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1
Massone, Leonardo M., Patricio Bonelli, René Lagos, Carl Lüders, Jack Moehle e John W. Wallace. "Seismic Design and Construction Practices for RC Structural Wall Buildings". Earthquake Spectra 28, n. 1_suppl1 (giugno 2012): 245–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000046.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Reinforced concrete buildings utilizing structural walls for lateral load resistance are the predominant form of construction in Chile for buildings over four stories. Typical buildings include a large number of walls, with ratios of wall cross-sectional area to floor plan area of roughly 3% in each principal direction. Based on the good performance of RC buildings in the March 1985 earthquake, requirements for closely spaced transverse reinforcement at wall boundaries were excluded when Chile adopted a new concrete code in 1996 based on ACI 318-95. In recent years, use of three-dimensional linear models along with modal response spectrum analysis has become common. Since 1985, nearly 10,000 new buildings have been permitted. Although the newer buildings have similar wall area to floor plan areas as older buildings, newer walls are thinner and buildings are taller, leading to significantly higher wall axial load ratios.
2
Day, Robert W. "Design and Construction of Cantilevered Retaining Walls". Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 2, n. 1 (febbraio 1997): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(1997)2:1(16).
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Khalili, Mitra, Sanaz Amindeldar e Houriye Mashhadibagher Moakhar. "Reusing Plastic Bottles in Energy-Saving Design and Construction". Advanced Materials Research 689 (maggio 2013): 316–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.689.316.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper investigates the use of irresolvable and permanent garbage in environment to build an energy saving wall in cold and hot climatic conditions. The wall is mainly constructed from plastic bottles which provide lightness. The bottles, filled with water to store solar energy, are confined between two walls and able to provide wall stability. Transparent twin wall poly carbonate sheets have been selected as the external surface in order to let the bottles receive solar energy. The inner layer is opaque and fire resistant. A tarpaulin with a reflective inner face is used to prevent heat loss during cold and heat conditions. As the empirical results of the built sample (45 * 65 cm) indicate, in cold season, the wall stores the solar energy during the day and transfers the heat indoors (by conduction) at nights, when the tarpaulin covers the exterior. In hot season, the tarpaulin protects the wall from sunlight during the day. At night the wall transfers the heat outdoors in the absence of the tarpaulin. A comparison of the alternative wall with similar kinds of contemporary construction walls addresses it considerably light.
4
Garga, Vinod K., e Vince O'Shaughnessy. "Tire-reinforced earthfill. Part 1: Construction of a test fill, performance, and retaining wall design". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 37, n. 1 (1 febbraio 2000): 75–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-084.
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The satisfactory disposal of scrap tires is a major environmental problem worldwide. This waste occupies valuable space in landfill sites, and tire stockpiles pose serious health and fire hazards. The use of scrap tires as reinforcement for construction of retaining walls and slopes is a viable method towards reduction of this waste. This paper describes the construction of a 57 m high × 17 m wide instrumented test fill, comprising both retaining wall and reinforced slope sections. Approximately 10 000 whole tires and tires with one sidewall removed, tied together with polypropylene rope, were used in both cohesionless and cohesive backfills. The testing program also included plate loading tests, field pull-out tests on tire mats, water-quality assessment in the field and laboratory, and other complementary laboratory testing. This first paper, in a series of three, demonstrates the practical feasibility of constructing reinforced earth fills using scrap tires. Results of large plate load tests and the field behaviour with particular reference to the design of the retaining wall sections are presented. The paper emphasizes the role of negative wall friction in increasing the active thrust when the retaining wall becomes more compressible than the backfill. Recommendations for the design of retaining walls using scrap tires are presented.Key words: scrap tires, earth reinforcement, retaining walls, reinforced slopes, plate load test, construction, performance.
5
Kacálek, Petr, e Tomáš Petříček. "The Structural Design of Wooden Solid Log Wall". MATEC Web of Conferences 279 (2019): 02015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927902015.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Alternative solutions to joints of outer wooden solid log walls are based on the current situation on the construction market, which reflects general change in attitude towards the environment. Apart from the evaluation of materials and products in accordance with technological and economic aspects, attention is paid to the effect of individual elements on the environment. This trend is reflected in construction practice by a comeback to original materials and expanding designs of residential buildings on the basis of easily renewable material resources, e.g. wood, which is relatively easily available and renewable construction material. When designing and constructing wooden buildings, it is necessary to take into account specific properties of wood (particularly volume changes), which need to be considered for solutions of individual details. Bed joints of wooden solid log walls are still a problematic detail in terms of thermal technology. It is a contact of two horizontal construction elements – beams, where maximum weakening of the wall thickness occurs. This spot is a relatively frequent place of a recurring thermal bridge during the wall construction. Analysis and improvement of this critical place of wooden houses, which has been more and more frequently built in the Czech Republic, would lead to their better evaluation in terms of heat-technical properties. The aim of the project was to design and examine adjusted variants of shape solutions of joints in between individual solid wooden elements. The project particularly focused on monitoring of surface temperatures in the areas of critical details – bed joints.
6
Kacálek, Petr, Radim Smolka e Tomáš Petříček. "Design Properties of Log Walls with Respect to Building Physics". Advanced Materials Research 1041 (ottobre 2014): 288–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1041.288.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The paper deals with the construction of walls of log wood houses of Canadian type in terms of thermal insulation, with the focus shifted onto the comparison of alternative structural solutions of such walls. The main aim of the research done was to assess the different Canadian type massive log wood walls, with various thermally insulating materials placed between the logs. The computer simulations of wall models were done in ANSYS software. Massive wooden walls unfortunately do hardly meet today's ever increasing requirements given for thermal resistance, heat conductivity and heat losses of a building, since the bed joints are weakened and also because of the thermal conductivity of wood itself. Thus, mainly the contact surface temperature was observed, which also became one of the evaluation factors describing the quality of construction.
