Tesi: "Waste management technology"

1

Rutter, P. J. "The application of clean technology to waste management : innovative technologies and engineering in waste management". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.395347.

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Setty, Rahul Sridhar. "Sensor-less Smart Waste Management System". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-393301.

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In order to improve the municipal solid waste management efficiency, smart management approaches have been proposed such as wireless sensor network architecture solution which includes the use of sensors to detect the garbage bin fill levels and vehicle route optimization techniques. Experimental results show that we can save up to 35% of the operational cost by improving the efficiency of solid waste management. In this thesis, a new low-cost architecture solution is proposed for improving the efficiency of municipal solid waste management without the use of sensors. Instead, a messaging application is used to ask the customers for pick up of garbage. Based on their reply, the prototype architecture uses a cluster-first route-second method that implements a clustering algorithm with truck capacity as the constraint and solves a travelling salesman algorithm in each cluster. The prototype architecture consists of a back-end server that implements sweep clustering algorithm for clustering the customers by their location and solves travelling salesman problem with dynamic programming method in each cluster, firebase realtime database and front-end using android application for the mobile. The experimental results show that the prototype system can adapt to the change in dataset size and truck capacity constraints. We have observed that with an increase in truck capacity constraint, the number of clusters formed for the data set decreases. Forward and backward sweep clustering methods have been compared where there is no significant difference in the results produced. The dataset has been generated manually due to unavailability of real data from various sources. As a future work, we need to test the prototype with the real data in order to produce more accurate results.

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Karunamoothei, V. "Restaurant food waste management using microwave plasma gasification technology". Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2018. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/8723/.

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The novelty of this research is that it investigates an on-site solution for the treatment of restaurant waste using a microwave generated plasma for pyrolysis and gasification. The developed system has been used to treat waste from a city centre fast food restaurant. The system was designed with the aim of reducing the amount of waste being sent to landfill by approximately 94%. The waste is mostly food based but also includes paper waste such as napkins. It was separated into three categories: mixed food, paper and fries. Samples of the mixed food and paper waste were analysed for chemical composition and calorific value. A 2.45GHz magnetron was used to supply 1kW of microwave power to a plasma cavity that had an argon flow rate of 1.5 litre per minute. The design of the microwave plasma cavity was performed using the simulation software, COMSOL. The cavity consists of a tapered waveguide section that is shorted at one end to produce a stationary wave with a large electric field at the gas nozzle. The field is strong enough to produce a self-striking argon plasma when the power is applied. Nitrogen was used to keep the plasma cavity clear of smoke, vapours and other hot gas. The best nitrogen flow rates were found to be around 2 litres/minute, although 5 litres/minute was used in the test to avoid the CO sensor saturating. The combination of the argon and nitrogen was used to purge the gasifier of oxygen. The pressure inside the gasifier was held at 200mbar during the experiments. The resulting plasma jet was used to produce syngas from the waste samples inside a thermally insulated, steel-walled reactor. Temperature profiles were recorded to find the best gas flow rates. 10g samples of the three waste categories were tested in triplicate and the results are presented. Syngas production was recorded using a Quintox gas analyser that measured CO, CO2 and O2. The data was captured every 10s during testing using a PC running a custom-built LabVIEW program. This program was also used to set the microwave output power and record the reflected power and temperatures using National Instruments cDAQ modules with analogue to digital converters. The CO and H2 in syngas can be used as a fuel to offset the cost of running the plasma jet. The results reveal that it is possible to generate the syngas using waste food materials. This study has included an investigation of some of the parameters, including power and flow rates of argon and nitrogen, on the plasma created. Others effects were taken into consideration throughout the research such as the study of the sample moisture levels and the final reduction of mass after the experiment. The ashes produced by the tests were investigated using SEM/EDX analysis. These results are also presented and analysed.

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JUNGÅKER, JONAS. "Monocular depth estimation for level assessment in an industrial waste management environment : A thesis within smart waste management". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-303107.

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With the transition to Industry 4.0, actors in many industries face challenges such as how to successfully implement technical solutions and retain competitiv eadvantages. In the smart waste management sector, many solutions have been presented in how to create effecient sensors but a practical way of comparing these solutions is non-existent. From research within Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and interviews with operators at Scania, we present a clear and effective way of comparing smart waste management sensors with regards to operational effectiveness. Along with this, we present a way to measure fill volume of garbage containers using monocular depth estimation and compare this to using ultrasonic sensors. Our findings show that depth estimation with deep convolutional neural networks is viable as long as environmental conditions can be controlled, although, we have also found that ultrasonic sensors outperform depth estimation in many metrics and is the desired way of measuring fill level of containers in many applications. Despite this, the results of this research show promise in that depth estimation can be used in conjunction with object recognition models, leading to the obsolescence of ultrasonic sensors in more complex applications.
Med den tekniska omvandlingen till Industri 4.0, ledande aktörer i många branscher ställs inför utmaningar såsom hur de ska implementera tekniska lösningar och bibehålla konkurrenskraft. Inom området för smart avfallshantering har många tekniska lösningar presenterats som på ett effektivt sätt mäter soptunnenivåer men ett praktiskt sätt att jämföra dessa lösningar saknas. Från forskning inom Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) och intervjuer med operatörer på Scania har vi tagit fram ett koncist och konkret sätt att jämföra dessa lösningar med avseende på operativ effektivitet. Tillsammans med detta har vi också tagit fram en djupestimeringsmodell som med hjälp av djupa konvolutionsneuronsnätverk kan mäta fyllnadsvolymen av soptunnor. Vi har visat i vår forskning att detta djupestimeringsnätverk är ett möjligt alternativ till andra sensorer. Vi jämför sedan detta system mot ultraljudssensorer och har funnit att ultraljudssensorerna presterar bättreän djupestimeringsmodellen på flera av de centrala mätvärdena. Trots detta så drog vi slutsatsen att vår metod att mäta fyllnadsvolym av soptunnor med hjälp av djupestimering kan användas tillsammans med objektigenkänning i mer komplexa applikationer för att undvika användandet av enklare sensorer, så som ultraljud.

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Babader, A. "Effective waste management by enhancing reusable packaging". Thesis, Liverpool John Moores University, 2015. http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/4468/.

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This research aims to propose an integrated method, which combines all the aspects required to reduce environmental impact from waste packaging and to increase knowledge on the best way to enhance reusable packaging. Through a review of the extant literature, a conceptual framework was designed of the most important dimensions to enhance reusable packaging amongst society and industries The main contributions in the research are the development of a Social Behaviour Aspect Model (SBAM) and the creation of reusable packaging attributes checklist. The SBAM can help industries focus on having high knowledge about reuse of packaging and to cooperate with communities to develop personal and social values and norms during the designing of reusable packaging. SBAM is the output from the first phase, which showed the importance of making an effort to develop packaging for consumers to reuse. The reusable packaging attributes checklist can provide a guideline for manufacturers/designers who intend to develop packaging sustainability performance through designing reusable packaging, and contribute to meet and interpret the reuse of packaging requirements and procedures. It also determines the environmental impact of reusable packaging attributes, which many industries are concerned about. The reusable packaging attributes checklist is the output from the second and third phases. The System Dynamic (SD) method was the approach used to determinate the interaction between social aspects and reusable packaging. The Normal Average, Codes and Coding and factor analysis with Principal Component Analysis (PCA) approaches were used to determine the reusable packaging attributes checklist. The last phase of the research was the conduction of a case study of a real company which needs to increase the amount of reusable packaging it uses and which seeks to reduce its environmental impact. All methods used in this research have both a quantitative and a qualitative nature. Data was collected by evaluation of consumers' responses and experts' experiences, as provided in the questionnaires. This research opens up opportunities for improving packaging and meeting sustainable profits and provides valuable information based on social, economic and environmental benefits of reusable packaging. The novelty of this research can help industries to investigate the most important areas for development within communities to enhance the use of reusable packaging and also facilitate the process-based change from one-way packaging to reusable packaging effectively with reduction of environmental impact.

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6

Villalta, Mariano. "Towards Decarbonization : Waste Management Solutions for San Jose". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-284341.

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Costa Rica is a small country located in Central America. It is known for its lush forests and a completely renewable electricity grid. However, this country has a highly deficiente waste management problem. The entire waste ends up in landfills, and no economic or energetical value is taken out of it. Furthermore, this system produces high amounts of greenhouse gases which are a problem for a country that is trying to decarbonize its economy. This thesis studies three different waste management technologies in an attempt to figure out which is the most suitable for San Jose, Costa Rica. The technologies studied are waste incineration, anaerobic digestion, and landfill gas capture. Each technology is assessed under three aspects: the amount of income each generates, the amount of electricity it produces, and the amount of greenhouse gases each emits. Once the calculations for total income, electricity, and electricity produced for each technology were done, anaerobic digestion seems to be the most suitable option for San Jose due to its low emission tally. However, alternative solutions must be further studied to treat the remaining waste not treated by this option. Furthermore, waste incineration is the technology with the potential to produce more electricity, and thus generate more income. The landfill gas capturing system diverts a significant amount of emissions from landfills. However, it generates low income and does not solve the landfill problem.

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7

Gunnarsson, Martin, e Rickard Johannesson. "Waste Management with Focus on Waste incineration with energyrecovery in Chisinau Municipality, Moldova". Thesis, Halmstad University, Halmstad University, Halmstad University, Halmstad University, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-4282.

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The amount of waste in the world increases every year due to an improved living standard andgrowing population. The problem is especially large in poor countries where the ability tohandle the waste is limited due to financial and management problems. If instead wastematerial is seen as a resource it can help reduce the amount of waste on landfill. Byincinerating waste and recover the energy it would also help reducing greenhouse gasemissions from landfill and give electric and thermal energy.Chisinau Municipality in the Republic of Moldova today lacks several important parts fora satisfying waste management. Today most of the waste generated in Chisinau municipalityends up at the municipality landfill. The current contract to use the landfill expires on the 31December 2010, if the municipality won’t be able to renew the contract they have to look forother ways to deal with the waste problem. As the dominating source for energy in Chisinau isimported natural gas, an effective way to reduce the use of gas for electricity and thermalenergy production would be to use waste material for incineration with energy recovery.Therefore, the goal with this thesis is to evaluate the possibility to extract energy from coincinerationof sewage sludge and waste material generated in Chisinau. To reach this goal thesituation in Chisinau where studied on site for two months, quantities and composition of thewaste material was investigated. Based on the data gathered on the waste, a suitabletechnology for the waste-to-energy (WTE) plant is proposed. The proposal is made based onthe assumption that a WTE plant would not be established until 2025.The result shows that the waste material in Chisinau can be used for co-incineration ofwaste and sludge. The calorific value of the waste material was determined to 7.87 MJ per kg.The suggested WTE plant has the total power of 138 MW, the result based on that all wastematerial available 2025 are incinerated. Annually this makes it possible to recover 1152 TJ(320 GWh) electric power and 2650 TJ (736 GWh) heat, based on 8000 operating hoursannually.Even if a WTE plant sounds like a good investment it is a long time before a plant couldoperational. Much is to be made in the waste management to have well-functioninginfrastructure that will work together with an incineration plant. Furthermore, the data used inthis study regarding the quantities is very uncertain and further studies in affected areas arenecessary before a WTE plant can be established.

Den totala mängden avfall i världen ökar varje år som följd av ökad folkmängd ochlevnadsstandard. Problemet är extra påtagligt i fattiga länder med begränsade ekonomiskaresurser för att ta hantera avfallet. Om avfallet istället skulle ses som en resurs skulle detkunna reducera andelen avfall som läggs på deponi. Genom att förbränna avfallet medenergiåtervinning skulle också växthusgaserna från deponering minska och samtidigt geelektrisk och termisk energi.Chisinau kommun i Republiken Moldavien saknar idag flera vitala delar iavfallshanteringen. Idag slutar den största delen av avfallet som produceras i Chisinaukommun på den kommunala deponin. Kontraktet för att använda deponin löper ut den sistadecember 2010, om Chisinau kommun inte tillåts förnya kontraktet är det nödvändigt att sesig om efter nya lösningar för avfallshanteringen. Eftersom den dominerande källan för energii Chisinau är importerad gas, skulle ett effektivt sätt att reducera gasanvändningen vid el ochtermisk energiproduktion att förbränna avfall med energiåtervinning.Av den orsaken är målet med studien att utvärdera möjligheterna att utnyttjasamförbränning med energiåtervinning av avfall och avloppsslam från Chisinau kommun. Föratt nå detta mål har den nuvarande situationen i Chisinau kommun studerats på plats under tvåmånaders tid, detta för att undersöka vilka mängder avfall som årligen produceras och huravfallets fraktionsfördelning ser ut. Baserat på de data som samlats in föreslogs en lämpligavfallsförbränningsanläggning. Förslaget är baserat på antagandet att enavfallsförbränningsanläggning inte är etablerad förrän tidigast 2025.Resultatet visar att det är möjligt att samförbränna avloppsslam och avfall i Chisinau. Detkalorimetriska värmevärdet för avfallet och slammet har bestämts till 7.87 MJ per kg. Det irapporten presenterade förslag på kraftvärmeverk för avfallsförbränning kommer att ha entotal effekt av 138 MW, resultatet är baserat på att allt tillgängligt kommunalt avfall 2025förbränns. Kraftvärmeverket beräknas årligen utvinna TJ (320 GWh) elektrisk energi och2650 TJ (736 GWh) termisk energi, beräknad på 8000 drifttimmar årligen.Även om en avfallsförbränningsanläggning låter som en god investering så ligger detlångt fram i tiden innan en sådan anläggning är möjlig att etablera. Först måste en brafungerande infrastruktur som fungerar tillsammans med avfallsförbränningsanläggningenupprättas. Vidare bör poängteras att de data som använts i denna studie gällandeavfallsmängder är ytterst osäkra och ytterligare studier inom området krävs innan enavfallsförbränningsanläggning kan etableras.

