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Letteratura scientifica selezionata sul tema "War ethics"

Autore: Grafiati

Pubblicato: 4 giugno 2021

Ultima modifica: 20 febbraio 2023

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Articoli di riviste sul tema "War ethics"

Babic, Jovan. "Ethics of War and Ethics in War". Conatus 4, n. 1 (31 ottobre 2019): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/cjp.19708.

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The paper examines the justification of warfare. The main thesis is that war is very difficult to justify, and justification by invoking “justice” is not the way to succeed it. Justification and justness (“justice”) are very different venues: while the first attempts to explain the nature of war and offer possible schemes of resolution (through adequate definitions), the second aims to endorse a specific type of warfare as correct and hence allowed – which is the crucial part of “just war theory.” However, “just war theory,” somewhat Manichean in its nature, has very deep flaws. Its final result is criminalization of war, which reduces warfare to police action, and finally implies a very strange proviso that one side has a right to win. All that endangers the distinction between ius ad bellum and ius in bello, and destroys the collective character of warfare (reducing it to an incomprehensible individual level, as if a group of people entered a battle in hopes of finding another group of people willing to respond). Justification of war is actually quite different – it starts from the definition of war as a kind of conflict which cannot be solved peacefully, but for which there is mutual understanding that it cannot remain unresolved. The aim of war is not justice, but peace, i.e. either a new articulation of peace, or a restoration of the status quo ante. Additionally, unlike police actions, the result of war cannot be known or assumed in advance, giving war its main feature: the lack of control over the future. Control over the future, predictability (obtained through laws), is a feature of peace. This might imply that war is a consequence of failed peace, or inability to maintain peace. The explanation of this inability (which could simply be incompetence, or because peace, as a specific articulation of distribution of social power, is not tenable anymore) forms the justification of war. Justice is always an important part of it, but justification cannot be reduced to it. The logic contained here refers to ius ad bellum, while ius in bello is relative to various parameters of sensitivity prevalent in a particular time (and expressed in customary and legal rules of warfare), with the purpose to make warfare more humane and less expensive.

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Sagan, Scott D. "Ethics, Technology & War". Daedalus 145, n. 4 (2016): 6–11.

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Kavka, Gregory S. "Space War Ethics". Ethics 95, n. 3 (aprile 1985): 673–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/292666.

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Poikonen, John. "Ethics of war". American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 48, n. 3 (1 marzo 1991): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/48.3.463a.

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Brown, Davis. "CHRISTIAN AND MUSLIM POPULATION AND FIRST USE OF FORCE BY STATES, 1946 – 2001". POLITICS AND RELIGION JOURNAL 8, n. 2 (1 dicembre 2014): 327–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54561/prj0802327b.

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A variety of domestic characteristics of states affect their propensities to armed conflict, including power, regime type, wealth, and economic strength (in addition to the dyadic characteristics of power differential, alliances, proximity, and the peace-learning process). Compared to these, religion is an understudied characteristic. Religions instill norms and ethics for the use of force just as secular ideologies often do. These war ethics influence the propensities to armed conflict of the states whose people and leadership adhere to those religions. Whether religious war ethics raise or lower those propensities depends on how permissive or restrictive they are. I show the empirical effect of those religious war ethics, working through states’ populations, on states’ probabilities to initiate armed conflicts against other states. The Christian war ethic is more restrictive and Christian populations are negatively correlated with states’ propensities to resort to force. The Islamic war ethic is more permissive and Muslim populations are positively correlated. The effect of religion is often strong and statistically significant, even after introducing conventional controls

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Lee, Steven, e Richard Norman. "Ethics, Killing and War." Philosophical Review 106, n. 1 (gennaio 1997): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2998347.

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Gallie, W. B. "Ethics, Killing and War". International Studies in Philosophy 29, n. 4 (1997): 132–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/intstudphil1997294121.

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Pawlowski;, C. W. "Science, Ethics, and War". Science 300, n. 5623 (23 maggio 2003): 1234b—1234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.300.5623.1234b.

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Sagan, Scott D. "Ethics, Technology & War". Daedalus 145, n. 4 (settembre 2016): 6–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_e_00407.

