of the recognition that any uncontrolled growth (in population, production, consumption, pollution, etc.) is unsustainable in an environment of limited resources. Related to this is the concept of sustainable consumption and production. Agriculture is a sector of the national economy in which there is a significant consumption of natural resources, energy, water, land use, plant cultivation, animal husbandry and, of course, the involvement of the human factor. It is this sector that is sensitive to environmental changes, the impact of waste generation, the intensity of the use of production factors and changes in input and output prices.

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Pambudi, Andi Setyo, e Trikurnianti Kusumanto. "Water Resources Governance in Indonesia Towards Environmental Sustainability Along with Social and Economic Development". In Environment & Policy, 289–311. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15904-6_16.

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AbstractIndonesia’s water resources governance aims at delivering the basic needs of a growing population whilst being constrained by ecosystems’ carrying capacity. The main causes of regulatory overlaps and prevalent “silo mentality” in water governance are sought by analysing laws, regulations, and policies. Over time, water resources governance has aimed to address food, water, and energy needs through infrastructural approaches, forest and land rehabilitation, and community participation. It is anchored in the river basin territory and watershed concepts. Public decision-making, however, puts anthropogenic considerations at its core rather than hydrological aspects, leading to misfits between institutions and ecosystem functioning. Ineffective legal instruments and policies are essentially due to institutional constraints. A synthesis of the three major water regulations—Government Regulation 37/2012 concerning Watershed Management, Law 17/2019 concerning Water Resources, and Government Regulation 26/2008 concerning National Spatial Plan—reveals little ownership of watershed management with regional/local governments since responsibilities are delegated by the central government to a technical agency; limited focus on green water (social and ecological) governance approaches compared with blue water (hard infrastructural) ones; and weak law enforcement and formulation of strategies for maintaining ecosystem functioning. Our recommendations include an ecoregional water governance with a thoroughly designed performance and target indicators; continuation of development plans built on previous plans and outcomes; continuity in water resources monitoring and evaluation; society-wide participation; and synchronisation of regulatory processes of all administrative levels led by the President in collaboration with Parliament using “carrot and stick” modes.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "Water and Energy limited"

Hallett, Kathleen C. "Energy Intensity of Water: Literature Suggests Increasing Interest Despite Limited and Inconsistent Data". In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62301.

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Water agencies use energy to pump, treat, and distribute potable water. Wastewater treatment plants use energy to collect, treat, and discharge wastewater. The energy intensity of water—the energy embedded in a unit of water delivered—varies considerably depending on the water source, the location and size of the agency’s service area, and the treatment technology employed. The frequency at which agencies collect energy use data also varies, as does the degree to which those data are available. Available estimates of the energy intensity of water also vary greatly. There is a growing recognition within the water and energy communities that new water supplies will likely be increasingly energy intensive and that water conservation efforts will thus result in energy savings. As a result, there is increasing interest in understanding baseline energy use, projected energy use, and opportunities for reducing energy consumption by water and wastewater agencies. The collection of additional, more consistent and more granular data is essential to gaining this understanding.”

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Eswanto, Eswanto. "Picohydro Scale Power Plant Pilot Project Utilizing Limited Water Flow as Renewable Energy". In Proceedings of the 4th Annual Conference of Engineering and Implementation on Vocational Education, ACEIVE 2022, 20 October 2022, Medan, North Sumatra, Indonesia. EAI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.20-10-2022.2328852.

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Wogan, David M., Michael Webber e Alexandre K. da Silva. "A Resource-Limited Approach to Estimating Algal Biomass Production With Geographical Fidelity". In ASME 2010 4th International Conference on Energy Sustainability. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2010-90154.