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Gunnarsson, Julia, e Emma Fält. "Sustainable Waste Management : Identifying and Analysing the Present and Future Waste Situation in Linga Linga". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279691.

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Inadequate waste management has become a global concern during the last decades due to an increasing population and economic growth. When a larger amount of people get access to new types of waste the potentially harmful waste streams are increasing in both cities and rural communities. The setting of this study has been a rural community called Linga Linga in southern Mozambique and has been conducted through a literature study, questionnaires, and interviews. Linga Linga is a village that has poor infrastructure, a lack of financial resources, and an overall low education level. The presence of the government is scarce, but the organization Project Vita has its base in the community and has started a few development projects in the village. The waste management in Linga Linga today is non-existent and the most common methods for waste disposal are burning or burying in the natural environment. In this study, the most important factors today and in the future waste management development of Linga Linga has been identified and analyzed. This has been done by using another village as a potential future situation and with the help of previous studies done in similar rural villages. To improve the situation and prevent future problems regarding waste it will be important for Linga Linga to focus on education, institutional change, and implementation of a waste system that meets local needs.
Bristfällig avfallshantering har blivit ett globalt problem under de senaste årtiondena på grund av populationsökning och ekonomisk tillväxt. När en större mängd människor får tillgång till nya typer av avfall så ökar de potentiella farliga flödet av avfall i både städer och på landsbygden. Denna studie har utförts i Sverige med utgångspunkt på landsbygden i södra Mozambique, i ett samhälle som heter Linga Linga. Studien har gjorts med hjälp av en litteraturstudie, frågeformulär och intervjuer. Linga Linga är en by med dålig infrastruktur, brist på finansiella tillgångar och en överlag låg utbildningsnivå. Närvaron av staten är sällsynt men organisationen Project Vita har sin bas i samhället och har startat flera utvecklingsprojekt i byn. Avfallshanteringen i Linga Linga idag är praktiskt taget obefintlig och de vanligaste sätten att göra sig av med avfall på är genom att bränna eller gräva ner det i naturen. I den här studien har de viktigaste faktorerna idag och i framtida utveckling av avfallshanteringen i Linga Linga identifierats och analyserats. Detta har gjorts genom att använda en annan by som ett potentiellt framtida scenario samt att inspiration hämtats från tidigare studier gjorda i liknande områden. För att förbättra situationen och förebygga framtida problem gällande avfall så kommer det att vara viktigt för Linga Linga att fokusera på utbildning, institutionell förändring och implementering av ett avfallssystem som möter lokala behov.

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9

Myamya, Luyolo Ebenezer. "Establishing a waste management system for Cape Peninsula University of Technology". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/11670.

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Communities around the globe are confronted by environmental challenges such as waste management. These challenges are further aggravated by factors such the increasing volumes of waste, landfills that are running out of capacity and scarcity of suitable land to construct new landfill sites. The National Waste Management Strategy requires participation from all members of society including households, businesses, community organisations, nongovernmental organisations, parastatals and the three spheres of government, to promote practices that minimise the volumes of waste generated. The purpose of the research was to assess and investigate the current waste management practices at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology (CPUT), and recommend a waste management system. The research employed a quantitative approach, where participants were asked to complete a survey questionnaire. A literature review was conducted on waste management at higher learning institutions, with particular focus on the contribution that a university can make in alleviating some of the adverse effects of waste management. The outcome of the review highlighted some of the opportunities and barriers that can either disrupt or augment the process of implementing a waste management system. The results from the research revealed that CPUT does not conform to the hierarchy of waste management, and there is no waste management policy in place. The effect of this is that the stakeholders were not satisfied with the lack of leadership on waste related challenges. By developing a policy, providing leadership, conducting awareness campaigns and prioritising environmental challenges such responsible management waste, could improve the image of the institution in the eyes if its stakeholders.

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10

Gonzalez, Llera Ricardo 1971. "Integrated electronic waste management in Mexico : law, technology and public policy". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/17717.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2004.
Includes bibliographical references.
What is electronic waste? Why is it considered a problem? What are the public health implications of its mishandling? The electronic industry, a sector that has experienced one of the highest growth rates of the last decade, has had a great success in growing the mass consumer market for personal computers, cell phones, and other types of personal electronic equipment. Supporting this incredible growth, the electric industry has also provided electric cells and battery systems to power all these devices. Unfortunately, personal computers as well as other electric and electronic equipment (EEE) become obsolete faster than ever. The mounting quantities of obsolete EEE and spent batteries represent a serious problem for the industrial sector, as well as for governments and citizens, not only because of the volumes being generated, but because of the hazardous materials and toxic metals, including lead, nickel, cadmium, mercury and chromium to mention some of the most important health wise and the gold, copper, aluminum, nickel, silver and palladium they contain. These contents also offer incentives for their collection and recovery. They need to be diverted from the waste stream reaching the sanitary landfills and in some instances incineration facilities, to reduce public exposure to these toxic substances and avoid the public health burdens they represent. What is the dimension of this problem in Mexico? Mexico has generated at least 6.3 million obsolete computers during the last decade, and by the end of 2006, 10 million additional personal computers will become obsolete. Not all of them will reach the municipal solid waste (MSW) stream the same year they become obsolete.
Hoarding by final users must be considered in designing any collection program. Even taking account of hoarding, almost 3 million computers will be available for collection in 2005 and 10 million computers will be available for collection by 2013. For spent cells and batteries in Mexico, the numbers are not very clear. The best estimate is that 450 million cells and batteries will be purchased annually (90 million rechargeable batteries and 148.5 million primary cells). At least 25% of them (hoarding of spent batteries has been estimated at about 75%) will be introduced into the municipal waste stream, some 37 million batteries every year. Taking into consideration Mexico's waste management infrastructure, what are the related Public Health effects of electronic waste? What are the risks associated with the final treatment options available? What can be done to reduce the E-Waste burden? Which collection and recycling mechanisms can be implemented in the Mexican context? The present work deals with these questions and introduces a proposed collection and recycling program to address Mexico's needs.
by Ricardo Gonzalez Llera.
S.M.

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Zhang, Lizong. "A technology hub for auditing and tracking objects using RFID technology in waste management applications". Thesis, Staffordshire University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.569206.

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Protection of the environment is one of the most sensitive topics of recent years and is resulting in more effective recycling and reuse of materials. Simply disposing of waste through landfill or burning, as was the historically case, will damage our environment. Waste disposal systems usually lack automatic logistic support feature, which can result in high transportation cost, low recycling rates and/or fly-tipping. Some waste material such as plasterboard has a low recycling rate because of the high recycling cost and transport fees. The UK generates more than 1 Mt of plasterboard waste from construction and demolition sector per annum, and only 7%, or about 70,000 tonnes are recycled. This thesis conducts research on developing a 'Technology Hub' framework for using emerging technology (such as RFID) in waste management sector that aims to help the recycling rate by tracking and verification of the waste movement in order to prevent fly -tipping and illegal disposal. The framework developed in this research is in two formats: 'Technology view framework' classifies the technologies by their functionality, and can be used as a tool to determine the technologies for certain systems; ' Network view framework' focuses on the system structure and data flow in the system, and the relationship between each component. In order to evaluate the proposed framework, RFID technology has been examined in this research by experiments, which indicates the RFID technology is able to be used in waste management scenarios, and enable 'automatic feature' for the systems based on the framework. In addition, a software module for control of RFID equipment linked with knowledge-based system is developed. A framework has been developed and three case studies from two hospitals and waste recycling companies are used to validate the system. Two of the novel waste management systems are developed for evaluation purpose, with RFID technology and knowledge-based technology: Firstly, a plasterboard waste management system for a local waste recycling company to improve their waste management, and secondly, for a Chinese Hospital to prevent the loss of contaminated waste during the internal transportation process. The third case study was introduced to evaluate the extensionality of the framework by developing a Smart Hospital System for human tracking applications that tracks patients from ward to theatre in order to improve the hospital MIS system.

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Blomstrand, Erica, e Hagström Theresia Silander. "Waste management and production systems; The case of Zanzibar". Thesis, KTH, Industriell produktion, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-173477.

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Denna studie utfördes som ett kandidatexamensarbete vid Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan i Stockholm, Sverige, under våren 2014. Projektet genomfördes som en fältstudie på Zanzibar,Tanzania, finansierad av SIDA och i samarbete med Zanrec. Ögruppen Zanzibar genererar över 92,000 ton avfall varje år vilket är jämförbart med vikten av en Boeing 747 per dag. Avfallet kontaminerar miljön och påverkar såväl folkhälsan som Zanzibars ekonomi negativt. Mängden producerat avfall på en ö är begränsat liksom möjligheten för avfallet att transporteras fritt över landgränser. Traditionella avfallshanteringsföretag saknar ekonomiska incitament för att etablera sig på små marknader likt denna och därmed saknar många öar i utvecklingsländer ett hållbart system föravfallshantering. Zanrec har identifierat detta som en affärsmöjlighet och har utvecklat en affärsmodell för att arbeta med avfallshantering i geografiskt begränsade landområden. Det främsta målet med denna studie var att undersöka hur Zanrec kan möta kundkrav genom en hållbar supply chain samt undersöka hur Zanrec kan öka värdet i specifika avfallsfraktioner för att kunna skala upp verksamheten. För att uppnå ett tillfredsställande resultat grundades studien i att: (i) ge en inblick i avfallshantering i utvecklingsländer, (ii) kartlägga Zanrecs nuvarande supply chain, (iii) definiera vad som är värdeskapande aktiviteter enligt såväl hotell- som slutkunder, (iv) identifiera Zanrecs möjligheter och begränsningar baserat på nuvarande förutsättningar. Slutresultaten av denna studie kommer att ligga till grund för effektivisering av Zanrecs berörda affärsområden och kan användas som riktlinjer i framtagandet av policys gällandes avfallshanteringssystem i andra utvecklingsländer.
This study was performed as a bachelor thesis at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden, in the spring of 2014, and was carried out as a Minor Field Study funded by SIDA. It was conducted as a literature study complemented by a field study on Zanzibar, in collaboration with Zanrec. Zanzibar as an archipelago, with its 495 000 inhabitants, generates over 92,000 metric tons of waste a year, which is equivalent of the weight of a Boeing 747 per day, contaminating the environment and causing implications to both public health and the island’s economy due to it’s effects on the important tourism industry. The amount of produced waste on an island is limited as well as the possibility for waste to be spread over island boundaries. Traditional waste management companies lack economical incentives to establish on such a small market, therefore many islands in developing countries lack a sustainable system for waste management. Zanrec has identified this as a business opportunity and has developed a business model to deal with waste management on limited geographical areas. The main objective of this study was to investigate how Zanrec can meet customer demands by developing a sustainable supply chain, and to investigate how Zanrec can increase value of specific goods in order to scale the business. In order to achieve a satisfying result, the study was aimed to: (i) give insights into waste management in developing countries, (ii) map Zanrec’s supply chain of today, (iii) define what the value-adding activities are in the eyes of the customers, both hotels and plastic buyers, (iv) identify limitations/possibilities based on Zanrec’s prerequisites. The results of this thesis will work as a foundation to make Zanrec’s business areas of concern more efficient and will work as a benchmark in policy making when working with waste management systems in other developing areas.

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Mewes, Daniela. "Applications of Solar Thermal Technology for Plastic Waste Management in Developing Communities". Thesis, KTH, Energiteknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-232672.

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As the plastic industry continues to grow globally, with plastic materials contained in a vast quantity of consumer products, the management of the resultant waste has become one of the greatest challenges of our time. Greater than 8 million metric tons of plastics were estimated to enter the world’s oceans as of 2010, with an even larger amount remaining on land. The associated ecological and health effects of plastic waste disposal are many, and existing solutions can only tackle small portions of the waste.China and Indonesia top the current list of contributors to ocean contamination with plastic waste, which is dominated by Asian countries. China in particular is positioned as the world’s leader in plastic production. The waste management scenarios of these countries and associated energy outlooks are discussed, where the plastic waste of the islands of Indonesia is mostly a result of residential, not industrial activities. These calculations are projected to 2025 with recent values of population growth, as an update to previous literature, with Vietnam now expected to supersede both Indonesia and the Philippines. Given the available solar resource in the top coastal plastic waste producing nations, many of which lie within close proximity to the equator, the feasibility of applying solar thermal power for the melting of plastic waste is examined. Melting points of common plastics are typically below 200°C, and thus lie within the range of low-temperature parabolic solar thermal systems.A prototype non-evacuated tube parabolic trough was constructed following methodologies for accessible technologies for the developing world. Tests in Stockholm, Sweden demonstrated its ability to partially melt waste ABS from a 3D printer. Internal temperatures up to 211°C were recorded in further tests in Ioannina, Greece, where HDPE, LDPE, and PP were successfully melted along with waste household items. Heat loss was calculated as well as associated internal dynamics, examining the interaction of ambient conditions with the chosen design parameters. Additional testing is needed to constrain surface heat loss for higher temperature applications such as plastics like PET that melt above the exhibited range. Future refinements to the design are discussed as well as the role micro-projects have in the reduction of plastic waste at its source within developing countries.
Plastindustrin fortsätter att växa årligen, med plast som finns i en stor mängd konsumentprodukter, har hanteringen av det resulterande avfallet blivit en av de största utmaningarna i vår tid. Mer än 8 miljoner ton av plast beräknades nå världens hav varje år enligt en studie ifrån 2010, med en ännu större mängd kvar på land. De därmed sammanhängande ekologiska och hälsopåverkande effekterna av att leva med en sådan mängd plastavfall är många, och befintliga lösningar kan bara hantera små delar av avfallet.Kina och Indonesien leder nuvarande lista över bidragsgivare till havsplast, som domineras av asiatiska länder. Kina är i synnerhet världsledande inom plastproduktion. Avfallshanteringsscenarierna i dessa länder och därtill hörande energiutsikter diskuteras, där plastavfallet på Indonesiens öar främst är ett resultat av bostads-, och inte industriell verksamhet. Dessa beräkningar projiceras till 2025 med de senaste värdena av befolkningstillväxt, som en uppdatering till tidigare litteratur, där Vietnam nu förväntas överträffa både Indonesien och Filippinerna. Med tanke på den tillgängliga solressursen i de största bidragande kustområderna, av vilka många ligger i närheten av ekvatorn, undersöks möjligheten att applicera solvärme för smältning av plastavfall. Smältpunkterna av vanlig plast är vanligtvis under 200 °C och ligger således inom området för lågtemperaturparabola solvärmesystem.En prototyp med icke-evakuerat rörparaboliskt tråg konstruerades enligt metoder och tillgänglig teknik för utvecklingsvärlden. Test i Stockholm visade på förmåga att delvis smälta rest ABS från en 3D-skrivare. Interna temperaturer upp till 211 °C registrerades i ytterligare tester i Ioannina, Grekland, där HDPE, LDPE och PP framgångsrikt smältes tillsammans med avfallshushållsartiklar. Värmeförlusten beräknades liksom tillhörande inre dynamik, genom att undersöka samspelet mellan omgivningsförhållandena och de utvalda designparametrarna. Ytterligare testning behövs för att begränsa ytvärmeförlusten vid högre temperaturapplikationer, såsom PET plast som smälter över det uppvisade intervallet. Framtida förädlingar till designen diskuteras liksom den roll som lokala mindre projekt har i minskningen av plastavfall vid dess källa inom utvecklingsländerna.