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Caplan, Frank. "The Ethics of War". Quality Engineering 16, n. 2 (12 gennaio 2003): ix—x. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/qen-120024004.

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Tesi sul tema "War ethics"

Lamb, Antony Edward. "The ethics of war". Thesis, University of Bristol, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/ec153ba9-58d0-47d9-a94a-fde7bf72b7ae.

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Pronouncing an action or course of actions to be prohibited, permitted or obligatory by Just War theory does not thereby establish the moral grounds of that prohibition, permission or obligation; nor does such a pronouncement have sufficient persuasive force to govern actions in the public arena. So what are the moral grounds of laws concerning war, and what ought the laws to be? I work within a Just War framework, adopting the distinction between jus ad bellum and jus in bello. From there, I argue that rules governing conduct in war can be morally grounded in a form of rule-consequentialism of negative duties; rules aiming to achieve optimal results regarding the prevention of the violation of certain rights. Rules governing the war decision itself are grounded in self-defence and a duty to rescue; the locus of rightful authority to use force is dependent on institutional design. Looking towards the public rules, I argue for a new interpretation of some existing law, and in some cases new law. These include recognising rights of encompassing groups to necessary self-defence; recognising a duty to rescue; weapons and tactics that asymmetrically remove risk should be assessed on whether their use violates discrimination; considering all persons neither in uniform nor bearing arms as civilians and therefore fully immune from attack, thus ruling out 'targeted' or 'named' killings; considering all persons who bear arms to have combatant rights (POW status, for example). Throughout, I take it that morally speaking, action-governing public rules (international law, treaties etc) ought not merely to mirror the content of moral principles; we ought to take into account the consequences of the existence of the rules, and of institutional design

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DeFranza, Andrew J. "The ethics of revolution". Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2002. http://www.tren.com.

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Romaya, Bassam. "Philosophizing War: Arguments in the War on Iraq". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/78961.

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Philosophy
Ph.D.
I set out to analyze four main philosophical arguments which have dominated the Iraq war debate. Each of these arguments has been used by philosophers to varying degrees to assess the circumstances surrounding the war. The discussions customarily focused on four key issues: just war theory, humanitarian intervention, democratization, and preventive war. In each case, I examine the argument's methods, shortcomings, and implications, to conclude that each fails to satisfactorily address, explain, or elucidate the highly controversial war. I argue that we simply cannot rely on a meager set of arguments to provide us with greater insight or genuine understanding of this war, as well as new or postmodern wars more generally. First, arguments that focus on the just war tradition overlook key events and underemphasize developments that have effectively eroded the tradition's defining concepts, such as the distinctions between combatant/noncombatant, states/non-states, victories/defeats, armies/non-state or non-nation actors. Second, theoretical analyses are routinely misappropriated or misapplied; this is especially evident in calls for humanitarian intervention, implemented for past harms committed, using backward-causing logic intended to make up for past inaction, rather than halting ongoing or imminent harm. Third, the focus on forcible democratization overlooks the high probability for failure in such pursuits and readily dismisses moral, legal, economic, educational, and cultural obstacles to democratic national building. Fourth, arguments which focus on preventive war suffer from similar problems encountered with the previous three, especially since it is unclear that the event could be characterized as a case of preventive war. The relationship between belligerent state and target state was not one in which the target state posed a future or distant threat to the belligerent state. Collectively, the arguments err in their uncritical acceptance of methodological analyses that have no genuine application to the matter at issue; that is, each misunderstands the nature of new or postmodern wars and clings to concepts relevant to modern wars, which do not factor in developments such as non-state actors, the spread of global capitalism, economic and cultural globalization, strategic objectives or military preeminence, imperialist aims or empire-building.
Temple University--Theses

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Schultz, Sarah J. "The just war or just a war : a proposal for ethical joint doctrine of war /". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Sep%5FSchultz.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Civil-Military Relations))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Karen Guttieri. Includes bibliographical references (p. 89-95). Also available online.

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Gibbs, Jonathan C. "Noncombatant immunity and military necessity ethical conflict in the just war ethics of William V. O'Brien and Paul Ramsey /". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1997. http://www.tren.com.