7
Zhang, Qiao, e Nan Zheng. "Research and Engineering in the Design of Building Walls". Applied Mechanics and Materials 578-579 (luglio 2014): 527–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.578-579.527.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Modern building walls is no longer a decoration, a simple external maintenance of the structure, but more and more deeply into an organic part of the whole building and involved in the functional construction of the entire building. The impact on the safety and energy saving performance of the whole building has come to a crucial point. A height of 237.7m core tube frame structure actually works in Qingdao cited as an example and the design of high-performance curtain wall system is studied. Many considerations in choosing the design and construction aspects of wall materials,design methods are described in watertight, airtight, wind pressure, the safety and reliability of modern curtain wall project.
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Das, Prabir K., Anthony L. Ricci, Huang Ni e Paul Harrington. "Use of Soldier Pile–Tremie Concrete Slurry Walls as Permanent Tunnel Walls". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1541, n. 1 (gennaio 1996): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198196154100120.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The analysis and design of soldier pile–tremie concrete (SPTC) slurry walls for the Massachusetts Highway Department's (MHD) Central Artery/Tunnel (CA/T) Project in downtown Boston are discussed. Unlike most slurry walls, which are used as temporary support for excavation during construction, these SPTC walls are designed also as the permanent wall system for the tunnels. The CA/T includes more than 6.1 km (20,000 ft) of slurry walls. Most of the walls are designed and are to be constructed as SPTC walls. Steel wide-flange soldier piles are installed at 1.21- to 1.83-m (4- to 6-ft) spacings in a slurry trench, and the tremie concrete is placed to form the concrete wall. The steel wide-flange piles form the primary support system for the wall. In most of the locations, the concrete is designed to act as “lagging” spanning between the structural steel members. The concrete base slab is rigidly connected to the SPTC walls, and the composite roof is pin-connected to the walls to form the tunnel. The following topics are discussed after an introduction to the project: geotechnical conditions, design concept of the SPTC slurry walls, design consideration, underpinning of the existing Central Artery, and low head-room construction.
9
Han, Ze Guang, Xin Fang Song e Rui Qin Hao. "The Assembled Structure Analysis of Energy Conservation and Material Saving Unit Sheet Aluminum Curtain Wall". Advanced Materials Research 243-249 (maggio 2011): 6165–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.243-249.6165.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The joint between all plains in unit sheet aluminum curtain wall which is hanged on main body architecture is plugboard combination. The change of ambient temperature and wind load generates the change of expansion joints, which are the performance index of curtain wall required gas and water tightness, among curtain walls and suspension members. Thus obtained value of expansion joint among curtain walls is very important to guide the curtain wall’s installation. Here, an assemble structure model of curtain wall has firstly been established, the changing law of expansion joints among curtain walls has also been obtained under all kinds of work conditions based on previous model and the ANSYS software’s application. Some better suggestions have been also provided associating the construction technical specification. It can provide future protection for revised this technical specification, and accelerate the scientific normalization of the design in construction curtain wall.
10
Liu, Jin Sheng, e Shi Mei Liu. "Several Written Instructions of the Technical Regulation of Shot-Pier Shear Wall Structure Key Figures Construction". Advanced Materials Research 255-260 (maggio 2011): 747–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.255-260.747.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
As a new type of resist lateral force structure, short-pier shear wall structure has been widely used in high-rise and super-tall residential construction. However, at present, there isn’t a specifically targeted short-leg walls structure design and construction technical regulations both at home and abroad, which led to the architectural engineering design and construction market turmoil. By the prophase research of the short-leg walls structure seismic performance, and a great deal of experiments, combine with the latest research results at home and abroad, adopt the limit state design method based on probability theory, the paper clarifies the definition of short-leg walls, and analyzes the calculation method of section load-carrying capacity for earthquake combination and no-earthquake combination, which has certain directive significance and engineering application for the design and construction of high-rise residential buildings.
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Grkovic, Vladan, Milan Kolarevic, Miomir Vukicevic e Miso Bjelic. "Automatic configuration of modular vault walls". Facta universitatis - series: Architecture and Civil Engineering 10, n. 3 (2012): 291–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuace1203291g.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Products such as modular partition walls of vault rooms (with or without vault doors) are made at the request of the client who chooses the safety degree and provides the available dimensions of the wall that should be made. Modular construction of vault walls is the system of construction of industrially made elements which are composed in situ, which allows design of products adjusted to individual requirements of clients. Since the vault wall modules repeat in every new project and since they differ only by their number and dimensions, the use of modern CA (Computer Aided) tools and the possibility of application of parameter and variant design shorten design time and eliminate possible errors in the process of design of modular vault walls, which reduces the costs of production and increases the level of product quality. The paper presents the procedure for calculation of parameters of parts, modules and the entire vault wall in Microsoft Excel based on which the 3D model of a modular vault wall is automatically configured and developed in software package Autodesk Inventor.
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Eusuf, Muhammad Abu, Khairuddin Abdur Rashid, Wira Mohd Noor e Abdullah Al Hasan. "Shear Wall Construction in Buildings: A Conceptual Framework on the Aspect of Analysis and Design". Applied Mechanics and Materials 268-270 (dicembre 2012): 706–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.268-270.706.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study describes the analysis and design process of shear wall construction, which is applied in various types of building construction. Shear walls resist lateral forces viz. earthquake force and wind force for high-rise structure and gravity load for all type of structure. Besides, Buildings with cast-in-situ reinforced concrete shear walls are widely used in earthquake-prone area and regions in the world. Research methods were confined to library research and employed software for analysis. The analytical accuracy of complex shear wall system have always been of concern to the civil and structural Engineering system. The software of this system is performed on the platform of modelling and then, the system models are usually idealized as line elements instead of continuum elements. Single walls are modelled as cantilevers and walls with openings are modelled as pier/ spandrel systems. In order to find the stiffness, the simple systems models can provide reasonable results. It has always been accepted that a scale based model in the FEM is exact and justifiable.
13
Wen, Hua, Jiu-jiang Wu, Jiao-li Zou, Xin Luo, Min Zhang e Chengzhuang Gu. "Model Tests on the Retaining Walls Constructed from Geobags Filled with Construction Waste". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4971312.