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14

GUHR, ADRIAN. "THE POTENTIALS OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE WASTE MANAGEMENT IN STOCKHOLM". Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-156779.

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This study analyzes the potential of information and communication technology (ICT) as a means to solve current problems in Stockholm’s waste management. As a basis to develop effective new solutions, this report identifies the issues that need to be resolved in the future to make waste management more efficient. Previous work has failed to provide a comprehensive overview of Stockholm’s waste management system that is well-illustrated and considers the perspectives of various involved stakeholders. A material flow analysis (MFA) was carried out to investigate today’s system performance and additionally the personal views and opinions of stakeholders working in the field were collected. A review of statistics and reports from the city government and other organizations provided quantitative data about waste amounts and helped to identify the key stakeholders, which were then contacted and interviewed personally or via an open questionnaire. The study identified several shortcomings in today’s system and presents an overview over the potentials and limits of ICT to contribute to a sustainable waste management in the future Stockholm Royal Seaport.

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15

Rousta, Kamran. "Municipality Solid Waste Management An evaluation on the Borås System". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-19040.

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Municipality Solid Waste Management systems (MSWM) are large technical systems which involve many factors such as environments, technologies, people, businesses, politics, education, research, and also the sustainability aspects of the waste management systems. When these factors are amalgamated into a large system, MSWM turns to a very complicated phenomenon. These factors play different roles in MSWM, based on the type of the system. For instance, the type of MSWM utilized in Borås (A city in Sweden), requires people to contribute to the separation of waste materials at the source; i.e., where people live. This, in turn, leaves an important responsibility for people to take. The more responsible participation from the people, the better the system works. Although the system is equipped by the necessary technology to take of waste but its efficiency is properly relies on how people separate their wastes. However, people are not currently well educated to know what their genuine responsibilities are. As a result, it is argued that through public education, the main objectives of MSWM can be greatly enhanced in this city.
Uppsatsnivå: D

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16

Zhang, Na. "Greening academia : developing sustainable waste management at UK higher educational institutions". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2011. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/196479/.

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Dealing with municipal solid waste has become a problematic issue in the United Kingdom (UK). With actions to mitigate the potentially adverse impacts of climate change debate and space for, and costs of, landfill becoming critical, a landfilldominated strategy is no longer acceptable. In this context, the attitudes and behaviour of young adults, particularly university students, who often have little experience of taking responsibility for waste management activities, have not been studied in great detail. Since the 1960s, the UK higher education system has expanded six fold to >2.4 million students. The overall production of waste at Higher Education institutions (HEIs) is therefore very large and presents significant challenges as the associated legislative, economic and environmental pressures can be difficult to control and manage. Therefore, a comprehensive research focusing on university students is urgently required. Changing the way HEIs deal with their waste is an important issue because of fast-changing legislation and increasing costs. The solution is a new approach to waste management: a revolutionary change in the way that HEIs think, the way HEIs act and the way HEIs handle their waste. This has massive implications for the Higher Education (HE) sector. It means developing extensive institution-wide infrastructure to provide greater flexibility and user-centric solutions to suit the need of students and staff. It also means that HEIs work together and potential collaboration between HEIs and Local Authorities (LAs) to maximise resource efficiency, meet future legislative requirements and achieve their corporate responsibilities and commitments. This thesis reports on a study of waste management practices at HEIs in the UK. The issue was approached from both a theoretical and a practical standpoint. The study used the University of Southampton (UoS) as a case study and examined how waste recycling projects can be developed effectively using infrastructure, service provision and behavioural change techniques as part of a wider research programme investigating waste management in medium- and high-density housing. The study clearly showed that there was potential for significantly improving reuse and recycling at university halls of residence (HoR) and that more convenient and higher quality infrastructure and service provision resulted in higher recycling rates. Furthermore, students have lifestyles that impact significantly on waste arisings and consequently on waste management operations at HoR (and probably at HEIs and student-dominated residential areas). For schemes to be successful at HEIs, they must be based on a thorough understanding of students’ recycling behaviour, and their perceptions of the barriers to recycling. The key to unlocking behaviour change lies in the provision of appropriate infrastructure and effective service provision alongside a targeted behaviour change programme. Mass media coverage especially the Internet has a rising influence on university students’ environmental knowledge while environmental education at school has become the secondary source of information. The results also revealed that university students possessed less knowledge than they believed which makes informative behavioural interventions a vital component of effective recycling schemes at HEIs

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17

Rizzoli, Nicolò. "Appropriate Technology in a Zambian Community: an Approach for a Sustainable Waste Management System". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2018. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/15635/.

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Il presente elaborato ha come aspetto centrale quello delle tecnologie appropriate nell’ambito della gestione de rifiuti, senza dimenticare i temi della sostenibilità e dello sviluppo sostenibile, strettamente legati per natura al paradigma delle tecnologie appropriate. Ai fondamenti teorici è affiancato un lavoro sul campo della durata di 3 mesi e svolto in una comunità situata nella periferia a Ovest della città di Lusaka, in Zambia. In particolare, l’elaborato è strutturato come segue. Il primo capitolo è prettamente teorico e ha l’intento di sviluppare i temi alla base dell’elaborato, i quali, a causa della loro importanza ai fini di una buona riuscita del lavoro sul campo successivamente svolto, trovano spazio anche nel titolo della tesi. Essi sono: tecnologie appropriate, sostenibilità e gestione dei rifiuti. Affinchè vengano spiegati in maniera efficace, essi sono analizzati sia in linea generica, sia applicati al campo dei paesi in via di sviluppo. All’interno del secondo capitolo si entrerà più nel dettaglio del tema della gestione dei rifiuti e nel quale si andrà più strettamente a contatto con la realtà zambiana, ossia quella indagata. Con il terzo capitolo, si apre la parte operativa dell’elaborato: dapprima viene data una panoramica sia storica che geografica della comunità di Koinonia. In seguito si passa all’analisi e alle possibilità di ottimizzazione del sistema di gestione dei rifiuti. Vengono approfondite le opportunità ritenute più interessanti per ogni categoria di rifiuti che ci si è preposti di differenziare, e cioè rifiuti generici, plastica e rifiuti organici. Nel quarto ed ultimo capitolo ci si concentra, facendo riferimento alla situazione di povertà in cui allo stato attuale versa più di un miliardo di persone sulla faccia del pianeta, sulla mancanza di accesso, per molti di questi, alle forme più moderne di energia.

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18

Zewatsky, Jennifer Ann. "THE ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY AT THE FERNALD ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PROJECT". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1026950082.

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19

Collins, Kathryn L., of Western Sydney Hawkesbury University e Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture. "Talking garbage: a study of local opposition, waste management and community consultation". THESIS_FEMA_xxx_Collins_K.xml, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/38.

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Every attempt by the NSW State Government to site waste treatment and disposal facilities has been met by opposition from local communities. Increasing interest is being shown in community consultation and public participation in the decision-making processes concerning the siting of waste management technologies. This thesis examines the rationale behind, and potential of, community consultation through an examination of two case studies. The thesis concludes that the reasons and remedies for local opposition typically given by experts and regulatory authorities are flawed. The engineering concerns which have dominated approaches to choosing and siting waste management technologies are of little consequence to the way in which communities judge whether the facilities pose an acceptable societal risk. The issues of concern to communities include the legitimacy of the decision-making process, the relative fairness of the decision to site, and whether the institutions responsible for managing and operating the technologies are trustworthy. If waste management technologies rely on local acceptability for their siting, the approach taken to resolve the waste problem must include societal as well as engineering concerns in the design of courses of action to manage the risk.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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20

Mohamadi, Fardi Hamed. "Waste Management System Modeling of Tehran EIA study different MSW management models by using WAMPS model". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-19191.

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21

Beizavi, Fariborz, e Hamidreza Soleimanpour. "Quality perspective to waste management systems “Study of stakeholders”". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-19652.

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Environmental aspects have been intentioned more in recent years and the wasteproblem has a great impact in this matter. Due to this fact, waste management systems havebeen developed and new waste treatment methods as well as waste recovery and reductionhave been introduced. These methods are focused on preserving the environment as a coreissue. Despite of high effort and investment in waste management system, the environment isfaced with large impact due to high amount of landfill. This problem is a worldwide issue andcan be seen both in developed and developing countries.In this research, quality and environmental management system planning in wastemanagement has been analysed through stakeholders’ analysis. Waste management systemshave been investigated in two cities, one in the Middle East and another in Scandinavia.Results of this research show that stakeholders’ analysis can be applied into qualitymanagement system planning in order to ensure municipalities and waste managementcompanies to set SMART quality objectives which meet all stakeholders’ requirements. Thisapproach is recommended to be used in technology transfer projects.Stakeholders- QE management model proposed in this research, defines the role ofstakeholders’ analysis into quality and environmental management system planning.

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22

Collins, Kathryn L. "Talking garbage: a study of local opposition, waste management and community consultation". Thesis, [Richmond, N.S.W.] : Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, University of Western Sydney, 1998. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/38.

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Abstract (sommario):

Every attempt by the NSW State Government to site waste treatment and disposal facilities has been met by opposition from local communities. Increasing interest is being shown in community consultation and public participation in the decision-making processes concerning the siting of waste management technologies. This thesis examines the rationale behind, and potential of, community consultation through an examination of two case studies. The thesis concludes that the reasons and remedies for local opposition typically given by experts and regulatory authorities are flawed. The engineering concerns which have dominated approaches to choosing and siting waste management technologies are of little consequence to the way in which communities judge whether the facilities pose an acceptable societal risk. The issues of concern to communities include the legitimacy of the decision-making process, the relative fairness of the decision to site, and whether the institutions responsible for managing and operating the technologies are trustworthy. If waste management technologies rely on local acceptability for their siting, the approach taken to resolve the waste problem must include societal as well as engineering concerns in the design of courses of action to manage the risk.

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23

John, Donald. "Assessment of Waste Management Practices in Cyprus : The case of Nudging at Cyprus University of Technology". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-413493.

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Waste management issues are prevalent in many parts of the world. Member states of the European Union (EU) are expected to follow the guidelines of the Waste Framework Directive set by the EU. The directive includes targets intended to facilitate waste management practices such as recycling and landfilling. Unfortunately, several countries in the Mediterranean regions are failing to meet these targets, one such country being Cyprus. The country is the third largest generator of municipal waste in the EU and majority of the country’s waste (approx. 80%) are landfilled, while just 19% are recycled. Cyprus has failed to meet the target for recycling 50% of the municipal waste by 2020. Much of the problems can be attributed to the fact that the country lacks good infrastructures such as recycling facilities and services for separate processing of recyclables and biodegradables. Cyprus University of Technology,situated in the city of Limassol, is a leading university in country that values environmental protection and sustainability and has won several awards for depicting their commitment towards sustainable development. Owing to their good environmental record, a study was conducted at this university in the form of a waste audit and nudging experiment along with a complimentary questionnaire. Nudging is a concept in behavioural science which proposes positive reinforcement through the form of indirect suggestions as a strategy to influence decisions and behaviours of individuals or groups. Nudging was undertaken through the intervention of an informative sign at the recycle bins. The waste audit was separated into two periods, control (without nudging) and intervention (with nudging). Later, a questionnaire was distributed to students to understand their attitudes and behaviours towards recycling and the nudging experiment. This research is analysed using a mixed method approach whereby data is collected and analysed using both quantitative and qualitative methods. A secondary data analysis was also utilised for recommending possible solutions to improving waste management problems in Cyprus based on recycling initiatives in other countries, particularly from the Mediterranean region. The research found that there has been an increase in the rate of recycling since nudging was introduced. The questionnaire results also implied that there is a general concern among students for recycling and that much more has to be done by the university to help with waste separation and recycling. The secondary analysis of literature also reveals Cyprus has a long way to go, but proper waste management can be achieved through the government’s prioritisation of environmental protection and improvement of waste management infrastructures. Although the findings in this research has been successful, it could have been further investigated if the waste audit period had been extended and more responses were acquired to the questionnaire. Additionally, conducting interviews of certain individuals could have provided more insight into the waste management challenges in the future.