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Crouch, Carly Lorraine. "War and Ethics in the Ancient Near East". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.503980.

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Caney, Jonathan. "War termination and the just war tradition 'the ethics of the end game'". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.443054.

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Rodin, David. "Self-defence and war". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285411.

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Spall, John Arthur David. "The ethics of manhood in post-war Huambo, Angola". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/61424/.

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Lundquist, Joel. "Killing Terrorists - Armed Drones and the Ethics of War". Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22322.

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The aim of this thesis is to answer the question whether the U.S. policy on targeted killings with combat drones is compatible with the legal doctrine of just war theory, applicable international law, and human rights law. Moreover, this paper intends to examine the legal issues arising from the U.S. practice of international law in relation to the justification of targeted killings. The purpose of this thesis is to determine whether the practice of targeted killings can be considered lawful and, if not, to provide knowledge about how the method violates applicable international law and the ethics of war. The focus is placed on relevant treaties and customary international law, and just war theory is used as a theoretical complement to explain the meaning and purpose of selected laws in order to determine their applicability to the research problem. Furthermore, this procedure has been conducted by using a legal method to identify the legal problem and interpret relevant sources of law in order to determine their applicability to the research problem. The thesis has determined that the U.S. policy on targeted killings with combat drones is not consistent with applicable international law and fundamental human rights law. In particular, the practice of targeted killings violates the principle of distinction.

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Libri sul tema "War ethics"

The ethics of war. Manchester, U.K: Manchester University Press, 1997.

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Norman, Richard. Ethics, killing, and war. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.

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Ethics and informal war. New York: Vantage Press, 1991.

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Evans, Mark, 1965 Sept. 2-, a cura di. War, terror, and ethics. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2009.

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The ethics of war. New York: Rosen Central, 2013.

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Heinze, Eric A., e Brent J. Steele, a cura di. Ethics, Authority, and War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230101791.

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Reichberg. Gregory M., Henrik Syse e Nicole M. Hartwell, a cura di. Religion, War, and Ethics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511979651.

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Patience, Coster, a cura di. The ethics of war. London: Franklin Watts, 2012.

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Chatterjee, Deen K., a cura di. The Ethics of Preventive War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9781139023948.

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Ethics and war: An introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

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Capitoli di libri sul tema "War ethics"

Ekstedt, Hasse. "War". In Economics, Ethics and Power, 261–72. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. | Series: Routledge frontiers of political economy: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315271392-10.

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Gill, Robin. "War and peace". In Christian Ethics, 76–105. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020. |Includes bibliographical references and index.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429318030-4.

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Mattuck. "The Judgement on War". In Jewish Ethics, 89–95. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003333548-14.

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Forge, John. "War and Realism". In Research Ethics Forum, 221–46. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5736-3_11.

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Ryberg, Jesper. "Ethics and Military Research". In Mathematics and War, 352–64. Basel: Birkhäuser Basel, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-0348-8093-0_19.

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Lin, Patrick, Keith Abney e George Bekey. "Ethics, War, and Robots". In Ethics and Emerging Technologies, 349–62. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137349088_23.

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Lonsdale, David J., e Thomas M. Kane. "The ethics of war". In Understanding Contemporary Strategy, 53–81. Second edition. | London ; New York, NY : Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2020. | Kane’s name appeared first in earlier edition.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315163536-4.

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Seidler, Victor Jeleniewski. "Terrorism, War and Ethics". In Remembering 9/11, 104–14. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137017697_9.

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Schmidt, Ulf. "Post-war Medical Ethics". In Justice at Nuremberg, 264–97. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230505247_8.

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ten Have, Henk, e Maria do Céu Patrão Neves. "War (See Military Ethics)". In Dictionary of Global Bioethics, 1045. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54161-3_516.

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Atti di convegni sul tema "War ethics"

Kusuma, Manisha, Vikram Mohanty, Marx Wang e Kurt Luther. "Civil War Twin". In AIES '22: AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3514094.3534141.