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Geobag retaining wall using construction waste is a new flexible supporting structure, and the usage of construction waste to fill geobags can facilitate the construction recycling. In this paper, model tests were performed on geobag retaining wall using construction waste. The investigation was concentrated on the slope top settlement, the distribution characteristics of the earth pressures on retaining walls and horizontal wall displacements, and slope failure modes. The results indicated that the ultimate loads that the slope tops with retaining walls could bear were 87.5%~125% higher than that of the slope top without retaining walls. The ultimate loading of strengthened slopes with different slope ratios from 1 : 0.75 to 1 : 0.25 could be reduced by 11.8% to 29.4%. The horizontal displacements of the retaining walls constructed from geobags were distributed in a drum shape, with the greatest horizontal displacements occurring about 1/3~1/2 of the wall height away from the bottom of the wall. As the slope ratio increased, the failure of the slope soil supported by geobag retaining wall using construction waste changed from sliding to sliding-toppling (dominated by sliding) and then to toppling-sliding (dominated by toppling). The range of 1/3~1/2 of wall height is the weak part of the retaining walls, which should be strengthened with certain measures during the process of design and construction.
14
Bellová, Maria. "Fire Walls Made from Concrete and Masonry - Barriers against a Fire Spreading". Key Engineering Materials 691 (maggio 2016): 408–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.691.408.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Fire exposure of a construction represents an accidental load (temporary with a high intensity) and it´s appearance during service life of the construction is improbable. All structural eurocodes, which deal with the normal temperature (20°C) design of structures made from loadbearing materials (steel, steel and concrete composite, concrete, masonry and timber), include always Part 1-2: Structural fire design. Concrete, similar to the masonry, has (in comparison with other construction materials such as steel and timber), an excellent resistance against fire exposure. This is why both of these materials are used for construction of fire walls, which create barriers against the fire spreading. Fire walls separate two spaces and they are designed for fire resistance and structural stability, including resistance to mechanical impact. In the case of fire and failure of the structure on one side of the fire wall, fire spread beyond the wall is avoided. Properties of concrete and masonry walls, subject to fire exposure, are however negatively influenced. Concrete compressive strength is reduced depending on the aggregate choice. The strength of reinforcing bars is also reduced at elevated temperature, by an amount which strongly depends on the axis distance of the reinforcing bars from an edge of a cross section, too. The behaviour of a masonry wall depends on a masonry unit type and material, type of the mortar, the density of units, type of the wall construction, and applied surface finishes. In the present article we discuss basic principles of the design and assessment of various concrete and masonry fire walls and compare their effect - fire resistance period – depending on their thickness.
15
Zavala, Carlos, Patricia Gibu, Luis Lavado, Jenny Taira, Lourdes Cardenas e Luis Ceferino. "Cyclic Behavior of Low Ductility Walls Considering Perpendicular Action". Journal of Disaster Research 8, n. 2 (1 marzo 2013): 312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2013.p0312.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Low ductility wall buildings became part of the Peruvian construction boom in the first decade of the 21st century. Through government promotion under the “Mi Vivienda” (“My house”) program, the construction of low rise buildings of 5 stories using walls with wire mesh reinforcement, provided a partially solution of an apartment deficit, at reasonable cost. The heights of buildings started to grow, reaching 12 to 16 stories. In the design of these walls, provisions recommend walls corners confinement, because the action of the walls ensemble provide limited ductility under seismic behavior. A comparison of H-shaped wall with one-plane wall is presented in this paper. Here, an experimental test has been performed by a cyclic loading test considering the action of a constant axial load of 40 kN, where the elastic stiffness of H-shaped wall is higher than that of a one-plane wall. Also resistant of the H-shaped wall increases, but ductility in both walls remains similar.
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INAZUMI, Shinya, Masatomo YOKITA, Makoto KIMURA, Masashi KAMON e Yoshikazu NISHIYAMA. "Design evaluation and construction for cutoff walls considering environmental impacts". Journal of Construction Management, JSCE 14 (2007): 13–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/procm.14.13.
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D'Andrea, Robert, e Robert W. Day. "Discussion and Closure: Design and Construction of Cantilevered Retaining Walls". Practice Periodical on Structural Design and Construction 3, n. 2 (maggio 1998): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0680(1998)3:2(87).
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Harries, K. A., D. Mitchell, R. G. Redwood e W. D. Cook. "Seismic design of coupled walls - a case for mixed construction". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 24, n. 3 (1 giugno 1997): 448–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-130.
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Kopyłow, Ołeksij. "Ventilated façade systems. Design and workmanship faults affecting the functionality and safe use". MATEC Web of Conferences 284 (2019): 02004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201928402004.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Ventilated facade systems are increasingly used in modern construction industry. It is connected with a wide range of available wall claddings which allow to create distinctive architectural buildings (ventilated facade system made of fiber cement sheets won the prestigious European Prize for Urban Public Space 2016). If constructed properly, the ventilated facade systems have a positive effect on thermal insulation properties of building walls. With an increasing interest in this type of facade solutions, one can also notice an increased number of problems with the quality of the design documentation and construction works which affect the safe use of the building, thermal insulation properties of partition walls, the comfort of use. The paper presents basic faults found in the design and workmanship of the ventilated facade systems.
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Wu, Guoxi, e WD Liam Finn. "Seismic lateral pressures for design of rigid walls". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36, n. 3 (25 ottobre 1999): 509–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t99-013.
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Design charts for seismic pressures against rigid walls subjected to horizontal earthquake shaking are presented for both uniform and nonuniform backfills. Solutions are based on a simplified model of soil response which gives results that agree almost exactly with rigorous solutions. Peak seismic thrusts are presented for three different soil profiles. For each profile, 250 combinations of ground accelerations and distributions of soil shear moduli with depth are analysed to provide data points of peak seismic thrust ratios for the construction of design envelopes. The seismic thrust ratios for design are presented as a function of the ratio of the predominant frequency of the earthquake motion and the fundamental frequency of the wall-soil system. An approximate method is given for evaluating the latter frequency without a full analysis.Key words: rigid walls, seismic lateral pressures, design lateral pressures.