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This paper discusses the potential for algal biofuel production under resource-limited conditions in Texas. Algal biomass and lipid production quantities are estimated using a fully integrated biological and engineering model that incorporates primary resources required for growth, such as carbon dioxide, sunlight and water. The biomass and lipid production are estimated at the county resolution in Texas, which accounts for geographic variation in primary resources from the Eastern half of the state, which has moderate solar resources and abundant water resources, to the Western half of the state, which has abundant solar resources and moderate water resources. Two resource-limited scenarios are analyzed in this paper: the variation in algal biomass production as a function of carbon dioxide concentration and as a function of water availability. The initial carbon dioxide concentration, ranging from low concentrations in ambient air to higher concentrations found in power plant flue gas streams, affects the growth rate and production of algal biomass. The model compares biomass production using carbon dioxide available from flue gas or refinery activities, which are present only in a limited number of counties, with ambient concentrations found in the atmosphere. Biomass production is also estimated first for counties containing terrestrial sources of water such as wastewater and/or saline aquifers, and compared with those with additional water available from the Gulf of Mexico. The results of these analyses are presented on a series of maps depicting algal biomass and lipid production in gallons per year under each of the resource-limited scenarios. Based on the analysis, between 13.9 and 154.1 thousand tons of algal biomass and 1.0 and 11.1 million gallons of lipids can be produced annually.

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Vorum, Martin. "An Energy Appetite of U.S. Water Systems: How Much Energy Does It Take to Supply Our Water?" In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-65991.

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This paper reports a new method to estimate energy used in water supply and return phases of the water cycle. An example is a composite case for energy used in water systems of the United States (U.S.) using data from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). The new method is innovatively simple: it avoids complexities of data-intensive, bottom-up models, often used to map water networks. This method helps to prioritize how to improve energy efficiency in water systems. The method uses a top-down approach requiring limited system data, and relying on a transparent computation of energy. The method applies to standalone or composite systems. It applies to small-scale, single-user systems, to large water supply/return networks, or to summations of data for classes of systems whether simple or complex, and whether interconnected or not. The reported example shows transport could account for about 95 percent of U.S. water systems’ energy use. Energy use for transport among different water-sectors ranged from roughly 80 percent to nearly 100 percent of total sectoral energy demand. Contrasting that generalization, specific data for standalone systems would show when energy demand depends, for example, more on treatment needed to meet quality standards.

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Kang, Wei, Christoph Koeninger, Miguel Acosta Perez, Josue Jurado Ramirez, Imran Nagir, Denes Vigh, Silvino Dominguez Garcia, Alfredo Vazquez Cantu, Luis Arturo Vega e Marco Antonio Mayorga. "Cascaded full-waveform inversions to resolve Mesozoic structures in shallow-water Gulf of Mexico with limited-offset data". In Second International Meeting for Applied Geoscience & Energy. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/image2022-3750524.1.

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Lubega, William, Apoorva Santhosh, Amro M. Farid e Kamal Youcef-Toumi. "An Integrated Energy and Water Market for the Supply Side of the Energy-Water Nexus in the Engineered Infrastructure". In ASME 2014 Power Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/power2014-32075.

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In regions that utilize thermal desalination as part of their water supply portfolio, the cogeneration of water and power in cogeneration desalination plants couples the supply sides of the electricity and water grids. For a fixed plant design, there is a limited range of ratios of generated electric power to produced water at any given time. Due to this coupling, electricity and water require co-optimization. In an environment in which electricity supply is determined by deregulated wholesale markets, this need for co-optimization suggests a need for integrated electricity and water markets. In this market, independent power producers, independent water producers and independent cogeneration plants would submit bids to satisfy demand over a time horizon to a clearing mechanism, indicating relevant physical constraints. The mechanism would then optimize supply of both electricity and water over the time horizon of interest. Recently, a simultaneous co-optimization method has been contributed for the economic dispatch of networks that include water, power and cogeneration facilities in such an integrated market. This paper builds upon this foundation with the introduction of the corresponding unit commitment problem.

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Dudhgaonkar, Prasad V., V. Jayashankar, Purnima Jalihal, S. Kedarnath, T. Setoguchi, M. Takao, S. Nagata e K. Toyota. "Fluidic Components for Oscillating Water Column Based Wave Energy Plants". In ASME-JSME-KSME 2011 Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ajk2011-07035.

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A bidirectional (oscillating) air flow is central to energy conversion from wave to wire in an oscillating water column based wave energy plant. Several classes of bidirectional turbines, which operate with such an oscillating flow, have been designed and tested with limited efficiencies. A topology which uses fluidic diodes in conjunction with unidirectional turbines is shown to significantly improve the efficiency. The design and test results from several fluidic diodes for such an application are discussed. It is shown that a combination of a fluidic diode and the unidirectional turbine can achieve a very high impedance to reverse flow while having a high efficiency in the forward direction, over a wide range of flow coefficients.