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"Autonomous weapons and the future of war". In The International Conference on Robot Ethics and Standards (ICRES 2018). CLAWAR Association Ltd, UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.13180/icres.2018.20-21.08.p03.

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Han, The Anh, Luís Moniz Pereira e Tom Lenaerts. "Modelling and Influencing the AI Bidding War". In AIES '19: AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3306618.3314265.

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Veziridis, Savvas, Panagiotis Karampelas e Ioanna Lekea. "Learn by playing: A serious war game simulation for teaching military ethics". In 2017 IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/educon.2017.7942958.

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Carvallo, Sarah. "Formation et transformations de l’esprit scientifique 1934-2022". In 2ème Colloque International de Recherche et Action sur l’Intégrité Académique. « Les nouvelles frontières de l’intégrité ». IRAFPA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56240/cmb9904.

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In the forties, Bachelard and Merton draw the portrait of the formation of the mind and the scientific ethos from, respectively, an epistemological reflection and a sociological analysis. This article compares their results with the portrait of contemporary to understand the ethical turning point in research that took place from the 2000s onwards. The need for research ethics and scientific integrity responds to a profound transformation of scientific practices. Not that science was purer before 1990, but the organization of research within the paradigm of the knowledge economy produces new figures of researchers under the type of entrepreneurial scientist and accentuates the ethical dilemmas characteristic of the gray area. In this context, the major risk lies in making ethics and integrity as part of the apparatus (dispositif) of excellence by instituting a regime under which ethics and integrity become just an additional tool of regulation and control, rather than an intrinsic value of science.

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Carvalho, Luiz Paulo, José Antonio Suzano, Jonice Oliveira, Juliana Baptista dos Santos França e Flávia Maria Santoro. "Ethics: What is the Research Scenario in the Brazilian Symposium SBSC?" In Simpósio Brasileiro de Sistemas Colaborativos. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbsc.2022.19484.

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Ethics is a human construction, therefore historical, social and cultural. It is impossible to conceive Collaborative Systems without thinking about ethics, because this is manifested in the practices between us. The largest academic-scientific event dedicated to the field of CS in Brazil is the Brazilian Symposium on Collaborative Systems. Through a Systematic Literature Review, we aim to answer the question: what is the panorama of the explicit occurrence of ethical aspects in the publications of the main track of the SBSC? Considering the importance of ethics associated with free, conscious and intentional human practice in a collective and collaborative scope, how are ethical aspects considered, if any, in the communications of these researches? In this sense, what was initially proposed as an Systematic Literature Review became a stimulus to reflection, why are ethical aspects neglected? More than that, is there any way to improve ethical deliberation or is this neglect a symptom of the current political-scientific state of the event?

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Kulkarni, Anil K., e John C. Wise. "A Learning Module for Increasing Ethical Awareness of Students". In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82782.

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A learning module was introduced in a required Mechanical Engineering undergraduate course with the goal of increasing the ethical awareness of students. Specifically, the students were supposed to understand the basic theories of ethics and an engineering code of ethics, apply this understanding to differentiate between ethical and unethical engineering practices, and be able to suggest ethical solutions. The course was junior level Measurements and Instrumentation, taken by 120 students in six sections of about 20 each. In each section, a two-and-a-half-hour “Ethics workshop” was conducted during a lab period which included several interactive student activities such as discussion of theories of ethics, engineering case-studies and guidelines to solve an engineering “problem”, short video clips, a quiz, and an in-depth analysis of a hypothetical situation. At the conclusion of the module, students were asked to prepare a short report on an ethical solution of that situation. A survey was administered several days before and again several days after the workshop with identical questions. Based on the chi-square test, statistically significant increase in the ethical awareness of students was evident. Similar modules were also presented in freshman seminars courses. Although the above survey involved primarily junior students, it appears that the introduction of material on topics of academic integrity would be helpful to first-year students, and the introduction of engineering professional ethics would be useful at the beginning of their major in the first semester in the junior year.