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Gofar, Nurly, e Hanafiah. "Contribution of suction on the stability of reinforced-soil retaining wall". MATEC Web of Conferences 195 (2018): 03004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819503004.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Existing design methods of a reinforced-soil retaining wall were established for walls with cohesionless soil backfill. However, local soil has been used widely in the construction of such a wall for economic reasons. Laboratory and numerical studies have pointed out the merit of using cohesive backfill in association with geosynthetic reinforcement. Since the compacted soil was in an unsaturated condition during the construction of the reinforced wall, the apparent cohesion derived from both soil mineralogy and suction could contribute to the stability of the wall. This paper considers methods to include the suction contribution to the existing design guidelines based on slope stability analysis, i.e. simplified method and simplified stiffness method. The analyses were carried out on a case study of geosynthetics reinforced soil retaining wall. Results show that the contribution of suction as part of cohesion existing in the cohesive backfill could be considered for the stability analysis of reinforced soil retaining walls using the available design guidelines.
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Santos, Francielle, Lívia Agostinho, Lissa Araújo, Luiz Augusto Aidar, Ana Beatriz Piña e Michele Carvalho. "Labor Productivity Improvement Obtained by Masonry Walls Project Design Implementation". Journal of Engineering, Project, and Production Management 10, n. 3 (1 settembre 2020): 200–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jeppm-2020-0022.
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AbstractThis paper aims to quantify the labor productivity improvement reached by the implementation of a masonry wall project design to guide field construction. A masonry wall project design is an instrument of rationalization, developed to specify the layout and steps of a masonry walls execution. The methodology is of quantitative nature and involves a practical case. The work of an enterprise in Goiânia (Brazil) was tracked by the collection of productivity data, firstly of a crew that didn’t have access to a masonry wall project design, and then of a crew that had access to the project. The evaluation of the productivity improvement was processed by means of statistical analysis, such as location and dispersion measures, average and variance, T-test, and F-value. Hypothesis tests were also performed to prove that the changes in productivity were caused by the implementation of the masonry project. The results showed that the project deployment optimized the production process in the field. There was a 26% increase in the team average productivity with access to the project design according to the hypothesis tests. The main contribution of this work is to present the beneficial impact of a masonry wall project design tailored for field construction, which allows a formal and rational approach to a heavily artisanal technique.
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Stawiski, Bohdan. "Design And Construction Problems Connected With Ensuring Even Thermal Insulation Of Single-Layer Walls". Civil And Environmental Engineering Reports 18, n. 3 (1 settembre 2015): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ceer-2015-0044.
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Abstract The design of single-layer walls appears to be extremely simple. In the opinion of many designers, the additional insulation of tie beams and balconies continues to solve all problems. However, tests on single-layer walls show that the expressed opinion is not valid. The study quotes the results of tests on single-layer walls with strong signs of freezing. The conducted analysis of the design solution and calculation of the fRsi temperature factor on the internal surface and its comparison with fRsi determined empirically enabled reasons behind failure in the construction of the tested walls to be identified. The study presents problems connected with ensuring uniformity of the temperature field in walls, possibilities for detecting areas susceptible to the development of mold, and protection of partitions from the occurrence of this phenomenon by performing appropriate repair works preceding necessary renovations of the building which takes place after the occurrence of mold on walls and ceilings.
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Giuffrida, Giada, Maurizio Detommaso, Francesco Nocera e Rosa Caponetto. "Design Optimisation Strategies for Solid Rammed Earth Walls in Mediterranean Climates". Energies 14, n. 2 (8 gennaio 2021): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020325.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The renewed attention paid to raw earth construction in recent decades is linked to its undoubted sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and low embodied energy. In Italy, the use of raw earth as a construction material is limited by the lack of a technical reference standard and is penalised by the current energy legislation for its massive behaviour. Research experiences, especially transoceanic, on highly performative contemporary buildings made with natural materials show that raw earth can be used, together with different types of reinforcements, to create safe, earthquake-resistant, and thermally efficient buildings. On the basis of experimental data of an innovative fibre-reinforced rammed earth material, energy analyses are developed on a rammed earth building designed for a Mediterranean climate. The paper focuses on the influences that different design solutions, inspired by traditional bioclimatic strategies, and various optimised wall constructions have in the improvement of the energy performance of the abovementioned building. These considerations are furthermore compared with different design criteria aiming at minimising embodied carbon in base material choice, costs, and discomfort hours. Results have shown the effectiveness of using the combination of massive rammed earth walls, night cross ventilation, and overhangs for the reduction of energy demand for space cooling and the improvement of wellbeing. Finally, the parametric analysis of thermal insulation has highlighted the economic, environmental, and thermophysical optimal solutions for the rammed earth envelope.
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Giuffrida, Giada, Maurizio Detommaso, Francesco Nocera e Rosa Caponetto. "Design Optimisation Strategies for Solid Rammed Earth Walls in Mediterranean Climates". Energies 14, n. 2 (8 gennaio 2021): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020325.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The renewed attention paid to raw earth construction in recent decades is linked to its undoubted sustainability, cost-effectiveness, and low embodied energy. In Italy, the use of raw earth as a construction material is limited by the lack of a technical reference standard and is penalised by the current energy legislation for its massive behaviour. Research experiences, especially transoceanic, on highly performative contemporary buildings made with natural materials show that raw earth can be used, together with different types of reinforcements, to create safe, earthquake-resistant, and thermally efficient buildings. On the basis of experimental data of an innovative fibre-reinforced rammed earth material, energy analyses are developed on a rammed earth building designed for a Mediterranean climate. The paper focuses on the influences that different design solutions, inspired by traditional bioclimatic strategies, and various optimised wall constructions have in the improvement of the energy performance of the abovementioned building. These considerations are furthermore compared with different design criteria aiming at minimising embodied carbon in base material choice, costs, and discomfort hours. Results have shown the effectiveness of using the combination of massive rammed earth walls, night cross ventilation, and overhangs for the reduction of energy demand for space cooling and the improvement of wellbeing. Finally, the parametric analysis of thermal insulation has highlighted the economic, environmental, and thermophysical optimal solutions for the rammed earth envelope.