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Xu, Kechen, Rui Wang, Hongmei Yan e Wei Bai. "Design of Combined Water System of Demineralized Water and Boiler Make-Up Water in Nuclear Engineering". In 2022 29th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone29-92140.

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Abstract As an important part of the world energy system, nuclear energy plays an important role in ensuring the security of energy supply in all countries. After decades of development, the use of nuclear energy has been greatly enriched, not only limited to power supply, but also gradually played a role in the fields of Cogeneration, hydropower cogeneration and so on. The increasingly rich application scenarios of nuclear energy also put forward new requirements for the water production process of nuclear power plants. Based on the actual situation of a nuclear project, this paper introduces the water making process of demineralized water for nuclear engineering units and the water making process of boiler make-up water for heating boiler room, points out the problems existing in the original water making process scheme, analyzes the causes of unqualified steam quality of heating boiler, and puts forward practical solutions, The coupling methods of two product water production processes are discussed, and the influence of raw water quality change on the coupling process is analyzed. The coupling scheme of water production process proposed in this paper can realize the simultaneous production of product water with two kinds of water quality in one production line, effectively reduce the engineering cost of water supply facilities, reduce the floor area, ensure the safety of water supply quality, and provide new ideas and references for the multi-purpose utilization of nuclear energy.

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Shukla, Ganesh Shankar, Niranjan Patel, Satyaprakash Sharma, Amar Singh, Manish Kumar, Rahul Patel e M. Z. R. Khan. "Design and Analysis of Solar Water Purifier". In International Conference on Frontiers in Desalination, Energy, Environment and Material Sciences for Sustainable Development & Annual Congress of InDA. AIJR Publisher, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.161.28.

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The majority of people in underdeveloped nations struggle to find safe, clean, and drinkable water. The amount of dirty water is abundant while clean water supplies are few in coastal locations. One of the most significant issues that the residents in these communities deal with is access to clean drinking water. The demand cannot be met by the limited supply of potable water since the majority of the water is turning salty. A water distillation and desalination system has been designed that intends to purify water for the inhabitants at the lowest possible cost without causing any negative side effects, keeping in mind the free Solar Energy.

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Grubert, Emily, Carey W. King e Michael E. Webber. "Water for Biomass-Based Energy on Maui, Hawaii". In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63199.

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Biomass-based energy has characteristics that could help Maui Island meet multiple long-term goals, including decreasing reliance on oil for electricity and transportation fuels, increasing use of local resources that do not need to be shipped long distances, and diversifying the island economy beyond tourism by preserving agriculture. Biomass can be used for liquid fuel production and for electricity production. On Maui, sugarcane has been grown at plantation scale for over a century. Accordingly, sugarcane-derived ethanol and combustible sugarcane bagasse have long been of interest as energy sources for the island. State and county level focus on increasing renewable energy utilization on Maui have renewed study of potential crops and available land, with a special emphasis on sugarcane. However, there is some concern about the water requirements associated with biomass-based energy. A primary motivation for using local, renewable energy sources is that Maui is an island with limited resources, fresh water among them: thus, exploring ways to increase energy sustainability without compromising water availability is of interest to many. This work examines the water needs associated with growing sugarcane for ethanol and combustible biomass on Maui Island. Virtually all sugarcane on Maui is irrigated because soil and sunlight resources do not generally coincide with natural precipitation patterns. Growing sugarcane for energy represents a large water demand that is limiting under certain development scenarios on Maui, such as a scenario where environmental streamflows are highly prioritized. By comparing the irrigation demand of Maui’s currently grown sugarcane with published figures for ethanol yield from cane, this work finds that 700 to 1,500 gallons (gal) of irrigation water are needed per gallon of sugarcane-based ethanol (from fermentable sugars and fiber; 0.7 to 1.5 cubic meters, m3, per liter, L). More water is needed for processing. However, combustible waste streams could provide additional energy return per unit of water. This paper discusses how water demand for sugarcane-based energy interacts with other island water demands, given that about 37,000 acres (150 km2) of sugarcane land are potentially available for bioenergy production. Though seawater cannot be successfully directly used for irrigation, sugarcane can tolerate some salinity and other contamination, so this paper also considers brackish water and treated wastewater — for which there is little other demand — as potential irrigation resources. Notably, the range of tolerable water quality expands significantly when sugarcane is not intended for human ingestion or when biomass yield, not sugar content, is targeted (as for cellulosic ethanol or combustible biomass production).