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Śwituszak, Paula Karina, e Alina Tomaszewska -Szewczyk. "RETOUCHES WITH HISTORY – CONSERVATION OF THE SACRED HEART OF JESUS BY ADOLF HERMAN DUSZEK AND ITS AUTHORIAL POST-WWII RESTORATION". In RECH6 - 6th International Meeting on Retouching of Cultural Heritage. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/rech6.2021.13508.

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WWII left a great proportion of cultural heritage in Middle-Eastern Europe damaged. In the immediate aftermath of the war, there was neither necessary expertise, manpower nor resources to deal with such complex and total conservational challenges. Artists and craftsmen took to preserving and repairing the most darling objects of local heritage, leaving to us not only their original works, but also visible marks of the struggle to preserve them. Today, we are facing the task to preserve the multilinear story hidden behind those objects - their original body, wounds, and bandages, showing both the art of creation as well as the art of restoration to next generations. A great example of such a conservation effort is the story of The Sacred Heart of Jesus, painted by Adolf Herman Duszek in 1924 and restored by him after the war, in 1950. Over 70 years later, the painting required another intervention – mainly because of the bad state of preservation of the paint layer. The main challenge of this restoration was to find the balance between leaving the visible traces of the history of the object, the conservation ethics as well as the aesthetics and expectations of the recent owners. As it turns out, the impact of a private context is a significant aspect during the formation of the conservation programme. This paper discusses the need for compromises which had to be reached during the conservation of this particular painting.

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Heinz, Manuela, Mary Fleming, Pauline Logue e Joseph McNamara. "Collaborative learning, role play and case study: Pedagogical pathways to professionalism and ethics in school placement". In Learning Connections 2019: Spaces, People, Practice. University College Cork||National Forum for the Enhancement of Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/lc2019.26.

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Teachers are moral agents. Acting professionally in loco parentis teachers have a legal and moral duty of care to students (DES, 2017). Moreover, they can be regarded as moral ‘role models’ (Bergen, 2006; Lumpkin, 2013). Professional codes of practice assist teachers in their moral agency (Alberta Teachers’ Association, 2004; CDET, 2017; DfE, 2011; Education Council, 2017; Teaching Council, 2012; 2016; World Class Teachers, 2017). In conjunction with official codes of conduct, TE ethics programmes contribute to the development of “a moral language” and raise awareness of moral agency in teaching (Shapira-Lishchinsky, 2010). In 2014 the National University of Ireland, Galway (NUIG) and the Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology (GMIT) jointly developed a cross-institutional training programme entitled ‘The Ethical Teacher Programme’, designed to facilitate student teachers to reflect upon professionalism and ethics during School Placement. The programme incorporated both a study of the Teaching Council Code of Professional Conduct for Teachers (Code) (2012) and explorations of selected ethical ‘case studies’ in teaching, using collaborative learning (CL) and role play strategies. The ‘ethical dilemma’ approach employed mirrored literature studies (Colenerud, 1997; Husu & Tiri, 2003; Klassen, 2002). Unique to the approach, however, was the method of application of selected classical and contemporary ethical philosophies to moral dilemmas in teaching. The programme was designed to include a one-hour introductory lecture on professionalism and ethics (from the perspectives of moral literacy and ethical theory) followed by a two-hour applied workshop. The workshop employed student-centred, active teaching and learning methods, specifically, collaborative learning, role play and case study analysis. Six ethical philosophical principles (or ‘lenses’) were integrated into programme delivery - teleology, deontology, virtue ethics, justice ethics, care ethics and relationality ethics. These lenses were applied to real-world teaching case studies. One cohort to which this training programme is offered annually is the student teachers on the Professional Master of Education (PME) programme in NUIG. The PME cohort (2015-2016) is the focus of the present study. The study sought a critical reflection on, and evaluation of, this training programme, from a student perspective. This study is phase one of a larger on-going study.

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Boshuijzen-van Burken, Christine, Shreyansh Singh e Bianca Baggiarini. "A feasibility study for inclusion of ethics and social issues in engineering and design coursework in Australia". In SEFI 50th Annual conference of The European Society for Engineering Education. Barcelona: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/conference-9788412322262.1404.