26
Yang, Xinlei, e Hailiang Wang. "Seismic Behavior of Rammed Earth Walls with Precast Concrete Tie Columns". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9739853.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Rammed earth (RE) constructions are widespread in underdeveloped rural areas in developing countries. However, these RE constructions are often susceptible to earthquake damage due to their poor seismic performance. Precast concrete tie columns and ring beam (tie bars) were proposed to improve the seismic behavior of RE constructions. Four RE walls, including a traditional RE wall and three RE walls with precast concrete tie columns and ring beam (tie bars), were tested under reversed cyclic loading, and the seismic behavior of these tested specimens was evaluated in terms of failure pattern, energy dissipation, displacement ductility, and stiffness degradation. The results showed that a significant increase of the load-bearing and deformation capacity could be achieved with the application of precast concrete tie columns in combination with RE. The load-bearing capacity and deformation capacity of traditional RE wall were increased by an average of 113% and 417%, respectively. These test results could provide reference to the design and construction of the environmental-friendly structures in rural areas.
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Bewick, Bryan, Casey O'Laughlin e Eric Williamson. "Simplified Methods for Improving the Blast Resistance of Cold-Formed Steel Walls". Applied Mechanics and Materials 82 (luglio 2011): 515–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.82.515.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In recent years, cold-formed steel stud walls have become an attractive alternative to wood stud walls. Relative to wood, cold-formed steel is highly ductile, sustainable, and unaffected by insects, mold or rot. Research has demonstrated that cold-formed steel stud walls can perform well when subjected to large blast threats, but such performance has depended upon specially designed fasteners that are expensive to manufacture and require experienced workers to install properly. Despite the potential performance of these types of wall systems when specialized fasteners are used, current U.S. Department of Defense design guidelines for conventionally constructed steel stud walls use acceptability criteria that are much more conservative than wood stud walls due to the lack of data available. Thus, the goal of the current research effort is to develop techniques for mitigating large blast threats acting against steel stud walls using conventional construction methods and materials. The research includes controlled laboratory tests that are intended to identify the various failure mechanisms that can occur for different combinations of wall system parameters. Variables considered in the testing program include stud and track section properties, stud-to-track connection details, stud orientation and wall layout, and sheathing system properties. Based on the results obtained from the testing program and supporting analyses, the most promising wall system designs will be identified, and design guidance will be developed. Final designs will be tested under actual blast loads to verify performance and to ensure that wall systems behave as desired.
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Moayyeri, Neda, Sadjad Gharehbaghi e Vagelis Plevris. "Cost-Based Optimum Design of Reinforced Concrete Retaining Walls Considering Different Methods of Bearing Capacity Computation". Mathematics 7, n. 12 (12 dicembre 2019): 1232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math7121232.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper investigates the effect of computing the bearing capacity through different methods on the optimum construction cost of reinforced concrete retaining walls (RCRWs). Three well-known methods of Meyerhof, Hansen, and Vesic are used for the computation of the bearing capacity. In order to model and design the RCRWs, a code is developed in MATLAB. To reach a design with minimum construction cost, the design procedure is structured in the framework of an optimization problem in which the initial construction cost of the RCRW is the objective function to be minimized. The design criteria (both geotechnical and structural limitations) are considered constraints of the optimization problem. The geometrical dimensions of the wall and the amount of steel reinforcement are used as the design variables. To find the optimum solution, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is employed. Three numerical examples with different wall heights are used to capture the effect of using different methods of bearing capacity on the optimal construction cost of the RCRWs. The results demonstrate that, in most cases, the final design based on the Meyerhof method corresponds to a lower construction cost. The research findings also reveal that the difference among the optimum costs of the methods is decreased by increasing the wall height.
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Yakovchuk, R., A. Kuzyk, O. Yemelyanenko, T. Skorobagatko e O. Dobrostan. "ANALYSIS OF FIRE-FIGHTING MEASURES IN CONSTRUCTION OF EXTERIOR WALLS FIT WITH FAÇADE HEAT INSULATION AND FINISHED WITH PLASTER". Scientific bulletin: Сivil protection and fire safety 1, n. 2 (18 febbraio 2020): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33269/nvcz.2019.2.67-73.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The purpose of the work is to analyze fire prevention measures in structures of external walls with facade thermal insulation and plastering, as well as to analyze the features of their arrangement, taking into account the experience of neighboring countries. The application of exterior wall designs with facade thermal insulation with plaster finish, as well as problems related to their fire hazard, are substantiated. The works are analyzed to investigate the problems of fire safety of exterior wall structures with facade thermal insulation and plastering, as well as hinged facade systems. The types, design features, purpose and functions of fire belts and framing of window (door) openings made of non-combustible materials, which are arranged in exterior wall designs with facade thermal insulation and plaster finish, are considered and analyzed. The role of floor fire belts and the framing of window (door) openings made of non-combustible mineral wool boards have been established.
It is concluded that the use of structures of the exterior walls of residential buildings with facade thermal insulation with a combustible insulation and plastering significantly increases their level of fire danger. This danger will depend both on the properties of the individual materials (in particular the insulation), and on the design features of the entire thermal insulation system and the building as a whole. For plaster systems of thermal insulation of facades, the rapid spread of fire on the higher and lower floors of the building is a big threat. Frequent causes of fire of thermal insulation systems of external walls is the tipping of fire from a window opening of a building as a result of intense fire indoors. Materials of decorative and protective finishing of walls should meet requirements of normative documents on designs of external walls with facade thermal insulation and plaster finish, and their constructive execution will depend on the height of the building and functional purpose of the object. Fire-fighting measures, foreseeing in the construction of exterior walls with facade thermal insulation and plastering, intended to ensure their fire safety during the time necessary for the safe evacuation of people from the building, the arrival of units of fire and rescue units and extending the fire throughout its distribution.
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Ahn, Kwangkuk, e Hongsig Kang. "Behavior of Reinforced Retaining Walls with Different Reinforcement Spacing during Vehicle Collisions". Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/920628.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Accidents involving vehicles crashing into reinforced retaining walls are increasing because of the increased construction of reinforced retaining walls on roads. Unlike a normal retaining wall, a reinforced retaining wall is not one united body but is made up of blocks. Hence, a reinforced wall can break down when a vehicle crashes into it. The behavior of such a wall during vehicle collision depends upon the reinforcement material used for its construction, its design, and the method of the construction. In this study, the behavior of a reinforced retaining wall was analyzed while changing the reinforcement spacing using LS-DYNA, a general finite-element program. Eight tons of truck weight was used for the numerical analysis model. The behavior of a reinforced retaining wall under variable reinforcement spacing and positioning was analyzed. The results indicated that the reinforcement material was an important resistance factor against external collision load.