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24

Escamilla, Garcia Pablo Emilio. "Evaluation and proposed development of the municipal solid waste management system in Mexico City". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/evaluation-and-proposed-development-of-the-municipal-solid-waste-management-system-in-mexico-city(3ae730a7-b8c3-4cb9-a990-f4cca372be6e).html.

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The work reported involves the evaluation of technologies and management systems applied to Municipal Solid Waste (MSW). The study focuses on Mexico City, which with a population of approximately 9 million inhabitants and an estimated daily generation of 13,000 tonnes of waste, is encountering extreme waste management issues. The structures and public policies designed to provide waste management services have proved inadequate in relation to high rates of population growth and intensive business activities. The significant increase in demand has led the government of Mexico City to base public services on rudimentary techniques using obsolete equipment. The research approaches the problem through the analysis of several different aspects: (1) a comprehensive literature review of waste management including technologies and legal frameworks; (2) a general overview of the main demographic, geographic and economic aspects of Mexico City; (3) an extensive analysis of historic and future waste generation profiles and composition of waste in Mexico City; (4) an evaluation of the current status of the waste management system, including programmes, plans, facilities and infrastructure; and (5) a comparative study of the waste management system of Mexico City and the systems of selected international cities. The evaluation resulted in the identification of the following significant issues: (1) limitations in legislation related to waste management and environmental laws; (2) high population growth and increasing business activity, which contribute escalating generation of MSW; (3) ineffective public policies focused on waste management; (4) significant gaps in low levels of recycling activities; (5) obsolescence of equipment, infrastructure and facilities; (6) lack of diversification in treatment methods for MSW; and (7) failure to exploit market opportunities in the waste management sector. In addition to the evaluation of the system in Mexico City, the analysis of waste management systems in selected international cities allowed the author to identify key factors in order to develop integrated proposals. The analysis highlighted significant aspects including: legal frameworks, the participation of the private sector, waste hierarchy, and guiding principles for plans and programmes. The information enabled the design of a proposed development plan of a comprehensive waste management system in Mexico City through two main proposals. Firstly, an integrated programme for waste management in Mexico City was developed to provide feasible long-term strategies in the field of waste management. The specific objectives, goals, actions, responsibilities and time scales were defined in order to provide concrete activities under specific fields of operation. Secondly, a project to obtain funding for technology transfer structured according to technical, market and economic studies, was elaborated. The guide is aimed to exemplify an investment project through the analysis of a feasibility study related to generation of energy from biogas in a controlled landfill in Mexico City. The process may be adapted to the acquisition of technology in different sectors of the waste management process.

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25

Ambell, Christine, e Yixuan Xu. "Waste of Opportunities - A Holistic Study of the Current Situation of Municipal Waste Management in Shandong Province, China". Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-101245.

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China’s growth and development have opened the door to a new world. Shandong province’s 90 million inhabitants are entering into a consumption society and the waste stream from households, restaurants and commercials has become a challenge. So far, the waste has mostly been burned in backyards, thrown into rivers, put on open dumps or taken to landfills. The environmental consequence is strong. This study was carried out in Shandong province and presents the current situation of the municipal waste management. The result of the study is organised into social, economical, technical and environmental parameters. It mostly covers the years 2006 to 2010. In the discussion, the strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats to the management are analysed, which gives an overview of the complex situation. The final conclusion is that there are a lot of opportunities in developing municipal solid waste management in Shandong province since the work and planning is new and economy is good. Threats are for example a larger waste stream. The municipal waste management has some strengths, such as a lot of projects going on, but also a lot of weakness for instance implementation of the regulations and laws.
Kinas starka tillväxt håller på att skapa ett konsumtionssamhälle som påminner om det västerländska. Med högre konsumtion och starkare ekonomi växer avfallsmängderna snabbt. I Shandong provinsen finns mer än 90 miljoner invånare som varje dag gör sig av med 0,5 – 1,5 kg sopor. Det är en utmaning för samhällsplanerana och ingenjörerna att ta hand om dessa volymer. Hittills har det mesta av avfallet bränts på bakgårdar, kastas i vattendrag, ut i naturen eller lagts på deponi. Miljöskadorna är stora. Denna studie beskriver avfallshanteringens situtation i Shandong provinsen. Faktan är uppdelad utefter sociala, ekonomiska, tekniska och ekologiska parametrar. Studien täcker åren 2006 till 2010. Olika avfallsanläggningar och konstruktioner besöktes, utländsk litterlatur användes och en handledare från ett kinesiskt provinskonstruktionsföretag bidrog med information och data. Studien är delvis dokumenterad med foton. I diskussionen analysers styrkor, svagheter, möjligheter och hot med avfallshanteringen för överblick av situationen. I slutsatsen framgår det att det finns många möjligheter i utvecklingen av ett avfallshanteringssystem eftersom det är nytt, flexibelt och ekonomin är god. Det finns även hårda miljö och säkerheteslagar som påminner om EUs och USAs. Till hoten räknas stora avfallsvolymer som kan vara svårkontrollerade, samt att alldeles för hårda lagar kan hindra nya innovationer och teknik. Styrkor som finns är att fler än 111 stycken projekt är på gång, och att kunskap finns på högre ledningsnivå. Svageheterna är dålig implementering av lagar samt dålig kunskap på lägre nivå. Eftersom avfallhanteringen är i ett initierande stadie så kan de val som görs nu påverka på väldigt långt sikt.

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26

Sweetman, Paul J. "Evaluating the Fate of Manure Nitrogen in Confined Dairy Waste Operations: a Full-Scale Waste Analysis and Start-Up Protocol for an Anammox-Based Treatment Technology Applicable to Dairy Waste Management". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41237.

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In an effort to develop cost-effective technologies for the removal of ammonium nitrogen from dairy waste, a novel biological wastewater treatment process, utilizing anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), referred to as Oxygen-Limited Autotrophic Nitrification and Denitrification (OLAND) was examined. Due to the potential use of OLAND-based systems in dairy manure management, a detailed water quality assessment of a modern dairy farm manure treatment-system was conducted. The Johnson Highland Dairy Farm, Glade Spring, Virginia, was selected for this assessment and a comprehensive analysis of the wastewater characteristics throughout the confined animal feeding operation was completed. The results suggest that ammonia concentrations in the anaerobic storage facility was high enough to justify use of treatment technologies that reduce ammonia loads in stored dairy waste. A lightly loaded Fixed Film Bioreactor (FFBR), in which the OLAND process was desired to occur, was then constructed in the laboratory and monitored over 51 days. Of particular interest was the time taken to achieve stable performance of this OLAND system. Furthermore, a protocol was developed to determine whether OLAND based metabolism was occurring. Ammonium nitrogen removal efficiency in the FFBR throughout the 51-day monitoring period was high, averaging approximately 95 % for the length of the study. From day 32 to 51, simultaneous removal of both ammonium and nitrite with a low level of concomitant nitrate production was observed, a key indicator of possible anammox activity. Stoichiometric ratios calculated for the FFBR compared favorably with those already established for OLAND systems. The developed protocol, incorporating anaerobic and aerobic batch experiments, to verify the occurrence of OLAND based metabolism did not yield expected results and described poorly what was being observed in the FFBR. Volatilization of ammonia during the experimental test was suspected and should be controlled when the protocol is performed in the future.
Master of Science

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27

Bombardiere, Ysabel Estrada. "The Potential of Anaerobic Digestion Technology to Treat Coffee Waste in Huatusco, Mexico". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1152557924.

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28

Al-karkhi, Zaid, e Josef Fadhel. "Implementation of Industrial Symbiosis : How can a collaborative network improve waste management?" Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-279114.

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Abstract (sommario):

Global use of natural resources has accelerated during the past decade and emissions and waste have increased as a consequence. The construction sector is a major contributor to global carbon emissions and is responsible for as much as one-third of global greenhouse gas emissions. The negative impact that industries across the world are having on the environment is getting recognized as a serious problem and the environmental awareness is growing. A significant amount of this impact could be reduced with increased resource efficiency. Our economic system needs to undergo an unprecedented transformation, to stop environmental degradation but also to assure sustainable access to natural resources in the future. To tackle this issue, institutions are pressuring to move away from our current linear economy with its “take-make-dispose” characteristics and move towards a circular economy that is waste-free by design. The concept of Industrial Symbiosis is seen as a means to do that. In these industrial networks that resemble biological symbioses, waste or by-products of one company become a resource for another. By engaging traditionally separate industries in a collective approach involving physical exchange of materials, energy and by-products, it is possible to divert waste from landfill and reduce the negative impact on the environment. From a company perspective, Industrial Symbiosis can reduce the need for raw materials as well as waste disposal costs while allowing companies to create new revenue from residue and by products. The aim of this report was to investigate the perspectives that stakeholders have on a potential participation in an Industrial Symbiosis network and the complex interplay of drivers, facilitators and barriers to the implementation, as well as how the responsibilities among the stakeholders could be divided in order to implement this concept in the most effective way. This was done by interviewing key stakeholders within the construction industry to get an overall perspective on their views. The results indicated a generally positive outlook on the concept of Industrial Symbiosis among the stakeholders. Key drivers and barriers were identified as economic – companies are only willing to invest if it is profitable, regulatory – regulations are an important enabling factor as they create the right incentives for companies to participate, organizational – A transformation of the business model is necessary in order to implement circular economy and technological – Technological developments and innovations will aid the implementation as it can increase efficiency and transparency among the network participants. A tentative model has been generated where the responsibility distribution among the stakeholders have been mapped in order to give a greater understanding of the dynamics of a potential network.
Den globala användningen av naturresurser har ökat under det senaste decenniet och utsläpp och avfall har vuxit som en följd. Byggsektorn är en stor bidragande faktor till globala koldioxidutsläpp och ansvarar för så mycket som en tredjedel av de globala utsläppen av växthusgaser. Den negativa påverkan som industrier över hela världen har på miljön erkänns som ett allvarligt problem samtidigt som miljömedvetenheten växer. En betydande mängd av denna påverkan kan minskas med ökad resurseffektivitet. Vårt ekonomiska system måste genomgå en enastående omvandling, för att stoppa miljöförstöring men också för att säkerställa hållbar tillgång till naturresurser i framtiden. För att ta itu med denna fråga pressar institutionerna att flytta sig bort från vår nuvarande linjära ekonomi och gå mot en cirkulär ekonomi som är avfallsfri genom design. Begreppet Industriell Symbios ses som ett sätt att göra det. I dessa industriella nätverk som liknar biologiska symboler blir avfall eller biprodukter från ett företag en resurs för ett annat. Genom att engagera traditionellt separata industrier i en kollektiv strategi som involverar fysiskt utbyte av material, energi och biprodukter, är det möjligt att avleda avfall från deponering och minska den negativa miljöpåverkan. Ur ett företagsperspektiv kan Industriell Symbios minska behovet av råmaterial samt avfallskostnader samtidigt som företag kan skapa nya intäkter från rester och av produkter. Syftet var att undersöka de synpunkter som intressenter har på ett potentiellt deltagande i ett Industriellt Symbios-nätverk och det komplexa samspelet mellan aktörer för genomförandet, samt hur ansvaret mellan aktörerna ska delas upp för att implementera detta koncept på det mest effektiva sättet. Detta gjordes genom att intervjua viktiga aktörer inom byggbranschen för att få ett övergripande perspektiv på deras åsikter. Resultaten indikerade en generellt positiv syn på konceptet industriell symbios bland intressenterna. Viktiga drivkrafter och hinder identifierades som ekonomiska - företag är bara villiga att investera om det är lönsamt, regelverk - förordningar är en viktig möjliggörande faktor eftersom de skapar rätt incitament för företag att delta, organisatoriska - En omvandling av affärsmodellen är nödvändig i för att genomföra cirkulär ekonomi och teknik - Teknologisk utveckling och innovationer hjälper implementeringen eftersom det kan öka effektiviteten och öppenheten bland nätverksdeltagarna. En modell har genererats där ansvarsfördelningen bland intressenterna har kartlagts för att ge en större förståelse för dynamiken i ett potentiellt nätverk.

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29

Tavares, Miguel. "A Price-based Demand Response Programme for an Industrial Company : A Case Study of the Waste Management Industry". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för elektroteknik och datavetenskap (EECS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-265671.