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This paper reports on a feasibility study on including ethics and social issues in the current curriculum of a school of engineering and information technology in an Australian university. The study has three goals: first, to understand the current status of inclusion of ethics and social issues in engineering courses. Second, to understand the willingness of staff within the school to include ethics and societal issues in their courses. Third, to understand the opportunities and challenges for inclusion of ethical and societal issues in the coursework. Our methods include interviews with school staff and subject matter experts as well as analyses of textual artifacts such as course outlines, course readings, student assignments, and accreditation reports. The analysis of textual artifacts runs partially via an automated text analyzer that search for words that have ethical connotation, such as safety, responsibility, privacy, harm, etcetera in the dataset of course materials. A manual (human) analysis of the coursework was done for those courses that give insufficient results in the automated text analyzer. We looked for opportunities to include ethics and societal issues in coursework. The conclusion is that there is general consensus amongst staff that ethics and societal issues deserve more attention in the school. At the same time, there is concern that including ethics and societal issues takes away valuable teaching time for technical material. There is preference for an integrated way of ethics teaching, rather than one seperate engineering ethics course.

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Rapporti di organizzazioni sul tema "War ethics"

Soller, Daniel E. Operational Ethics: Just War and Implications for Contemporary American Warfare. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, maggio 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada416030.

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Lewis, Dustin, a cura di. A Compilation of Materials Apparently Reflective of States’ Views on International Legal Issues pertaining to the Use of Algorithmic and Data-reliant Socio-technical Systems in Armed Conflict. Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict, dicembre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.54813/cawz3627.

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This document is a compilation of materials that at least appear to be reflective of one or more states’ views on international legal issues pertaining to the actual or possible use of algorithmic and data-reliant socio-technical systems in armed conflict. In September of 2018, the Harvard Law School Program on International Law and Armed Conflict (HLS PILAC) commenced a project titled “International Legal and Policy Dimensions of War Algorithms: Enduring and Emerging Concerns.”[1] The project builds on the program’s earlier research and policy initiative on war-algorithm accountability. A goal of the current project is to help strengthen international debate and inform policymaking on the ways that artificial intelligence and complex computer algorithms are transforming war, as well as how international legal and policy frameworks already govern, and might further regulate, the design, development, and use of those technologies. The project is financially supported by the Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence Fund. In creating this compilation, HLS PILAC seeks in part to provide a resource through which the positions of states with divergent positions on certain matters potentially of international public concern can be identified. Legal aspects of war technologies are more complex than some governments, scholars, and advocates allow. In the view of HLS PILAC, knowledge of the legal issues requires awareness of the multiple standpoints from which these arguments are fashioned. An assumption underlying how we approach these inquiries is that an assessment concerning international law in this area ought to take into account the perspectives of as many states (in addition to other relevant actors) as possible.

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Billing, Suzannah-Lynn, Shannon Anderson, Andrew Parker, Martin Eichhorn, Lindsay Louise Vare e Emily Thomson. Scottish Inshore Fisheries Integrated Data System (SIFIDS): work package 4 final report assessment of socio-economic and cultural characteristics of Scottish inshore fisheries. A cura di Mark James e Hannah Ladd-Jones. Marine Alliance for Science and Technology for Scotland (MASTS), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15664/10023.23450.

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[Extract from Executive Summary] The European Maritime and Fisheries Fund (EMFF) has funded the ‘Scottish Inshore Fisheries Integrated Data System’ (SIFIDS) project, which aims to integrate data collection and analysis for the Scottish inshore fishing industry. SIFIDS Work Package 4 was tasked with assessing the socio-economic and cultural characteristics of Scottish Inshore Fisheries. The aim was to develop replicable frameworks for collecting and analysing cultural data in combination with defining and analysing already available socio-economic datasets. An overview of the current available socio-economic data is presented and used to identify the data gaps. Primary socio-economic and cultural research was conducted to fill these gaps in order to capture complex cultural, social and economic relationships in a usable and useful manner. Some of the results from this Work Package will be incorporated into the platform that SIFIDS Work Package 6 is building. All primary research conducted within this work package followed the University of the Highlands and Islands (UHI) Research Ethics Framework and was granted Ethical Approval by the UHI Research Ethics Committee under code ETH895.