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Flood, Cormac, e Lloyd Scott. "Thermal analysis and post construction verification". International Journal of Building Pathology and Adaptation 38, n. 1 (26 luglio 2019): 51–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijbpa-12-2018-0098.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Purpose The residential sector in Ireland accounted for 25 per cent of energy related CO2 emissions in 2016 through burning fossil fuels, a major contributor to climate change. In support of Ireland’s CO2 reduction targets, the existing housing stock could contribute greatly to the reduction of space-heating energy demand through retrofit. Approximately 50 per cent of Ireland’s 2m dwellings pre-date building regulations and are predominantly of cavity and solid wall construction, the performance of which has not been extensively investigated at present. Although commitment to thermal upgrade/retrofit of existing buildings may increase under future government policies, the poor characterisation of actual thermal performance of external walls may hinder the realisation of these targets. Thermal transmittance (U-values) of exterior walls represents a source of uncertainty when estimating the energy performance of dwellings. It has been noted in research that the standard calculation methodology for thermal transmittance should be improved. Implementing current U-value calculation methods may result in misguided retrofit strategies due to the considerable discrepancies between in situ measurements and calculated wall U-values as documented in the case studies carried out in this research. If the method of hygrothermal analysis were to be employed as a replacement for the current standard calculation, it could have significant implications for policy and retrofit decision making. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach This research project analysed a case study situated in Dublin, Ireland. The case studies offer an account of the in situ thermal transmittance of exterior walls and link these to hygrothermally simulated comparisons along with more traditional design U-values. Findings The findings of this research identify discrepancies between in situ and design U-values, using measurement, hygrothermal simulation and standard method U-value calculations. The outcomes of the research serve as an introduction to issues emanating from a larger research project in order to encourage researchers to understand and further explore the topic. Originality/value It has previously been highlighted that moisture content is linked to the increase in thermal conductivity of building materials, thus reducing the thermal effectiveness and increasing the elemental U-value. Therefore, it is vital to implement reliable prediction tools to assess potential thermal performance values. This paper presents the findings of a critical instance case study in Dublin, Ireland in which an existing west facing external wall in a semi-detached dwelling was analysed, simulated and measured to verify the elemental wall assembly and quantify thermal transmittance (U-value) incorporating the major criteria required for building performance simulation.
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Cudequest, Brandon. "Operable walls: where the rubber meets the mullion". INTER-NOISE and NOISE-CON Congress and Conference Proceedings 263, n. 1 (1 agosto 2021): 5000–5011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3397/in-2021-2917.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
The architecture that surrounds an operable wall often determines its acoustical success. There are standard guides for detailing operable walls; however, these offer a rigid take on design aesthetics. Abstracting these principles into general goals, the designer can accommodate a variety of architectural styles. The surrounding construction should act as a safety net by providing labyrinths when seals fail or by blocking problematic flanking paths. The architecture should also ease system operation allowing users to deploy the operable wall with minimal fail rate. This paper compares several off-the-shelf and custom systems, highlighting the importance of construction details and coordination and their impact on the installed product performance. The architecture can only support these systems to a degree and the designer should select an operable system that works within the given conditions. By comparing design trends in operable walls from an acoustical consultant standpoint, this paper will spotlight architecturally harmonious systems as well as several system features to be aware of when evaluating options.
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Talatahari, S., R. Sheikholeslami, M. Shadfaran e M. Pourbaba. "Optimum Design of Gravity Retaining Walls Using Charged System Search Algorithm". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/301628.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This study focuses on the optimum design retaining walls, as one of the familiar types of the retaining walls which may be constructed of stone masonry, unreinforced concrete, or reinforced concrete. The material cost is one of the major factors in the construction of gravity retaining walls therefore, minimizing the weight or volume of these systems can reduce the cost. To obtain an optimal seismic design of such structures, this paper proposes a method based on a novel meta-heuristic algorithm. The algorithm is inspired by the Coulomb's and Gauss’s laws of electrostatics in physics, and it is called charged system search (CSS). In order to evaluate the efficiency of this algorithm, an example is utilized. Comparing the results of the retaining wall designs obtained by the other methods illustrates a good performance of the CSS. In this paper, we used the Mononobe-Okabe method which is one of the pseudostatic approaches to determine the dynamic earth pressure.
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Hayashi, Ralph M. "BEACHWALLS FOR BEACH EROSION PROTECTION". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n. 20 (29 gennaio 1986): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v20.140.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Many shoreline property owner protect the beaches from erosion walls. In many situations, these sea increase in beach erosion forcing, adjoining properties to construct their shoreline. The construction o causes erosion on the adjacent prop more often than not, where beach construction of sea walls in addi erosion to adjacent property has cause of the beaches. s, in an effort to have constructed sea walls have caused an by "domino effect", sea walls to protect f a sea wall often erty. Unfortunately, s once existed, the tion to causing beach ed the disappearance Because of the concern for the eroding beaches and the proliferation of sea walls, the design of a "beachwall" was proposed over four years ago by the author. Several of these beachwalls have been constructed, and the beaches fronting these structures have thus far been preserved or restored.
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Cunningham, Lee, e Anthony Burgess. "Design and construction of the tower headland wave walls, Blackpool, UK". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Civil Engineering 165, n. 4 (novembre 2012): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/cien.12.00007.
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Bathurst, Richard J., Nicholas Vlachopoulos, Dave L. Walters, Peter G. Burgess e Tony M. Allen. "The influence of facing stiffness on the performance of two geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining walls". Canadian Geotechnical Journal 43, n. 12 (1 dicembre 2006): 1225–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t06-076.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Current limit equilibrium-based design methods for the internal stability design of geosynthetic reinforced soil walls in North America are based on the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) Simplified Method. A deficiency of this approach is that the influence of the facing type on reinforcement loads is not considered. This paper reports the results of two instrumented full-scale walls constructed in a large test facility at the Royal Military College of Canada. The walls were nominally identical except one wall was constructed with a stiff face and the other with a flexible wrapped face. The peak reinforcement loads in the flexible wall were about three and a half times greater than the stiff-face wall at the end of construction and about two times greater at the end of surcharging. The stiff-face wall analysis using the Simplified Method gave a maximum reinforcement load value that was one and a half times greater than the measured value at the end of construction. Furthermore, the surcharge pressure required to reach the creep-limited strength of the reinforcement was about two times greater than the predicted value. The results demonstrate quantitatively that a stiff facing in a reinforced soil wall is a structural component that can lead to significant reductions in reinforcement loads compared to flexible facing systems.Key words: geosynthetics, retaining walls, reinforced soil, wrapped face, structural facings.