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Climate change mitigation and sustainable economic development areon the main agenda of many developed countries. Moreover, emerging economies,such as China which makes up 18.5% of the world’s population, are facingmajor problems of air and water pollution. These have led to serious investmentin renewable energy sources (RES) of power such as wind and solar.Increasing the capacity of RES leads to large power fluctuations, which can bedifficult to predict. If this fluctuation is not met by a balance in supply anddemand, power supply can be cut off leading to major economic losses. It isthen essential to develop techniques which allow for quick adjustments in thesupply and demand of power.Industrial consumers of power are one of the principal consumers ofelectricity. If exposed to market prices, they are seen as a great source to helpimplement RES into the power system. In this project, a short-term schedulingtool is developed which allows industrial companies with manufacturingprocesses and onsite power generation to schedule energy production andconsumption based on hourly day-ahead electricity prices. The tool integratesthe benefits of the price-based unit commitment (UC) problem with pricesensitivedemand response (DR) and uses the mixed integer linear programming(MILP) optimisation technique. It determines the operating points ofschedulable equipment and machines in manufacturing processes and thegeneration level of all controllable power generation units. Finally, it informsin a simplified manner the power needs of each location for each hour of theplanning period, stating how much power needs to be purchased or sold to thegrid.To test the developed tool a case study of a real waste management companyis used. In this case study the modelled industrial process is the materialrecycling facility and the power generation technologies are the municipal solidwaste incineration plant, landfill biogas gensets and solar photovoltaic (PV)system. Three zones are defined. The first has a material recycling facility(MRF) and onsite municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) plant, the seconda MRF and the third landfill gensets and a PV system. The results showedall zones with MRFs shifting demand from peak periods to off-peak periodsand zones with onsite generation shifting power supply from off-peak periodsto peak periods.Due to the particularity of the case study, a novel feature was added tothe short-term scheduling tool. The MSWI plant, considered to have low operatingcosts, needed a long-term price forecast mechanism to avoid operationat maximum capacity in the short-term. To tackle this issue, the future valueof municipal solid waste (MSW) in the storage bunkers of the MSWI plantwere considered.The results showed that the developed tool is capable of adapting thesupply and demand of power of an industrial company to market price, whichcan help in the integration of RES into the power system. Moreover, the toolcan also reduce the energy costs of manufacturing processes and increase therevenues from power generation assets.
Klimatet och hållbar ekonomisk utveckling är centrala frågor för mångaindustriländer. Dessutom står tillväxtekonomier, som t.ex. Kina med 18.5% avvärldens befolkning, inför stora problem med luft- och vattenföroreningar.Detta har lett till stora investeringar i förnybara energikällor som t.ex. vindochsolkraft. Utbyggnad av förnybara energikällor leder till stora variationer ielproduktionen, som kan vara svåra att förutsäga. Om dessa variationer intebalanseras av annan elproduktion eller last så kan det bli strömavbrott, vilketleder till stora ekonomiska förluster. Det är därför väsentligt att utvecklateknik som gör det möjligt att snabbt ändra produktion och konsumtion av el.Industrier är betydande elkonsumter. Om de exponeras för marknadspriserkan de vara till stor hjälp för att inkludera förnybara energikällor i elsystemet.I detta projekt har ett verktyg för korttidsplanering utvecklats; meddetta verktyg kan industriföretag med tillverkningsprocesser och möjlighetertill egen elproduktion planera produktion och förbrukning utifrån elpriser pertimme. Verktyget kombinerar fördelarna med prisbaserad korttidsplaneringav enheter med förbrukningsflexibilitet och använder blandad heltalsprogrammering(MILP). Det bestämmer driftläge för flexibel utrustning ochmaskiner i tillverkningsprocessen samt produktionsnivå i alla styrbaraelproduktionsenheter. Slutligen redovisar den på ett förenklat sätt hur stortelbehov som finns vid varje plats för varje timme i planeringsperioden genomatt ange hur mycket som behöver köpas eller säljas via nätet.För att testa det framtagna verktyget används en fallstudie av ett verkligtavfallshanteringsföretag. Den modellerade industriprocessen i fallstuden är enmaterialåtervinningsanläggning och elproduktionen utgörs av en sopförbränningsanläggning,elgeneratorer som drivs av biogas från deponerade soporoch solcellsanläggningar. Tre zoner identifierades. Den första har en materialåtervinningsanläggningoch en sopförbränningsanläggning, den andraenbart en materialåtervinningsanläggning och den tredje biogas och solceller.Resultaten visar att zonerna med materialåtervinningsanläggningar flyttar lastfrån höglastperioder till låglastperioder och att zonerna med elproduktionflyttar produktion från låglastperioder till höglastperioder.En egenhet i fallstudien ledde till att en ny funktion lades till i korttidsplaneringsproblemet.Sopförbränningsanläggningen har låga driftkostnaderoch därför behövdes en långtidsprognos för elpriset för att undvika attanläggningen kördes på full kapacitet i hela korttidsplanerinigsproblemet. Föratt hantera denna fråga beaktas det framtida värdet för avfall som lagras ianläggningen.Resultaten visar att det framtagna verktyget kan användas för att anpassaproduktion och konsumtion av el i ett industriföretag till marknadspriset,vilket kan underlätta integrationen av förnybar elproduktion i elsystemet.Dessutom kan verktyget minska energikostnaderna för tillverkningsprocesseroch öka intäkterna från elproduktionstillgångar.

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30

Villanueva, Rafael Salcedo. "A pragmatic approach to improve the efficiency of the waste management system in Stockholm through the use of Big Data, Heuristics and open source VRP solvers : A real life waste collection problem;Stockholm’s waste collection system and inherent vehicle routing problem, VRP". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-272200.

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In this thesis, we will address a real life waste collection problem; Stockholm’s waste collection system and inherent vehicle routing problem, VRP. To do this we will first delve into some mathematical theory of Combinatorial Optimization and Heuristics to understand the fundamentals of the problem. Following with some pragmatic approaches recommended by experts within the Smart Cities context. Finally, the most important part of the work is the creation of a model of the actual collection system and two optimized versions. After completing the model of the system, we compare the current situation of the system with alternatives in the system's planning phase. To achieve this modelling we have to make use of different GIS and VRP software; CartoDB and Open Door Logistics respectively. CartoDB has a freeware version while Open Door Logistics is an open source software operating with an open source algorithm called JSPRIT. Finally the results, which are both quantitative and qualitative, based mainly on the modelling phase, plus other cases studies and pragmatic recommendations, give us some hints of what can be achieved in Stockholm’s waste collection system.The modelling of the system has been simplified to make the comparison less prone of discrepancies with regards to the control variable. Minimizing the variability of the problem such as disregarding the “time- windows” and differentiated capacity vehicles, improves the credibility of the final results; these being, reorganizing the weekly work load, and districting (clustering) the entire municipality depending on the number of contractors handling each waste type.

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Ravikumar, Dhivya. "Development of a decision support tool for planning municipal solid waste management systems in India". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/115005.

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Thesis: S.M. in Technology and Policy, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, Technology and Policy Program, 2017.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 99-102).
Waste management is a significant challenge for India. The Indian waste landscape is changing rapidly as the population grows, the composition of the waste generated evolves, the extent of waste segmentation changes and the technologies available to collect and process waste improve. Many solutions have been proposed for dealing with the mixed waste but the most appropriate solution for a particular context is difficult to quantify. Thus, decisions are often made without considering the long-term economic, environmental or social consequences. The present work focuses on helping Indian cities improve collection, transportation and treatment of waste by developing a GIS-based decision support tool that assesses the cost effectiveness and efficiency of collection strategies, treatment technologies and system configurations. The tool considers the unique elements of a city including the demographics, waste composition, scale, existing infrastructure for waste collection and treatment and potential for implementing new technologies. Understanding the prevailing waste management architecture of these cities is vital in designing systems which adapt to meet the needs of the growing population with changing aspirations and consumer behavior. There is a lack of bottom-up data on the composition and volumes of waste in India. Our data-driven decision-making approach combines baseline data collection through waste audits with a systems optimization modeling approach. By using the tool to evaluate the economic, environmental and social impact of different technology configurations at varying scales, we are able to quantify the expected performance associated with different architectures. The decision support tool can be used to find the minimum cost waste configuration that considers both environmental GHG emissions and employment, by constructing trade-off graphs between competing goals. A compromise solution that satisfies competing goals is obtained at the turning point of the trade-off graphs. We also test the feasibility of improving the segregation rate in Muzaffarnagar and the impact segregation policies have on the metrics of the waste system. From the waste audits, we see that Indian households have a high composition of organic waste and waste generation increases with income level. By implementing a weekly feedback social incentive mechanism, we see that the segregation rate of organic waste by households increases to nearly twice than those households that were given no feedback. The tool shows that as the segregation rate of the city increases, the costs and GHG emissions reduce, while the employment of the waste system increases. The level of centralization of the system reduces as the level of segregation of waste increases, that is, the system moves towards smaller scale processing plants instead of large scale centralized plants.
by Dhivya Ravikumar.
S.M. in Technology and Policy

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32

Langborg, Julia, e Nejad Frida Tavana. "Ökad källsortering för materialåtervinning : Åtgärdsförslag för att minska mängden byggavfall som källsorteras i fraktionen brännbart". Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-287206.

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There is a great need for reducing the extraction of limited resources of the Earth today. Oneway to achieve this, inter alia, is through increased recycling of material. The UN is activelytaking action on the matter, on a global level, and regionally the European Union hasdeveloped a directive on material waste. The Swedish construction sector is responsible forapproximately a third of the total generated waste, and measures regarding construction wasteshould thus be prioritized. Based on the abovementioned EU directive, the SwedishEnvironmental Protection Agency has developed a national action plan for waste, in whichconstruction and demolition waste is a focal point. JM AB is one of the leading corporationsin the Nordic countries in terms of housing development projects and one of their keyconcepts is sustainability. Not only does JM conduct its work in accordance with the currentrecommendations of both national and regional bodies, but in addition it has raised theambitions even further.JM is actively working to reduce the amount of landfill waste as well as the total amount ofwaste, and it has a good structure in place for doing so. An area of improvement with recyclingthat has now been identified is separation at source of combustible waste. Materials such aswood, plastics and corrugated cardboard can be separated from other combustible materials.This would not only increase the waste being recycled but also decrease the waste being burntfor energy extraction. The purpose of this thesis is to examine obstacles and possibilitieswithin the current recycling of combustible waste. The main ambition is for the results toprovide a foundation for the work of JM with regards to this, but hopefully other corporationsand actors within the construction sector will find the results useful and helpful as well.An internal survey was conducted and the questionnaire included both open questions andquestions with multiple-choice answers. Six employees at JM also participated in interviews.For added depth and more thorough analysis two waste contractors were also interviewed.Furthermore, a literature review was conducted and suggested that there is a strong need forchange in recycling within the entire construction sector. The review also showed that manysimilar problems exist in other construction companies.The survey, literature review and interviews lead to several action proposals of varying extentand complexity. Some of them are more specific, such as clearer signage on containers, newtank solutions, introduction of recycling instructions, and focus on recycling of wrappingplastics. Other proposals respond to more complex issues, such as a lack of commitment andsubstandard planning in the initial stages. What increases dedication and commitment is veryspecific for each individual. A shift in behavior relative to recycling, as well as increasedknowledge of combustibles, are both necessary. For this to happen a continuous effort isrequired, which in and of itself is a challenge, as well as clear leadership, division ofresponsibilities, and top down support within the corporate group.In a broader perspective, better cooperation from all actors within the construction sector isnecessary. An increased producer responsibility overall is required and improvements inwaste management alone is not sufficient. Producers should ensure that products andwrapping can be reused or recycled. This requires better and easier access to recycling, butalso a viable market for recycled material, and by extension manufacturers should be obligedto use more recycled material in their products.

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Holmgren, Kristina. "A System Perspective on District Heating and Waste Incineration". Doctoral thesis, Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-7992.

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34

Abdiju, Kushtrim. "Exploring a New Way of Food Inventory Management in Households Using Modern Technologies to Reduce Food Waste". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-89391.

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Food waste is becoming an increasing threat to the environment and the economy. Estimates indicate that annually, a third of the food produced around the world ends up being wasted. Only one-fourth of that food is enough to take nearly a billion people out of starvation. Food waste is especially higher in more developed countries, including most of the states in the European Union and the USA. Sector-wise, food is being lost from field to fork, with households topping the charts. Overbuying, not knowing what already is in the fridge, unaware of the food until it eventually expires, are among the most common reasons that contribute to the food waste. The potential prevention of such massive waste could significantly reduce the amount of greenhouse gas emissions around the world and help the economy of the households including all the parties involved in food production, distributing and retailing. On the other hand, technology has progressed in very rapid steps. The advancement of AI, ML, IoT, and voice-enabled devices has revolutionized many industries and has made us more efficient as human beings. Unfortunately, these advancements haven't yet had any significant impact in assisting families with their food choices and in preventing them from overbuying and throwing food away. Most of the proposed solutions addressing this issue, do not get integrated into everyday life. That is because they require a lot of manual input, rely entirely on mobile phones, do not show immediate results to keep users motivated, and on top of all, for the sole fact that modern lives are quite complex, and although an important issue, food waste is not an everyday cause of concern of an average person. This thesis takes into account all of the shortcomings of the previous works and aims to create a more sustainable solution by exploring new ways of food inventory management in the households by automating the process so that users don't have to manually enter the data themselves. The proposed solution consists of a device that should be easily mounted into any fridge and acts as an interface between users and their food inventory. The device contains a bar-code scanner for the item input and a back-end that is capable of recognizing the item and can in return show user-friendly and valuable information such as the approximate price of the item, the approximate due date etc. and notifies users when an item is about to expire so that they can take appropriate actions. 7 out of 9 participants in the final conceptual design study said they would use this solution in their homes. The rest of the results from the designed test cases indicate a clear excitement and interest in participants and a willingness to see the prototype in the finished state, all the comments and insights together with the future work and how the feedback will be used into the next iteration are part of the final discussion of this thesis.

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35

Salazar, Ruiz Velasco Maria Fernanda. "Food Waste Management in a Circular Economy Perspective : A case study of Swedish juice plant Loviseberg presseri AB". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-260477.