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "Water and Energy limited"

Bastidas Pacheco, Camilo, Dawn Davis e Kara Cafferty. Analysis of Water-Energy Issues for Nuclear Power with Limited Stakeholder Perspective. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), dicembre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/2283068.

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BIBB AND ASSOCIATES INC SHAWNEE MISSION KS. Limited Energy Engineering Analysis (EEAP) Study of Summer Boiler at High Temperature Hot Water Plants, Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, settembre 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada330871.

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REYNOLDS SMITH AND HILLS JACKSONVILLE FL. A Limited Energy Study of High Temperature and Chilled Water Distribution Systems at Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia. Volume ES, Executive Summary. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, settembre 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada330733.

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REYNOLDS SMITH AND HILLS JACKSONVILLE FL. A Limited Energy Study of High Temperature and Chilled Water Distribution Systems at Fort Stewart and Hunter Army Airfield, Georgia. Volume III: Field Investigation Forms. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, settembre 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada330704.

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Guidati, Gianfranco, e Domenico Giardini. Joint synthesis “Geothermal Energy” of the NRP “Energy”. Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), febbraio 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46446/publication_nrp70_nrp71.2020.4.en.

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Near-to-surface geothermal energy with heat pumps is state of the art and is already widespread in Switzerland. In the future energy system, medium-deep to deep geothermal energy (1 to 6 kilometres) will, in addition, play an important role. To the forefront is the supply of heat for buildings and industrial processes. This form of geothermal energy utilisation requires a highly permeable underground area that allows a fluid – usually water – to absorb the naturally existing rock heat and then transport it to the surface. Sedimentary rocks are usually permeable by nature, whereas for granites and gneisses permeability must be artificially induced by injecting water. The heat gained in this way increases in line with the drilling depth: at a depth of 1 kilometre, the underground temperature is approximately 40°C, while at a depth of 3 kilometres it is around 100°C. To drive a steam turbine for the production of electricity, temperatures of over 100°C are required. As this requires greater depths of 3 to 6 kilometres, the risk of seismicity induced by the drilling also increases. Underground zones are also suitable for storing heat and gases, such as hydrogen or methane, and for the definitive storage of CO2. For this purpose, such zones need to fulfil similar requirements to those applicable to heat generation. In addition, however, a dense top layer is required above the reservoir so that the gas cannot escape. The joint project “Hydropower and geo-energy” of the NRP “Energy” focused on the question of where suitable ground layers can be found in Switzerland that optimally meet the requirements for the various uses. A second research priority concerned measures to reduce seismicity induced by deep drilling and the resulting damage to buildings. Models and simulations were also developed which contribute to a better understanding of the underground processes involved in the development and use of geothermal resources. In summary, the research results show that there are good conditions in Switzerland for the use of medium-deep geothermal energy (1 to 3 kilometres) – both for the building stock and for industrial processes. There are also grounds for optimism concerning the seasonal storage of heat and gases. In contrast, the potential for the definitive storage of CO2 in relevant quantities is rather limited. With respect to electricity production using deep geothermal energy (> 3 kilometres), the extent to which there is potential to exploit the underground economically is still not absolutely certain. In this regard, industrially operated demonstration plants are urgently needed in order to boost acceptance among the population and investors.

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Chamanara, Sanaz, e Kaveh Madani. The Hidden Environmental Cost of Cryptocurrency: How Bitcoin Mining Impacts Climate, Water and Land. United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health (UNU INWEH), ottobre 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53328/inr23asc02.