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Paulay, Thomas. "The Design of Ductile Reinforced Concrete Structural Walls for Earthquake Resistance". Earthquake Spectra 2, n. 4 (ottobre 1986): 783–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1585411.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In the design of reinforced concrete multistorey buildings, in which lateral load resistance has been assigned to structural walls, the emphasis should be on a rational strategy in the positioning of walls and the establishment of a hierarchy in the development of strengths to ensure that in the event of a very large earthquake brittle failure will not occur. The preferred mode of energy dissipation should be flexure in a predictable region. Therefore failures due to diagonal tension or compression, crushing of concrete in compression, sliding along construction joints, instability of wall elements or reinforcing bars and breakdown of anchorages should be suppressed. These aims may be achieved with the application of a deterministic design philosophy and they necessitate special detailing and dimensioning of potentially plastic regions of walls. In several areas differences exist between code provisions and practices in the United States and New Zealand.
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Wallace, John W., Leonardo M. Massone, Patricio Bonelli, Jeff Dragovich, René Lagos, Carl Lüders e Jack Moehle. "Damage and Implications for Seismic Design of RC Structural Wall Buildings". Earthquake Spectra 28, n. 1_suppl1 (giugno 2012): 281–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.4000047.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
In 1996, Chile adopted NCh433.Of96, which includes seismic design approaches similar to those used in ASCE 7-10 (2010) and a concrete code based on ACI 318-95 (1995) . Since reinforced concrete buildings are the predominant form of construction in Chile for buildings over four stories, the 27 February 2010 earthquake provides an excellent opportunity to assess the performance of reinforced concrete buildings designed using modern codes similar to those used in the United States. A description of observed damage is provided and correlated with a number of factors, including relatively high levels of wall axial load, the lack of well-detailed wall boundaries, and the common usage of flanged walls. Based on a detailed assessment of these issues, potential updates to U.S. codes and recommendations are suggested related to design and detailing of special reinforced concrete shear walls.
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Fragomeni, S., e P. A. Mendis. "Applicability of Current ACI318 Wall Design Formula for High Strength Concrete Walls". Advances in Structural Engineering 2, n. 2 (aprile 1999): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/136943329900200203.
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Fu, Jun, Tao Tao Fan e Xiu Shan Wang. "Engineering Application of New Wall Materials Anti-Cracking and Anti-Leakage Performance Summary of Several Experiments and Analysis". Applied Mechanics and Materials 405-408 (settembre 2013): 2351–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.405-408.2351.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
New wall materials are widely used in the construction industry, which have green environmental protection. But the cracking and leakage wall causes the building function decline, heat preservation and insulation failure, which hinder its comprehensive promotion. Some regularities and conclusions had been got through several researches on the engineering application of new walls anti-cracking and anti-leakage performance. Researches are based on many aspects, such as design calculations, structural measures and detecting techniques. The summary in this paper includes: material crack propagation mechanism, experimental investigation of shrinkage of concrete brick walls at different ages, new walls in-field test of surface permeability, image processing of wall crack etc.
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Qiu, Gang, e Xin Sheng Ge. "The Research of the Governance of Instability Retaining Wall". Advanced Materials Research 1065-1069 (dicembre 2014): 85–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1065-1069.85.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
According to retaining walls of joint construction buildings and office building of the mine of three yuan weizi town, outdoor pavement reinforcement of engineering practice, introduced the design parameters and construction process of the high-pressure jet grouting pile, soil nail wall and drilling grouting, the results showed that reinforcement scheme is reasonable and feasible, there is reference to other similar projects.
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Karantoni, Fillitsa V., e Dimitris N. Sarantitis. "Interventions to Structural System of Masonry Buildings and their Effects to their Seismic Response". Open Construction and Building Technology Journal 13, n. 1 (30 gennaio 2019): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874836801913010099.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Background: Preservation of listed buildings, depending on the importance of each one, requires the conservation of the whole structure or of only the external walls, often called shell of the building, or even only of the façade. In the latter cases, although the new structure is studied to undergo the applied loads according to the codes in force, less research is made to study the response of the remaining structure under seismic loads. Objective: The response of unreinforced masonry (URM) structures with alterations of the original load bearing system to strong ground motions is studied in the present paper. Commonly used radical interventions comprise the addition of a steel or reinforced concrete frame in the interior of the structure after removal of interior load bearing or/and dividing walls. The embedded substructure is designed to support the functional loads of the building and commensurate seismic design forces associated with its mass. In this setting, perimeter walls are relieved of any bearing action apart from resisting the state of stress associated with their self-weight. An important design decision is the extent of contact and interaction that is allowed to occur between the perimeter URM walls and the interior structural system; both options present advantages and disadvantages. Methods: The effect that this design option has on the seismic response of the composite system is studied in this paper using linear elastic finite element analysis. The effect of each intervention is estimated by comparing the principal tensile stresses (pts) developed on the walls before and after each intervention as well as the percentage of the wall areas in elevation where the pts are higher than tensile strength of masonry. Results: It is found that connection of the frame to the masonry walls at several points around the floor and roof perimeters creates a diaphragm action that effectively reduces the out-of-plane bending of the self-standing perimeter URM walls without excessive local stress intensities and increases the shear strength of the building. Lack of contact between the old and new load bearing elements leads to higher intensity stresses due to bending and only the addition of a reinforced concrete tie belt at the top of the walls may mitigate serious damage. Conclusions: The cooperation of the Moment Resisting Frames, irrespective of the material of the frame (reinforced concrete or structural steel) and the walls by connecting the perimeter structural walls with it at floor and roof levels, is more efficient to the stress state of the walls transforming the critical out-of-plane bending of later to shear one, preventing them from out-of-plane collapse.