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BESTAEVA, E. HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECT OF THE ROLE AND IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN THE SYSTEM OF MODERN EDUCATION. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-13-4-3-14-18.

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The article examines the issues of ethics in the educational process in the historical and philosophical development. The main attention is focused on the transformations taking place in the field of economics, science and technology, the meaning and significance of education, which is aimed at the formation of a morally oriented personality, is being revised in a new way. The need for ethical knowledge comes to the fore in the modern educational process, which is aimed at the formation of moral values of the younger generation.

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Haertel, Kateryna. ECMI Minorities Blog. Ukraine’s National Minorities Trapped by the War: the Cases of Ethnic Greeks and Bulgarians. European Centre for Minority Issues, marzo 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/smlq2239.

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As the war against Ukraine erupted on 24 February 2022, national minorities found themselves among its first victims, both as individuals and communities characterized by unique knowledge, language, and culture. This piece looks into the immediate effects of the war on ethnic Greeks and Bulgarians, and potential lessons learned for the state of Ukraine and its minorities from these tragic events. Whereas ethnic Greeks strive for physical survival in a besieged city of Mariupol and its surroundings, ethnic Bulgarians have mobilized in support of refugees. Those situations highlight the role of minority community leaders in voicing support for the Ukrainian authorities and as facilitators of aid from kin-states, as well as turn minority civil society organizations (CSOs) into agents of change of nation-wide significance.

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HEFNER, Robert. IHSAN ETHICS AND POLITICAL REVITALIZATION Appreciating Muqtedar Khan’s Islam and Good Governance. IIIT, ottobre 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47816/01.001.20.

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Ours is an age of pervasive political turbulence, and the scale of the challenge requires new thinking on politics as well as public ethics for our world. In Western countries, the specter of Islamophobia, alt-right populism, along with racialized violence has shaken public confidence in long-secure assumptions rooted in democracy, diversity, and citizenship. The tragic denouement of so many of the Arab uprisings together with the ascendance of apocalyptic extremists like Daesh and Boko Haram have caused an even greater sense of alarm in large parts of the Muslim-majority world. It is against this backdrop that M.A. Muqtedar Khan has written a book of breathtaking range and ethical beauty. The author explores the history and sociology of the Muslim world, both classic and contemporary. He does so, however, not merely to chronicle the phases of its development, but to explore just why the message of compassion, mercy, and ethical beauty so prominent in the Quran and Sunna of the Prophet came over time to be displaced by a narrow legalism that emphasized jurisprudence, punishment, and social control. In the modern era, Western Orientalists and Islamists alike have pushed the juridification and interpretive reification of Islamic ethical traditions even further. Each group has asserted that the essence of Islam lies in jurisprudence (fiqh), and both have tended to imagine this legal heritage on the model of Western positive law, according to which law is authorized, codified, and enforced by a leviathan state. “Reification of Shariah and equating of Islam and Shariah has a rather emaciating effect on Islam,” Khan rightly argues. It leads its proponents to overlook “the depth and heights of Islamic faith, mysticism, philosophy or even emotions such as divine love (Muhabba)” (13). As the sociologist of Islamic law, Sami Zubaida, has similarly observed, in all these developments one sees evidence, not of a traditionalist reassertion of Muslim values, but a “triumph of Western models” of religion and state (Zubaida 2003:135). To counteract these impoverishing trends, Khan presents a far-reaching analysis that “seeks to move away from the now failed vision of Islamic states without demanding radical secularization” (2). He does so by positioning himself squarely within the ethical and mystical legacy of the Qur’an and traditions of the Prophet. As the book’s title makes clear, the key to this effort of religious recovery is “the cosmology of Ihsan and the worldview of Al-Tasawwuf, the science of Islamic mysticism” (1-2). For Islamist activists whose models of Islam have more to do with contemporary identity politics than a deep reading of Islamic traditions, Khan’s foregrounding of Ihsan may seem unfamiliar or baffling. But one of the many achievements of this book is the skill with which it plumbs the depth of scripture, classical commentaries, and tasawwuf practices to recover and confirm the ethic that lies at their heart. “The Quran promises that God is with those who do beautiful things,” the author reminds us (Khan 2019:1). The concept of Ihsan appears 191 times in 175 verses in the Quran (110). The concept is given its richest elaboration, Khan explains, in the famous hadith of the Angel Gabriel. This tradition recounts that when Gabriel appeared before the Prophet he asked, “What is Ihsan?” Both Gabriel’s question and the Prophet’s response make clear that Ihsan is an ideal at the center of the Qur’an and Sunna of the Prophet, and that it enjoins “perfection, goodness, to better, to do beautiful things and to do righteous deeds” (3). It is this cosmological ethic that Khan argues must be restored and implemented “to develop a political philosophy … that emphasizes love over law” (2). In its expansive exploration of Islamic ethics and civilization, Khan’s Islam and Good Governance will remind some readers of the late Shahab Ahmed’s remarkable book, What is Islam? The Importance of Being Islamic (Ahmed 2016). Both are works of impressive range and spiritual depth. But whereas Ahmed stood in the humanities wing of Islamic studies, Khan is an intellectual polymath who moves easily across the Islamic sciences, social theory, and comparative politics. He brings the full weight of his effort to conclusion with policy recommendations for how “to combine Sufism with political theory” (6), and to do so in a way that recommends specific “Islamic principles that encourage good governance, and politics in pursuit of goodness” (8).