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One third of all the food produced for human consumption is being wasted all around the world. The recovery and optimum use of this food waste is vital to support the growing population and food demand. The main objective of this research is to identify the optimum use of organic waste, using a circular economy approach, to generate recommendations that help industries in the food sector to reduce and valorize waste. A case study for food waste management alternative selection with the Swedish juice plant Loviseberg presseri AB is presented. This study furthermore proposes a detailed operation procedure of the selected options according to the results exploring the potential add value to the residue remaining from cold-pressed juice process. It was found that 49% of the total weight from raw material is wasted after the extraction process, being apple and orange the larger contributors. The research identified and recommended, for the specific case study, that the optimum use of apple pomace is used for ingredient for human consumption products, followed by animal feed and pectin production. As for the orange waste, it was identified to be used for essential oil extraction, followed by animal feed and anaerobic digestion. Furthermore, the results of the research shows, that a combination of the different waste management alternatives would also benefit the company. The research also identified potential challenges as well as benefits, which depend in the specific waste analyzed.
En tredje del av all mat som produceras slängs och bättre hushållning är avgörande för att kunna förse den växande befolkningen med livsmedel. Huvudsyftet med denna rapport är att identifiera den optimala användningen av organiskt avfall, med hjälp av en cirkulär ekonomi, generera rekommendationer som hjälper industrier inom livsmedelssektorn att minska och värdera livsmedelsavfall. En fallstudie för alternativ hantering av matavfall hos svenska juice-anläggningen Loviseberg presseri AB presenteras. Denna studie föreslår vidare en detaljerad hantering av de valda alternativen, i enlighet med resultaten, som undersöker det potentiella mervärdet för återstoden från kallpressad juice. Det visade sig att 49% av den totala vikten från råmaterial blir till avfall efter extraktionsprocessen, där äpple och apelsiner är de största bidragsgivarna. Studien identifierade att den optimala användningen av äppelmassa är som ingrediens för konsumtionsprodukter, följt av djurfoder och pektinproduktion. När det gäller avfallet från apelsiner identifierades extraktion av eterisk olja, följt av djurfoder och anaerob biogasproduktion som bästa alternativen. Vidare visar resultaten av studien att även en kombination av de olika avfallshanteringsalternativen skulle gynna företaget. Studien identifierade också potentiella utmaningar såväl som fördelar som beror på det specifika avfallet som analyserats.

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36

Barák, Michal. "Organizační struktura firmy produkující zemědělské stroje". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232186.

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The thesis contains a theoretical analysis of the organizational structure of the company producing agricultular machinery. There is a description of the various company departments through the presentation of the product range to its main production processes. The practical part of the waste management solutions based on long-term statistics. Logistics and economic visions are presented in the final chapters.

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Salimi, Mahdi. "Waste management in Ericsson To give a method to decide better on any of waste items produced in Ericsson AB in Borås to choose the most appropriate based on sustainability". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-20104.

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This report deals with the managing of the waste of a company, Ericsson- site of Borås, in an analytical context. Based on sustainability (concept and aspects), they are interested to have a method to check their waste management capability whether they are in right direction. Among all studied methods, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is utilized. This method works based on a mathematical algorithm starting by making a hierarchy, continuing with pairwise comparisons between correspondent items, then doing calculations and finally checking and reviewing to be certain of the correctness of the whole process by an eligible team of decision makers. In spite of some critiques that scientifically are accepted, it remains reliable for the purpose.The method is applied to some instances of waste items, wood boxes and pallets and hard plastics, in Ericsson. Then, two controversial issues of the selected method, consistency and rank reversal, are investigated and discussed on the mentioned waste items. Application of the method for their future use is foreseen thereafter.

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Kurilova, Jelena. "Developing Standardized Work in Casting Department : Case Study of Luvata Sweden AB Finspång". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Kvalitetsteknik, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-58517.

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This thesis is one part of a lean project initiated by Luvata Sweden AB in Finspang casting department. The primary goal of that project is to increase the production efficiency, reduce costs and improve the quality of the copper coil. The aim of this thesis is to develop standardized work in casting department at Luvata Sweden AB Finspang. The research is based on lean thinking and organized in three steps. FIRST STEP: This step implies value stream mapping (VSM) of the current manufacturing process. VSM technique is applied in order to create an overview of the entirety production flow in a casting department, to visualize non-value added activities and to identify process wastes. SECOND STEP: By using lean tools as: Waste Management, SMED and Visual Management, thesis work intends to clean the production process. 7 Wastes or seven forms of Muda were studied at Luvata Finspang. The source of 5 wastes were identified and reduced/eliminated. SMED (single minute exchange of dies) analysis was carried out for a changeover during a casting montage in order to reduce the changeover time and streamline the montage process. Spaghetti diagram was applied particularly to inspect the best location for all montage materials, equipments and tools in a casting floor. Ensuring the efficient implementation of Waste Management and SMED practices Visual Management technique was used. This mean expresses the information about production process, its real-time status and results in a way that could be understood by operators in a shop floor. It is important to clean a production process before the standardized work can be developed, since the purpose of standardized work is to represent the best practice: method and sequence for each process. THIRD STEP: The last thesis step focuses on developing standardized work sheets as a steering tool for operators to follow the best practice while executing their tasks in each work center (melting, casting, rolling) and during the casting montage. The standardized work sheets are designed to show the approved way to perform the specific procedures and are expected to motivate operators to perform theirs job in the common way. That would consequently reduce high variation in operators performance. It would probably take several years before any reasonable improvements could be observed. However the developed standardized work sheets are already placed in the shop floor and successfully used by operators this is my small contribution to a big improvement project!

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Cerra, Noemi. "An Energy Management Oriented Analysis: Case Study of a Waste to Energy Plant in Lecco, Italy". Thesis, KTH, Kraft- och värmeteknologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-250665.

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The ISO 50001 standard on energy management systems was released in 2011 with the aim of providing organizations with a standardised guideline for the evaluation and continual improvement of energy performance. Complex structures such as the waste to energy (WTE) sector, which must comply with social, environmental, economic and productivity objectives, can benefit from the development of a compliant energy management system (EnMS). Energy efficiency and energy savings contribute to the mitigation of the heavy cost of such a facility, while the benchmark analysis allows verifying the state of the system and the potential areas for improvement. The energy performance improvements can be valorised on an environmental base, and proper promotion of the process can contribute to the mitigation of social opposition. This thesis reviews the energy performance of a waste to energy facility located in Lecco, Italy, using the information available from the control system already installed in the company. Regression analysis is used to fit linear and polynomial functional forms to the energy consumption data and create the energy baseline for the areas of significant energy use and production with a predictive power of 59 – 92%. The difference among the baseline and the actual energy consumption is proposed as energy performance indicator, in order to appreciate the results of the improvement opportunities, and a set of key performance indicators are evaluated for internal and external benchmarking of the facility. The economic feasibility of a selection of sectorial Best Available Technologies (BATs) and the related energy performance improvement is evaluated, revealing that 2 – 16 M€ can be invested in the system retrofit; the creation of synergies with the facility heating, cooling and electricity demand is also suggested. Lastly, an energy, economic and environmental analysis is suggested as a ranking system for the identified improvement opportunities. The methodology and results of this study are intended to provide a proper energy review for Silea Spa, suggest a review procedure for other WTE facilities willing to develop a compliant EnMS and enrich the literature with a case study on WTE. For the Italian context, which is currently facing difficulties in the modernization of the waste management system (WMS), the ISO 50001 application on WTE facilities offers a unified structure that can be used by the government to map the current status of each facility and develop the legislative framework in accordance to the needs of the WMS, the circular economy and the public opinion.
ISO 50001-standarden för energihanteringssystem släpptes 2011 för att ge organisationer en standardiserad riktlinje för utvärdering och kontinuerlig förbättring av energiprestanda. Komplexa strukturer som sektorn för avfall till energi (WTE), som måste uppfylla målen socialt, miljömässigt, ekonomiskt och produktivt, kan dra nytta av utvecklingen av ett kompatibelt energihanteringssystem (EnMS). Energieffektivitet och energibesparingar bidrar till att mildra den stora kostnaden för en sådan anläggning, medan jämförelseanalysen gör det möjligt att verifiera systemets tillstånd och de potentiella förbättringsområdena. Förbättringen av energiprestanda kan värderas på en miljöbas, och en korrekt främjande av processen kan bidra till att mildra social opposition. Denna avhandling granskar energiprestanda för ett slöseri till en energianläggning i Lecco, Italien, med hjälp av den information som finns tillgänglig från det styrsystem som redan är installerat i företaget. Regressionsanalys används för att passa linjära och polynomiska funktionsformer till energiförbrukningsdata och skapa energigrundnivå för områdena med betydande energianvändning och produktion med en prediktiv effekt på 59-92%. Skillnaden mellan baslinjen och den faktiska energiförbrukningen föreslås som indikator för energiprestanda för att uppskatta resultaten av förbättringsmöjligheterna och en uppsättning nyckelresultatindikatorer utvärderas för intern och extern riktmärkning av anläggningen. Den ekonomiska möjligheten för ett urval av sektorns bästa tillgängliga teknik (BAT) och den därmed sammanhängande förbättringen av energieffektiviteten utvärderas, vilket visar att 2 - 16 miljoner euro kan investeras i systemets eftermontering. skapandet av synergier med anläggningens uppvärmning, kylning och el efterfrågan föreslås också. Slutligen föreslås en energi-, ekonomisk och miljöanalys som ett rankningssystem för de identifierade förbättringsmöjligheterna. Metoden och resultaten av denna studie är avsedda att ge en ordentlig energianalyse för Silea Spa, föreslå ett granskningsförfarande för andra WTE-anläggningar som är villiga att utveckla en kompatibel ENMS och berika litteraturen med en fallstudie om WTE. För det italienska sammanhanget, som för närvarande står inför svårigheter i moderniseringen av avfallshanteringssystemet (WMS), erbjuder ISO 50001-tillämpningen på WTE-anläggningar en enhetlig struktur som kan användas av regeringen för att kartlägga nuvarande status för varje anläggning och utveckla den rättsliga ramen i enlighet med WMS, den cirkulära ekonomins och den allmänna opinionens behov.

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40

Torstensson, Johan, e Jon Gezelius. "Waste-to-Energy in Kutai Kartanegara, Indonesia : A Pre-feasibility study on suitable Waste-to-Energy techniques in the Kutai Kartanegara region". Thesis, Energi och teknik, SLU, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-269607.

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The thesis outlined in this report is a pre-feasibility study of the potential to use waste-to-energy technology in the region Kutai Kartanegara, Borneo, Indonesia. The project is a collaboration between the Kutai Kartanegara government, Uppsala University, the Swedish University of Agricultural sciences and the technology consulttancy Sweco. The current waste management system in Kutai Kartanegara consists of landfills in the cities and open burnings and dumping in the lesser developed sub-districts. This is a growing problem both environmentally and logistically. The electrification in the sub-districts is sometimes as low as 17 % and access to electricity is often limited to a couple of hours per day. The current electricity production in the region is mainly from fossil fuels. Data was collected during a two month long field study in Tenggarong, the capital of Kutai Kartanegara. From the collected data, various waste-to-energy systems and collection areas were simulated in Matlab. Results from the simulations show that a system using both a waste incineration and biogas plant would be the best solution for the region. The chosen system is designed to handle a total of 250,000 tons of waste annually, collected from Tenggarong and neighbouring districts. The system will provide between 155 and 200 GWh electricity and between 207 and 314 GWh of excess heat energy annually. Some of this is used in a district heating system with an absorption-cooling machine. The system investment cost is around 42.5 MUSD and it is expected to generate an annual profit of 16 MUSD. The recommended solution will decrease the emissions of CO2-equivalents compared to the current waste system and fossil electricity production with 50%. The results in the study clearly show that there are both economic and environmental potential for waste-to-energy technologies in the region. But the waste management and infrastructure has to be improved to be able to utilize these technologies. By implementing waste-to-energy technologies, the supplied waste can be seen as a resource instead of a problem. This would give incentives for further actions and investments regarding waste management.

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41

Bögels, Machteld. "Digital Waste : ELIMINATING NON-VALUE ADDING ACTIVITIES THROUGH DECENTRALIZED APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT". Thesis, KTH, Skolan för industriell teknik och management (ITM), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-263903.

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In an era where the network of interconnected devices is rapidly expanding, it is difficult for organizations to adapt to the increasingly data-rich and dynamic environment while remaining competitive. Employees experience that much of their time and resources is spent daily on repetitive, inefficient and mundane tasks. Whereas lean manufacturing has manifested itself as a well-known optimization concept, lean information management and the removal of waste is not yet being used to its full potential as its direct value is less visible. A case study was conducted to define which types of non-value adding activities can be identified within information flows and to determine whether decentralized application development can eliminate this digital waste. An internal information flow was modelled, analyzed and optimized by developing customized applications on the Microsoft Power Platform. Based on literature from the field of manufacturing and software development, a framework was developed to categorize digital waste as well as higher order root causes in terms of business strategy and IT infrastructure. While decentralized app development provides the ability to significantly reduce operational digital waste in a simplified manner, it can also enable unnecessary expansion of a common data model and requires application lifecycle management efforts as well as edge security to ensure data compliance and governance. Although limited to one case study, the suggested framework could give insights to organizations that aim to optimize internal workflows by identifying and eliminating digital waste and its root causes.
I en tid där nätverk av sammankopplade enheter expanderar snabbt, är det svårt för organisationer att anpassa sig till den allt mer datoriserade och dynamiska miljön och samtidigt förbli konkurrenskraftiga. Anställda upplever att mycket av deras tid och resurser spenderas på repetitiva, ineffektiva och vardagliga uppgifter. Lean manufacturing har visat sig vara ett välkänt optimeringskoncept, dock har informationshantering och avlägsnande av slöseri inte ännu nått sin fulla potential eftersom dess direkta värde är svårare att se och räkna. En fallstudie genomfördes för att definiera vilka typer av icke-värdeskapande aktiviteter som kan identifieras inom informationsflöden och för att avgöra om decentraliserad applikationsutveckling kan eliminera detta digitala slöseri. Ett internt informationsflöde modellerades, analyserades och optimerades genom att utveckla anpassade applikationer på Microsoft Power Platform. Baserat på litteratur från tillverknings- och mjukvaruutvecklingsområdet utvecklades en ram för att kategorisera digitalt slöseri samt högre grundorsaker när det gäller affärsstrategi och ITinfrastruktur. Medan decentraliserad apputveckling ger möjlighet att avsevärt minska det operativa digitala slöseriet på ett förenklat sätt, så kan det också möjliggöra onödig expansion av en gemensam datamodell och kräver hantering av livscykelanalyser samt kantsäkerhet för att säkerställa datahantering och styrning. Trots begränsad till en fallstudie, så kan det föreslagna ramverket ge insikter till organisationer som syftar till att optimera interna arbetsflöden genom att identifiera och eliminera digitalt slöseri och dess grundläggande orsaker.