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Dinehart, David W., Harry W. Shenton e Timothy E. Elliott. "The Dynamic Response of Wood-Frame Shear Walls with Viscoelastic Dampers". Earthquake Spectra 15, n. 1 (febbraio 1999): 67–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1586029.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Results are presented of an experimental investigation, the objectives of which were to evaluate and compare the performance of conventional plywood shear walls with walls that include viscoelastic (VE) dampers. Cyclic tests were conducted on conventional walls and walls with VE dampers; five different damper configurations were tested. The walls with the VE dampers showed an increase in the total energy dissipation and an increase in the effective stiffness, relative to the conventional wall, with increases in energy dissipation as high as 59 percent. Tests demonstrated that the sheathing-to-stud and corner dampers can easily be installed within the confines of the wall and can be utilized without impacting the design, construction, or finishing of the shear wall. The results demonstrate that addition of the viscoelastic dampers significantly enhanced the dynamic performance of the walls by increasing the energy dissipation capacity and providing a constant source of energy dissipation.
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Lissel, S. L., N. G. Shrive e J. Gilliland. "Design of carbon fibre reinforced polymer post-tensioned masonry diaphragm retaining walls". Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 32, n. 3 (1 giugno 2005): 579–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l05-008.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Two masonry diaphragm retaining walls were constructed on the University of Calgary campus and post-tensioned with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) tendons. As these are the first masonry diaphragm walls post-tensioned with CFRP tendons outside of a laboratory, one objective in the design was to provide a wide margin of safety, especially concerning the effective, or sustained, prestressing force and losses. The tendons are unbonded, so guidance chairs were placed during construction to meet the requirements of the clauses expected in the next edition of the Canadian masonry design code. Research has shown that the strength of masonry to resist shear in the webs is enhanced by the normal stress induced by post-tensioning, so this was used in the design. The webs of the walls interlock with the flanges, imposing restrictions on the spacing of the webs. A centre-to-centre spacing of 500 mm was selected, with one tendon per cavity. The design of the walls and capping beams is detailed, and the construction sequence and monitoring program are described briefly. Key words: post-tensioning, masonry, retaining walls, design, FRP tendons, corrosion free
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Mangushev, Rashid A., e Alexandr B. Fadeev. "THE ACCOUNT OF OPTIONS SHEET OF WALLS PROFILE LARSEN IN THE DESIGN OF EXCAVATIONS SUPPORTING". International Journal for Computational Civil and Structural Engineering 13, n. 4 (31 dicembre 2017): 114–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.22337/2587-9618-2017-13-4-114-120.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
Bending stiffness and strength of steel sheet retaining walls is strongly dependent on shear resistance of pile interlocks. This fact, usually, is not taken into account in domestic practice of design and construction of sheet walls
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Chan, H. C., e J. S. Kuang. "Elastic Design Charts of Stiffened Coupled Structural Walls Structural Walls". Journal of Structural Engineering 115, n. 2 (febbraio 1989): 247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9445(1989)115:2(247).
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Tsinikas, N. P. "Case Study: Acoustic Design of a Restored Theatre in Thessaloniki". Building Acoustics 7, n. 2 (giugno 2000): 137–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1351010001501552.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This paper discusses the acoustics of a restored theatre in Thessaloniki, Greece. The paper presents the acoustic design principles, discusses the employment of these principles and concludes with an assessment of the success of the design. The acoustic design changes included improvement of direct sound, provision of ceiling and walls reflections, positioning of diffusers, optimising reverberation time and minimising background noise levels. Steeper seating rakes were constructed in the stalls, boxes and balconies. Curved ceiling reflectors were positioned in a new wire frame false ceiling. Lateral wall reflectors were introduced, as were curved side walls near the stage to act as diffusers. Diffusers were positioned in the rear walls and in balcony fronts. Reverberation times were predicted, measured and compared with earlier data, based on the change of volume, the number and design of seats and the volume per seat ratio. Finally, noise level measurements were obtained in most of the spaces in the theatre. Assessment of the success of the design is based on measurement results and on the subjective acceptance by theatre goers.
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Sun, Jian, Hongxing Qiu e Hongbo Jiang. "Lateral load behaviour of a rectangular precast shear wall involving vertical bolted connections". Advances in Structural Engineering 22, n. 5 (8 novembre 2018): 1211–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433218807685.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
This article is concerned about precast reinforced concrete shear walls and the methods of assembling shear wall panels to form a reliable load transfer system. An assembling method is proposed using dry connection through an H-shaped steel connector (H-connector) and high-strength bolts. A preliminary design, including the H-connector design and bolt design, has been carried out based on the force analysis on the vertical connection in the wall assembly. On the basis of the finite element analysis verified by an experimental study, the preliminary design has been confirmed and a monolithic coefficient ( ζ) has been used to evaluate the cooperative working performance of the two parallel shear walls. Then this article continues to carry out a finite element parametric study on the mechanical behaviour of the precast reinforced concrete shear walls with varying parameters, which includes the bolt specification, the frictional coefficient on the contact surface within the bolted connection and the thickness of the H-connector flange. The lateral load bearing capacity, lateral stiffness and cooperative working performance of the wall assemblies involving these varying parameters have been broadly analysed.
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Poppelka, Peter. "Protection of Membrane Walls of Boilers Against Earthquake Effects". Scientific Proceedings Faculty of Mechanical Engineering 22, n. 1 (1 dicembre 2014): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/stu-2014-0014.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
AbstractIn this article we present a brief overview of the results of our design, construction, calculation and assembly work in the construction of two boilers for Chile, with the main intention of protecting their membrane walls against seismic effects
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PAVLOV, Alexey Aleksandrovich. "DESIGN OF ENERGY EFFICIENT CONSTRUCTION FENCES WITH PRODUCTS FROM MODIFIEND FIBERS". Urban construction and architecture 4, n. 2 (15 giugno 2014): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2014.02.16.
Testo completoAbstract (sommario):
New design models of walls with products of modifi ed fi bers in present conditions of design and operation according with new requirements of building regulations in the light of saving energy resources are viewed. Theory and results of heating calculation of construction fences are provided.