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Lossovskyi, Ihor. ECMI Minorities Blog. How Moscow ‘Eliminates’ Its National Minorities in the War with Ukraine. European Centre for Minority Issues, ottobre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/kgpe6877.

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As Russia is increasingly losing its military personnel in the war with Ukraine, the Kremlin is trying to make up for these losses in every possible way. Following a period of covert partial mobilization, since 21 September 2022 Russia has launched a partial mobilization; both involved disproportionately the male population from remote underdeveloped regions with concentrated populations of national minorities, particularly from the Far East, North Caucasus, Buryatia, Khakassia etc., as well as from the occupied areas of Georgia, Ukrainian Donbas, and Crimea. Conscription is much less common in Russia’s large economically and socially developed cities, where the majority of the population is ethnic Russian. The number of representatives of the poorest national minorities from remote regions of Russia who were injured or killed during the war disproportionately exceeds the respective share of ethnic Russians who have suffered the same fate. Beyond the economic reasons for the increased participation of minorities in the war, this disproportionality raises questions as to the intentions of Putin’s regime in sending these populations - rather than the Russian majority – to the frontlines.

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Haertel, Kateryna. ECMI Minorities Blog. Ukraine’s National Minorities Trapped by the War: The Cases of Ethnic Romanians and Hungarians. European Centre for Minority Issues, maggio 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/cmxx5297.

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In this blog entry, the author continues looking into the effects of the war against Ukraine on its minority communities, by highlighting the cases of two minorities with traditional residence areas in the western part of the country - ethnic Romanians and Hungarians. The author concludes that both minorities, either through the engagement of their civil society, religious, and educational institutions or individuals, have become a well-integrated part of an overall civil society architecture in western Ukraine emerging during the war. Moreover, all-Ukrainian civic identity features prominently in relation to both communities.

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Haertel, Kateryna. ECMI Minorities Blog. National Minority Media and Work of Minority Journalists in the Time of the War of Aggression against Ukraine. European Centre for Minority Issues, ottobre 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53779/kjkj7575.

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In this blog post, the author examines the specifics of the work of minority media and minority journalists during the first six months of the war of aggression against Ukraine. The text is based on the author’s interviews with representatives of different types of minority media outlets – printed, digital, as well as the public broadcaster – operating in different regions of Ukraine. The key findings indicate a tendency towards scarcer reporting about the daily lives of ethnic communities and a more vulnerable situation for minority reporters, many of whom have fled abroad, of all media outlets scrutinized. Moreover, a significant decrease in broadcasting in minority languages through the public broadcaster is identified in one of the multi-ethnic regions.

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Bayles, William J. Moral and Ethical Considerations for Computer Network Attack As a Means of National Power in Time of War. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, aprile 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada376725.

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