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42

Rodopoulou, Viktoria. "CO2 savings of selling food surplus in plastic trays compared to incineration and anaerobic digestion in Sweden. : With an application at KTH Royal Institute of Technology". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-241697.

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Food waste has become a global environmental concern in recent years with food waste prevention being the optimal solution. In Sweden, initiatives to reduce food waste, focus on re-using methods like selling or donating food. The purpose of this study is to analyze the environmental savings, in terms of CO2 eq. savings, of re-using food compared to incineration and anaerobic digestion in Sweden. The study aims to map out the processes of the food waste management system and investigate the parameters that effect the performance of each method using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The research is conducted by using a case study, “Save food at KTH” which is an initiative at KTH Royal Institute of Technology in Sweden, to reduce food waste through a mobile application for sharing information on the available edible food waste around campus and options to purchase it through the app. The results showed that re-using food waste has more CO2 savings compared to the other two energy recovery methods. Avoided emissions from food production when food waste is sold, were the most important factors that framed this result. However, the types of foods are also critical on the choice of food waste management method when the focus is on the CO2 emissions of the system. Foods with high water content or plant-based protein sources can be energy efficient in anaerobic digestion processes as well. In this case, selling food waste can be used as a complementary method.
Livsmedelsavfall har under senare år fått ett ökat intresse ur miljösynpunkt med förhindrande av livsmedelsavfall som den optimala lösningen för denna fråga. I Sverige är termiska behandlingsmetoder och biologiska processer för behandling av livsmedelsavfall de vanligaste metoderna för hantering av livsmedelsavfall. Båda metoderna producerar energi som kan användas för fjärrvärme, el och biobränsle för fordon. Å andra sidan, producerar dessa metoder utsläpp av växthusgaser (GHG) och många studier har erkänt deras miljöpåverkan och har jämfört dessa metoder för att identifiera alternativet med minst miljökostnad. Alternativet att sälja överbliven mat i plastlådor har potential att minska utsläppen av växthusgaser från livsmedelsavfallshanteringssystemet genom cirkulär ekonomi. Emellertid måste utsläppen av växthusgaser från de specifika livsmedelstypen samt effekten av plastlådors egenskaper och deras inverkan på plastlådors totala växthusgasutsläpp undersökas för att säkerställa effektiviteten av den försäljning av överbliven mat. Syftet med denna studie är att genomföra en livscykelanalys (LCA) om livsmedelsavfallshanteringsmetoder i Sverige för att identifiera metoden som har mest koldioxidbesparingar. Studiens mål är att kartlägga processerna i matavfallssystemet och undersöka de parametrar som påverkar prestandan för varje metod. Projektet innehåller en jämförande bedömning av klimatpåverkan (CF) av en värmebehandlingsmetod, förbränning med energiåtervinning, en biologisk metod som är anaerob uppslutning med biogasproduktion och en förebyggande metod som säljer överbliven mat i en plastlådor. En LCA utfördes för tre avfallshanteringsscenarier med två måltider (köttbaserad och vegan) som exempel när de behandlades som enskilda avfallsströmmar. Den största potentialen för att minska koldioxidutsläppen är att "sälja en måltid i ett 85% r-pet " scenario. Den undvikna köttproduktionen från att sälja matavfall kombinerat med den stora mängden återvunnet innehåll i plastlådor ger betydande koldioxidbesparingar och når den högsta nivån på avfallshierarkin som är förebyggande. Å andra sidan har förbränningen av en vegansk måltid med energiåtervinning den lägsta CO2-besparingen jämfört med de andra metoderna på grund av högvattenhalten i måltiden vilket gör den till en icke-effektiv energiomvandlare när den förbränns för att producera energi. Matavfallshanteringsmetoder bör därför fokusera på livsmedelsprodukterna och deras lämplighet för varje metod. Resultaten från denna jämförelse kommer att användas av en forskargrupp vid KTH Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan i Stockholm, Sverige, i SEED avdelningen. Gruppen bygger för närvarande en mobilapplikation för att dela / sälja matavfall runt KTH campus med ett samarbete från restaurangerna på campus.

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43

Wijayarathna, Egodagedara Ralalage Kanishka Bandara. "Development of Fungal Leather-like Material from Bread Waste". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-25522.

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Food waste and fashion pollution are two of the significant global environmental issues throughout the recent past. In this research, it was investigated the feasibility of making a leather-like material from bread waste using biotechnology as the bridging mechanism. The waste bread collected from the supermarkets were used as the substrate to grow filamentous fungi species Rhizopus Delemar and Fusarium Venenatum. Tanning of fungal protein fibres was successfully performed using vegetable tanning, confirmed using FTIR and SEM images. Furthermore, glycerol and a biobased binder treatment was performed for the wet-laid fungal microfibre sheets produced. Overall, three potential materials were able to produce with tensile strengths ranging from 7.74 ± 0.55 MPa to 6.92 ± 0.51 MPa and the elongation% from 16.81 ± 1.61 to 4.82 ± 0.36. The binder treatment enhanced the hydrophobicity even after the glycerol treatment, an added functional advantage for retaining flexibility even after contact with moisture. The fungal functional material produced with bread waste can be tailored successfully into leather substitutes using an environmentally benign procedure.

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44

Nilsson, Joel. "Compressible Waste Bin System for Public Environment : Design with a User-Centred Approach". Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-68684.

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We consume more and more which also have led to an increase in the waste we most handle. In public environment, common solution have been to increase the size of the waste bin, but that’s not always an option. To big and it may interfere with the environment it placed in. Another approach is to compress the disposed waste and so increase the waste bins capacity without increasing the volume of the wastebin itself. BigBelly is one product which have embraced this apprach. It is a solar driven compressing waste bin commonly seen in big cities around the world. The problem is that some miner municipalities and private companies still are in need of a solution but don’t have the resources to obtain BigBellys or other similar solutions. One way to approach this market is to develop a waste bin without the electric usually expensive components and develop a less expensive compressible waste bin that’s still an effective choice. To understand the needs, both of those who dispose of waste publicly but also those who manage the waste bins, have interviews, observations, questionaries and focus groups been used to gather valuable data. This data have then been remade in terms of user needs and ranked according to importance by the users themselves and the project manager. Some highly ranked needs are: the waste bin is steady and robust, the waste bin can only be opened by those who handle/empty the waste bins, a manual compression can be performed by those who throw the waste, and a manual compression can be performed without any major effort. By the method Design by analogies and a workshop held at Luleå University of Technology was ideas created. The three concepts with the highest potential were selected via Pugh’s selection matrix and tested according to efficiency and effectivity. The concept with the highest result was developed in Simens NX a CAD-program and then used as a template for the construction of a functional prototype. By testing and analyzing the prototype a product specification could be created. The final result, which is based on the prototype and the specification, consist of two rendered waste bins, developed towards compression in public environment. The compactor is based on a scissor-lift design modified to expand and so compress waste by gravity and contract by the energy of the users. Both models are estimated to enhance the capacity of 170-200% compared with a waste bin none-compressing waste bin of the same size. Model 1 requires a force of 196N from the user during use while model 2 requires force of 123N.

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45

Hedbäck, Arvid. "Färgåtervinning : En undersökning av tekniska och miljömässiga aspekter vid återvinning av färg". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-229886.

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I Sverige sker i dagsläget ingen återvinning av färg. Istället bränns omhändertaget färgavfall medan återstående slaggprodukter läggs på deponi. Däremot förekommer återvinning av färg i bland annat USA. Med denna bakgrund har syftet med denna studie varit att undersöka om det med hänsyn till produktsäkerhet och kvalité är tekniskt möjligt att återvinna färg samt undersöka hur återvinning av färg skulle påverka miljön. Återvinning av färg har gjorts på försök genom att ta 1 dl färg från totalt 127 färgburkar som annars skulle blivit avfall. Den återvunna färgens fysikaliska egenskaper och sammansättning har undersökts med avseende på densitet, torrsubstanshalt, glödförlust, askhalt och metallhalt. Av intresse ur produktsäkerhetssynpunkt är att endast mycket låga metallhalter uppmättes vilket indikerar att produktsäkerhet inte är ett hinder för färgåtervinning. Utöver fysikaliska egenskaper och sammansättning har även den återvunna färgens kvalité undersökts. Utifrån de lärdomar som kan dras från detta projekt görs sammantaget bedömningen att det är fullt möjligt få en färg med godtagbar kvalité genom återvinning av färg. Oberoende av dessa huvudsakligen praktiska tester har miljöpåverkan av färgåtervinning undersökts genom att undersöka hur tillverkning av ny färg påverkar miljön. Av den totala miljöpåverkan vid tillverkning av färg sker 84-96 % vid utvinning av råmaterial vilket är en stark indikation att återvinning av färg har en potential att bidra till en bättre miljö.
In Sweden, no recycling of paint currently takes place. Instead paint waste is incinerated while the remaining ashes are put in a landfill. However, recycling of paint already exists in the United States. With this background, the aim of this study has been to examine if it technically possible to recycle paint, in regards to products safety and quality, and to examine how recycling of paint would affect the environment. As part of this study paint has been recycled by taking 1 dl of paint from a total of 127 paint cans out of the waste stream at a local recycling station. The physical characteristics and composition of the recycled paint has been examined (density, dry matter content, loss on ignition, ash content and metal content). Of interest in regards to product safety is that the recycled paint contained only relatively low concentrations of metals. This indicates that product safety is not an obstacle for paint recycling. In addition to physical characteristics and composition, the qualities of the recycled paint have been evaluated. Based on the lessons learned in this project the overall conclusion is that it would be fully possible to obtain paint of acceptable quality through recycling. Moreover a study has been made on how recycling of paint would affect the environment by studying the environmental impacts of paint manufacturing. An important finding is that the extraction of raw materials accounts for 84-96 % of the total environmental impact of paint manufacturing. This is a strong indication that paint recycling has a potential to benefit the environment.

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Mirovic, Tara. "Biochar production from wood waste for GHG reduction : A case-study from the construction industry". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-283612.

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Skanska, Sweden’s leading project development and construction groups, is increasingly striving for innovative solutions to reduce the carbon footprint of its operations and close the loop on waste materials. The company has expressed interest in investing in a pyrolysis plant in the Stockholm region to produce biochar out of wood waste from construction sites. Biochar, a charcoal-like substance, is produced through thermochemical decomposition of biomass. Recently recognized as a negative emissions technology thanks to its ability to act as a carbon sink, and with its many properties and applications, biochar has in recent years become an increasingly valued product on the Nordic market. However, the magnitude with which biochar production mitigates climate change depends on a number of parameters. The present thesis seeks to assess the potential of biochar production at Skanska and use for urban soils to reduce the company’s GHG emissions, and puts results in perspective with Skanska’s sustainability targets. Using the GHG Protocol for Project Accounting, and through a life-cycle perspective, the thesis examines whether biochar production results in a higher climate gain compared to the continuation of current activities, i.e. the treatment of wood waste through incineration for energy recovery. The results show that reductions in emissions depend on a number of factors including biochar stability, biochar yield, the availability of excess heat from the pyrolysis process and its use for district heating, and most importantly, the type of fuel substituted by waste wood for energy production. Ultimately, the quality, quantity, and geographic distribution of wood waste produced by Skanska determines the viability of this project, and this information should be carefully compiled by the company.
Skanska AB, Sveriges ledande bygg- och projektutvecklingsföretag, strävar alltmer efter innovativa lösningar för att minska koldioxidavtrycket i sin verksamhet och sluta cirkeln för avfallsmaterial. Företaget har uttryckt ett intresse att investera i en pyrolysanläggning i Stockholmsregionen för att producera biokol av träavfall från byggarbetsplatser. Biokol produceras genom termokemisk sönderdelning av biomassa och blev nyligen erkänd som en negativ utsläppsteknologi tack vare sin förmåga att fungera som kolsänka. Med sina många användningsområden och varierande egenskaper har biokol under senare år blivit en allt högre värderad produkt på den nordiska marknaden. Dock spelar flera faktorer roll när möjligheterna för biokolsproduktion att reducera klimatförändringarna ska bedömas. Det här examensarbetet syftar till att utvärdera potentialen för biokolsproduktion inom Skanska och användandet av biokol i urbana jordar för att minska företagets växthusgasutsläpp, samt sätta resultaten i perspektiv med Skanskas hållbarhetsmål. Genom att använda GHG-protokollet för projektredovisning, samt ur ett livscykelperspektiv, undersöker examensarbetet huruvida biokolproduktionen resulterar i en högre klimatnytta jämfört med den nuvarande verksamheten, det vill säga genom förbränning av träavfall för energiåtervinning. Resultaten visar att utsläppsminskningar beror på ett antal faktorer, inklusive biokolets stabilitet, produktionsutbyte, tillgång till överskottsvärme från pyrolysprocessen för användning i fjärrvärmenätet, samt viktigast av allt, vilken typ av bränsle som ersätts av träavfall för energiproduktion. I slutändan är det kvaliteten, kvantiteten samt geografisk tillgång till producerat träavfall för biokolsproduktion som avgör hur väl detta projekt kan genomföras, och denna information bör noggrant sammanställas av Skanska.

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47

Alm, Max-Bernhard. "Flow pattern analysis of a Surface Flow Constructed Wetland : Treating surface runoff and landfill leachate water from the Löt waste management site". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-285896.