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Based on a multi-attribute assessment of the environmental impacts and challenges associated with global Bitcoin (BTC) mining activities around the globe, we call for urgent action by the scientific, policy, and advocacy communities. The worldwide BTC mining network consumed 173.42 TWh of electricity during the 2020–2021 period, bigger than the electricity consumption of most nations. The mining process emitted over 85.89 Mt of CO2eq in the same timeframe, equivalent to the emission caused by burning 84 billion pounds of coal or running 190 natural gas-fired power plants. The environmental footprint of BTC mining is not limited to greenhouse gas emissions. In 2020–2021, the global water footprint of BTC mining was about 1.65 km 3, more than the domestic water use of 300 million people in rural Sub-Saharan Africa. The land footprint of the global BTC mining network during this period was more than 1,870 square kilometers, 1.4 times the area of Los Angeles. These striking numbers highlight the heavy reliance of the BTC network on fossil fuels and natural resource-intensive energy sources, resulting in major but unmonitored and unregulated environmental footprints. To mitigate the environmental costs of BTC mining, immediate policy interventions, technological advancements, and scientific research are crucial. Proposed measures include enhanced transparency, economic and regulatory tools, developing energy-efficient alternative coins, and the adoption of greener blockchain validation protocols.

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Cervi, Anna. Turn on the Light: Why tackling energy-related challenges in the nexus of water and food in Syria cannot wait. Oxfam International, gennaio 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2024.000008.

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This discussion paper contributes to the broader discourse on the nexus between Water, Energy and Food (WEF) in parts of Syria where Oxfam works. It explores the main causes behind the deterioration of the WEF sectors and the impact they have on households across Syria. The paper also focuses on aspects that directly impact and limit Oxfam's work inside Syria, in the delivery and implementation of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene; Livelihoods; Food Security and Protection interventions. Addressing the WEF Nexus in Syria is key in delivering more effective and sustainable interventions; and helping Syrians restore their lives.

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Jebrail, F. F., e R. S. Kistler. L51753 Natural Draft Aerial Coolers. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), gennaio 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010422.

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In recent years, environmental regulations have tightened and community involvement in environmental issues has increased. The pipeline industry has responded by attempting to reduce the negative economic and environmental impact of conventional air-cooled heat exchangers, which are characterized by high noise levels, excessive energy consumption, and high maintenance costs. While industry has had limited success in reducing air cooler noise using silencers and timed variable-speed fans, these solutions are costly. The most effective noise reduction method is to reduce or eliminate noise at its source. The primary goals of this investigation were to address key technical issues and to document natural draft aerial cooler (NDAC) design knowledge. The following objectives were identified: - Form a project team from PRCI-recommended aerial cooler manufacturers to design a quiet aerial cooler - Conduct technical and economic analyses to determine the actual operating needs and constraints of NDACs - Conduct market analyses to evaluate and identify the marketing issues associated with NDACs - Document the results of the project in a final report In recent years, the number of environmental permits mandating the use of natural draft aerial coolers to reduce noise has increased. Natural draft aerial cooler technology can potentially eliminate noise and improve operational energy efficiency. A broad group of applications could benefit from this technology, including natural gas, engine jacket water, auxiliary water, and engine lube oil cooling. With noise regulations and penalties becoming increasingly stringent, natural draft heat transfer technology is becoming more important. No organization has as yet fully investigated it. The technical and economic feasibility of NDACs were investigated for natural gas, engine jacket water, auxiliary water, and lube oil cooler applications.

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Kester, Josco, Ji Liu e Ashish Binani. Carbon Footprint of Floating PV Systems. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.69766/jgaz9626.

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This report, conducted by the Dutch research organization TNO, presents the first detailed life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis of operational floating photovoltaic (FPV) systems. The study, focusing on two operational systems in Western Europe, reveals that FPV systems on small inland water bodies can be a valuable complement to ground-mounted PV systems in terms of greenhouse gas emissions reduction. If PV module degradation is limited, these systems’ carbon footprint is 3-4 times lower than the EU grid mix target for 2030. The report compares two FPV systems with different floater compositions (HDPE and steel/HDPE) to hypothetical ground-mounted systems, using comprehensive background data. The findings highlight the necessity for long-term monitoring and thorough environmental assessments. Josco Kester, a scientist at TNO, underscores the potential environmental benefits of these systems, which could enhance the adoption of renewable energy technologies.

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Boyer, John. Plant Growth with Limited Water. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), agosto 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/891780.

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