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The waste management and recycling company, Söderhalls Renhållningsverk (SÖRAB) have constructed a surface flow wetland in order to treat surface runoff from the waste management site, Löt. The contaminated water passes several treatment steps until it reaches the wetland and a subsequent soil infiltration step. It is suspected that the flow path of the water through the wetland is short-circuited which may result in a reduced treatment efficiency. The current discharge concentrations of the chemical compounds tested for do not exceed the allowed discharge limits. However, it is of interest to keep the discharge concentrations as low as possible to protect sensitive areas and water bodies downstream. The aim of the thesis was therefore to investigate the flow pattern of the wetland and suggest measures which potentially could improve the treatment efficiency. The flow pattern was modelled numerically in a Physio-Mathematical model developed by Wörman and Kjellin (2020). The current flow pattern was modelled, followed by several simulation runs where the controlling factors of the flow were changed one by one. The validity of the modelling result is uncertain and should therefore be confirmed or rejected by conducting a tracer test prior to implementing any changes in the wetland design. The modelling results indicate the presence of a main flow path passing through the narrower section of the permeable embankment (intersecting the northern and southern part of the wetland, see Fig. 3). The results further indicate that the permeable embankment, the bottom topography and the vegetation distribution were the three major factors controlling the flow pattern within the wetland. Recommended improvements would therefore be to first conduct a tracer test to make sure that any changes implemented are based on the true current flow pattern. The embankment and the vegetation distribution seem to be the main causes of non-idealities in the flow but at the same time probably also have positive effects on the treatment efficiency (since they provide filtration and surface areas where microorganisms can attach to perform their treatment). One solution to reduce the non- idealities in the flow could therefore be to adjust the embankment to be equally wide and deep across the wetland. Furthermore, the bottom topography around the embankment could be adjusted so that the shift in bottom elevation is equal around it. This would probably aid in hindering the development of preferential flow paths through the embankment. Finally, the vegetation distribution could be made uniform. (It should also be noted that a uniform vegetation distribution would require adjustment of the water depth to be below 1,5 m to allow an equal establishment of vegetation).
Avfallshanterings- och återvinningsföretaget Söderhalls Renhållningsverk AB (SÖRAB) har anlagt en våtmark vid Löts avfallsanläggning, ca 35 km norr om Stockholm. Våtmarken utgör det näst sista reningssteget i reningsprocessen av lak- och processvatten från avfallsanläggningen. Riktvärdena för utsläppshalterna överskrids inte men det är önskvärt för SÖRAB att åstadkomma så låga utsläppsvärden som möjligt för att minimera påverkan på känsliga områden och vattendrag nedströms. SÖRAB misstänker dock att preferentiella flödesvägar kan förekomma där vattnet passerar alltför fort genom våtmarken. Detta resulterar ofta i en lägre reningseffektivitet då föroreningarna som är lösta i vattnet får en kortare kontakttid med de naturliga reningsmekanismerna som förekommer i våtmarken. Syftet med det här arbetet var därför att undersöka strömningen i våtmarken och identifiera vattnets flödesvägar med hjälp av en numerisk modell utvecklad av Wörman och Kjellin (2020). Strömningen i våtmarker styrs av en energigradient där flödet går från en punkt i ett vattendrag med högt energiinnehåll till en punkt med lågt energiinnehåll. Enligt principen om energins bevarande omvandlas energin mellan kinetisk, potentiell, tryckenergi och värmeenergi. Ändringen i energiinnehåll beror i sin tur på verkan av externa krafter (gravitationskraften, hydrostatiska tryckkrafter, friktionskrafter, kontraktions- och expansionskrafter och skjuvkrafter från vind. Dessa krafter verkar vid förändringar i bottentopografin, vattendjupet, ytmotståndet (vid våtmarkens botten och väggar), våtmarkens geometri samt där vattenytan är exponerad för vind. Dessa faktorer orsakar utvecklandet av skjuvkrafter i flödet som i sin tur orsakar utvecklandet av hastighetsprofiler och omblandning. Bildandet av hastighetsprofiler och omblandning av vattnet gör att olika vätskeelement eller föroreningar stannar i våtmarken olika lång tid då de rör sig olika fort. För att åstadkomma en så hög reningsgrad som möjligt är det därför önskvärt att hela våtmarkens volym nyttjas till samma grad och att samtliga vätskeelement rör sig med samma hastighet genom våtmarken vilket även kallas för en ideal flödesregim (där ingen omblandning i flödesriktningen förekommer). Då utvecklandet av skjuvkrafter i flödet utgör den grundläggande orsaken till avvikelser från en ideal flödesregim är det önskvärt att minimera dessa. De styrande faktorerna som orsakade utvecklandet av skjuvkrafter i flödet var som nämndes ovan: variationer i våtmarkens bottentopografi och vattendjup, våtmarkens geometri (som kan orsaka isolerade vattenvolymer), ytmotståndet (som bl.a. beror på distributionen av vegetation), vind, samt in- och utflödeshastigeter. Våtmarken undersöktes genom inmätning och lodning som sedan låg till grund för en konceptuell modell av systemet. Den konceptuella modellen utgjorde sedan en grund för att modellera våtmarken numeriskt. I den konceptuella modellen ingick identifiering och definition av systemgränser samt randvillkor, att definiera bottentopografin samt att dela in våtmarken i delområden med homogent flödesmotstånd. Systemgränser och randvillkor identifierades baserat på en vattenbalans. Med hjälp av vattenbalansen kunde relevanta komponenter att inkludera som randvillkor identifieras. Randvillkorens värden bestämdes genom mätningar av den hydrauliska potentialen med hjälp av en GNSS-mottagare (där GNSS står för Global Navigation Satellite System och mottagaren nyttjar satelliter för att bestämma höjd och position i en geografisk punkt) samt från erhållna mätvärden från SÖRAB av in- och utflöden som pumpas in och ut ur våtmarken. Då bottentopografin var okänd bestämdes den genom att vattendjupet mättes, interpolerades och subtraherades från en referensnivå. Vattendjupet mättes genom lodning och mätpunkterna interpolerades sedan i det geografiska informationsverktyget ArcMap för att erhålla ett heltäckande lager av mätvärden över vattendjupet. Därefter kunde vattendjupet subtraheras från vattenytans medelhöjd över havet vilket var 38,1 m och ett heltäckande lager över bottentopografin kunde erhållas. Flödesmotståndet beräknades enligt ekvation 16 (se avsnitt 2.1.) och våtmarken delades in i homogena delområden baserat på förekomsten av vegetation och om strömningen skedde genom ett poröst medium eller öppet vatten. Den numeriska modelleringen genomfördes genom att först modellera den nuvarande strömningen med och utan ett rör som går genom den genomsläppliga vallen. Därefter ändrades de styrande faktorerna för flödet en i taget för att kunna utvärdera vilken effekt varje faktor hade på strömningen i våtmarken för att åstadkomma en ideal flödesregim. Följande simuleringar genomfördes: (1) Bottentopografin gjordes jämn med ett vattendjup på 0,5 respektive 1,0 m, (2) inloppszonen gjordes längre för att undvika skapandet av isolerade vattenvolymer längs ytterkanterna, (3) vegetationens distribution gjordes homogen, (4) den genomsläppliga vallen justerades. Pålitligheten i resultatet från den numeriska modelleringen är osäker. Därför skulle ett spårämnesförsök behöva genomföras för att undersöka huruvida resultatet från modelleringen är tillförlitligt eller inte. Enligt modelleringsresultatet förekom en tydlig flödesväg som passerade genom den smalare delen av vallen. Modelleringen indikerade vidare att de kontrollerande faktorerna som styrde flödet i våtmarken framförallt utgjordes av distributionen av vegetation samt den genomsläppliga vallen tillsammans med omgivande bottentopografi. Det rekommenderas därför att modelleringsresultatets validitet först undersöks med ett spårämnesförsök innan några åtgärder vidtas. Möjliga förbättringsåtgärder som skulle kunna införas därefter för att sträva mot ett idealt flöde skulle kunna vara att justera den genomsläppliga vallen till att ha en lika stor tjocklek och ett lika stort djup överallt samt att justera bottentopografin runt vallen så att den förändras lika mycket runt vallen. Detta för att skapa förutsättningar för att undvika preferentiella flödesvägar genom den. En jämn fördelning av vegetation (och justering av vattendjupet till att understiga 1,5 m som tillåter kolonisering av växter) att störningar i flödet minimeras.

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48

Ventura, Valentina. ""Driving the transition to a circular economy through blockchain technology: analysis and proposals for an applied model of industrial symbiosis"". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021.

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Abstract (sommario):

In recent years, emergent digital technologies have created new opportunities to tackle sustainability challenges, especially by helping organizations to move towards a circular economy, which aims to close resource loops and extend the life-cycle of a product or service. With the increasing awareness towards the usage of resources, the concept of “industrial symbiosis” gains value. Industrial symbiosis represents a system of organizations where by-products are exchanged, and the outputs of a company represent potential inputs for another business. Among the last technological developments, a new digital tool can enhance industrial sustainability: blockchain technology. Blockchain is a shared and distributed ledger that allows to track tangible or intangible assets within a peer-to-peer network. Although blockchain is often associated with finance, the versatility of this technology makes it a reliable solution for many industries, such as logistics, healthcare, government, as well as sustainability. The main purpose of this thesis is to establish whether blockchain technology can be implemented into industrial symbiosis contexts and how, secondly, it can be integrated into the industrial symbiosis methodology of ENEA, the Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development. By reviewing the academic literature, it was demonstrated that efforts in merging blockchain with industrial symbiosis are almost absent. For this reason, it has been decided to proceed by analogy and comparison with related themes that are better investigated in the scientific literature, such as Circular Economy, Waste Management, Supply Chain, Digital Transformations, and Industry 4.0. Lastly, in order to present a conceptual framework and an operative hypothetical scheme for integrating blockchain platform into industrial symbiosis ecosystem, the themes that have been previously examined separately will be combined together.

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49

Uz, Zaman Atiq. "Technical Development of Waste Sector in Sweden: Survey and LifeCycle Environmental Assessment of Emerging Technologies". Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-46334.

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Waste can be considered as an urban burden or as a valuable resource depending on how it ismanaged. Different waste treatment technologies are available at present to manage municipal solidwaste (MSW). Various actors are involved to develop waste treatment technology for certain area.The aim of this study is to analyze the driving forces in technical development in waste sector inSweden. The study is also done to identify emerging waste management technology in Sweden.Moreover, a comparative study of existing and emerging technologies is done by Life CycleAssessment (LCA) model. An extensive literature review and pilot questionnaire survey among thewaste management professionals’ is done for the study. LCA model is developed by SimaProsoftware CML2 baseline method is used for identifying environmental burden from the wastetechnologies.Dry composting, Pyrolysis-Gasification (P-G), Plasma-Arc are identified as potential emergingtechnologies for waste management system in Sweden. Technical developments of thesetechnologies are influenced by indigenous people’s behavior, waste characteristics, regulations, healthor environmental impact and global climate change. Comparative LCA model of P-G andIncineration shows that, P-G is a favorable waste treatment technology than Incineration for MSW,especially in acidification, global warming and aquatic eco-toxicity impact categories.

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50

Mucyo, Sylvie. "Analysis of key requirements for effective implementation of biogas technology for municipal solid waste management in sub-Saharan Africa : a case study of Kigali City, Rwanda". Thesis, Abertay University, 2013. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/f1b19ecf-9003-40ca-b174-db4c866fe799.

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Effective management of municipal solid wastes continues to be a major challenge in rapidly growing cities of developing countries. Inadequate waste disposal remains rampant thus posing a serious threat to the environment and public health. The use of biogas technology in the management of municipal solid wastes has become a major focus of interest in developed countries due to its economic value in the generation of energy from biodegradable waste and its ability to divert waste from landfill. The application of the technology in developing countries, in particular sub-Saharan African countries has been a challenge. A major barrier to its implementation in these countries has been attributed to the lack of substantial specific information required in the design of appropriate strategies. This study investigated key factors affecting the application of biogas technology in Kigali City (the capital of Rwanda) with the aim of proffering suitable strategies for effective implementation. The study used an integrated methodological approach interrelating social, technical and economic spheres tools. The study was carried out in three stages. The first stage investigated the availability of suitable feedstock for Anaerobic Digestion (AD) from both domestic and non-domestic sources, household waste management practices and public awareness and attitude towards waste separation at source. Results showed that household food waste was the largest category of waste produced in Kigali City from September 2010 to March 2011, comprising about 74% of total municipal waste produced during this period. This was taken as the average for the City. Socio-economic levels existing in Kigali were found to impact on total waste production with higher production rates occurring in high income households. It was found that households with higher income are more likely to separate waste at source and more willing to pay for waste management services. Incentives, such as free garbage bags, reduced waste charges and economic benefits, with greater focus on poor income communities were found capable of promoting waste separation practice which could effectively enhance the recovery of suitable feedstock. The second stage examined the digestibility and potential energy production from available household food waste and industrial biodegradable feedstocks such as banana and passion fruit wastes. The study also studied the potential effect of operating an AD system under the ambient temperature in Kigali City. Results obtained showed that Kigali ambient temperature of 25oC achieved half methane yields in comparison with the optimum mesophilic operational temperature of 37oC commonly used for large scale AD systems around the world. Results also showed that co-digestion of domestic waste with industrial feedstock can substantially increase biogas yields. The third stage investigated technical requirements and economic viability of operating a biogas plant at 37oC with the available feedstock for the generation of electricity to export to grid and digestate for spreading on land. The annual net energy expected to be generated using the available feedstock was estimated to be 182 kWh/tonne of source-separated waste. Risk analysis revealed that socio-economic needs of communities need to be appropriately integrated to secure the reliability of suitable feedstock in order to ensure project’s viability and profitability. It was also found that the development of biogas technology in Kigali could benefit both technically and economically from current Rwandan National key policy objectives related to municipal waste management. All the above mentioned outcome of the research was used to develop a strategic policy-based operational and investment framework for the application of biogas technology in Rwanda.

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